In humans, a hernia often refers to an abnormal body wall opening in the abdomen or groin. This opening allows tissues to protrude from the abdomen and rest under the skin. 

You may be wondering, can dogs get hernias too? Read on to learn more about dog hernias, including types, causes, signs, and treatment.

Can Dogs Get Hernias?

Yes, dogs can get hernias. In fact, hernias in dogs are relatively common. They’re often diagnosed in young puppies. 

The most common form of dog hernia is an umbilical hernia, which allows fat and/or abdominal organs to protrude through the umbilicus (belly button) on a puppy’s belly. Small umbilical hernias may close on their own, but veterinary care is often required.

Canine hernias are similar to human hernias, although their causes may differ.

What Does a Hernia Look Like in a Dog?

Many dog hernias can be seen and/or felt. Hernias often take the form of a soft to slightly-firm bulge, protruding from your dog’s belly, groin, or hind end. In older dogs, a hernia may be mistaken for a soft, fatty lump under the skin.  

However, some hernias occur internally. These hernias involve the diaphragm instead of the external body wall, which means they cannot be seen or felt. Internal hernias require x-rays or other veterinary tests for diagnosis. 

Types of Hernias in Dogs

There are several types of hernias in dogs, each with a unique cause and clinical appearance. 

Umbilical hernia: Umbilical hernias in dogs occur at the umbilicus (belly button). This is the most common type of dog hernia. Many umbilical hernias are small and they may close on their own, as a puppy grows and matures. Large umbilical hernias and hernias that do not close over time, however, can cause problems and require treatment. 

Inguinal hernia: Inguinal hernias affect the groin, where the inner leg meets the belly. 

Perineal hernia: These hernias, which often occur in unneutered, older males, may affect one or both sides of a dog’s hind end (adjacent to the rectum).

Diaphragmatic hernia: A diaphragmatic hernia affects the diaphragm, which is the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen. A diaphragmatic hernia can interfere with a dog’s ability to breathe. Emergency treatment is often required. 

Hiatal hernia: A hiatal hernia is a small hereditary defect in the diaphragm that allows a portion of a dog’s stomach to protrude into the chest.  

Spay incision hernia: When an abdominal incision does not heal properly, a hernia may occur. These hernias usually become apparent in the days or weeks immediately after surgery.

How Do Dogs Get Hernias?

Most hernias are caused by genetic or hereditary factors. These hernias are present at birth. Umbilical and hiatal hernias both fall into this category, with umbilical hernias being far more common. Umbilical hernias can occur in any breed, while hiatal hernias are most common in Bulldogs and Shar Pei dogs. 

Perineal and inguinal hernias tend to occur in older dogs. Perineal hernias primarily affect intact males; they are associated with excessive straining due to an enlarged prostate gland. Age-related inguinal hernias can be associated with pregnancy, trauma, obesity, or other factors.  

Diaphragmatic hernias are usually caused by blunt force trauma. Potential causes include being hit by a car, falling from a high surface, or being kicked in the abdomen. Excessive force on the abdomen leads to a tear in the diaphragm, causing significant breathing difficulties.

Incisional hernias, such as a dog spay incision hernia, form after abdominal surgery, when an incision fails to heal normally and dehisces (opens). Some incisional hernias are caused by underlying conditions that interfere with healing, while others may be associated with returning to activity too quickly. 

Dog Hernia Symptoms

Hernia symptoms vary, based upon the type of hernia. 

Umbilical, inguinal, and perineal hernias cause swelling at the affected area. In most cases, these swellings are soft and nonpainful. Sometimes, however, organs may become trapped or strangulated in a hernia. This causes pain, swelling, and inflammation, requiring emergency treatment.

Signs of hernias include: 

• Soft, nonpainful swelling on the belly, in the groin, or near the rectum
• Painful or red swelling on the belly, in the groin, or near the rectum (with strangulation)
• Vomiting (with strangulation)
• Lethargy (with strangulation) 

Diaphragmatic and hiatal hernias are not externally visible. While both of these hernias involve tissues moving into the chest, diaphragmatic hernias are typically associated with breathing difficulties and hiatal hernias are associated with gastrointestinal signs. 

Signs of a diaphragmatic hernia in dogs include: 

• Shortness of breath
• Increased respiratory rate
• Increased respiratory effort
• Blue gums
• Lethargy
• History of blunt force trauma

Signs of a hiatal hernia in dogs include: 

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Regurgitation
• Excessive salivation
• Breathing problems

Diagnosing Hernias in Dogs

Umbilical, perineal, and inguinal hernias can often be diagnosed on the basis of a physical examination. Your veterinarian may also recommend x-rays to confirm the diagnosis and determine whether important organs (such as intestines are bladder) are present within the hernia. 

Diaphragmatic and hiatal hernias are typically diagnosed using chest x-rays. In some cases, other forms of imaging may be needed to obtain a definitive diagnosis. 

Dog Hernia Treatment

Most canine hernias are treated with surgery. Some mild hiatal hernias can be managed medically, with treatments aimed at controlling the gastrointestinal signs associated with this condition, but most other hernias should be closed surgically. There are no home remedies for dog hernias.

Surgical repair of umbilical hernias is typically a relatively straightforward procedure. Surgery will likely be performed by your regular veterinarian, and is often performed at the time of a dog’s spay or neuter. 

Surgery to repair a perineal or inguinal hernia in a dog can vary significantly in complexity. Simple repairs may be performed by your regular veterinarian, while complex hernia repair surgery may require referral to a veterinary surgeon. 

Diaphragmatic hernias and hiatal hernias typically require referral to a veterinary surgeon. These are complex surgical procedures with heightened anesthetic risks. 

Dog Hernia Surgery Cost

The cost of surgery can vary significantly, depending on the type of hernia and surgical complexity.

Adding an umbilical hernia repair to a dog’s spay or neuter surgery is often relatively inexpensive, because your dog will already be anesthetized and undergoing surgery. You can expect to pay an additional $200-$400 to have an umbilical hernia repaired at the time of your dog’s spay or neuter. 

Diaphragmatic hernia repair, in contrast, requires a veterinary surgeon and can be significantly more expensive. You can expect to spend $4,000-$8,000 for your dog’s diaphragmatic hernia repair. 

Dog Hernia After Surgery

Some dog hernias occur after abdominal surgery, when the body wall incision fails. Post-surgical hernias can have many causes, including delayed wound healing and high post-surgical activity levels. 

You can reduce the chances of a post-surgical hernia by following your veterinarian’s instructions and limiting your dog’s activity after surgery. Limit your dog’s exercise to short leash walks only, avoiding running, jumping, and other activities. If instructed to use an e-collar (cone) to keep your dog from licking their incision, be sure to do so as directed by your veterinarian. 

How to Prevent Hernias in Dogs

The majority of canine hernias are caused by genetic factors. The best way to prevent these hernias is to avoid breeding dogs with hernias and/or avoid breeding pairs that have produced puppies with hernias in the past. 

If you have a male dog, you can reduce the risk of perineal hernias by having your dog neutered before middle age. You can reduce the risk of diaphragmatic hernia by keeping your dog indoors or in a fenced yard, which can reduce the risk of being hit by a car or sustaining other serious trauma. 

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It’s crucial for pet parents to recognize the signs of hip pain in dogs in order to provide timely care. In this article, you will learn what causes hip pain in dogs, signs of hip pain to recognize, when to seek help from your veterinarian, and how you can help your dog with hip pain at home. 

Causes of Hip Pain in Dogs

While there are many possible causes of hip pain in dogs, the most common cause is due to hip dysplasia. Hip dysplasia is found in up to 75 percent of certain breeds of dogs, such as the English Bulldog, but is also present in a wide variety of dog breeds (1). 

Hip dysplasia is a developmental disorder characterized by an abnormal ball and socket hip joint, in which the head of the femur (ball) slips out of the acetabulum of the pelvis (socket). This creates significant pain and instability of the hip and will eventually lead to hip osteoarthritis—commonly referred to as arthritis—later in life. Hip arthritis is a chronic condition caused by the gradual deterioration of the cartilage in the joint leading to bone-on-bone contact, scarring of the joint, joint pain, and loss of range of motion in the hip joint. 

While hip dysplasia is the most common cause of hip arthritis in dogs, hip arthritis can also be caused by previous injuries to the joint, joint infections, and being overweight or obese. Dogs who are overweight or obese have excess forces applied to their joints and, over long periods of time, this can cause increased wear and tear on joint cartilage and increased joint inflammation, leading to the development of arthritis. 

Whether hip pain is acute or chronic can give a clue as to its cause. Hip dysplasia and hip arthritis will typically cause chronic hip pain, which comes on gradually and does not go away. Meanwhile, acute hip pain is often more severe, comes on suddenly, and will often resolve if the underlying cause is treated. Causes of acute hip pain include muscle strains affecting the iliopsoas muscle (a hip flexor), pelvic or femoral fractures, and hip luxations (dislocations). 

7 Signs of Hip Pain in Dogs

Here are some possible signs of hip pain in dogs to watch for:

Limping

Dogs with hip pain will often limp in one of their back legs. The limp may come and go and may become more pronounced after strenuous exercise or after lying down for long periods of time. 

Difficulty or slowness to stand up or lie down 

Because the hips have to significantly extend to allow a dog to stand up and have to flex to allow them to lie down, dogs with hip pain often have a hard time or are reluctant to stand and lie down. You will also likely notice that dogs with hip pain rely more on their front legs to pull themselves up from lying down and they may go straight from standing to lying down instead of sitting in between the movements. 

Bunny hopping in the back legs

Dogs who have pain in both of their hips will often have a bunny hop when they are running. Instead of their rear legs leaving the ground at different times, dogs with hip pain will lift up both rear legs and put them back on the ground at the same time—like a bunny. 

Walking with a hip sway

Hip pain will often cause dogs to walk with their hips swaying from side to side, as they use more motion in their lower back to help advance their rear feet forward in order to allow the hips to move less. 

Thigh muscle atrophy

With chronic hip pain, one or both thigh muscles begin to shrink as a consequence of the dog shifting weight off of the painful limb(s). 

Difficulty climbing up stairs or jumping into the car 

A reluctance or difficulty to use the rear legs to climb up the stairs or an inability to jump up into a car is often an indication of hip pain. 

Changes in posture 

Dogs with hip pain often have an abnormal stance and posture caused by offloading weight from their rear legs and hips. You may notice a dog with hip pain standing with their rear legs tucked up under their body and most of their weight shifted forward on the front legs. Their lower back may also appear hunched. If only one hip is painful, the dog will often put the non-painful rear leg under the body while the painful leg is splayed out to the side. 

When to See a Veterinarian

If your dog is showing severe signs of hip pain or if signs of hip pain haven’t resolved after about two weeks of rest, it’s time to take your dog to your veterinarian. Your veterinarian will start by asking you questions about your dog’s symptoms and then perform a thorough exam. Ideally, X-rays of the hips should be performed if hip pain is present, especially if it isn’t resolved with rest and pain medication. While chronic hip pain is usually due to arthritis and/or hip dysplasia, other less common causes of hip pain, such as bone cancer, can be missed without performing X-rays. 

It is important that signs of hip pain be addressed promptly, as early treatment of arthritis can slow down the disease’s progression. If your dog is diagnosed with early arthritis or if hip dysplasia is diagnosed before arthritis develops, your veterinarian may recommend omega-3 supplements, joint support supplements containing cartilage-protecting compounds, such as glucosamine-chondroitin and MSM, and may also recommend Adequan injections—another product that helps to protect the cartilage in joints. 

Dog Hip Pain: How to Help 

While professional veterinary care is essential for managing hip pain in dogs, there are also several ways pet parents can help alleviate their dog’s discomfort. These include:

• Weight management: Maintaining a healthy weight is crucial for reducing the strain on your dog’s hips. Consult your veterinarian to determine the ideal weight for your dog and establish a proper diet and exercise plan.
• Provide a comfortable environment: Make adjustments to your home to accommodate your dog’s mobility needs. Cover up slick tile and wood flooring with rugs or simple yoga mats to help your dog gain traction when walking. Use ramps or stairs to help them navigate elevated surfaces and minimize the need for jumping. Consider using orthopedic or heated dog beds to provide additional comfort and support. 
• Low-impact exercise: Engage your dog in low-impact exercises that promote muscle strength and joint mobility without placing excessive stress on the hips. Controlled walks, swimming, and physical therapy exercises can be beneficial.
• Physical therapy and rehabilitation: Ask your veterinarian about physical rehabilitation programs tailored to your dog’s specific needs. These can help improve joint function, strengthen muscles, and reduce pain.
• Alternative therapies: Acupuncture, massage, or cold laser therapy may provide additional pain relief for dogs with hip pain. In addition to tried-and-true hip pain treatments, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) made for dogs, CBD supplements may also help to reduce hip pain due to arthritis (2). Discuss these options with your veterinarian to determine if they may be suitable for your dog’s condition.

While there are some home remedies and alternative treatments that may offer temporary relief for hip pain, it’s crucial to consult a veterinarian before trying any new approaches. Additionally, you should never give any over-the-counter pain relievers made for humans to your dog, as they can cause serious side effects. 

References

1. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jor.24178
2. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2018.00165/full?_ga=2.240870016.204596874.1641217632-31046772.1640096551

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So when is drooling normal, and when is it not? In this article, you will learn some of the potential medical causes of excessive drooling in dogs, what to do if you notice your dog drooling more than usual, and when it’s a problem. We’ll even share tips for how to deal with health issues that stem from standard, everyday drooling in dogs who tend to slobber!

Dog Drooling: What Is Normal?

Dogs constantly produce saliva from their salivary glands. Normally, most dogs swallow their saliva. Certain large and giant breed dogs, like those mentioned above, have very droopy lips that can accumulate excessive saliva that will then drip out as drool. Other breeds that are known for their drool include:

• Bloodhounds
• Newfoundlands
• Mastiffs
• Bernese Mountain Dogs
• Great Danes
• Boxers
• Bulldogs

Certain environmental factors can also cause dogs to drool more than usual but these are still considered normal, including:

• Dogs that are overheated and cooling themselves by panting
• Dogs that are anticipating eating something yummy
• Dogs that have been given a bitter or yucky-tasting oral medication
• Dogs that have been given eye drops or nose drops

Characterizing Excessive Drooling in Dogs

Excessive drooling, also known as ptyalism, is a condition that occurs when something abnormal is happening in a dog’s body that generates excessive saliva. 

Depending on the underlying cause, dogs with ptyalism may or may not act sick but may have one or more of the following symptoms in addition to excessive drooling:

• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting or regurgitation
• Lip smacking
• Excessive swallowing
• Suddenly head shy (doesn’t want to be touched around the head)
• Changes in eating behavior, such as dropping food, chewing only on one side, refusing to eat hard food, etc.
• Increased irritability or reclusive behavior, especially if the dog is in pain
• Other abnormal behavior such as excessively tired or loss of interest in regular activities
• Pawing at the face or muzzle
• Chin acne
• Anxiety

If your dog is acting normal other than suddenly drooling a lot, it is still a good idea to call your veterinarian for advice, as you could be missing subtle signs of sickness. 

Medical Causes of Excessive Drooling in Dogs

Drooling is impacted by a dog’s mouth, gastrointestinal tract and nervous system, and abnormalities in any of those systems can result in excessive drooling.

The following is a partial list of medical conditions that can cause excessive drooling in dogs:

• Diseases of the mouth: periodontal disease, oral trauma, mouth cancer, infections, chewing on an electrical cord, swallowing problems
• Salivary gland diseases: infections, tumors, trauma, inflammation
• Esophageal diseases: megaesophagus, inflammation (esophagitis), gastric reflux, parasites, foreign body, hiatal hernia
• Stomach diseases: gastric inflammation, gastric ulcers, gastric parasites, twisted stomach (gastric dilation volvulus)
• Neurological diseases: motion sickness, botulism, tetanus, facial nerve palsy, seizures, brain inflammation or cancer, vestibular disease, anxiety
• Drugs and toxins: swallowing caustic substances like bleach, chewing on house or yard plants, licking insecticides or herbicides, ingesting recreational or prescription drugs, spider or snake bites, licking toads, caffeine, drugs used in anesthesia
• Liver and kidney disease (nausea)

What to Do if Your Dog is Drooling Excessively

Suppose your dog is drooling excessively but acting fine in every other way (their behavior, appetite and energy level are all normal and they are not vomiting). In that case, calling your veterinarian or emergency clinic for advice is likely fine as a first step. Your veterinarian may still recommend that you bring your dog in for an examination, or they may instruct you to monitor your dog at home; in either case, follow their recommendations.

If you notice that your dog is excessively drooling and acting sick in any way, or you know that they chewed on or swallowed something toxic or dangerous, take your dog to a veterinarian for evaluation as soon as possible. Some causes of excessive drooling, such as gastric dilation volvulus, are imminently life-threatening without veterinary care, so it is always better to be safe than sorry.

Treatment of excessive drooling in dogs varies widely and depends on the underlying cause. Your veterinarian will need to conduct a physical examination, ask you some questions and may need to run some tests.

If your dog needs treatment, the following are some common treatments for excessive drooling in dogs, according to the cause:

• Dental disease: sedation, x-rays (radiographs), removal of diseased teeth, cleaning of the teeth, antibiotics, etc.
• Salivary gland problems: surgery, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories
• Esophageal problems: medications, feeding modifications, surgery
• Stomach problems: medication, surgery, food therapy
• Neurological problems: medication, surgery
• Motion sickness: anti-nausea medication
• Drugs and toxins: supportive care, removal of drugs and toxins from systems

Some cases of excessive drooling are easy to cure and manage. If your dog is drooling due to motion sickness, medication can help them feel better. If they are drooling due to dental disease or drug toxicity, they will stop as soon as the underlying problem is eliminated.

If a dog is drooling excessively due to megaesophagus, liver disease, kidney disease or seizures from epilepsy, their symptoms can be managed with food therapy and medications. Ensuring these dogs do not develop dehydration from chronic drooling is also important. Working with a veterinarian you trust is critical to eliminating the underlying cause of excessive drooling in your dog.

If your dog’s drool is considered “normal” for their breed, but they are still getting chronic skin infections around their chin and muzzle due to constant wetness, try the following:

• Clean affected skin (or skin folds) every 12 hours with an over-the-counter medicated wipe (either pet or human) designed for acne to dry the area and reduce the number of bacteria on the skin’s surface. Wipes with astringents (witch hazel) can also be helpful, but be sure to avoid causing problems with over-dryness.
• Apply petroleum jelly to cleaned areas to protect the skin
• Use stainless steel food and water bowls and wash them in the dishwasher every couple of days

Related conditions

• Periodontal disease
• Megaesophagus
• Motion sickness
• Vestibular disease
• Seizures
• Gastric ulcers
• Gastric dilation volvulus
• Liver disease
• Kidney disease

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What Is Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Dogs?

Inflammatory bowel disease in dogs is an intestinal disease that causes gastrointestinal signs (especially diarrhea), doesn’t have a known origin, and has lasted at least three weeks. With IBD, inflammatory cells are infiltrating the innermost lining of the intestines.

IBD in dogs can also be more specifically named based on what type of inflammatory cell is infiltrating the intestinal lining and what part of the intestinal tract is being infiltrated.

For example, if two types of white blood cells called lymphocytes and plasma cells are infiltrating the small intestine, we call this lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis. If a white blood cell type called a macrophage infiltrates the lining of the large intestine, we would call this granulomatous colitis. Other variations exist, but again, it depends on cell type and whether the small intestine and/or large intestine is infected.

The true prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease is not known. One study estimated the prevalence to be approximately 0.35 percent, or 35 out of 1,000 dogs (1).

Causes of IBD in Dogs

The exact cause of IBD is not known, but it’s thought to result from abnormal interactions between the microscopic organisms in the intestines and the dog’s own immune system, ultimately resulting in an uncontrolled immune response. Inflammation of the intestinal lining and subsequent poor absorption result in gastrointestinal signs.

Genetics likely play a role in the development of IBD in dogs, but information is limited. IBD can affect dogs of all ages, but older dogs are more likely to have severe forms.

Dog breeds that may be more likely to develop inflammatory bowel disease include (2):

• Weimaraners
• Rottweilers
• German Shepherd Dogs
• Border Collies
• Boxers

A specific form of IBD called granulomatous colitis more commonly affects Boxers and French Bulldogs.

In some dogs, infiltration of the intestines by inflammatory cells can be so severe that the absorption of proteins is impaired. In this case, it is called protein-losing enteropathy (PLE).

Breeds more likely to develop PLE include:

• Yorkshire Terriers
• Soft-Coated Wheaten Terriers
• Rottweilers
• Shar-Peis
• German Shepherds
• Norwegian Lundehunds
• Basenjis

Dog IBD Symptoms

Chronic diarrhea in dogs is one of the hallmark symptoms of IBD in dogs. While mild IBD may cause intermittent clinical signs, severe IBD will cause progressive clinical signs.

When the small intestine is affected by IBD, the dog will have what is called small bowel diarrhea. Because the small intestine is the location where most nutrient absorption occurs, the pet is more likely to have systemic signs like weight loss. Symptoms will include:

• Diarrhea which is often loose to watery, increased in volume, and occurs two to four times per day
• Decreased appetite
• Weight loss
• Vomiting
• Lethargy
• Poor haircoat
• Dehydration
• Pain or discomfort in abdomen
• Fluid build-up in abdomen, around lungs, and in limbs with PLE

When the large intestine is affected by IBD, the dog will have large bowel diarrhea. Dogs with large bowel diarrhea do not typically lose weight. Symptoms include:

• Diarrhea which is loose to semisolid, normal to decreased in volume, and occurs over four times per day
• Mucoid and/or bloody stool
• Occasionally vomiting
• Decreased appetite
• Abdominal pain

IBD can affect both the small and large intestine simultaneously (enterocolitis). In this scenario, the dog will have a mixed bowel diarrhea, meaning they will have signs of both small bowel and large bowel diarrheas.

Diagnosing Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Dogs

Diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease involves ruling out other conditions.

Your veterinarian will likely want to perform fecal examinations to rule out parasites. Even if they do not find parasites, they may wish to treat with a broad-spectrum anthelmintic drug to remove any doubt that parasites could be contributing to the pet’s condition.

X-rays and ultrasound of the abdomen allow the veterinarian to look for abnormalities in the abdomen. Some veterinarians may be able to detect changes in the intestinal wall or enlarged lymph nodes that may increase the suspicion that the pet has inflammatory bowel disease.

The veterinarian will likely also perform blood work and urinalysis to look at the pet’s overall health. Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease) can cause chronic diarrhea and weight loss, so it’s a good idea for the veterinarian to rule out Addison’s disease. This is done with a blood test.

If no obvious cause is noted after these tests, the veterinarian may recommend a dietary trial using either a novel protein or hydrolyzed protein diet.

In most cases, dietary intolerances are related to the protein in the dog’s diet. A novel protein diet aims to provide a protein that your dog is less likely to have been exposed to before, such as rabbit, venison, or alligator. With hydrolyzed protein diets, the proteins are broken down into smaller nutrients that may be more tolerable.

Diet trials are usually continued for at least eight weeks. Importantly, you must control everything that enters your dog’s mouth. They should not have table scraps, treats, oral preventions or medications that contain flavoring (consult with a veterinarian before stopping any medications), or access to trash.

Definitive diagnosis would require biopsy of the intestines. This can be done endoscopically or through an abdominal surgery. A pathologist will look at the intestinal biopsies and can determine if inflammatory cells are infiltrating the intestines.

How to Treat IBD in Dogs

Treatment for IBD can range from a simple dietary change to long-term daily management.

Treatment includes:

• Deworming
• Novel protein or hydrolyzed protein diets, which are often successful as the only necessary treatment in mild cases
• Antibiotics
• Probiotics
• Supplemental vitamin B12 (dog can become deficient with chronic diarrhea)
• Fluid therapy
• Antinausea medications
• Steroids or immunosuppressants

In severe cases, immune suppression with steroids (prednisone) may be necessary. If steroid immunosuppression is still not working, you can consider other medications that affect the immune system, such as cyclosporine, azathioprine, or chlorambucil. You will want to work with your veterinarian to find the lowest effective dose.

If your pet also has PLE, they may need additional medications like clopidogrel or aspirin to reduce the risk of blood clots. These medications should not be given without consulting your veterinarian.

At-home treatments are unlikely to completely control your dog’s IBD. However, some pets may respond very well to a home-cooked diet. You should work with your veterinarian or a veterinary nutritionist to formulate a home-cooked diet that is well-balanced and eliminates food items that your dog may be reacting to.

Dogs with large bowel diarrhea may benefit from the addition of soluble fiber, like psyllium. If you are interested in giving psyllium, check with your veterinarian.

Dogs that respond well to an elimination diet are expected to do well long-term. Dogs with

low albumin (protein level), low B12 levels, and severe intestinal lesions noted on endoscopy or during surgery are unlikely to achieve full control of their symptoms. Dogs with IBD who develop protein-losing enteropathy typically have a more guarded prognosis, and their disease can be very difficult to manage. 

How to Prevent IBD in Dogs

IBD is not considered a preventable disease. However, regular monitoring of your pet’s bowel movements, appetite, and general behavior can help you catch chronic gastrointestinal conditions earlier for treatment.

References

1. Wiles, Bonnie & Llewellyn-Zaidi, Aimée & Evans, Katy & O’Neill, Dan & Lewis, Tom. (2017). Large-scale survey to estimate the prevalence of disorders for 192 Kennel Club registered breeds. Canine Genetics and Epidemiology. 4. 10.1186/s40575-017-0047-3. 
2. Kathrani A, Werling D, Allenspach K. Canine breeds at high risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease in the south-eastern UK. Vet Rec. 2011 Dec 10;169(24):635. doi: 10.1136/vr.d5380. Epub 2011 Sep 6. PMID: 21896567.

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While thyroxine production is normally carefully regulated, thyroid disease can lead to hormone imbalances. The most common thyroid condition in dogs is hypothyroidism or low thyroxine production. Hypothyroidism is one of the most common hormonal diseases in dogs, and approximately 1 in 400 dogs receive a diagnosis of hypothyroidism in any given year (1).

What is Hypothyroidism in Dogs?

In a healthy dog, the thyroid gland releases a carefully-regulated flow of thyroxine and other thyroid hormones. Thyroxine’s primary role is controlling the body’s metabolism. It also regulates digestion, as well as the function of the skin, heart, brain, muscles, and reproductive organs. 

Dogs with hypothyroidism have abnormally low levels of circulating thyroxine. This condition is relatively common in dogs, especially middle-aged and older dogs. 

Hyperthyroidism, in contrast, refers to the production of excess thyroid hormone levels. While this condition is common in cats, it is very rare in dogs. 

Causes of Hypothyroidism in Dogs

Hypothyroidism can be divided into two categories: congenital (inherited) and acquired. 

Congenital hypothyroidism is caused by a mutation in the genes. In these dogs, the thyroid gland never develops normally. This form of hypothyroidism, which is diagnosed during puppyhood, is rare in dogs. 

Acquired hypothyroidism, in contrast, refers to hypothyroidism that develops later in life. This is the most common form of canine hypothyroidism. Most cases are caused by an autoimmune reaction within the thyroid gland, which destroys healthy thyroid tissue. Less commonly, acquired hypothyroidism can be caused by thyroid tumors, thyroid cysts, trauma, or iodine deficiency. 

Acquired hypothyroidism can occur in any dog, including both purebred and mixed breed dogs. The condition is most common in Doberman Pinschers, Boxers, and Tibetan Terriers. 

Hypothyroidism in Dogs Symptoms

Symptoms of hypothyroidism in dogs can be vague. They can be mistaken for other conditions or confused with normal signs of aging. 

The most common signs of hypothyroidism are weight gain and lethargy. Affected dogs often gain weight without any noticeable increase in food intake, due to a slowing of the metabolism. 

Affected dogs may also develop signs of hair loss, a dull or brittle coat, and darkening of the skin. Less common signs may include vomiting or diarrhea, ocular (eye) changes, facial nerve paralysis, and changes in heart/lung function. Pacing and restlessness can also occur. 

Some dogs develop a characteristic condition known as a “tragic face.” This appearance is caused by swelling and thickening of the skin on the head and face. Affected dogs may have a sad expression, caused by drooping eyelids and general sagging of the facial skin.  

Here is a dog hypothyroidism symptoms checklist:

• Weight gain
• Lethargy
• Exercise intolerance
• Decreased appetite
• Hair loss
• Dull or brittle coat
• Darkening of the skin (hyperpigmentation)
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• White discoloration of the cornea (surface of the eye)
• Increased respiratory rate
• Facial paralysis 

Diagnosing Hypothyroidism in Dogs

Your veterinarian may suspect hypothyroidism on the basis of your dog’s clinical exam findings. However, further testing is always needed to confirm the diagnosis. 

Hypothyroidism is diagnosed with a blood panel. There are three tests included in a typical canine thyroid panel: 

• Total T4: This test measures the total amount of thyroxine circulating in your dog’s bloodstream. A low Total T4 level suggests a possibility of hypothyroidism, but additional testing is required. Many normal dogs have low Total T4 levels at some point during the day, so a low Total T4 is not considered adequate to make a diagnosis. 
• Free T4: This test measures free T4, which is the biologically active form of thyroxine. Free T4 is a more accurate indicator of hypothyroidism than Total T4. A low free T4 level confirms a diagnosis of hypothyroidism. 
• TSH: This hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, signals the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine. In dogs with hypothyroidism, TSH levels are high because the body is trying to increase thyroxine production to adequate levels. 

Additional testing, such as imaging, is rarely indicated for a diagnosis of hypothyroidism. However, in some cases of congenital hypothyroidism, your veterinarian may recommend X-rays to evaluate growth abnormalities.

Dog Hypothyroidism Treatment

Hypothyroidism is treated with levothyroxine, a synthetic thyroxine supplement. This medication is given by mouth. Most dogs take levothyroxine twice daily, but once-daily dosing may be adequate in some cases.

Your veterinarian will calculate your dog’s starting dose of levothyroxine based on your dog’s weight and current thyroid levels. (If you or a family member have hypothyroidism, you may notice that levothyroxine doses are much higher in dogs than they are in people.) 

One month after starting treatment, your veterinarian will assess your dog’s Total T4 level. This will allow them to determine whether your dog remains on the starting dose or whether a dose adjustment is needed. Your veterinarian may increase or decrease your dog’s levothyroxine dose based upon the results of this test. Once your veterinarian determines the optimal levothyroxine dose for your dog, your dog should show signs of improvement within 4-6 weeks. 

Your pet will remain on levothyroxine for the rest of their life. Your veterinarian will assess your dog’s Total T4 level every 6-12 months and make dose adjustments if needed. 

What to Feed a Dog with Hypothyroidism

Dogs with hypothyroidism do not typically have any specific dietary requirements. 

In most cases, affected overweight dogs begin to lose their excess weight once their thyroid hormone levels are brought back into a normal range. If your dog needs further assistance with weight loss, your veterinarian may recommend a restricted-calorie diet. 

Cost to Treat Hypothyroidism in Dogs

Hypothyroidism is a relatively inexpensive condition to treat. Levothyroxine typically costs $20-$50 per month, depending on your dog’s weight and their required dosage. 

Thyroid testing, which is typically performed once or twice yearly, costs $50-$100. 

Hypothyroidism in Dogs Life Expectancy

With treatment, the harmful effects of hypothyroidism can be completely reversed. With consistent treatment, affected dogs typically go on to live normal, healthy lives.

In the case of congenital hypothyroidism, early treatment is essential to prevent permanent effects. Fortunately, this condition is rare in dogs. 

How to Prevent Hypothyroidism in Dogs

There is no effective way to prevent acquired hypothyroidism, which constitutes the majority of hypothyroidism cases. 

To prevent congenital hypothyroidism, avoid breeding pets with this condition. 

References

1. O’Neill, D.G., Khoo, J.S.P., Brodbelt, D.C. et al. Frequency, breed predispositions and other demographic risk factors for diagnosis of hypothyroidism in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK. Canine Med Genet 9, 11 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-022-00123-8

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Fortunately, veterinary medicine has come a long way in the past decade, providing several highly effective treatments for alleviating allergy symptoms in dogs. While that’s great news for pups and pet parents, it’s still important to know what the symptoms of dog allergies are, since they play an important part in recognizing, diagnosing, and treating dog allergies correctly. 

Wondering if your pooch has allergies? Here’s a helpful overview of dog allergy symptoms to watch out for, along with guidance about how to help allergic dogs get relief.

Understanding Dog Allergies

Dog allergies are generally categorized into three types: flea allergy, environmental allergy, and food allergy. However, it is worth noting that many dogs with allergies can have more than one type, and the allergy symptoms associated with each type tend to overlap. 

That means you can’t necessarily pinpoint whether or not your dog has allergies (or what kind) just by observing a few symptoms. But keeping track of those symptoms can help you provide your veterinarian with a clearer picture of what’s going on with your dog’s health.

Common Dog Allergy Symptoms

The most prevalent dog allergy symptom is itchy skin, which can be triggered by all three allergy types — flea, environmental, and food. 

But most dogs are prone to scratching from time to time, for a variety of reasons. So how can a concerned pet parent tell the difference between an inconsequential itch and itchy skin due to allergies? 

Intensity and persistence are two important clues. Dogs with allergies are often so itchy, their efforts to relieve the itch can lead to secondary symptoms, such as hair loss and skin infections.

The other indicator is the presence of additional dog allergy symptoms. Here’s a comprehensive list of dog allergy symptoms to keep in mind if you think your dog might have allergies. 

Dog allergy symptoms relating to skin:

• Red, itchy, inflamed skin
• Visible rashes or hives
• Excessive licking, scratching, or chewing of skin or paws
• Poor coat condition due to shedding, hair loss, or hot spots
• Itchy ears
• Unpleasant odor
• Skin infections

Other dog allergy symptoms: 

• Sneezing
• Runny, itchy eyes
• Ear infections
• Facial swelling
• Vomiting 
• Diarrhea
• Irritated anal glands, often accompanied by scooting 

None of these symptoms, on its own, is a surefire sign your dog has allergies. But if your dog is showing several symptoms, it’s worth raising the issue with your veterinarian to see if further testing or diagnosis is warranted. 

Diagnosing Allergies in Dogs

Veterinarians diagnose dogs with allergies all the time. According to Nationwide Pet Health Insurance, over the past decade, members have filed more claims for the treatment of skin allergies in dogs than any other health condition.

However, determining what, exactly, your dog is allergic to may take some detective work. And that usually starts with the skin. 

All three types of allergies can cause what veterinarians call allergic dermatitis (inflammation of the skin), which brings with it reddening, swelling, and itching. Often, the location of the most intense scratching and chewing may indicate what type of allergy could be causing the reaction.

• Dogs with flea allergies tend to chew relentlessly chew at the back of their hind legs and the base of their tail.
• Dogs with food allergies are more likely to lick and chew at their feet. 
• Dogs with environmental allergies often scratch their ears and experience general itchiness, although there can be variations. 

Again, these distinctions are not absolute, but they may provide clues to inform your dog’s diagnosis. Here are some additional dog allergy considerations.

Diagnosing Flea Allergies in Dogs

In addition to the itch response above, the presence of fleas, flea bites, or flea dirt on dogs who have scratched or chewed themselves raw is a strong indication of flea bite allergy. For dogs who are severely allergic to fleas, even one bite is enough to cause them to chew all the hair off their legs. In these cases, even if there are no signs of fleas, a veterinarian may still diagnose a flea allergy based on hair loss patterns and any history of incomplete flea prevention.

Diagnosing Food Allergies in Dogs

Diagnosing food allergies in dogs can be a bit more challenging. It often involves extended elimination diet trials, during which a dog must avoid all contact with common food allergens.

Common food allergens in dogs include proteins such as chicken, beef, pork, egg, soy, and dairy. Merely selecting a “limited ingredient diet” or one with alternative proteins like fish or venison may not suffice. Even limited diets contain many sources of protein, one of which may be an allergen. Also, there’s always a chance of cross-contamination with ingredients from other diets, depending on the manufacturing process. 

To achieve accurate results, veterinarians typically recommend a controlled elimination diet. These can last b between 8-12  weeks, during which dogs eat only a hypoallergenic diet prescribed by a veterinarian. These diets are produced in facilities that guarantee no cross-contamination, making them the gold standard for food restriction testing. After the elimination phase, specific protein sources are gradually reintroduced to identify the dog’s allergy. 

While there are blood tests available for diagnosing food allergies in dogs, they can be less accurate, which could lead to unnecessary food restrictions.(1)

Diagnosing Environmental Allergies in Dogs

Environmental allergies can also be more challenging to diagnose as dogs can be allergic to indoor allergens, outdoor allergens, or both. Providing a detailed history of your dog’s allergy symptoms can help when diagnosing environmental allergies, as the symptoms often change with the seasons. 

For example, dogs with mold allergies may be most itchy during winter, while those with pollen allergies may experience heightened discomfort in spring and summer. 

Physical location may also play a role. For example, if a dog with no history of allergies or itchy skin starts showing symptoms after moving to a different part of the country, veterinarians may suspect an environmental allergy.

There are both blood and skin exposure tests for environmental allergies, but many veterinarians use a dog’s response to treatment as a diagnostic tool, as well. 

It’s important to note that acute allergic reactions, such as bee stings, are distinct from allergies. Acute reactions characterized by local swelling, redness, and pain are diagnosed and treated differently. Hives in dogs are more likely to be associated with acute allergic reactions rather than allergic dermatitis. Acute allergic reactions are typically treated with injectable medications; once the swelling subsides, no further treatment is required.

Treatment for Allergies in Dogs

In most cases, dog allergy treatment focuses on managing the allergic response, rather than completely eliminating or curing the allergy. This means that while the symptoms can be minimized, the underlying allergy persists, and if treatment is stopped, the signs of allergy will return.

Since itchy skin is one of the most prevalent symptoms of dog allergies, most treatment plans involve medication targeting itch and inflammation relief. One common oral medication veterinarians often prescribe is Apoquel, a fast-acting allergy medication that starts controlling allergy itch in dogs within four hours.

Your veterinarian may recommend additional treatment options, depending on what’s causing a dog’s allergies.

Treating Food Allergies

For dogs diagnosed with food allergies, veterinarians typically recommend a diet that excludes the specific protein they are allergic to. This can be the same diet used during the elimination trial or a novel protein diet such as fish, venison, rabbit, or even kangaroo.

Treating Flea Allergies

Dogs with flea allergies should be on year-round effective prescription flea prevention, available in both chewable and topical forms. Some flea preventatives require the flea to bite the dog for the medication to be effective, while others repel fleas altogether. Combining these two categories of medication may be necessary for dogs severely affected by flea allergies since no preventative is 100 percent effective at all times.

Treating Environmental Allergies

Environmental allergies often require a wide range of treatment options due to their prevalence and diversity. Prescription options are available for dogs with more severe environmental allergies, including oral medication (Apoquel), injectable medication (Cytopoint), and allergy desensitization treatment (commonly known as “allergy shots“) available in both injectable and sublingual forms. Allergy shots are tailored specifically to your pet and may involve higher upfront costs.

Dogs with mild symptoms may benefit from over-the-counter human medications like diphenhydramine (Benadryl), cetirizine (Zyrtec), loratadine (select Claritin formulas), and others. 

However, avoid using decongestants or any products containing pseudoephedrine (like Claritin-D). Even small amounts of pseudoephedrine can be lethal to dogs.

Remember, it’s important to consult with your veterinarian before deciding on a treatment plan or administering any of these medications. Your vet can determine the most effective treatment plan for your dog’s specific allergies and symptoms, as well as the most effective dosage.

This is especially important in the case of over-the-counter medications, as the recommended dosages for humans may not be safe for pets. 

Dog Allergies: Pro Tips for Success 

In addition to medications, several measures can be taken at home to keep allergic dogs comfortable. If your dog is allergic to outdoor allergens, wiping their fur when they come inside, paying attention to the skin between and under their toes, can be helpful. Bathing them with a medicated shampoo every two weeks can also minimize allergy symptoms. Be sure to consult your veterinarian before using regular store-bought shampoos, as some can worsen allergies.

If your dog is scratching or licking their itchy skin raw, using an e-collar (cone of shame) or alternative can prevent them from further damaging their skin and developing a serious infection. This is particularly effective for dogs scratching at their ears or chewing their feet.

Dietary supplements rich in fish oils, ceramides, and other skin barrier protectants can also provide relief. For more recommendations, ask your veterinarian about whether prescription skin diets, supplements, or other options might help soothe your itchy dog.

While allergies in dogs cannot be completely cured, pet parents have many helpful options to help minimize discomfort and improve quality of life for allergic dogs. By tracking your dog’s allergy symptoms and consulting with your veterinarian on an effective treatment plan, you can ensure that your dog remains comfortable, healthy, and happy despite their allergies.

References

1. Jackson HA. Food allergy in dogs and cats; current perspectives on etiology, diagnosis, and management. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2023 Mar 18:1-7. doi: 10.2460/javma.22.12.0548

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Find out whether dogs can suffer from allergies, symptoms to watch for, and how to relieve your pet’s discomfort. 

Can Dogs Have Allergies?

Simply put, yes, dogs can have allergies. “It seems as though allergies in dogs are becoming more and more common,” says Candy Akers, DVM, a holistic veterinarian in Elbert County, Colorado.

Certain dog breeds are more prone to developing allergies, such as Boxers, West Highland White Terriers, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, and German Shepherds. 

So how can you tell the difference between harmless scratching in dogs and an allergic itch? 

“Dog allergies can be tricky to detect, particularly for new dog parents,” says Dr. Elizabeth Racine, a small animal veterinarian. “It can be challenging to differentiate dog scratching due to normal itching or allergies, but normal itching can be relieved with a scratch.”

“For dogs with allergies, the scratching would be more intense and regular,” she continues. “Dogs who suffer from allergies may find themselves unable to relieve the itch, no matter how much they scratch.”

To complicate matters, there are different types of allergies in dogs, so determining what a dog is allergic to isn’t that simple. Common types of allergies in dogs include:

• Environmental allergies (seasonal)
• Flea allergies
• Food allergies
• Contact allergies

What Causes Allergies in Dogs?

Could the fresh-cut grass that your dog has been rolling in outside be causing their allergies to flare up? Or could your dog’s diet be triggering a reaction? Determining what’s triggering your dog’s allergies can take time, especially if it’s a food allergy.

Many different things can cause allergies in dogs. Here is a closer look at some of the common culprits, broken down by type of allergy: 

Environmental allergy

In the spring and fall, environmental allergens like pollen, grasses, and mold spores become more abundant, causing various allergic reactions in sensitive dogs, Dr. Akers says. “These seasonal allergies can lead to symptoms such as excessive itching, red and irritated skin, watery eyes, sneezing, and even respiratory issues.” 

Flea allergy

Also called flea allergy dermatitis, flea allergies in dogs can be particularly troublesome. “This condition occurs when a dog is hypersensitive to the saliva of fleas, causing an intense allergic reaction after a bite,” says Dr. Akers. Even a single flea bite can trigger a severe response in dogs with flea allergies, leading to extreme itching, redness, and widespread inflammation of the skin. In their attempt to find relief, dogs may scratch, bite, and lick themselves, which can result in hair loss and even skin infections if left untreated. 

Food allergy

Food allergies in dogs tend to be a bit more difficult to identify. “Common culprits include proteins like beef, chicken, and dairy, but they can also be triggered by grains, such as corn, soy, and wheat,” says Dr. Akers. Symptoms of food allergies in dogs can include skin-related symptoms like itching and rashes, as well as gastrointestinal issues like vomiting and diarrhea. Fortunately, food allergies are thought to be less common than environmental allergies and flea allergies.

Contact allergy

Contact allergies aren’t as common as other forms of allergies. This type of allergy is caused by a material or substance that comes in contact with a dog’s skin. Triggers can include cleaning products, laundry detergents, carpet fibers, ingredients in flea collars, shampoos, and more. If your dog suffers from this allergy, they’ll likely be scratching at the area that comes in contact with the offending trigger. Once it’s removed, ideally your dog’s allergy symptoms will disappear, but your veterinarian might recommend treatment. 

Allergy Symptoms in Dogs

In humans, seasonal allergy symptoms often include itchy, watery eyes, sneezing, itchy noses, coughing, congestion, and fatigue, while skin allergies show up as inflammation, hives, and eczema, according to the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America.

Dogs experience many of the same allergy symptoms.

By now you’ve probably noticed one of the most common allergy symptoms in dogs is itching. Other signs of allergies in dogs include:

• Biting at their coat
• Red, inflamed skin (hot spots of localized inflammation)
• Hives
• Hair loss
• Infections from scratching or biting
• Ear infection
• Lots of shedding
• Watery eyes
• Sneezing
• Respiratory issues

Diagnosing Allergies in Dogs

If you suspect your dog has allergies or your dog is showing dog allergy symptoms, make an appointment with their veterinarian. Your vet will conduct a full physical exam and first rule out conditions like parasites or other skin diseases, which can cause signs similar to allergies.

If an environmental allergy is suspected, a dog allergy test may be used to determine allergens that may trigger a response. “Intradermal skin testing is viewed as the most accurate way of diagnosing dog allergies and is often utilized by veterinary dermatologists,” says Dr. Racine. While blood allergy tests are also available, they may be less accurate. 

Other possible ways you can learn more about allergies in dogs involves doing fur and saliva tests, says Dr. Akers.

If a food allergy is suspected, an elimination diet is needed to confirm the diagnosis and identify the allergen. “Food allergies take time to confirm since they can only be diagnosed via an elimination diet,” Dr. Racine says. “This method is designed with the help of a vet and completed by the client. Together you design a plan where [you] systematically eliminate suspected trigger ingredients from the dog’s diet to see whether their bad reactions improve over time.’’

Treating Allergies in Dogs

There are a number of ways to treat allergies in dogs, and the best treatment will depend on the cause of your dog’s allergies. For example, your veterinarian might recommend an elimination diet if your dog’s allergies are food-related, or a prescription medication if your dog has environmental allergies (atopic dermatitis).

The initial treatment of allergies in dogs typically involves medications aimed at suppressing symptoms, says Dr. Akers. “This could include steroids, antihistamines, anti-inflammatories, immunosuppressants, and chemical blockers.” If your dog has a secondary skin infection as a result of all that itching, your veterinarian may prescribe medicated shampoo, antibiotics, or antifungals. Medicated shampoos can also play a role in both immediate and long-term treatment of skin allergies. 

There are also alternative therapy options, such as acupuncture, which may help with dog allergy symptoms (1).

In addition to symptomatic therapy, it’s important to identify and address the underlying cause of your dog’s allergies. 

For environmental allergies, try to avoid the allergen as best as possible. You can also purchase products such as itch relief shampoo, anti-scratch salmon oil, or allergy immunity chews to help alleviate symptoms, suggests Dr. Racine.

If your dog has a flea allergy, your veterinarian can prescribe a flea and tick control product to kill fleas and prevent future flea infestations. 

If your dog has a food allergy, it’s important to identify the cause of their allergies so you can make sure their food (and treats) don’t contain that allergen.

Making lifestyle modifications can also go a long way in treating your dog’s allergies. “Upon discovering the root allergy source, lifestyle modifications or elimination can prove useful in avoiding further reactions,” says Dr. Racine. “If the animal has reacted badly to an ingredient, toy, fabric, or other item, avoiding this contributor in the future will reduce further discomfort.’’

Home Remedies for Allergies in Dogs

You may be wondering if it is ever safe to give a dog human allergy medicines, such as Benadryl or Claritin, to ease dog allergy symptoms. ‘’Benadryl is a suitable medication for dogs suffering from skin or seasonal allergies,” says Dr. Racine. “This drug can reduce many of the common symptoms experienced by reactions such as hives, redness, and swelling.” However, it can lead to drowsiness in animals and should only be used under veterinary orders, she says.

“Claritin can also be used to treat allergies but is not commonly recommended by qualified veterinary practitioners [because it is often combined with] pseudoephedrine, which can be toxic to our canines,” says Dr. Racine. Your vet is more likely to recommend Zyrtec (cetirizine), which is safer and more effective than Benadryl or Claritin.

Always contact your dog’s veterinarian before giving any medication to your dog.

Preventing Allergies in Dogs

In general, it’s likely impossible to prevent allergies in dogs from happening altogether, but there are some proactive steps pet parents can take. 

Dr. Akers recommends a comprehensive lifestyle approach that involves proper gut health, a healthy immune system, low-stress levels, and as few toxic chemicals added to your dog’s body as possible.

While you can try to minimize a dog’s exposure to an allergen—whether that’s in their food or their environment—“it is currently not possible to 100 percent cure or prevent allergies in dogs,” says Dr. Racine. “Eliminating the trigger is the best way to minimize symptoms.’’ 

Some canine allergies are hereditary, so it’s also best to avoid breeding dogs with a history of allergies.

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Naturally, you might be wondering if seasonal allergies can affect our canine companions, too. And if so, do dogs experience the same allergy symptoms as humans? Keep reading to find out.

Can Dogs Have Seasonal Allergies?

Yes, dogs can have seasonal allergies! Seasonal or environmental allergies are relatively common in dogs, but they don’t cause the same symptoms as they do in humans, says Emily Swiniarski, DVM, chief medical officer of PAWS Chicago. “The difference between dogs and humans is that dogs typically show seasonal allergies through skin and ear disease,” she describes. 

While any dog can experience seasonal allergies, they are more common in certain breeds. Shar-Peis, Wirehaired Fox Terriers, Golden Retrievers, Dalmatians, Boxers, Boston Terriers, Labrador Retrievers, Lhasa Apsos, Scottish Terriers, Shih Tzus, and West Highland White Terriers are noted as being more susceptible to developing seasonal allergies (2).

What Causes Seasonal Allergies in Dogs?

Seasonal allergies in dogs can be triggered by a wide range of irritants, including “different kinds of pollen, dust, grass, basically anything that a human may be allergic to outside,” Dr. Swiniarski explains. 

“Dogs can also be allergic to fleas, which tend to come out during the spring and summer—just when plants start to bloom,” she adds. “As such, it can be difficult to determine whether an allergy is related to something like pollen or flea bites.”

Seasonal allergies most often manifest as skin and ear irritation in dogs. Unfortunately, these are also symptoms of food allergies in dogs. “Skin and ear disease are the most common symptoms of food allergies in dogs, but food allergies can also result in GI (gastrointestinal) disease,” Dr. Swiniarski explains. “So intermittent vomiting, soft stool, or occasional diarrhea all indicate a food allergy rather than a seasonal allergy.” 

Dog Seasonal Allergy Symptoms

Again, the biggest signs that a dog is suffering from seasonal allergies manifest in their skin and ears. Possible symptoms of seasonal allergies in dogs include:

• Itchiness
• Redness
• Fur loss
• Scratches
• Discharge (indicates infection)
• Red and/or crusty bumps
• Ear infection
• Foul odor from the ears
• Discharge from the ears
• Head shaking
• Ear scratching

Non-ear related allergy symptoms can happen anywhere on a dog’s body, but you’re more likely to notice it in areas where the fur is thinner, like on the belly.

And, while sneezing isn’t on the list of common dog allergy symptoms, don’t rule it out entirely. “That doesn’t mean that there can’t be some clear nasal discharge because of seasonal allergies, but that’s not a common symptom,” Dr. Swiniarski says. 

Diagnosing the cause of an allergy in dogs can become complicated, Dr. Swiniarski says. “Any dog could be allergic to one of three things—fleas, food, or seasonal triggers,” she says. “You have to rule each possible allergy out. The biggest hint, however, is that seasonal allergies are seasonal. They don’t last all year.”

Diagnosing Seasonal Allergies in Dogs

Suspected allergies don’t necessarily require that you jump in the car and rush Fido to the vet. If your dog has some of the above symptoms but seems comfortable, you can monitor them at home to see if the symptoms pass. 

“However, if he’s scratching so hard that he’s bleeding or is head shaking or scratching at his ears, something hurts and you need to go to the vet right away,” Dr. Swiniarski says. She adds that if your dog has thick, green nasal discharge or is coughing, you should make a vet appointment.

Once your dog is being examined, the vet will take a detailed history to try and determine the allergy trigger. However, since allergies can be difficult to diagnose, a history might not be enough to determine what your dog is reacting to. 

There are a couple of dog allergy tests that vets might use to help diagnose a seasonal allergy. The first is an intradermal allergy test. Intradermal allergy tests can only be administered by veterinary dermatologists, and they require shaving a patch of your dog’s fur and scratching their skin with allergens to see if there is a reaction. This is similar to how allergists make diagnoses in humans.

There is also something called a RAST (radioallergosorbent) test. RAST tests are blood tests that look for certain allergy antigens. A RAST test is much easier to administer than an intradermal allergy test, because your regular vet can do a simple blood draw. However, RAST tests are not as definitive as intradermal tests and are known for producing false positives.

How to Treat Dog Seasonal Allergies

There are several treatments available for dogs with seasonal allergies that your veterinarian may recommend.

Medicated shampoos could make a difference if the allergen sticks to the dog’s fur. You could also try supplementing with omega-3 fatty acids, which have been shown to have a positive effect on dogs with allergy symptoms. 

If your dog is really uncomfortable, your vet may recommend antihistamines. Dr. Swiniarski notes that one of the most popular antihistamines, Benadryl, has fallen out of favor with a lot of vets. 

“Benadryl is a very weak antihistamine. We have much more effective options today,” she explains. “Also, Benadryl has a lot of side effects. It can make dogs very drowsy, and in rare cases it can have the opposite effect and make dogs hyper.”

Dr. Swiniarski frequently recommends cetirizine, which you probably know as Zyrtec. “You can buy it over the counter, you only need one dose a day, and it’s safer and more effective than Benadryl,” she says. 

While effective, antihistamines do take some time to kick in. Dr. Swiniarski says that you won’t see their full effect until your dog has been taking them for at least a month. For fast-acting relief, your veterinarian may prescribe Apoquel, an oral tablet for dogs that stops allergic itch at the source. It starts to relieve itch within four hours and controls it within 24 hours.

And remember: NEVER give your pet any new medication or supplement without checking with your vet first. They will give guidance regarding dosage and possible drug interactions.

Preventing Seasonal Allergies in Dogs

While it’s impossible to guard your dog from all possible allergy triggers, there are ways to mitigate symptoms. For example, if your dog is allergic to dust or pollen, you might need to clean your house more frequently. You could also consider purchasing air purifiers or high-efficiency air filters. 
The best course of action is to work with your vet to find the right treatment option for your pet. It could be a combination of medication and additional grooming, or maybe omega-3 supplements will do the trick. Sometimes, finding the solution requires some trial and error.

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Can Dogs Get Heat Rash?

Simply put, yes, dogs can get heat rash. Heat rash in dogs is certainly more frequent in the warmer months but can also occur from inappropriate use of warming devices (e.g., heating pads) or other direct sources of heat at any time of the year. 

If exposed to hot conditions for too long, any dog could contract a heat rash. However, dogs who have less fur, more skin folds, and shorter snouts (brachycephalic breeds such as Pugs, Bulldogs, and Shih-tzus) are more susceptible to this condition. 

Dogs with shorter snouts have a harder time cooling themselves off due to narrowed airways and less effective panting. Areas on the body with less fur also create an easier entryway for heat and can lead to inappropriate temperature regulation. The skin folds can trap moisture and heat, especially if the dog is overweight. This can often cause secondary skin conditions if not treated promptly, as well as contribute to generalized temperature increase in the dog. 

Along with certain breed and physical predispositions, dogs in hotter and more humid climates also find themselves more susceptible to heat rash.

What Does Heat Rash Look Like on Dogs?

Heat rash can present itself differently in dogs based on severity. In the beginning, heat rash often emerges as small red bumps on a dog’s skin and can be quite itchy and irritating to the pet. Generalized redness can also be noted, with a heavier focus in the affected area. 

Common areas for heat rash in dogs to begin include the groin and “armpit” areas, as well as the belly where there are sparse amounts of fur. These spots are prone to harboring more heat and moisture as a dog’s temperature rises. Pet parents should check these areas first if concerned about potential heat rash in dogs. If left to progress, these smaller areas of irritation can turn into larger raised sections and can even turn into more painful boils and blisters. 

The progression of red bumps to blisters indicates that a dog’s heat rash is now classified as a second-degree burn, versus first-degree upon initial presentation. Once the skin is compromised, it is much easier for dogs with heat rash to then suffer from secondary skin infections, which may cause pustules and widespread irritation.

It may be hard for pet parents to distinguish between a heat rash on their dog versus other skin concerns. Here are some questions that may help:

• Has your pet been outdoors in the heat/elements for an extended period of time? Or has your pet been exposed to a heating device of any kind?
• Does your dog have any predispositions for overheating, such as a short snout, skin folds, or being overweight?
• Has your dog gotten into contact with other potential irritants or possible causes of skin rash that you are aware of?

Other Symptoms Associated with Dog Heat Rash

In addition to clinical symptoms with the skin, a dog may have heat rash if experiencing other symptoms of overheating (hyperthermia) at the same time.

If you notice your dog panting incessantly, breathing noisily, being unable to settle, and having bright red gums (gingiva), then it is likely your pet could be overheating, hence the appearance of the heat rash. The normal gum color should be bubble-gum pink, unless your dog has pigmented gums. If your dog has pigmented gums, you can examine the coloration inside their eyelids (conjunctiva). 

If you have a way to check your dog’s temperature, you would likely find that it is elevated. A normal dog temperature is 100-102.5 degrees Fahrenheit, depending on the situation and stress level. Signs of heat rash in dogs can occur beyond these temperatures, and the risk of complications also increases along with the heat. If your dog’s temperature is equal to or beyond 103 degrees Fahrenheit and not trending downward despite cooling efforts, you should seek veterinary care immediately.

Heat Rash on Dogs: Diagnosis and Treatment

In cases of heat rash in dogs, pet parents can implement therapy at home to start soothing the problem. Focus on removing your dog from the heat source/environment, cooling them down, and soothing the affected skin with a hydrocortisone cream and/or aloe until you can seek further veterinary care. You can use cool wet towels and fans for this. Do not submerge your dog in ice cold water or something similarly drastic. 

It is still recommended to have your pet seen by a veterinarian in order to discuss potential complications from the heat rash and treat it accordingly if your dog is not showing improvement with at-home intervention. 

In the clinic, the veterinarian will perform a full physical examination to determine whether the dog is suffering from heat rash. This will include visualizing susceptible areas of skin for redness and bumps, as well as assessing gum color and the dog’s temperature. 

In non-complicated cases of heat rash, the veterinarian may prescribe a prescription-strength, hydrocortisone-type cream or spray to aid inflammation and itchiness in the affected areas after the dog is cooled down to an appropriate temperature. The veterinarian may attempt to cool the dog off by applying alcohol to the paw pads, applying a cool towel in the “armpits” and groin, or using an air-circulator such as a Bair Hugger on the cool setting.

If the dog has any secondary complications from the heat rash, such as a skin infection or itchiness (pruritus), then this may need to be treated with separate oral therapy, depending on severity, such as with an antibiotic and/or antihistamine. 

Mild cases of heat rash in dogs can resolve on their own with at-home therapy over the course of several days, but if not improving should be evaluated by a veterinarian. If the dog is showing signs of systemic hyperthermia or not cooling down in a reasonable amount of time, seek veterinary care immediately to avoid damage to internal organs and structures.

How to Prevent Heat Rash on Dogs

Keeping your dog in an environment that is not overly hot or humid will greatly help reduce the risk of heat rash and associated complications. 

During warmer months, consider taking walks and exercising with your dog earlier in the morning or later in the evening to avoid peak heat hours. Wetting your dog’s coat and fanning during activity may help maintain cooler body temperature as well. Dogs should have access to plenty of fresh water, shade, and other ways to cool themselves off at all times. 

The most important tool in preventing heat rash on dogs is understanding the risk factors and minimizing potential for occurrence.

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“Treating the symptoms of allergies without addressing the underlying cause will only provide temporary relief,” says Dr. Alejandro Caos, a veterinarian with at-home veterinary service The Vets. “Working with a veterinarian to identify the specific allergen can help avoid exposure to the allergen and prevent future allergic reactions.” 

Dogs can be allergic to many different things, including flea bites, pollens and grasses, food ingredients, cleaning products, metals, synthetic materials, and even medications.

“The most common allergy diagnoses in dogs are related to food, environmental factors like pollen, and flea bites,” says Lindsay Butzer, DVM, of Clint Moore Animal Hospital in Boca Raton, Florida. 

Read on to find out why allergy relief for dogs is so important and learn more about different allergy treatments.

Allergy Relief for Dogs: Why It’s Important

Because allergies in dogs are typically life-long, it’s important to treat and manage them correctly. 

“Untreated allergies can lead to complications, such as skin infections, ear infections, respiratory issues, and GI issues,” Dr. Caos says. “Allergies can make your pet quite miserable. Identifying and treating the underlying cause of allergies can help prevent these complications from developing.”

It can be tricky to get to the bottom of what is causing allergies, but veterinarians have strategies for diagnosing them. Some dogs might need blood or skin tests, or in the case of suspected food allergies, an elimination diet to pinpoint problematic ingredients. 

“An examination and discussion with your veterinarian can help pinpoint the cause of the allergies,” Dr. Butzer says. “However, if the cause remains unclear or if the dog has persistent symptoms, allergy testing may be needed.”

What Can I Give My Dog for Allergies? 

Allergies can be frustrating to deal with, but the good news is, there are many helpful treatments for allergies in dogs, including veterinarian-prescribed and over-the-counter options. Some allergy remedies address the symptoms (itchy, inflamed skin) while others work to reduce or eliminate the allergies themselves. 

“Once the specific allergen is identified, the veterinarian can develop a customized treatment plan tailored to the dog’s needs,” Dr. Caos says. “This may include avoiding exposure to the allergen, medication, immunotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.” For dogs with food allergies, prescription diets might be used.

Prescription Allergy Medicine for Dogs

Based on the results of your dog’s physical exam and history, as well as any testing, your vet might prescribe certain allergy treatments, which could include one or more shots, tablets, pills or topical creams. According to Dr. Caos, some of the most common prescription allergy treatments for dogs are:

Antihistamines: These medications block the effects of histamine, a chemical released during an allergic reaction. 

Corticosteroids: These suppress the immune response and reduce inflammation. Some common corticosteroids include prednisone and dexamethasone. Long-term use of these drugs can be harmful, so these are generally used in the short-term.

Immunomodulators: These are often used long-term to suppress the immune response and reduce inflammation. Common immunomodulators are Atopica (cyclosporine) and Apoquel (oclacitinib). Apoquel is an oral tablet that can be used for long-term maintenance or short-term therapy to relieve and control allergic dog itch and inflammation due to skin allergies.

Immunotherapy: Also called allergy shots, allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) is often used for environmental allergies. Small amounts of allergens are injected under the skin to help the dog build up a tolerance to the allergen over time.

Antibiotics and Antifungals: If a dog’s allergies have caused a secondary skin infection, your veterinarian might prescribe antibiotics or antifungal medications to clear them up.

Over-the-Counter Allergy Medicine for Dogs

Some of the medications used to treat allergies in dogs are made for humans and sold over the counter. For instance, antihistamines like Benadryl (diphenhydramine), Zyrtec (cetirizine), and Claritin (loratadine) can be purchased without a prescription. 

However, Dr. Caos warns that you should never attempt to treat your dog’s allergies with over-the-counter medications without explicit instructions from your vet. 

“Some over-the-counter allergy medications commonly used by humans, such as antihistamines, decongestants, and nasal sprays, may be safe for pets in certain circumstances and under the guidance of a veterinarian,” he says. “However, the dosage and type of medication may differ for pets, and the veterinarian will need to consider the pet’s age, size, and medical history before prescribing any medication.”

When using over-the-counter medications as directed by your veterinarian, make sure you purchase products that contain the specified drug only and not any combination products. Some medications that are safe for humans can be deadly for pets. 

“You never want to give your dog any medication that contains pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine,” Dr. Caos says. “These medications are extremely dangerous to dogs.” 

If you are worried your dog might have ingested potentially dangerous human medication, call your veterinarian and/or the Pet Poison Helpline (855-764-7661) or the ASPCA Animal Poison Control hotline (888-426-4435). Consultation fees may apply.

Supplements for Dog Allergies

Certain supplements can be very helpful for managing allergies in dogs, but don’t use supplements as a substitute for veterinary care. Supplements should only be used under the guidance of a veterinarian. According to Dr. Caos, supplements that might be beneficial for dogs with allergies include:

Omega-3 Fatty Acids: The anti-inflammatory properties in omega-3 fatty acids might reduce the severity of allergic reactions by promoting skin barrier health. Common supplements use fish oil, flaxseed oil, and krill oil.

Probiotics: These beneficial bacteria can potentially help support a healthy immune system, reduce inflammation in the body, and improve digestive health, which could be beneficial for dogs suffering from food allergies.

Quercetin: This flavonoid found in many fruits and vegetables has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Quercetin is thought to reduce allergies by stabilizing mast cells.

Vitamin E: A well-known antioxidant, vitamin E can support a healthy immune system and reduce inflammation, which could be beneficial for pets with skin allergies or other allergic reactions.

Home Remedies for Dog Allergies: Safety and Things to Consider

You can use some non-medication allergy remedies at home as part of your dog’s overall allergy treatment strategy. Our experts recommend oatmeal baths and cooling pads to soothe itchy, inflamed skin.

“You can purchase cooling pads designed for pets, or make your own by placing a damp towel in the refrigerator or freezer for a few minutes before applying it to your pet’s skin,” Dr. Caos says.

How to Help Dog Allergies: Other Tips and Advice

You can take other steps at home to minimize allergy symptoms in dogs by limiting exposure to allergens. Don’t smoke around your dog, and avoid using harsh chemical cleaners, perfumes, scented candles, or air fresheners. 

To cut down on allergens in your home, consider vacuuming, sweeping, dusting, washing your dog’s bedding, and laundering household blankets and pillows more frequently.

“Pet owners should avoid exposing their dogs to known allergens as much as possible,” Dr. Butzer says. “This might mean avoiding certain foods, using hypoallergenic products, or limiting time outdoors when there is a lot of pollen in the environment. It’s also important not to over-bathe your dog, as this can strip their skin of essential oils and make them more susceptible to allergens.”

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Studies show that 38 to 56 percent of dogs that check into emergency veterinary clinics are in pain. And although there are many situations that can cause your dog to feel discomfort, including injuries, ear infections, dental disease, arthritis, and surgery, no pet parent wants to see their dog in pain. 

So, how do you provide care and relief for a dog in pain? In this article, we’ll go over the basics of how to help a dog in pain, including specific tips on how to provide them with a sense of comfort.

What to Do When Your Dog Is in Pain

“Whether your dog experiences acute pain, chronic pain, or situational pain following surgeries or dental extractions, it can affect their mood and their quality of life,” says Dr. Amber Karwacki, veterinarian and partner at Heart + Paw vet clinic in Philadelphia. “Dogs who are in pain will not want to interact with their family as they normally do.”

Your veterinarian will be able to determine the source of the pain and then determine the best course of treatment. Providing pain relief medication to help manage a dog’s pain could be part of the plan, but Dr. Karwacki notes that you should skip the drug store because most over-the-counter pain medications made for pet parents are toxic to dogs.

In addition to veterinarian-prescribed pain meds, there are other ways to comfort a dog in pain.

8 Tips for Comforting a Dog in Pain 

Set Reminders

It’s important to stick to a schedule with medications that help relieve dog pain. Set a reminder in your smartphone to ensure that you don’t miss a dose or accidentally give your dog their medication before the next dose is due, which could increase the risk of side effects.

Create a Safe Space

Dogs in pain might need more rest and not feel up to interacting with their families or other pets, according to Dr. Karwacki. Setting up a crate in a spare bedroom or other quiet spot will give your pet a space to recover and decrease the risk of making the pain worse.

“You want to provide a space where your dog feels safe and protected,” Dr. Karwacki adds. “This will keep them from having any fight or flight reactions and possibly reinjuring themselves.”

Your veterinarian may also recommend crate rest and limited movement as part of the healing process.

Keep in mind that for some pets, particularly those with separation anxiety, being restricted to a separate room may increase their anxiety levels, causing them to exacerbate their pain. For these dogs, it may be best to set their safe space in an area you frequent.

Keep Them Cozy

Providing items like an orthopedic bed and soft blankets will keep your dog comfortable while they recover from an injury or surgery, or rest during illness — but think twice before setting up a heating pad.

“Heating pads can be helpful but most likely should not be on for long amounts of time,” Dr. Karwacki says. “If your dog is unable to get off the heating pad, a thermal burn could occur.”

She also advises keeping their water bowl and food bowl nearby so your dog doesn’t have to move too far to eat or drink when they aren’t feeling well.

Consider Complementary Therapies

When it comes to managing pain in dogs, massage or acupuncture could help. 

Dogs with musculoskeletal pain due to injuries, arthritis or other orthopedic conditions showed improvements in gait, posture and behavioral issues, and were more able to engage in daily activities after receiving massage [1]. 

Acupuncture can also improve quality of life for dogs suffering from neurological disorders and ​​musculoskeletal diseases [2]. Dr. Karwacki also suggests cold laser therapy and physical therapy for dogs in pain. 

“Not every veterinarian offers these services, but make sure to ask your vet who does offer these services as we usually know what is available in your area,” she says.

Make Movement Easier

For dogs experiencing pain due to arthritis or other chronic illnesses, adding ramps up to the bed, couch, or cars makes it easier for your dog to get to their favorite spot without jumping and putting added pressure on their joints.

Installing non-slip mats or carpet runners on hardwood or tile floors can also prevent your dog from slipping and improve their ability to move around the house.

Consider Supplements

For acute pain due to injuries or post-surgical pain, Dr. Karwacki suggests veterinarian-prescribed anti-inflammatory medications, but supplements could help dogs dealing with arthritis or other types of chronic pain.

Among dogs diagnosed with osteoarthritis, a supplement containing glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate was found to be “significantly beneficial” for alleviating pain and reducing symptoms [3]. CBD supplements may be another option, with one study at Cornell showing that 80 percent of dogs that received CBD supplements experienced decreases in osteoarthritis pain.

Talk to your veterinarian about which supplements might be helpful if your dog is in pain and confirm that supplements are safe to use with their current medications.

Prioritize Quality Time

Pain may make it difficult for your dog to go for long walks or play in the backyard so it’s especially important to prioritize their wellbeing while they heal.

Set aside special time for bonding and gentle snuggles to provide comfort — but make sure your dog welcomes the attention. Some dogs may prefer to be left alone (and pain may sometimes cause fear or aggression) so watch for clues that your dog takes comfort in gentle petting and the reassuring sound of your voice, or whether they would prefer to have some alone time.

Alternatively, buying a new squeak toy or special bone that your dog can play with on their cozy bed can provide important mental stimulation. 

“Puzzle toys can also help occupy their time if your dog can no longer do their normal activities,” Dr. Karwacki adds.

Watch for Signs

Sometimes pain management plans need to be tweaked. Watch for signs that medications, supplements, alternative therapies and lots of TLC aren’t easing your dog’s pain.

Dr. Karwacki advises looking for things like limping, a hunched back, a stiff gait, shying away from being touched, ears in a down position, or laying in unusual positions, adding, “If signs of pain are seen, you should bring your dog to the vet for an exam to determine the source and receive treatment.”

It’s hard for pet parents to see their four-legged companions in pain. Working with your veterinarian to identify the source of the pain, creating an appropriate treatment plan, and incorporating strategies to ease your pup’s discomfort can help them feel a little better while they rest and recuperate.

References:

1. Riley, LM, Satchell, L, Stilwell, LM, Lenton, NS. Effect of massage therapy on pain and quality of life in dogs: A cross sectional study. Vet Rec. 2021;e586. https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.586 
2. Silva NEOF, Luna SPL, Joaquim JGF, Coutinho HD, Possebon FS. Effect of acupuncture on pain and quality of life in canine neurological and musculoskeletal diseases. Can Vet J. 2017 Sep;58(9):941-951. PMID: 28878418; PMCID: PMC5556488.
3. Martello E, Bigliati M, Adami R, Biasibetti E, Bisanzio D, Meineri G, Bruni N. Efficacy of a dietary supplement in dogs with osteoarthritis: A randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. PLoS One. 2022 Feb 16;17(2):e0263971. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263971. PMID: 35171954; PMCID: PMC8849458.

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If you’re noticing that your dog seems stiff or reluctant to participate in activities, this could be due to dog joint pain. Joint pain can be caused by dog arthritis (joint inflammation), or other health issues.

While limping is an indicator of joint pain, there are several other early warning signs that a dog has joint pain.

We spoke to veterinary experts to learn more about joint pain in dogs and the signs that could mean a dog is suffering from joint pain. 

Causes of Joint Pain in Dogs

Although there are numerous causes of joint pain in dogs, they generally fall into the category of either developmental joint issues or degenerative joint issues, says Dr. Rosalie M. LoScrudato, of NorthStar VETS Veterinary Emergency, Trauma, and Specialty Center in New Jersey.

Developmental joint issues include those problems arising from genetic or heritable conditions. This means the joints don’t develop properly. These issues include hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, angular limb deformities, chondrodystrophic deformities (uneven growth of long bones), or osteochondritis dissecans (OCD or OD), an inflammatory condition that occurs when the diseased cartilage separates from the underlying bone.

Certain breeds are predisposed to joint pain in dogs, usually large breed dogs. For example, Bernese Mountain Dogs are more likely to develop elbow dysplasia (an abnormal development in the elbow joint) and Rottweilers have an increased prevalence of hip dysplasia.

Degenerative causes of dog joint pain include repetitive injury to the joint, infections in the joint, immune-mediated diseases of the joint (immune-mediated polyarthritis), cruciate tears, poor nutrition, and obesity. Cruciate tears are often seen with impact on the dog’s joints, like jumping on and off a couch or while running. Obesity puts excessive stress on joints and can exacerbate joint disease including arthritis, says New York City-based veterinarian Dr. Rachel Barrack, certified veterinary acupuncturist and certified veterinary Chinese herbalist.

“The deterioration of the joint structure and inflammation within the joint lead to progressively painful arthritis,”  says LoScrudato.

The two main types of arthritis in dogs are rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is common in senior dogs and large breed dogs. Osteoarthritis is estimated in about 20 percent of all dogs over a year old, according to data collected from over 200 veterinarians in North America. 

Signs of Joint Pain in Dogs

“Limping is most obvious but unfortunately is not often the first sign of pain,” says Dr. LoScrudato.

Dog joint pain symptoms include the following:

• Difficulty rising
• Lethargy
• Stiffness
• Swelling at the joints
• Decreased walking distance
• Reluctance to play or engage with owners
• Sleeping more
• Loss of appetite
• Reluctance to go up/down stairs or on/off furniture
• Difficulty getting into the car
• Changes in gait
• Slipping while walking
• Chewing, biting or licking painful areas
• Increased licking all over their body

Some behavioral indicators that your dog might be experiencing dog arthritis or dog joint pain include:

• Changes in demeanor
• Irritability
• Depression

These can be misinterpreted as signs of behavioral issues or dismissed as signs of ‘normal aging’ but may be signs that your dog is in pain, says Dr. LoScrudato.

When to See a Veterinarian about Dog Joint Pain

“Any time you suspect your dog may be experiencing any kind of pain, this warrants contacting your primary care veterinarian for further diagnostics and intervention to alleviate discomfort,” says Dr. Barrack. 

A progressive change in your dog’s behavior or reduced interest in physical activity is another reason to contact your pet, Dr. LoScrudato recommends. “In addition to a full physical examination, veterinarians will gather a full history and discuss changes they and the owners have noted.”

Diagnostic procedures like radiographs (X-rays) may be recommended, Dr. LoScrudato says. “Trial of pain medications may also be used to see if pet parents notice any improvements in their pets after use.”

Collectively, this information can help determine if pets are experiencing joint pain and what further course of therapies may be warranted. If the dog joint pain is caught early enough and is treatable, the vet may recommend medications, dietary changes, supplements, and physical rehabilitation.

“Some conditions require surgical intervention while others can be treated with more moderate management including Western medications and supplements, acupuncture, and/or traditional Chinese herbal therapy,” Dr. Barrack says.

Most cases of dog arthritis causing joint pain will require long-term management.

Dog Joint Pain Relief: 4 Ways to Help

You want your dog to get joint pain relief as soon as possible but know that it’s going to be a long-term process to find a resolution or simply help alleviate some of their pain and discomfort.

Once dog arthritis is present in a joint, it is likely to progress over time.

“[The vet’s goal] is to maintain comfort and slow down the progression,” says Dr. LoScrudato. “This is most effectively done using a multi-modal approach based on each dog’s clinical signs. Multi-modal means using a varying combination of techniques, medications, supplements, and therapies to reduce discomfort.”

Here’s how you can help with dog arthritis symptoms and dog joint pain:

Address the Inflammation

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesics are commonly used to help dogs experiencing inflammation and pain, including in their joints. “Humans should never use their own medications on their pets!” Dr. LoScrudato says. NSAIDs intended for people can cause gastrointestinal ulceration and kidney failure when given to dogs.

Disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs) such as Adequan can alter the progression of dog arthritis by improving the health of the joint fluid and cartilage.

Acupuncture and traditional Chinese herbal therapy can alleviate the inflammation and discomfort associated with osteoarthritis, says Dr. Barrack.

Supplements such as omega-3 fatty acids, microlactin, turmeric, and green-lipped mussels have been shown to reduce inflammation and joint pain. Joint supplements containing glucosamine and chondroitin can also be helpful. Only use supplements under the direction of your veterinarian.

Practice Weight Management

Weight management is crucial for helping dogs with mobility issues. Losing weight reduces the load on a dog’s joints and muscles. Recent studies also show that fat tissue contains factors that promote inflammation which causes pain and the progression of arthritis.

Veterinarians can help owners determine if their pet is overweight and create a weight loss plan to achieve a target weight.

Consider Alternative Therapies 

Consulting with a rehabilitation therapist who can offer advice on exercises, stretching and massage techniques appropriate for your pet is an excellent way to actively participate in a pet’s therapy program. “Acupressure and massage are great things owners can do at home when snuggling on the couch to help alleviate some of their dog’s joint-related aches and pains,” says Dr. Barrack.

Swimming is also a great low impact exercise that can help dog arthritis symptoms by increasing muscle mass which in turn helps strengthen and support joints. It can also be a good way to increase your pet’s activity level if you’re encouraging them to lose weight without increasing stress on their joints.

Make Modifications to Your Home

Keep your dog more comfortable by making some slight adjustments to your home. 

Providing ramps to get in and out of the house or vehicle and on/off furniture can be beneficial. Anti-slip mats or carpets can be added to areas that are frequently used by your dog to help prevent falls. 

Consider a heated dog bed or an orthopedic dog bed to provide maximum comfort and take pressure off your dog’s joints. 

Create places where your dog can relax away from overly enthusiastic housemates – such as other pets and toddlers — so they can rest.

“The benefits of adapting the home environment, weight management and lifestyle modifications cannot be over emphasized,” says Dr. LoScrudato.

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The treatment options and prognosis for breast cancer in dogs depend primarily upon the type of tumor they have, as well as its size, location, stage, and other factors. 

Here’s a helpful overview that answers the questions pet parents most commonly ask about breast cancer in dogs. 

What is Breast Cancer in Dogs?

What some know as breast cancer in dogs, veterinarians more commonly refer to as a mammary tumor or tumors. These tumors are formed by abnormal growth and grouping of cells in canine mammary tissue.

Mammary tumors are most common in female dogs who are intact (un-spayed) or those who were spayed after the age of two. According to data from the California Animal Neoplasia Registry (CANR), mammary tumors account for 41.7 percent of all tumors found in un-spayed dogs (2). 

Mammary tumors typically develop in middle-aged and older dogs; they are seldom found in dogs under the age of five. And while mammary tumors can develop in male dogs, this is also quite rare. 

Causes of Breast Cancer in Dogs

Hormone exposure is perhaps the greatest factor influencing the development of mammary tumors. Dogs who are spayed early in life have a significantly lower risk of developing mammary tumors, compared with intact females. 

One study (3) found the risk of developing mammary tumors to be:

• Less than one percent for female dogs spayed before their first heat cycle
• 8 percent for female dogs spayed after their first heat
• 26 percent for female dogs spayed after their second heat

Certain breeds are also more likely to develop mammary cancer, suggesting a genetic component. Breeds at increased risk include:

• Poodle
• Chihuahua
• Dachshund
• Yorkshire Terrier
• Maltese
• Cocker Spaniel
• English Springer Spaniel
• English Setter
• Brittany Spaniel
• German Shepherd
• Pointer
• Doberman
• Boston Terrier

Obesity, especially prior to puberty, may also increase a dog’s risk of developing mammary tumors later in life.

Symptoms of Dog Breast Cancer

There are several symptoms of dog breast cancer, but the one pet parents commonly notice first is the presence of a mammary tumor or tumors. Typically, pet parents might feel this while petting or grooming their dog, or a veterinarian might discover the lump during a routine physical examination. 

These tumors appear as a palpable mass (or masses) in the mammary chain, which is the set of mammary glands along the left or right side of a dog’s body. 

Other symptoms of mammary tumors can include:

• Swollen mammary gland or glands
• Discharge from mammary glands
• Pain
• Ulceration of the mammary glands
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
• Weakness
• Lethargy

If you notice a mass on your dog’s mammary chain or if your dog has other symptoms of breast cancer, see your veterinarian right away. When it comes to mammary tumors, an early diagnosis can play an important part in helping ensure the best possible outcome for your dog.

Types of Mammary Cancer in Dogs

Mammary tumors can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). In dogs with mammary tumors, approximately 50 percent of these tumors are non-cancerous. These benign tumors are also known as adenomas.

However, that means that roughly 50 percent of mammary tumors are cancerous. Malignant mammary tumors are usually carcinomas (cancer occurring in a dog’s internal organs or the skin’s epithelial tissue) or adenocarcinomas (cancer occurring in the glands lining the insides of a dog’s organs). 

To determine the type of mammary tumor present, your veterinarian will take a biopsy and submit it for histopathology at a laboratory. This is an important diagnostic step and is the gold standard for diagnosing, classifying, and grading mammary tumors in dogs.

Dog Mammary Cancer Stages and Progression

In addition to sampling the tumor to identify its type, determining the tumor stage is also an important part of diagnosing breast cancer in dogs. 

First, veterinarians conduct a physical examination to palpate the mammary chain in search of any additional masses. This also serves to help assess the regional lymph nodes for signs of enlargement. A biopsy of the regional lymph nodes can reveal metastasis, or spread, of the cancer to the lymph nodes. 

Your veterinarian should also perform a staging evaluation, including blood work, urinalysis, and x-rays, to determine whether the tumors have spread to the lungs. Veterinarians often recommend abdominal imaging (X-rays or ultrasound) to check for metastasis to other organs. 

Armed with all of this information, your veterinarian will then determine the stage of the cancer according to the Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) system. This measurement system was created by the World Health Organization and is considered the standard in veterinary medicine for measuring cancer stages.

In this system, T stands for the size of the tumor, N is the presence of cancer in the regional lymph nodes, and M is the presence of metastasis at distant sites. 

The staging includes 5 classifications (4): 

The lower the number of the tumor’s stage at the time of surgery, the better the chances of a good clinical outcome. A smaller tumor is less likely to recur or metastasize to distant sites. The sooner a mammary tumor is diagnosed and removed, the better the prognosis.

Diagnosing Canine Breast Cancer

Mammary cancer is often first identified when a pet parent or veterinarian feels a lump in a dog’s mammary chain. When that happens, the next step is a thorough physical examination to determine the size of the mass, its exact location, and whether any other masses are present.

 Additional diagnostic testing may include:

• Blood Work and Urinalysis. Your veterinarian may require a complete blood count, biochemistry panel, and urinalysis as part of your dog’s staging tests. The results of these tests can confirm whether or not your dog is a suitable candidate for surgery. Your veterinarian may also recommend special blood work, called a coagulation test, to check your dog’s blood clotting factors. These can be abnormal in dogs with mammary cancer.
• Radiography. Your veterinarian may take radiographs (X-rays) of your dog’s chest to check whether the cancer has spread to your dog’s lungs. In some cases, veterinarians may also recommend additional X-rays or an ultrasound of your dog’s abdomen to check other organs for signs of cancer. 
• Fine Needle Aspiration and Cytology. Veterinarians may sample the mass using a technique called fine needle aspiration. This allows them to examine cells under a microscope to identify if they indicate the presence of mammary cancer. Your veterinarian may also recommend sampling the regional lymph node or nodes to check for signs that the cancer has spread.
• Biopsy and Histopathology. The gold standard test for diagnosing mammary cancer is taking a biopsy sample and submitting it to a laboratory for histopathology. This allows a pathologist to determine the type of tumor present. To obtain the sample, a veterinarian must remove a portion of tissue for testing (incisional biopsy) or remove and submit the entire mass (excisional biopsy). 

Breast Cancer Treatment Options for Dogs

Veterinarians generally recommend surgery as the preferred treatment for most mammary gland tumors in dogs, as long as the cancer has not spread to distant sites. The type of surgery required depends on the size and location of the mammary tumor and the number of mammary glands involved. 

Surgery may involve removing the mass and a margin of normal tissue around the mass. Or it may involve removing the entire affected mammary gland. Your veterinarian will determine the best surgical plan for your dog based on your dog’s tumor type, the size and location of the tumor, and the number of tumors to be removed.

Some surgeons recommend spaying at the time of surgery if the dog is intact, but this is controversial. Not all studies have shown an improved survival rate in dogs spayed at the time of mammary tumor removal. However, spaying also prevents other unrelated diseases, such as pyometra (uterine infection). Your veterinarian will discuss the risks and benefits of spaying with you prior to the surgery.

Following surgery, chemotherapy for aggressive mammary carcinoma may be in order. However, specific chemotherapy protocols for mammary carcinoma are not yet standardized and require more study. 

Dogs with inflammatory mammary carcinoma tend to be poor candidates for surgery because the microscopic cancer cells typically extend far beyond the palpable mass and, in many cases, have already spread throughout the body. Studies indicate that surgery does not necessarily improve the survival rate in dogs with inflammatory carcinoma. The most effective treatments for inflammatory carcinoma are currently radiation therapy and treatment with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). However, even with these treatments, the overall prognosis is poor.

Cost to Treat Breast Cancer in Dogs

The cost to treat mammary cancer in dogs depends on the tumor type, size, location, grade, stage, and recommended treatment options. In general, pet owners should expect to spend $1,500-3,000 on surgery for mammary cancer, depending on the severity of the tumor and the type of surgery involved. Additional costs may be incurred for radiation therapy or chemotherapy following surgery.

Prognosis for Breast Cancer in Dogs

There are several factors that impact the prognosis for dogs with mammary tumors. Those with mammary tumors measuring less than 3 cm typically live longer than those with larger tumors. Dogs whose masses are removed with complete margins (meaning no microscopic cancer cells remain) also have a better prognosis than dogs with incomplete mass removal. 

Prognosis also worsens as the tumor stage advances; dogs with smaller, localized tumors generally do better than those with lymph node involvement or distant metastasis. Other factors, such as tumor type and grade, also influence prognosis. Most importantly, pet owners should be aware that dogs with one mammary tumor are also likely to develop additional mammary tumors. 

How to Prevent Breast Cancer in Dogs

Spaying prior to the first heat significantly reduces the risk of developing mammary tumors later in life. Maintaining a healthy lean body weight may also reduce mammary tumor risk. And, since early detection and treatment can play an important role in the outcome, it’s best to talk with your veterinarian about any abnormal lumps you detect on your dog, especially in the mammary chain.

References

1. Canine Mammary Tumors. The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center. vet.osu.edu.
2. Dorn CR, Taylor DO, Schneider R, et al. Survey of animal neoplasms in Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, California. II. Cancer morbidity in dogs and cats from Alameda County. J Natl Cancer Inst 1968;40:307–318.
3. Schneider R, Dorn CR, Taylor DO: Factors influencing canine mammary cancer development and postsurgical survival. J Natl Cancer Inst 1969 Vol 43 (6) pp. 1249-61.
4. Nunes FC, Damasceno KA, de Campos CB, et al. Mixed tumors of the canine mammary glands: Evaluation of prognostic factors, treatment, and overall survival. Veterinary and Animal Science, 2019;7.doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2018.09.003.

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Because it’s so common, it’s important to know what this disease is and how veterinarians treat it. Let’s discuss mitral valve disease in dogs in more detail. 

What Is Mitral Valve Disease?

Mitral valve disease (MVD) in dogs is a disease of the heart. The mitral valve is a valve that sits between the left atrium and the left ventricle to prevent a backflow of blood when the heart contracts. It changes shape due to the disease, meaning it doesn’t fit the space properly. 

Instead of preventing a backflow of blood, the thickened, misshapen valve leaks, causing blood to flow back the wrong way. This is why the condition is sometimes called mitral valve regurgitation. Veterinarians can hear this backflow with a stethoscope as a heart murmur.

This backflow of blood causes problems. It means the atrium isn’t empty when new blood enters, so less blood can fit in. Because less blood is being pumped, a dog’s heart has to pump faster to get the same amount of blood around the body, which causes the heart to grow larger, taking up more space in the chest. Because less blood can fit in the atrium, there’s a build-up of blood returning from the lungs. Even though the atrium grows in size to accommodate the excess blood, the backlog eventually causes fluid to accumulate in the lungs. This is called congestive heart failure, and it’s the end stage of mitral valve disease.

Mitral valve disease in dogs is a degenerative change that happens as pets age, so it’s more common in older dogs. Some dog breeds are more prone to MVD and may get degenerative heart changes and a heart murmur earlier in life. It’s most common in dogs under 44 pounds – however when dogs over 44 pounds are affected, they have a worse prognosis. It’s also more common in males than females, although we aren’t sure why.

Causes of Dog Mitral Valve Disease

Mitral valve disease is a degenerative disease – it gets worse over time, with the valves slowly becoming more thickened and less able to control the flow of blood. We don’t know entirely what causes mitral valve disease in dogs, but there are several contributing factors. 

Genetics definitely play a large part, as is seen with some breeds being more affected than others. Breeds at higher risk of mitral valve disease include:

• Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
• Miniature Schnauzers
• Miniature Poodles
• Shih Tzu
• Maltese
• Cocker Spaniels
• Chihuahuas
• Pomeranians

As well as breed and genetics, we know that some other things are associated with a higher risk of MVD in dogs. Bacterial infection of the heart valves (called endocarditis) is one thing that increases the risk of mitral valve disease in dogs. While severe endocarditis is rare, some diseases, like periodontitis – a common dental infection – can introduce bacteria to the blood that can damage the heart valves.

Symptoms of Mitral Valve Disease in Dogs

The first symptom of mitral valve disease in dogs is usually a heart murmur. This is usually not audible without a stethoscope, so you may not realize your dog has a heart murmur until a routine visit with your veterinarian. 

As your dog progresses through the stages of MVD, they will get more symptoms. These include:

• Heart murmur (as this worsens, you may be able to hear it without a stethoscope)
• Coughing (especially when your dog gets up after resting, or at night)
• Lethargy
• Reluctance to exercise
• Breathlessness/fast breathing
• Difficulty breathing
• Weight loss
• Fainting and collapse

Diagnosing Mitral Valve Disease in Dogs

In a small breed dog who is getting older, mitral valve disease is highly likely, so if your vet hears a murmur during a routine examination, they will often make a presumptive diagnosis. For treatment purposes, a definitive diagnosis and disease staging is useful. 

Your veterinarian will need to run blood tests, take your dog’s blood pressure, and will recommend an ultrasound, an X-ray, or both. This heart ultrasound may need to be done by a specialist, so you may be referred to a cardiologist to have these tests completed. 

Not only do these tests confirm that your dog has mitral valve disease (rather than another heart disease of dogs), but working out the stage of the disease allows vets to decide when to start treatment, and which medications to use.

Stages of Dog Mitral Valve Disease in Dogs

When diagnosing mitral valve disease in dogs, vets will diagnose a ‘stage’ of the disease. These stages are labelled A-D, and are based on which clinical signs are present. They were suggested by the world’s top canine cardiologists in the ACVIM consensus and are very useful for planning treatment. 

Dogs start at a lower stage (A or B), and progress through the stages as their disease worsens, with stage D being the last – and most severe – stage. Let’s look at the stages of MVD in more detail:

Stage A

Stage A dogs are those that are at high risk, but who don’t currently have abnormalities. They don’t have a heart murmur, and there would be no changes on heart ultrasound or on an x-ray. Every dog in the high-risk breed list above can be considered to have stage A mitral valve disease. 

Stage B

Stage B describes dogs that have physical changes from mitral valve disease (which may result in a heart murmur), but that have not had symptoms of heart failure. These dogs will usually have had a heart murmur picked up on a routine exam. If further investigations into these murmurs are undertaken, stage B dogs can also be separated into two further categories – B1 and B2. 

• Stage B1 describes dogs that have a murmur and no physical changes to their heart shape or size.  It can also include dogs with a heart murmur that have very minor changes to their heart shape or size.
• Stage B2 describes dogs that have a murmur and significant changes to heart shape or size. 

This separation has come because the results of a clinical trial suggested that medicating dogs in the B2 category can help – if your dog’s heart changes meet a set of predetermined criteria, the benefit of medication is higher than the risk, and your vet will recommend they start treatment. These dogs are still stage B though, as they haven’t yet had heart failure symptoms.

Stage C

Dogs in stage C have a heart murmur, physical changes to their heart, and have (or have had in the past) symptoms of heart failure, such as coughing. These symptoms don’t have to be current, because dogs may have been started on treatment and the symptoms have lessened or temporarily disappeared. However, it’s important to remember that this is a progressive disease – despite initial good response to treatment, all dogs will eventually have further episodes of congestive heart failure.

Stage D

Stage D dogs have all of the above, but their heart failure is now so severe that standard treatments are no longer effective. Advanced or even surgical treatments are now necessary to maintain the dog’s quality of life. This is end-stage mitral valve disease in dogs, and at this point you will need to carefully monitor your dog’s quality of life and consider euthanasia when it becomes poor.

Mitral Valve Disease Treatment and Management for Dogs

It’s important to understand that dog mitral valve disease will progressively get worse, even with treatment. However, treatment can slow the progression of the disease, as well as give your dog a better quality of life for longer. The type of treatment your dog requires will depend on the stage, with treatment recommendations starting at Stage B2. 

Treatment for Mitral Valve Disease Stage A

Your dog will not need any treatment, but you may request regular monitoring or screening as they get older..

Treatment for Mitral Valve Disease Stage B1

No treatment is indicated for dogs with stage B1 MVD, but it’s recommended you carefully monitor them at home and that X-rays/ultrasounds are repeated in 6-12 months. 

Treatment for Mitral Valve Disease Stage B2

At this stage, your vet will start to recommend some low-risk treatments. This includes changing your dog’s diet to a low salt option, ensuring that it has enough calories and protein to help your dog maintain their weight as the disease progresses. 

A medication called pimobendan may also be recommended – this will need to be given twice daily for the rest of your dog’s life. Regular measurements of your dog’s resting breathing rate can offer an early warning system for heart failure. 

Treatment for Mitral Valve Disease Stage C and D

As dogs progress to stage C and D, other drugs are added to the mix. Alongside pimobendan, your dog may be prescribed furosemide, torsemide, spironolactone, benazepril, digoxin, or amlodipine. Omega fatty acids may also be recommended. 

You will need to carefully monitor your dog at home, ensure they eat properly, and keep good track of their medications. They may need to be admitted to the hospital for oxygen therapy and high-dose injectable drugs in severe episodes. Once these episodes have quietened back down, your dog can usually return home with adjustments to their medications. 

At these later stages of canine MVD, your dog will usually be visiting the vets every couple of months for monitoring visits.

Surgery for Dogs with Mitral Valve Disease

Recently, mitral valve repair and replacement surgeries have been trialled on dogs, with some good success. There are a few specialist centers in the world that can repair or replace the mitral valve in dogs. It’s generally used in dogs of stage C or more, as this surgery obviously has significant risks, but some stage B2 patients may also be eligible. You will need to be prepared to travel, often a long distance, to get heart surgery for your dog, and your dog needs to be well enough for the journey. 

Mitral Valve Disease in Dogs: Life Expectancy

The average life expectancy of a dog with mitral valve disease is just a year once dogs are in stage C.

Every dog is different, and they will go through the stages of mitral valve disease at different rates. Small dogs tend to progress through the stages more slowly than large dogs, who can have a far worse prognosis. 

Cost to Treat Mitral Valve Disease in Dogs

As mitral valve disease is progressive, costs will increase over time as more and more treatments are necessary. To begin with, investigations into a murmur heard at a routine examination are likely to cost $150-$500, depending on exactly which tests are necessary. This should be covered by your dog’s insurance, as long as you took out the policy before your vet heard the heart murmur. 

Once dogs are into stage C, the huge variety of drugs they require, plus regular consultations to ensure they’re getting the right dose, can quickly add up. Budget $50-$150 per month, with money in reserve for a hospital stay. Luckily, insurance policies should also cover this stage, although with some time-limited policies, your time might be up before your dog reaches this more intensive (and expensive!) stage of treatment.

Surgery is extremely expensive, as it’s a specialist procedure requiring many highly trained personnel, extensive monitoring, and complex equipment that is expensive to maintain. This sort of procedure is well beyond most insurance policies, coming in at around $30,000. You’ll also need to factor in travel to the surgery and an extended stay, especially if they don’t operate in your country.

How to Prevent Mitral Valve Disease in Dogs

Unfortunately, there’s not much you can do to prevent mitral valve disease in dogs. Keeping your dog’s teeth clean will reduce the risk of bacteria in the blood damaging the heart valves. While this may help some cases however, it isn’t the main cause of MVD, and many dogs will get the disease despite having good teeth. Scheduling regular check-ups with your veterinarian should lead to early diagnosis, meaning you can start treatment as soon as it’s indicated. You should also consider only buying puppies from parents who are regularly undergoing heart checks. 

Conclusion

MVD is a common, life-limiting disease that steadily gets worse over time. It’s unpredictable how fast dogs move through the stages of MVD, with some dogs staying in stage B1 for a very long time, meaning they can have a great quality of life with little to no interventions. 

Once dogs have signs of congestive heart failure, interventions increase, costs increase, and their prognosis becomes poorer.

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Unfortunately, our dogs aren’t always willing participants when it comes to tasks like at-home dental care, which can make pet parents reluctant to attempt brushing a dog’s teeth. But with a slow and steady approach, dogs of all ages can learn to tolerate this important task.

How to Brush  a Dog’s Teeth: Preparation and Training

Before you try to brush your dog’s teeth, it’s important to have the proper tools and spend time getting your dog familiar with the process. Here’s what you should do in advance of at-home cleaning sessions. 

Tools You’ll Need

The tools you choose for brushing a dog’s teeth matter. You’ll need:

• A toothpaste formulated for dogs
• A dog-specific toothbrush 

Dog toothpaste is formulated specifically to address canine dental health needs. These canine-specific grooming products do not contain foaming agents, potentially dangerous sweeteners like Xylitol, and minty flavoring found in human toothpaste. 

Look for a toothpaste that can control tartar or plaque build-up, and don’t be put off by the fact that it’ll probably be flavored with something like chicken or beef! 

There are a variety of toothbrush shapes and sizes available for dogs. A traditionally shaped bristle brush might be a great fit for a dog with a long snout and easily accessible teeth, while a silicone finger-tip brush might be a better choice for a jowly dog with crowded teeth. However, dogs with a “hard mouth” aren’t a good fit for fingertip brushes, as they might be more likely to accidentally bite down and injure you.

Getting Your Dog Comfortable

The most important part of learning how to brush a dog’s teeth is the time spent helping your dog get comfortable with the process prior to attempting a real cleaning. Most dogs don’t mind the toothpaste aspect since it tastes good, but the mouth manipulation that goes along with brushing can make it feel uncomfortable and a little scary.

Since you’ll be brushing your dog’s teeth frequently you want it to go as smoothly as possible, which means positive pre-work is essential. The best way to get your dog comfortable with the necessary handling is by doing approximations of it using your finger before introducing the toothbrush. Here’s how to do it:

Begin by putting a dollop of dog toothpaste on your finger and letting your dog lick it off. (This step should be super easy!)

Next, put another bit of toothpaste on your finger and place your other hand under your dog’s chin while using the other hand to gently lift the lip. Run your finger along the gums on one side of the mouth, take a quick break to reward with a treat, then repeat on the other side of your dog’s mouth. Take another treat break, then repeat the same steps on the lower teeth. If your dog struggles, you might be moving too fast, or your grip might be too tight. Remember, the goal is to make tooth brushing stress-free.

Once your dog is comfortable with gentle mouth handling, introduce the toothbrush. Let your dog examine it, then quickly lift the lip and touch it to a tooth. Reward, then repeat the steps in different areas of your dog’s mouth. Once your dog seems comfortable with these introductory steps, you’re ready to move on to brushing!

Steps for Brushing a Dog’s Teeth

Investing plenty of time during the introductory training steps should help your dog feel comfortable with the idea of mouth manipulation and brushing, and will translate into no-fuss cleanings. 

The steps to brushing your dog’s teeth are as follows:

Step 1: Make sure both you and your dog are in comfortable positions during the cleaning. It might help to place smaller dogs on a table so it’s easier to see what you’re doing.

Step 2: Gently lift your dog’s lip and start brushing in small circles on the top rear molar on one side of your dog’s mouth, then work your way around to the front teeth, paying attention to the canines. Since the molars collect the majority of buildup it’s important to focus in that area, just in case you have an impatient canine patient who wants you to finish quickly. Continue around the top teeth and work to the molar on the other side, then take a quick break for lots of praise.

Step 3: Bottom teeth can be a little more challenging to reach, particularly because of how the rear molars sit slightly behind the upper when the mouth is closed. You’ll probably have to gently open your dog’s mouth by clasping over the top of the muzzle and lifting the lips to get to this area of your dog’s mouth. Brush in gentle circles, working towards the front teeth, and finish on the molar on the other side.

Step 4: Once you’re finished, celebrate with a treat and lots of praise! (Don’t worry, the toothpaste is formulated to conquer build-up and a little goody won’t ruin your hard work!)

Note: You only have to brush on the side of the tooth that touches the cheeks – your dog’s tongue does the work on the inside!

Benefits of Brushing a Dog’s Teeth

Dental health is a significant part of your dog’s overall wellness. Brushing can help prevent calculus accumulation along the gumline as well as periodontal disease, which is caused by a build-up of plaque and gingivitis. Periodontal disease can lead to tooth loss, and worse, can allow bacteria to enter the bloodstream and cause secondary illnesses of the heart, liver, lungs or kidneys.

Brushing your dog’s teeth regularly also allows you to keep tabs on the condition of your dog’s teeth. Dogs are good at hiding dental pain, which means you might otherwise miss cracked or broken teeth.

And finally, brushing helps keep your dog’s breath fresh, so those doggy kisses stay sweet!

Tips for Successful Tooth Brushing in Dogs

Taking your time during the early training steps is the key to brushing success, and the following tips will help too:

Don’t scrub too hard. No need to go to town when you brush – gentle circles along the teeth and gum line will do the trick.

Don’t force your dog’s mouth open. Wrenching your dog’s mouth open might make them nervous and lead to fearfulness about tooth brushing.

Focus on molars. All of the teeth are important but the molars usually collect the most build-up.

Give rewards for a job well done. It’s okay to give your dog little treats during the process, you won’t negate the work you’re doing!

Get help if you’re worried about reactivity. Feeling overwhelmed because your dog doesn’t want to participate no matter how slowly you go? Talk to your veterinarian or positive reinforcement trainer for support rather than turning this basic task into a battle.

The post Brushing a Dog’s Teeth: Steps and Tips appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Although they are rare, kidney stones can be serious and cause an emergency in some circumstances. Spotting the symptoms early and starting treatment as soon as the condition is diagnosed is key to ensuring dog kidney stones don’t cause kidney failure.

What Are Kidney Stones?

Your dog’s kidneys are part of their upper urinary tract. They’re there to filter waste products from the blood into a fluid we call urine. Urine produced by a kidney collects in the renal pelvis before flowing down a tube called the ureter, into the bladder. From there, the urine is released voluntarily through the urethra to be voided into open air.

A urinary stone (urolith) happens when some of the mineral waste products in the urine come out of solution. Instead of remaining dissolved in the urine, being swept away and released with the urine, they form a solid stone. This happens when the pH of the urine is no longer ideal to keep the minerals dissolved. 

The exact minerals that kidney stones are made of depends on your dog’s diet among other things, but the most common are:

• Struvite (43 percent of stones)
• Calcium oxalate (47 percent of stones)
• Urate
• Cystine
• Silicate

When these stones form in the kidney, we call them nephroliths, renal calculi, or kidney stones. They are relatively rare in dogs, and often an incidental finding – meaning your dog may not show any symptoms, and the stone is seen on an X-ray while investigating an unrelated issue such as hip pain. 

You might be wondering which dogs get kidney stones. There are some breeds of dogs that are more likely to suffer from kidney stones. These are mostly small toy and terrier breeds, including the Yorkshire Terrier, Pugs, Lhasa Apso, Shih Tzu, Bichon Frise, and Pekingese. Some bigger breeds are prone to kidney stones too: Basset Hounds, Mastiffs, Doberman Pinschers, Dalmatians, and English Bulldogs are all over-represented. 

Calcium oxalate stones are more common in males, while struvite stones are more common in females. According to one study, dogs in the South Atlantic region of the USA are more likely to get renal stones.

Kidney Stones vs. Bladder Stones in Dogs

Kidney stones and bladder stones are formed in the same way, and the only difference is where the stone happens to form. Bladder stones are a lot more common in dogs, as minerals have more time to form a stone while it’s sitting in the bladder. 

Bladder stones and kidney stones can have similar symptoms, but bladder stones are more likely to be symptomatic, while kidney stones are more likely to be incidental (they show no symptoms). 

Dogs can also get both bladder stones and kidney stones at the same time.

What Causes Kidney Stones in Dogs?

Kidney stones in dogs occur when minerals in the urine don’t stay dissolved. Instead, they form a solid, stone-like material. This is usually just a few crystals at first, but if these crystals lodge in the kidney they collect more crystals, eventually forming a kidney stone. 

Diet

What foods cause kidney stones in dogs? While there are no specific foods that cause kidney stones in dogs, renal stones are more likely with certain diets. High mineral diets mean there are more minerals to move through the kidneys, increasing the chance of them precipitating out. Some diets also cause acidic or alkaline urine – if the pH of the urine changes, the minerals will not be able to stay dissolved. Diets made by reputable companies that carefully keep to AAFCO recommendations are less likely to cause kidney stones, as they won’t have high mineral levels.

Breeds and Genetics

Dog kidney stones are also more likely in certain breeds – differences in how breeds metabolize proteins or how their kidneys function may explain this. For example, all Dalmatians lack an enzyme for processing uric acid (a by-product of protein digestion), meaning they have high levels of uric acid in their urine. This is highly likely to form urate stones, but low-purine diets can help. The gene that causes this problem has also been found in some other breeds, including Bulldogs. 

Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)

Urinary tract infections can cause struvite stones to form because some bacteria produce urease, an enzyme that causes alkaline urine. Although these stones are usually lower in the urinary tract, as this is where most dogs get an infection, struvite stones are sometimes found in the kidneys. Female dogs are more prone to urine infections than male dogs, but it’s important to keep an eye out for symptoms in most genders. Some anatomical abnormalities increase the risk of urine infections, so it’s a good idea to get repeated UTIs investigated.

Highly Concentrated Urine

The more concentrated the urine is, the less water is available to dissolve the minerals, increasing the risk of them precipitating out and forming a kidney stone. Highly concentrated urine can happen if dogs are dehydrated, perhaps on a hot day when their water bowl runs dry or after prolonged exercise. Dry food diets do not cause dehydration, but they do mean that dogs need to drink more of their water intake, rather than getting it in their diet. It’s always important that dogs have access to plenty of fresh water, but especially on hot days, during exercise, or if their diet is dry.

Symptoms of Kidney Stones in Dogs

Some dogs get symptoms of kidney stones, but some do not. Whether or not a kidney stone causes symptoms is often related to exactly where in the kidney it forms, as well as whether it prevents urine from flowing out of the kidney. 

Some renal calculi can form in such a way that they block the ureter and cause a build-up of urine in the kidney – this is painful and an emergency situation. On the other hand, some renal calculi will form in the part of the kidney called the renal pelvis and won’t obstruct anything, making it unlikely that they cause any symptoms. 

Dogs with kidney stones may have some of the following symptoms, which are approximately in order of least serious to most serious:

• Recurrent urinary infections
• Change in urine output
• Bloody urine
• Abdominal pain
• Fever
• Poor appetite
• Weight loss
• Vomiting

Your dog may have some of the symptoms, none of the symptoms, or all of them. 

Diagnosing Kidney Stones in Dogs

If your vet suspects kidney stones in your dog, they will first undertake a physical exam, looking for hydration status, abdominal pain, and any concurrent diseases. 

They will then recommend urine testing. They’re looking for the acidity of the urine, which may hint at what sort of stones could be present, as well as urine infections, which not only have similar symptoms but can cause struvite stones to appear. Your dog’s urine sample may also contain crystals of minerals – these are the individual molecules of minerals that haven’t joined to a stone. It’s possible to get crystals without stones, and even possible (though rare) to get stones without seeing crystals. Your vet can examine the crystals under the microscope to tell what sort of stones may be forming in your dog’s urinary tract.

Next, your vet will recommend imaging. X-rays are really useful for diagnosing kidney stones, as most of them show up well on X-ray. However, ultrasound is also useful, as it can show the stones that aren’t easily visible on X-ray as well as show whether there’s a build-up of fluid in the kidney, suggesting the stone is causing a blockage. In most cases, vets will do both an ultrasound and X-ray to get as much information as possible about your dog’s renal stones.

Kidney Stones in Dogs Treatment

Once your dog has been diagnosed with kidney stones, your vet will talk to you about treatment. There are several treatment options we will go into below. These include:

• Dissolution diets (dissolving the stone)
• Surgical removal
• Stenting
• Endoscopic removal
• Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (shockwave therapy)

Dissolving the stone

Unless your dog’s renal stone is so large that it’s squashing the kidney, or in a place where it’s causing a blockage, your vet will probably recommend a dissolution diet. This is a prescription diet that is designed to dissolve the stone – the exact diet will depend on the type of stone your dog has formed. 

The diet changes the pH of the urine to something that encourages the minerals to dissolve again. It may also encourage dilute urine to help the stones to dissolve. You will also need to encourage water intake in your dog to make the urine as dilute as possible. 

Surgical removal

Surgical removal of stones in the kidneys should only be considered if they are causing a severe problem and aren’t responding to other, non-invasive methods. Removing the stone will involve opening up the kidney and/or ureter, both of which are extremely delicate structures. This operation will likely involve referral to a specialist surgical team. If the stone isn’t dissolving with diet, or if it’s causing a blockage or has become very large, your vet may suggest surgery as the best option to treat your dog’s kidney stones.

Stenting

Stenting doesn’t treat the kidney stone itself, but it can bypass an obstruction caused by the stone and allow the dissolution time to do its work. A stent involves inflating a small balloon in your dog’s ureter, making the tube larger and allowing urine to flow past the blockage. It allows the medicated urine to flow past the stone, encouraging it to dissolve.

Endoscopic removal

In some cases, where the stone is too large for ultrasonic removal, removal of the stones using an endoscope is possible. This is a non-invasive surgical removal – your dog will likely need to be referred to a specialist surgical team and will still need a general anesthetic. This is ‘keyhole surgery’, and it means that recovery is quicker. 

Shockwave therapy

For some stones, a useful non-invasive procedure is ‘extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy’, known as EWSL or shockwave therapy. Shockwave therapy involves using a machine that generates shockwaves, which are directed at the stone. The stone breaks up under the influence of the shockwaves. Once the stone is smaller, it can be passed, or the obstruction is relieved, and the stones can be dissolved with diet. Shockwave therapy can only be performed if the stone is less than 1.5cm in diameter. 

Home remedies and homeopathic therapy

There are no recommended home remedies and homeopathic therapies for kidney stones in dogs. Kidney stones can become an emergency and even be fatal if they start to cause an obstruction, so it’s important to get recommended treatment as soon as you notice symptoms.

Cost to Treat Kidney Stones in Dogs

Kidney stone treatment costs vary greatly, depending on what treatment is necessary. First, you’ll need some investigations and exams, likely to be in the region of $200-$800 range. 

Dissolution diets, while more expensive than usual foods, are still a relatively cheap option. An 8.5lb bag costs around $50. 

However, when renal stones are causing serious problems, treatment costs rise. Your pup might need hospitalization, emergency exams, and specialist surgery with expensive equipment. Costs will reach into the thousands. It’s really important that you communicate any budgetary constraints to your vet as soon as possible, as they may be able to recommend an alternative route.

How to Prevent Dog Kidney Stones

For most dogs, kidney stones are so rare that you don’t need to do anything to prevent them. Keeping your dog on a complete and balanced healthy diet made by a reputable company will keep their dietary mineral consumption within recommended ranges. Ensuring they always have plenty of water and treating any urine infections as soon as you notice signs are both important, too. 

However, there are some dogs that are at such an increased risk that prevention is sensible. Dalmatians – and any dogs known to have the gene mutation that causes the overproduction of uric acid – benefit from being on a low-purine diet to prevent urinary stone formation. Your vet can help to recommend a low-purine diet to help to prevent kidney stones in Dalmatians. 

If your dog has previously had urinary stones, they’re at an increased risk of getting them again. Once the stone is removed, they may need an ongoing stone prevention diet.

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Allergens, which are usually proteins, can be found in plants, animals, insects, and even foods. Dogs can also experience allergic reactions to chemicals, materials, and medications.

Read on to explore common dog allergies, allergy symptoms to look out for, and how to help your dog.

Signs of Allergies in Dogs

In humans, allergies are commonly associated with sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes. Although some allergic dogs do show these symptoms, allergies in dogs more commonly manifest as inflamed, itchy skin. The inflamed skin sometimes leads to skin or ear infections. Other dogs might have gastrointestinal signs, such as vomiting or diarrhea.

“Allergy symptoms in dogs can be similar to those of other medical conditions,” said Dr. Alejandro Caos, a veterinarian with at-home veterinary service The Vets. “A veterinarian can perform diagnostic tests to determine if the symptoms are indeed caused by allergies or if there is another underlying medical issue.”

Depending on the type of allergy and the individual dog, you might see:

• Red, itchy skin
• Rash
• Skin infections
• Hives
• Poor coat
• Excessive self-licking, especially of the paws
• Sneezing
• Watery eyes
• Itchy ears
• Ear infections
• Facial swelling
• Vomiting 
• Diarrhea
• Scooting on the ground

What Are Dogs Allergic To? Common Allergens

Knowing what is causing your dog’s allergies is the key to helping them find relief. Dogs might be allergic to just one allergen or might be affected by multiple allergens throughout the year.

“It’s super important for pet owners to work with their veterinarian to determine the cause of their dog’s allergies before attempting to treat the symptoms,” said Dr. Lindsay Butzer of Clint Moore Animal Hospital in Boca Raton, Florida. “Allergies can have many different triggers, and treating the symptoms without addressing the root cause won’t provide long-term relief for your furry friend.”

According to Dr. Caos, allergies in dogs can be broken down into five general categories: 

• Flea allergies (flea allergy dermatitis, caused by flea bites)
• Environmental allergies (e.g., pollens, mold, dust, and mites)
• Food allergies
• Contact allergies (any substance that contacts the skin, including plants, fabrics, and chemicals)
• Insect stings (e.g., bees, wasps)

What Plants Are Dogs Allergic To?

In addition to dust, mold and mites, environmental allergies in dogs can be caused by almost any plant pollen spread by the wind. Common culprits include grass pollens, weed pollens, tree pollens, and flower pollens. Any pollen can be a potential allergen. 

What Foods Are Dogs Allergic To?

Dogs can have adverse reactions to foods, whether true food allergies or food intolerances. Dogs can be allergic to any food ingredient, but according to one study, the most common food allergens in dogs are: 

• Beef
• Dairy products 
• Chicken 
• Wheat

What Other Things Are Dogs Allergic To?

Contact allergies, caused by substances that come in contact with the dog’s skin, are less common than flea allergies, environmental allergies, and food allergies. Dogs can suffer from contact allergies to almost any substance, but common offenders include:

• Cleaning products
• Laundry detergent
• Carpet fibers
• Plants
• Ingredients in topical parasiticides or flea collars
• Topical medications and shampoos
• Metals

How to Help Your Dog With Allergies

To know how to best treat and prevent allergies, your vet first needs to identify what your dog is allergic to. In addition to conducting a comprehensive physical exam, your vet will ask you questions about your dog’s lifestyle and when the allergies seem to be the worst. If signs of a flea infestation are seen, your vet will recommend starting your dog on an oral or topical flea preventive.

Allergy testing can be helpful to pinpoint environmental allergens. “Intradermal skin testing involves injecting small amounts of allergens under the skin to identify which allergens cause an allergic reaction in the dog,” Dr. Caos says. 

Food allergies are usually diagnosed using an elimination diet trial. Your vet will instruct you to feed your dog a special minimal-ingredient prescription diet that contains a single protein and a single carbohydrate source for about 8 to 12 weeks. During the trial, the dog cannot eat any other foods, including “people foods,” treats, or oral medications (including preventatives) that have added flavors. Speak with your veterinarian before discontinuiing any medications.

If the dog’s symptoms improve during the elimination diet trial, a food allergy is suspected. To identify the specific food or foods that the dog is allergic to, other ingredients are re-added back to the dog’s diet, one at a time. If the dog’s allergy symptoms return after the reintroduction of a certain ingredient, the allergy is confirmed. 

Once your vet has diagnosed allergies in your dog, they might prescribe or recommend certain medications. “There are several prescription medications available to treat allergies in dogs,” Dr. Butzer says. “These may include corticosteroids, antihistamines, and immunosuppressive drugs like cyclosporine. Your veterinarian will recommend the best treatment based on your dog’s specific needs and the severity of their allergies.”

Apoquel is a commonly prescribed oral medicine for allergic itch in dogs that provides fast, effective relief.

Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT, sometimes called allergy shots) can help improve a dog’s tolerance to allergens, in turn reducing allergy symptoms. 

You can also help your dog by removing allergens from their environment through frequent cleaning and vacuuming, and washing your dog’s bedding regularly. Bathing your dog with a moisturizing oatmeal shampoo can help soothe itchy skin and remove pollen, dust, and other problematic substances from their fur. If the allergies are caused by food, avoiding the problem ingredients should resolve your dog’s allergies. Keep in mind that some dogs may have multiple types of allergies, so management may be more complex in these scenarios.

Allergies can be uncomfortable for dogs, and management of allergies in dogs is usually lifelong. Identifying what’s causing your dog’s allergies is the key to relieving their discomfort, but you can rest assured that veterinarians are skilled at diagnosing allergies. 

“Allergy testing is not always necessary to diagnose allergies in dogs, as other methods can be used,” Dr. Caos says. “A veterinarian will determine the most appropriate diagnostic approach based on the dog’s symptoms, medical history, and potential exposure to allergens.”

The post What Are Dogs Allergic To? Common Allergens appeared first on Great Pet Care.

In this article, we’ll provide a better understanding of dog dandruff –  including the possible causes and treatment options – giving you the tools to offer your dog relief from the itchy condition.

Can Dogs Get Dandruff?

As you may have guessed, the answer is yes, those white flakes you’re seeing on your pup could be dandruff. In fact, dog dandruff is common, according to Dr. Jennifer Frione, veterinarian and owner of Lakeside Animal Hospital in Plantation, Florida.

The condition, also known as seborrhea, occurs when the sebaceous (oil) glands in the skin produce too much oil, leading to dry, red, inflamed, and itchy skin. “Dandruff appears as flakes of dead skin cells on the coat,” Frione says.

Despite the ick factor, dog dandruff isn’t a serious medical condition – but it can be uncomfortable. Skin irritation and itching are common when your dog has dandruff, and it can cause them to scratch excessively, which can lead to hair loss.

It’s possible for dandruff to appear anywhere on your dog’s body, but it tends to be more common along their back. Dandruff can also cause red, inflamed skin, especially in areas with skin folds, including the feet, thighs, bellies, armpits, neck, and lips.

In some breeds, including Basset Hounds, American Cocker Spaniels, English Springer Spaniels, Dachshunds, Golden Retrievers and West Highland White Terriers, dog dandruff can be an inherited condition. If dandruff is inherited, the symptoms usually appear when dogs are 18 to 24 months of age and last throughout their lives.

What About Puppy Dandruff? 

Puppies can get dandruff as well. In fact, they may be more prone to dandruff than older dogs. The reason: their sebaceous glands are still developing and need time to regulate. 

Dog Dandruff: What Does it Look Like?

Dog dandruff can appear as white, flaky scales on the coat, according to Dr. Frione. The white flakes “tend to be more prominent [along] the back and can often have red and itchy skin associated with it,” she adds.

Dandruff is easier to spot in dogs with short, dark coats and harder to see on dogs with long, light hair, including white hair, that can camouflage the flakes.

Why Does My Dog Have Dandruff? Causes to Consider

When a dog has dandruff, veterinarians will do an exam to check for things like oiliness in the skin, odor, texture of the skin and coat, and degree of flakiness to figure out what’s causing the flakes, redness, and irritation. 

Your vet will diagnose “primary seborrhea” if the dandruff appears to be inherited or genetic. If it’s not an inherited condition, it’s considered “secondary seborrhea,” which means another medical condition is causing dog dandruff.

6 Common Possible Causes of Dog Dandruff

Hormonal disorders. Certain diseases that cause hormone imbalances, including hypothyroidism and Cushing’s disease, can lead to dry, flaky skin. This dog dandruff typically appears in middle-aged or older dogs who have flaking skin but aren’t super itchy.

Allergies. Dogs who are diagnosed with dandruff before they are five years old may have allergies.

Infections. Both bacterial infections and fungal infections, including yeast infections on the skin, can cause dog dandruff. When dandruff occurs alongside symptoms like boils, pimples or other bumps on the skin, it could be a sign of a bacterial infection. 

Nutrition deficiencies. Dandruff in dogs is often a side effect of a diet that doesn’t contain enough Omega-3 fatty acids. 

Obesity. When dogs are too overweight to groom themselves, it can cause oil to build up on the skin and lead to dandruff.

Environmental factors. Changes in temperature and humidity can cause changes in your dog’s skin.

Given that there are a number of potential causes of dog dandruff, it’s important to schedule an appointment with your veterinarian to get an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.

They may recommend a blood test, hormone tests, and skin scraping, culture or biopsy to help diagnose the cause of dandruff.

Walking Dandruff

Interestingly, sometimes dandruff is not dandruff at all, meaning the white “flakes” you see on your puppy or adult dog are actually parasites. The condition is called walking dandruff.

“Walking dandruff, or Cheyletiellosis, is a skin parasite that affects dogs, cats, rabbits, and even humans,” Dr. Frione says. “It’s not very common, but it is very contagious and is characterized as large white mites ‘walking’ on the coat. The condition causes excessive scaling and itchiness.” 

How to Get Rid of Dog Dandruff: Treatment Options

There is no one-size-fits-all dog dandruff treatment. “The treatment depends on the cause and should be tailored to the underlying condition,” says Dr. Frione. 

Often, treating bacterial or fungal infections, changing diet, losing weight, or treating allergies will cause dandruff to disappear. When dog dandruff is genetic, treating the symptoms to provide itch relief and prevent secondary infections is the best option. 

Your vet may recommend one (or more) of these treatments:

• Omega-3 fatty acid supplements
• Medicated shampoos to alleviate dry skin and itchiness
• Prescription corticosteroid medications 
• Antibiotics for bacterial infections
• Antifungal medications
• Parasite treatment to kill mites (walking dandruff)

Pet owners have tried a variety of home remedies for dog dandruff and itching. For example, bathing your dog in a 50/50 mixture of apple cider vinegar and water is said to help soothe some itching. However, home remedies can also cause skin conditions to worsen. Therefore, it’s important to consult your veterinarian before trying any home remedies.

It’s also important to note that you should never treat dog dandruff with non-pet dandruff products. Be sure to skip any dandruff treatments meant for humans, including shampoos. Some human supplements and medications contain ingredients that are toxic to dogs, and dandruff shampoos that weren’t made for pets could make their skin even more red and irritated.

Can You Prevent Dog Dandruff?

No one wants their dog to live with red, flaky, inflamed skin and/or irritation and itchiness. These strategies can help prevent dog dandruff:

Good grooming. Brushing your dog not only removes dead hair; it also helps distribute the oil across their skin and coat, which could reduce dandruff.

Proper diet. Commercial dog diets contain all of the nutrients your dog needs for a healthy skin and coat. Your veterinarian may recommend dog food that has a fish protein, which is higher in Omega-3 fatty acids, to see if it helps alleviate itchy, flaky skin.

Weight loss. A dog that is too obese to groom themselves isn’t able to spread the oils from their sebaceous glands throughout their skin and coat or remove excess hair. Talk to your veterinarian about a safe weight management approach.

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If your dog needs an MRI, you’ll want to know what to expect, the cost, and the risks associated with it. In this article, we’ll cover all of this and more.

What Is an MRI? 

MRI stands for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. It uses large magnets to create an image of body tissues, by measuring how quickly protons in the body react to the magnet. It is non-invasive, non-harmful, and the most advanced type of imaging we use for dogs and other pets.

While useful for many conditions, MRIs are the diagnostic tool of choice for brain and spinal cord problems. In these conditions, CT scans and X-rays are of limited assistance. X-rays show bones really well, because they absorb lots of radiation, but this means they can’t show an image of what’s inside a bone like the skull. CT scans are similar, as they’re produced by taking lots of X-rays in a circle. 

That’s where MRI comes in – the bone doesn’t block the MRI in the same way. MRIs can also ‘see’ smaller issues – down to 1-2 mm in size – which would be missed with a CT scan. This makes MRIs great for dogs with neurological problems or some cancers where small but significant problems may not otherwise be caught.

Why Do Dogs Need MRIs?

MRIs can theoretically be used to diagnose most problems with a physical cause. However, because the machines are expensive to run, most veterinarians don’t have access to one. That’s why they will try to utilize X-ray or ultrasound for anything they can. 

This means MRIs for dogs are typically reserved for uncovering things that X-rays and ultrasounds can’t – such as the cause of neurological abnormalities like wobbliness, seizures, paralysis, or back pain. 

MRIs usually diagnose:

• Brain problems, such as:
  • Strokes
  • Hydrocephalus
  • Tumors
• Spinal problems, such as:
  • Disc disease
  • Spinal fractures
  • Narrowing of the spinal canal

MRIs may also be employed to diagnose complex joint conditions or abdominal conditions if X-rays or CT scans are not available. Because MRIs can image smaller problems than even CT scans can, they may be used for diagnosing some types of diffuse cancers where small changes can still be significant.

Types of Dog MRIs

MRIs in dogs are usually of the “normal” type. They look at a part of the body and produce an image of it, just like an X-ray would.

You may also come across the term ‘functional’ MRI, or “fMRI.” This is a type of MRI that looks at the brain and watches areas “light up” when they’re in use. It is used with humans to visualize why a patient has speech loss and memory issues, and to help plan brain surgery. 

fMRIs are not generally utilized with dogs. This is because dogs generally need an anesthetic for an MRI, which prevents their brain from functioning correctly. However, there are several studies where dogs have been trained to lie still for the fMRI, allowing research into things like whether an fMRI can predict a good service dog. fMRIs are helpful for research purposes but are unlikely to be recommended for pet dogs.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

MRI for Dogs: Risks to Consider

The main risk for a dog MRI is that in order for pups to stay still for it, they need a general anesthetic. MRIs can take an hour or more, depending on what is being imaged, and it’s essential that the animal doesn’t move during this time. 

While all anesthetics carry a risk, your dog’s condition may mean they are more at risk than normal. Your veterinarian will explain all the risks as they apply to your pet, and what they will do to minimize those risks – like running blood tests to check organ function before the anesthetic. 

As MRIs are produced by a giant magnet, some dogs will also be at risk if they have metal in their body. While this is more common in humans, some dogs will have a pacemaker or bone implants that may mean it’s not safe for them to get an MRI. Please make sure your veterinarian knows about any previous surgeries, as this may change whether an MRI is suitable for your dog.

What to Expect During a Dog MRI

If your dog needs an MRI, be prepared to travel to a large hospital and have a long wait while they’re imaged. Your veterinarian will talk about your dog’s individual risks with you before the study – you should be honest about any previous issues or surgeries to ensure your dog is as safe as possible for the procedure. 

When your dog goes for his MRI, they’ll first be assessed by a veterinarian to make sure that the anesthetic will be safe. The veterinarian will give a sedation, followed by the anesthetic. Your dog will have a cannula placed in their leg to enable venous access, and will usually be attached to a fluid bag (drip) to keep them hydrated and their blood pressure normal. 

Once they are fully asleep and stable, your dog will be taken to the MRI suite. They will be put onto a special table that slides into the center of the machine, and will be positioned so the area of interest is central in the machine. They may have a contrast agent injected into their vein – this allows certain areas to ‘light up’ and become more visible on the MRI.

Unfortunately, you can’t stay with your pet while they have an MRI. In fact, nobody will be in the room with your pet unless necessary – usually, all anesthetic controls and monitors, and the computer itself, are outside the room. But don’t worry, your dog’s anesthetist will be able to monitor them using readouts of heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature. 

Rest assured that your dog will be well taken care of and will not know that you aren’t there. Depending on your veterinarian, they may allow you to be with your dog as they come back around from their anesthetic, usually an hour or so later. 

Dog MRI Cost: Understanding the Financials

There’s no doubt that MRIs for dogs are costly. These machines are expensive to buy, expensive to house (they take up a lot of room), and expensive to run. They also require staff with advanced qualifications and extra training, which adds to the cost. Once the anesthetic, blood tests, consultations, and image interpretation are factored in, you’re looking at a pretty hefty price tag. 

So how much is a dog MRI? In the end, dog owners are looking in the region of $2,000 to $5000, depending on their location, their pet, what is being imaged, and what has already been done by their primary care practitioner. 

Pet insurance will normally take care of the cost of an MRI if it’s for a condition they’re covering, but the high cost can sometimes cause pet owners to use up the rest of their insurance money. In this case, credit cards, crowdfunding, and payment programs can all help. If you can’t afford it, you should talk to your veterinarian. They may be able to come up with a less expensive alternative or refer you to a charity clinic that offers a low cost MRI for dogs.

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In this article, you’ll learn what incontinence is, why it happens, how an incontinent dog is different from dogs experiencing other urinary problems, and how to treat and prevent incontinence in your dog.

What Is Urinary Incontinence?

Urinary incontinence in dogs is a condition in which a dog loses voluntary control of urination. It is most often observed by pet parents when they find their dog leaking drops of urine while lying down. When the dog gets up, there is a wet spot left behind. 

While any dog can be affected, urinary incontinence is most common in middle-aged to older spayed female dogs (which is why it is sometimes called “old dog incontinence”). Medium and large breeds are more affected by dog incontinence than small breeds. 

Dogs can also have problems with fecal incontinence, but unless a dog has a neurological disease like a herniated disc in their spine that is compressing the spinal cord and causes both fecal and urinary incontinence, these two conditions typically have different causes and are treated differently.

Incontinence Vs. Urinary Problems in Dogs

Incontinence is different from other urinary disorders in that a dog usually doesn’t realize it’s happening and often does not behave differently. They still go outside and void urine normally. What you will notice with incontinence in dogs is that after your pup gets up after lying down somewhere for a little while, there will be drops or a small spot of urine. 

In contrast, if a dog has a urinary tract infection, they will likely have an increased urge to urinate, may urinate smaller amounts more often, may have a strong smell to their urine, may strain to urinate, and may have bloody urine. 

Urine spraying, a behavioral condition usually seen in dogs that haven’t been spayed or neutered and causes them to urinate inappropriately inside the house, may be confused with incontinence, but it is not the same. 

Signs of Urinary Incontinence in Dogs

An incontinent dog can pee normally when they go outside. The most common sign of urinary incontinence in dogs is that the dog is involuntarily leaking urine while lying down. 

Some of the other signs of urinary incontinence include:

• Excessive licking “back there”
• Brown staining around the vulva
• Urine scald (a rash around the vulva caused by persistent wetness)

Causes of Urinary Incontinence in Dogs

In a dog with a healthy lower urinary tract, urine in the bladder is prevented from leaking by a sphincter that closes in the urethra (the tube that connects the bladder to the outside of the dog). Dog incontinence is often caused by a failure of the urethral sphincter to stop urine from escaping from the bladder. This is called urethral incompetence and in older female dogs, it is caused by hormonal changes. 

Other causes of dog incontinence include:

• Neurological disease, such as trauma to the spinal cord due to herniated discs or blunt trauma (hit by car), nerve disease, or brainstem disease
• Chronic inflammation from urinary tract infections
• Birth defects
• Cancer
• Prostatic disease in male dogs

Diagnosing Urinary Incontinence in Dogs

If you suspect your dog has urinary incontinence, make an appointment with your veterinarian. They will conduct a full physical examination, and may also perform a rectal exam,neurological examination, and a urinalysis. 

If a urinary tract infection is suspected, your veterinarian will also order a urine culture and sensitivity to determine what bacteria is infecting the bladder and which antibiotics to use to treat the UTI. 

Your veterinarian may also want to run imaging studies, such as abdominal ultrasound and/or abdominal radiographs (X-rays) to see if there are any anatomical abnormalities. Sometimes bloodwork is ordered. 

Less commonly, if the cause of incontinence cannot be determined, the urinary bladder will be scoped under anesthesia, or special imaging studies will be ordered.

Dog Incontinence Treatment

Urinary incontinence in dogs is typically treated on an outpatient basis: no hospital stay is required unless your dog is sick. If there is a urinary tract infection, treating the infection can resolve the problem. Urinary tract infections can cost a couple of hundred dollars to treat unless they are complicated – then treatment is more expensive.

Dog Incontinence Medication

If a dog’s urinary incontinence is due to a leaky urethra, this condition is not cured but managed with medication. The most common medications prescribed for urinary incontinence in dogs include:

• Phenylpropanolamine
• Hormone replacement therapy
• Diethylstilbestrol
• Deslorelin
• Leuprolide
• Imipramine

Dog incontinence medication can be in the form of an oral pill or chew, or it can be implanted under the skin. Typically, medication is very successful in managing urinary incontinence due to urethral incompetence, and dogs stop leaking urine while they are on medication, negating the need for dog diapers. 

With the right treatment, dogs with hormonal urethral incompetence can live long, healthy lives free of the symptoms of urinary incontinence. The other good news is that the most common urinary incontinence medication, phenylpropanolamine, is relatively inexpensive: a 180-count bottle of 50 mg phenylpropanolamine will run you about $30 a month.

 How a dog responds to therapy is very individual, therefore it is important to work with a veterinarian you trust to determine the right course of therapy for your dog. 

Dog Incontinence Surgery

If there is an anatomical urinary obstruction, cancer, prostatic disease, or a neurological problem, surgery may be recommended. Once the underlying cause is treated, urinary incontinence will resolve on its own. 

How to Prevent Incontinence in Dogs

Spaying female dogs early (before the dog is fully mature) increases their risk of developing hormonal urethral incompetence in middle age, especially in large breed dogs. The same is true for early tail docking. 

You can lower your dog’s risk of developing urinary incontinence by delaying their spay/neuter surgery until they are fully done growing. Dogs mature at different rates, so ask your veterinarian when they think your dog will be fully grown.  

Obesity may increase the risk of urinary incontinence in dogs. Keep your dog at a healthy weight to reduce their risk of many diseases, including urinary incontinence. 

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Dog UTI Treatment Plan: What to Expect

Once your furry friend is diagnosed, dog UTI treatment depends on the underlying cause. If your dog has a one-time, uncomplicated UTI without any underlying problems, then treatment is straightforward and relatively inexpensive. If your dog has recurrent urinary tract infections or underlying disease, such as diabetes mellitus, Cushing’s disease, or urinary stones, then treatment is aimed at resolving the urinary tract infection and the underlying cause (if possible) and will cost more. 

Antibiotics are always prescribed for dog UTI home treatment. Dogs are typically given oral antibiotics in pill or capsule form for the pet parent to administer themselves, or they can be administered by the veterinary staff as a one-time injection under the skin. Be sure to give all antibiotics as prescribed until finished, even if your dog’s symptoms resolve before they’re done with the medication. 

While antibiotics are needed to resolve the UTI, they can also disrupt normal gut flora. Therefore many veterinarians will also recommend probiotics to reduce the likelihood of diarrhea or stomach upset. If you are giving antibiotics and probiotics at the same time, be sure to separate administration of these medications by at least 2 hours, otherwise the antibiotics will kill the probiotics. It’s best to give probiotics to dogs right before bed.

Additionally, because UTIs are painful, veterinarians may also prescribe pain medication, such as muscle relaxants and/or anti-inflammatories. 

If your dog has recurrent or complicated UTIs, treatment may extend beyond antibiotics and could include:

• Therapeutic dog food to dissolve urinary stones and crystals
• Surgery 
• Multiple veterinary rechecks with lab tests
• Treatment of other underlying problems (diabetes, Cushing’s, etc.)

Dog UTI Treatment Cost

Since there are a number of dog UTI treatments available, the cost will vary. The cost of antibiotics can range from $35 to $300, depending on which antibiotic is used (ex: amoxicillin treatment usually ranges from $35 to $75), the size of the dog, how long the dog has to be given antibiotics, and whether or not the UTI is complicated. 

The cost of pain medication typically ranges from $30 to $75, while therapeutic dog food ranges $40 to $100 per bag, depending on the size of the bag of dog food. 

If surgical therapy is needed, it’ll usually be anywhere from $1000 to $3000. 

Veterinary rechecks with lab tests can cost $50 to $150 per visit (with the exact price contingent on geographic location and what tests are ordered), and the cost of treatment for other underlying issues will vary.

Dog UTI Medications

UTI treatment for dogs always involves prescription antibiotics. Amoxicillin is often used as a first-line antibiotic in dogs that have not had a UTI before. Otherwise, antibiotics are selected based on urine culture and sensitivity, which means that bacteria in the urine are cultured in a laboratory, and then different antibiotics are tested to see which one will be effective in eliminating the infection. 

In addition to amoxicillin, some of the antibiotics that are commonly used for UTIs include:

• Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (TMS)
• Amoxicillin-clavulanate (Clavamox)
• Cefovecin
• Enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, orbifloxacin

Less commonly, amikacin, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, or meropenem may be prescribed. 

Uncomplicated UTIs are typically treated with 7 to 10 days of antibiotics, while complicated UTIs may require 4 to 6 weeks of antibiotics.

Prescription pain medication for UTIs may include carprofen (Rimadyl), trazodone, and/or muscle relaxants. It’s also important to note that you should never give your dog any over-the-counter pain medication without first consulting with your veterinarian.  

Dietary Considerations for Dogs With UTIs

If your dog has a single, uncomplicated UTI then you do not need to change their food; regular dog food is fine for them to eat. If they have recurrent urinary tract infections or problems with urinary crystals or stones, then your veterinarian may recommend a therapeutic dog food that is designed to reduce urine crystal formation and promote bladder health. 

The type of therapeutic food that your vet will recommend will depend on the type of crystals or stones your dog has in their urine, so it’s critical to work with a veterinarian to choose the right one. 

UTI Supplements for Dogs

Probiotics are an excellent way to boost your dog’s immune system. This is because the gut has the largest collection of immune cells in the body, and dogs that develop a UTI often have alterations in their gut flora. By giving a high-quality probiotic, you can help improve immunity in the gut, which protects the whole body. 

If you don’t routinely give your dog probiotics, you should at least give your dog probiotics while they are on antibiotics and for a couple of weeks after finishing antibiotics to restore normal gut flora. Remember to separate from antibiotic administration by at least 2 hours. 

Cranberry extract is another supplement pet parents can consider for dogs that are predisposed to recurrent UTIs, as it may inhibit some bacteria from sticking to the bladder wall. Additionally, fish oil (which contains omega-3 fatty acids) is known to promote health of the entire urinary tract. Before giving your dog any supplements, check with your veterinarian to make sure there are no contraindications or drug interactions. 

Dog UTI Treatment at Home: Tips and Advice

If your pup has an uncomplicated UTI, you can expect to see improvement after starting treatment. Your dog should start to feel better right away with pain medication, and urinary signs should improve dramatically within the first 24 to 48 hours. Uncomplicated UTIs can be assumed to be completely resolved if there is no recurrence of symptoms after treatment is completed.

If your dog starts to have signs of a UTI again after you have finished treatment, or if their symptoms don’t improve within 24 to 48 hours after starting therapy, then you should assume that treatment is not resolving the infection. In this case, your dog either needs different antibiotics or has a complicated UTI that requires additional therapy. Call your veterinarian right away for advice, as they will most likely want you to bring your dog back to run some tests. Fortunately, UTIs in dogs are often uncomplicated, easy to treat, and respond well to treatment under the supervision of a veterinarian. If your dog has signs of a UTI, work with your veterinarian to get them on the road to recovery as fast as possible.

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If you are just starting out on this journey with a dog that has been newly diagnosed with Cushing’s, or you want to be more informed about what to expect in regards to treatment for Cushing’s disease in dogs, this article will give you the knowledge that you need to make informed decisions for your dog. 

Dog Cushing’s Disease Treatment Plan: What to Expect

Once a dog is diagnosed with Cushing’s disease, their health care depends on the severity of their symptoms, the type of Cushing’s disease they have, the dog’s overall health and condition, and any complicating factors (for example, if they have diabetes mellitus or osteoarthritis).

The most common type of Cushing’s disease diagnosed in dogs is called pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. This means that a small, usually slow growing tumor in the pituitary gland in the brain causes the adrenal glands to secrete too much cortisol, a steroid hormone. This type of Cushing’s disease in dogs treatment involves long-term daily medication that reduces the level of cortisol in the dog’s body back to normal levels. 

Typically, when a dog is diagnosed with pituitary-dependent Cushing’s disease, their veterinarian will prescribe an initial dosage of daily medication for the dog and ask the pet parent to come back in a few weeks for a recheck examination and blood tests.

The reason for the recheck is to ensure that the medication dosage is appropriate:

• If the dosage is appropriate, then your dog’s blood tests will be normal and their symptoms will be improving (appetite, drinking, urinating return to normal, better energy levels,etc.). If this is the case, your veterinarian will likely tell you to continue on the same dosage and ask you to return for a recheck in 3-6 months, as long as your dog is doing well.
• If the dosage is too low, then your veterinarian will increase the medication dosage and ask you to come back again in a few weeks to repeat the examination and blood test.
• If the dosage is too high, then your veterinarian will decrease the dosage and ask you to come back again in a few weeks to repeat the examination and blood test. 

Dogs can also develop a tumor on their adrenal gland that causes the symptoms of Cushing’s disease. This type of Cushing’s is less common, but still occurs in dogs. If this is the case, then your veterinarian will recommend surgery to remove the tumor. While this type of Cushing’s can also be managed with long-term medication, surgery will cure the condition and is the recommended treatment of Cushing’s disease in dogs that is caused by an adrenal tumor, unless your dog is not a good candidate for surgery. 

If your dog has other disease conditions, that complicates things. Sometimes, dogs can develop multiple hormonal conditions at the same time, which can be challenging to manage. Other times, dogs may have silent skin or joint problems that suddenly become a problem once the Cushing’s is under control. In these situations, it is best to have patience and realize that it will likely take longer to get multiple health conditions under control and will require more veterinary visits. 

Dog Cushing’s Disease Treatment Cost

The cost to manage Cushing’s disease in dogs depends on several things: what type of Cushing’s your dog has, how big your dog is, how easy your dog’s Cushing’s disease is to manage (e.g., how many follow-up visits and blood tests are required), the type of medication prescribed, if surgery is required, and your geographical area. Ballpark estimates are as follows:

• Initial diagnosis: $300-$1,000 (examination, laboratory testing, abdominal ultrasound)
• Follow-up visits: $150-$250 per visit (examination, laboratory testing)
• Medication: Ranges from $50-$150/month, depending on the size of your dog, the type of medication prescribed, and the dosage required to control symptoms
• Surgery: $2,000-$4,000

Cushing’s disease in dogs treatment can be costly. Pet insurance, emergency credit lines, savings accounts, and payment plans can all help with the cost of veterinary bills. 

Medication for Cushing’s Disease in Dogs

Medication controls the symptoms of Cushing’s disease in dogs by suppressing the production of cortisol from the adrenal glands. When dosed appropriately, medication normalizes the levels of cortisol in the body and symptoms of Cushing’s resolve. While Cushing’s medications are very effective, they can also be dangerous, causing abnormally low levels of cortisol that can be fatal, if the dosage is too high. That is why it is very important for pet parents to closely monitor their dogs while on Cushing’s medications and to return to the veterinarian for scheduled rechecks, especially at the beginning of treatment. 

If you notice any of the following symptoms in your dog while they are on Cushing’s medications, stop the medication and call your veterinarian immediately:

• Loss of appetite (misses a meal)
• Excessive lethargy, shaking, or weakness
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea 

Most veterinarians will counsel pet parents thoroughly on this risk associated with Cushing’s medications, and most veterinarians will also send you home with a few prednisone tablets with instructions to give them if the symptoms of low cortisol are ever noticed while on medication. 

Trilostane (trade name Vetoryl), is the most widely prescribed FDA approved medication for dog Cushing’s disease treatment. This medication works by suppressing the production of cortisol in a dog’s body, and is very effective in controlling the symptoms of Cushing’s disease in dogs. This drug is either given once or twice daily and is well tolerated in most dogs. Anecdotally, Cushing’s dogs that are treated with trilostane often need less after a year or two of treatment, and some dogs go into remission completely, no longer requiring medication. 

Mitotane, otherwise known as Lysodren, is the other main drug used to treat Cushing’s disease. It works by selectively destroying cells in the adrenal gland that secrete cortisol. It may also be used in dogs for adrenal tumors that aren’t good surgical candidates since it may destroy tumor cells as well as control symptoms. This medication is usually given once a day.

Other drugs that may be prescribed for Cushing’s disease in dogs include ketoconazole and selegiline hydrochloride.

Diet for Dogs with Cushing’s Disease

Dogs who are being treated for Cushing’s disease usually do not require a diet change; a regular maintenance diet is appropriate for most dogs unless they are also diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. If the dog is overweight, your veterinarian may recommend a short-term change to a weight loss diet to facilitate weight loss. 

Keeping Dogs with Cushing’s Disease Comfortable

Cushing’s disease in and of itself is not a painful condition. Dogs with Cushing’s can have a hard time regulating their body temperature and breathing, however, so make sure they have a cool place to rest and don’t force exercise, especially in the heat. The best thing you can do for a dog with Cushing’s is get the condition treated appropriately, which will resolve symptoms.

Excessive cortisol secreted in Cushing’s disease, however, can mask painful inflammatory conditions, like joint pain from osteoarthritis. It can also mask skin allergies because cortisol works the same way steroids do. If you notice that your dog starts limping, is having a hard time getting around, or starts excessively scratching their skin while they are under treatment for Cushing’s, speak to your veterinarian about how to keep your pet comfortable. 

If your dog has surgery to remove an adrenal tumor, then they will need to ‘stay quiet’ for 2 weeks to allow their incision to heal. This includes no running, jumping, or long walks. For the first 48 hours, your dog will likely just want to sleep, eat a little, and drink water. Make sure they have a warm, soft place to recover, prevent them from licking or biting at the surgery site, and monitor their incision daily for any signs of infection (heat, swelling, redness, discharge), gaping, or loose sutures. 

Dog Cushing’s Disease Treatment: Tips and Advice

Once your dog’s cortisol levels are controlled, you can expect to see rapid resolution of symptoms associated with Cushing’s. This includes resolution of:

• Excessive drinking and urinating
• Excessive eating
• Excessive panting
• Anxiety
• Hair loss
• Skin and urinary tract infections
• Weakness and trembling
• Pot belly

As stated above, if you notice signs of low cortisol, stop medication and call your veterinarian immediately. 

Cushing’s, in general, is fairly easy and rewarding to treat. Most dogs can live for years with a good quality of life, and most pet parents are very pleased with how their dogs respond to therapy. Just be patient, remain vigilant for the signs of adverse drug reactions or low cortisol, communicate regularly with your vet, take it one day at a time, and you will likely be successful in helping your dog feel much, much better. 

The post Dog Cushing’s Disease Treatment Plan: Steps and What to Expect appeared first on Great Pet Care.

What Is Lymphoma?

Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system includes the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, lymph vessels, and bone marrow. The main functions of the lymphatic system are to aid the immune system and move fluid through the body.

In dogs, lymphoma typically begins in the lymph nodes, but it can arise from lymphoid tissues anywhere in the body. Lymphoma is sometimes seen in the skin, eyes, central nervous system, and lungs. 

When a dog develops lymphoma, they develop abnormal growth and replication of a specific type of white blood cell called a lymphocyte. This results in changes to the immune system’s ability to fight infection, changes to the movement of fluid throughout the body, and the development of metastatic tumors throughout the body. 

In most cases, dogs with lymphoma will develop flu-like symptoms and eventually pass away from their cancer.

Causes of Lymphoma in Dogs

Lymphoma most often occurs in middle-aged to older dogs, but it can be seen in dogs of any age. The veterinary community is not currently certain as to what causes lymphoma in dogs. Because specific breeds are more susceptible than others, genetics are suspected to play a role.

Breeds that are more likely to develop lymphoma include:

• Golden Retrievers
• Boxers
• Rottweilers
• Scottish Terriers
• Basset Hounds
• Cocker Spaniels
• German Shepherds
• Airedales
• Bulldogs
• Poodles

While these breeds have an increased risk, any dog can develop lymphoma. Additional links have been reported between lymphoma and specific herbicides, regular exposure to radiation, living in an industrial area, exposure to hazardous wastes, and secondhand smoke.

Types of Lymphoma in Dogs

The “type” of lymphoma in dogs refers to various subcategories of lymphoma: B-cell lymphoma vs. T-cell lymphoma, high-grade lymphoma vs. low-grade lymphoma, or lymphomas named for their location within the body. The symptoms of lymphoma in dogs depend on which part of the body is affected by lymphoma.

B-Cell vs. T-Cell Lymphoma

The most basic division of lymphoma type is B-cell vs. T-cell. Lymphocytes are either B-cells (the type of white blood cell that produces antibodies against pathogens) or T-cells (which help signal other cells of the immune system and kill abnormal cells in the body). 

B-cell lymphoma is more common and has a longer survival time than T-cell lymphoma in dogs.

High-Grade Lymphoma vs. Low-Grade Lymphoma

Lymphoma can be graded as high-grade (lymphoblastic) or low-grade (lymphocytic) based on the appearance of the cells. High-grade is more common and has a rapid onset and progression. Low-grade is more chronic and affects the dog more slowly.

Multicentric Lymphoma

Anatomically, the most common form of lymphoma is called multicentric lymphoma. Multicentric lymphoma in dogs presents with swelling of the lymph nodes. As the pet parent, you may notice these swollen lymph nodes under the jaw or in the neck, in front of the shoulders, the armpits, groin, or behind the knees. At the time of diagnosis, lymph node swelling is usually the only sign. However, some dogs will also experience weight loss, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, and excessive drinking.

Alimentary Lymphoma

In around 5-7 percent of cases, the dog has alimentary lymphoma. This is lymphoma originating in the gastrointestinal tract, most often the intestines. Clinical signs of this form of lymphoma include vomiting, diarrhea, appetite changes, and weight loss.

Mediastinal Lymphoma

Mediastinal lymphoma is a rare form of lymphoma. The mediastinum is the area between the lungs. This area includes the heart, large blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, and some lymph nodes. When cancer develops in this area, the tumor usually takes up space in the chest cavity, pressing on other structures in the chest. The pet parent may notice coughing, shortness of breath, and exercise intolerance.

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphoma is a catch-all term for lymphomas that develop elsewhere in the body. Examples can include lymphoma of the central nervous system (CNS lymphoma), lymphoma that develops in the skin (cutaneous lymphoma), and lymphoma that develops in the lungs (pulmonary lymphoma). 

Signs will differ based on where the lymphoma is. For example, dogs with CNS lymphoma may have seizures, abnormal mentation, circling, abnormal eye movements, and other neurologic irregularities. Cutaneous lymphoma in dogs may cause non-healing ulcers, papules, or red lesions on the skin.

Stages of Lymphoma in Dogs

Staging of lymphoma is based on the location of disease and how much it has spread throughout the body. Stages III through V are more common in dogs.

Stage I: Cancer is present in a single lymph node.

Stage II: Cancer is present in lymph nodes on only one side of the diaphragm (front of body or rear of body).

Stage III: Cancer is present in lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm.

Stage IV: Cancer is present in the liver or spleen.

Stage V: Cancer involves bone marrow, nervous system, or other unusual location.

Each of the stages of lymphoma in dogs is further subdivided into substage A and substage B. Substage A means the pet feels well, while substage B means the pet is feeling ill. Pets who are feeling well have a better prognosis than pets who act sick.

Diagnosing Lymphoma in Dogs

In most cases, your veterinarian will be able to diagnose lymphoma with a physical examination and cytology of an enlarged lymph node. To collect a cytology sample, they will stick a needle into the lymph node. This procedure is well-tolerated by most dogs without sedation. The veterinarian may read the sample in-house or may send the slides to a reference lab.

If the cytology is not conclusive or an aspirate cannot be collected based on the location of the tumor, the veterinarian will collect a biopsy (surgical sample), which will be interpreted by a reference laboratory.

Determining if your dog has B-cell or T-cell lymphoma requires sending microscopic slides and fluid from the lymph node to a reference laboratory. At the reference lab, they’ll perform a test called flow cytometry or immunophenotyping to determine if the cancer is B-cell or T-cell. This information is important for determining your dog’s prognosis.

Imaging will be recommended to determine spread of the disease. This commonly involves X-rays (radiographs) of the chest and abdomen, as well as abdominal ultrasonography. In cases where the cancer originates elsewhere in the body, like the nervous system, other imaging modalities like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans will be recommended. Your dog may need to be sedated for radiographs or ultrasound, and they will definitely be sedated for MRI or CT. In some cases, a bone marrow aspirate may be recommended to determine if cancer is affecting the bone marrow. Your dog will be anesthetized for this. The veterinarian will also want to perform blood work and urinalysis for overall health screening.

While the initial diagnosis and simple staging may be performed by your private veterinarian, they usually refer you to a veterinary oncologist for additional diagnostics and treatment. Most private practices do not have a CT or MRI scan and do not perform chemotherapy treatments.

Treating Lymphoma in Dogs

Treatment for lymphoma in dogs can vary,  depending on the stage, but chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for most cases.

Chemotherapy

While there are various protocols, combination chemotherapies (more than one drug) have better remission rates and duration of remission than single-agent chemotherapy. These protocols involve frequent visits to the oncologist for a predetermined number of chemotherapy injections. 

Common chemotherapy agents used in the initial round of chemotherapy include: 

• L-asparaginase
• Vincristine
• Cyclophosphamide
• Doxorubicin
• Prednisone 

The oncologist will want to check blood panels prior to each treatment to ensure the chemotherapy is being tolerated well.

Low grade lymphoma may be treated with oral chemotherapy, such as chlorambucil and prednisone.

While this can be overwhelming for you as the pet parent, rest assured that chemotherapy in dogs is aimed to preserve quality of life. Dogs tend to tolerate chemotherapy better than humans, and if your dog is having side effects, your veterinarian will alter the protocol or offer additional medications to ensure they’re still feeling well. 

Side effects that you should report to your veterinarian include vomiting, diarrhea, decreased appetite, and acting ill, but dogs do not usually lose much fur. Chemotherapy is easier to go through with your pet if you know what to expect.

Other Treatments

If you choose not to pursue chemotherapy, prednisone may be offered as palliative care. While this will not significantly improve the length of your dog’s life, it may help them to feel better.

Rarely are surgery or radiation therapy recommended for localized lymphoma. Radiation alone will not treat most cases of lymphoma, so chemotherapy will typically be recommended in addition to the localized therapy.

End-of-Life Care

Eventually, the dog will not respond to chemotherapy and treatment will focus on palliative care. End stage lymphoma in dogs often causes loss of appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea. Most dogs with lymphoma will be euthanized once the veterinarian and pet parent feel the pet no longer has a good quality of life.

Cost to Treat Lymphoma in Dogs 

Treating lymphoma can be expensive. You will have multiple options laid out before you by the oncologist, and there is no shame in choosing a more affordable palliative treatment over one that prolongs life. Your focus should be ensuring that your pet is comfortable.

For initial diagnosis and complete staging alone, you can expect to pay at least $500. If your dog will need a CT or MRI, this will increase the cost to over $1,000. If you elect for prednisone alone, treatment may be $20 to $30 per month. This is an affordable option for many pet parents. While prednisone may help your dog feel comfortable, the average lifespan with no treatment or prednisone alone is four to six weeks. 

If you pursue chemotherapy, you can expect the cost to differ depending on what protocol you elect. The price is likely to be over $5,000 and can often exceed $10,000. Most dogs who receive chemotherapy will have a remission that lasts eight to nine months, and their survival can be a year or more. Almost all dogs will relapse. Around half of dogs can get a second shorter remission that lasts two to four months. The chemotherapy protocol the second time around is often different from the first round of chemotherapy.

Prognosis for Dogs with Lymphoma

Dogs who are in stages I, II, and III tend to have longer survival times than dogs in stages IV or V. Dogs with low-grade lymphoma have longer survival times than dogs with high-grade lymphoma, and dogs with B-cell lymphoma have longer survival times than dogs with T-cell lymphoma. 

Dogs with T-cell lymphoma have a prognosis closer to six months, while dogs with B-cell lymphoma have a prognosis closer to one year if treated with chemotherapy. Dogs who have mediastinal lymphoma or lymphoma in the central nervous system have short survival times.

Note: All dogs are individuals, and prices vary by location. While survival times and costs are provided, your pet could live shorter or longer, and the amount you spend on treatment may be significantly different than the estimates we’ve provided.

How to Prevent Lymphoma in Dogs

It can be very hard on you as the pet parent to reckon with your dog’s lymphoma diagnosis, and many pet parents want to know why they’re facing this diagnosis. Was it something they did? 

There is currently no known way to prevent lymphoma in dogs, meaning you should not blame yourself for your dog’s cancer. Work with your private veterinarian and your veterinary oncologist to determine what course of action is best for your pet and your family. While this diagnosis is hard, treatment is often rewarding and usually improves your pet’s quality of life, allowing you to spend more quality time together.

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Read on to learn more about the causes of dry eye in dogs, symptoms to watch for, and available treatment options. 

What Is Dry Eye in Dogs?

Dry eye is medically referred to as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and it occurs as a result of poor tear production. Tears are made up of water, fat, and mucus, which are each produced by different glands within the eyes. In most cases of dry eye, the glands that produce the watery part of the tears become damaged, and less tears are produced. In rare cases, glands that produce the fat and mucus portions of the tears are affected, and poor quality tears are made. 

In either case, the tear film does not effectively lubricate the eyes. As a result, the cornea (the front part of the eye that is clear) and the conjunctiva (the red tissue that surrounds the eye) become dry and inflamed. 

Dry eye can occur in dogs of any age, but it is most common in those that are middle-aged and older. This is a very painful condition, and it does have the potential to lead to vision loss if left untreated. 

What Causes Dry Eye in Dogs?

There are many reasons dogs may develop dry eye. Most commonly, a dog’s immune system attacks and damages the glands that are responsible for tear production. It is thought that there may be a genetic component to this process.   

Certain breeds are more prone to developing dry eye due to their anatomy and genetics. Pugs, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Cocker Spaniels, Bulldogs, and Boston Terriers are just a few of the breeds that are more likely to develop this condition. 

Less common causes of dry eye include underlying diseases or infections, congenital defects, radiation, and trauma. Giving medications that contain a drug called sulfonamide can also increase the risk of dry eye in some dogs. 

Symptoms of Dry Eye in Dogs

Dry eye can cause significant discomfort. Symptoms of dry eye that affected dogs may experience include: 

• Thick, stringy eye discharge
• Eye redness and inflammation
• Dry or dull corneal appearance
• Blood vessel development on the cornea
• Frequent squinting
• Pawing at or rubbing of the eyes 

If left untreated, dry eye can cause scarring and ulcer formation on the cornea, which may lead to blindness. 

Diagnosing Dry Eye in Dogs

In order to diagnose dry eye, veterinarians most commonly use the Schirmer tear test. During this non-invasive test, a veterinarian will place a small strip of paper between the dog’s eye and lower eyelid for one minute to assess tear production. It is then repeated on the second eye. 

A fluorescent stain can also be used to diagnose keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs. During this test, a veterinarian adds one drop of dye to the dog’s eyes and then counts the number of seconds it takes for the tear film to separate. In dogs with dry eye, the tear film breaks apart too quickly.  

As part of a complete eye exam, the veterinarian will also look at all other parts of the eye and check nerves and reflexes. Additional tests, such as checking the eye pressures, may also be done to rule out any other contributing eye problems. 

Dry Eye Treatment for Dogs

Dry eye is treated using medications that are applied directly to the eye in the form of drops, gel, or ointments. Tear stimulants and artificial tears are most commonly prescribed. It is important to know that dry eye will not clear up on its own without some form of treatment.

Tear stimulants, such as Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus, are medications that increase tear production. While these medications work very well in dogs with dry eye, they do take a couple of months to achieve their full effect. Because of this delay, you will not notice an immediate difference in your dog’s eyes. While waiting for a tear stimulant to begin working, your pet’s veterinarian will usually prescribe artificial tears to lubricate the eyes and improve symptoms. Additional medications to treat secondary infections, corneal ulcers, or severe inflammation within the eye may also be prescribed.  

You can expect to apply medications for dry eye at least twice per day. Artificial tears are often applied more frequently. For best results, these medications should only be used as prescribed by your pet’s veterinarian. 

In some instances, surgery may be done if dogs are not responding to topical medications. The goal of the surgery is to use saliva as a new source of tears to lubricate the dog’s eyes. This procedure is complex and performed by a specialist. It does come with risks of anesthesia and of potential complications following the procedure. 

The prognosis for dogs with dry eye is generally good as long as the condition is diagnosed early and there is a good response to treatment. Any underlying conditions that may be contributing to dry eye should also be appropriately managed for best success. However, if a dog does not respond well to treatment, dry eye will continue to progress and can lead to severe eye damage and even blindness. 

Topical treatment and frequent veterinary checkups are needed for the remainder of the pet’s life to manage dry eye. 

Home Remedies for Dry Eye in Dogs

It is not recommended to try any home remedies to treat dry eyes. It is essential for dogs experiencing problematic eye symptoms to be seen by a veterinarian for proper diagnosis and treatment. Because dry eye is most commonly due to immune system dysfunction, specific prescription medications are needed to stimulate tear production and reduce the pain and inflammation present. 

How to Prevent Dry Eye in Dogs

In most cases, dry eye in dogs is unpreventable since it is commonly caused by an overactive immune system. However, avoiding certain medications, decreasing trauma and radiation, and managing underlying conditions that may contribute to dry eye can help prevent this condition in some dogs. 

The post Dry Eye in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments appeared first on Great Pet Care.

The word hepatitis literally means “inflammation of the liver.” Hepatitis isn’t a single disease – instead, the term is used to describe a variety of conditions that cause liver inflammation in dogs, humans, and other species. 

Can Dogs Get Hepatitis?

Dogs can develop hepatitis, just like their human companions. And, just like in the case of humans, canine hepatitis can have a variety of potential causes. 

One key difference, however, lies in treatment. While humans with severe hepatitis may receive a liver transplant, this surgery is rarely performed in dogs. Instead, medical treatment is used to manage canine hepatitis. 

Can dogs get hepatitis A, B, C, D, or E from their human owners? Fortunately, the answer to this question is no. The viruses that cause hepatitis in humans are not transmissible to dogs.

Canine hepatitis is not a single disease. There are several forms of canine hepatitis, each with its own unique cause and its own course of disease. 

Most cases of canine hepatitis fall into one of two broad categories: infectious canine hepatitis or canine chronic hepatitis.

Infectious Canine Hepatitis

Infectious canine hepatitis is caused by an adenovirus in dogs, canine adenovirus type 1. (This virus differs from canine adenovirus type 2, which causes respiratory disease in dogs.) 

Dogs with infectious canine hepatitis can rapidly become very sick. They may even experience sudden death with minimal signs of illness. Fortunately, this condition is relatively rare in the United States due to widespread vaccination. 

Canine Chronic Hepatitis

Chronic hepatitis refers to chronic (long-term) inflammation of the liver. This condition can have a wide variety of underlying causes and it can take on a variety of clinical appearances. 

Some dogs with canine chronic hepatitis have a low-level, smoldering hepatitis with minimal signs. In other dogs, however, chronic hepatitis can cause visible signs of illness and may even progress to liver failure. 

How Do Dogs Get Hepatitis?

Infectious canine hepatitis is caused by a viral infection. Infected dogs shed large amounts of the virus in their saliva, feces, and urine, and this shedding can continue for several months after infection. Your dog could become infected through direct contact with an infected dog or by coming in contact with a contaminated surface or object. 

Infectious canine hepatitis is most common in young puppies and unvaccinated dogs, due to their lack of immunity against this virus.

Chronic hepatitis in dogs can be caused by anything that results in liver damage. In most cases, it is impossible to identify what caused a particular case of chronic hepatitis. However, potential causes include: 

• Prior liver damage caused by infectious canine hepatitis
• Prior bacterial or fungal infection of the liver
• Ingestion of a toxin that affects the liver
• Autoimmune disease that causes the body to attack its own liver
• Abnormal copper accumulation within the liver 
• Long-term use of certain medications (NSAIDs, phenobarbital)

Chronic hepatitis is usually diagnosed in middle-aged and older dogs. Breeds that may be at higher risk include Bedlington Terriers, West Highland White Terriers, Scottish Terriers, Cocker Spaniels, Doberman Pinschers, Standard Poodles, Beagles, Golden Retrievers, and Labrador Retrievers.

Hepatitis in Dogs Symptoms 

Dogs with infectious hepatitis are typically very ill. Signs, which develop within one week of exposure to the virus, include vomiting, bloody diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, and lethargy. Yellow discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes (also known as jaundice or icterus) may occur. Less common signs may include coughing, respiratory distress, eye abnormalities, and neurologic signs. In some cases, sudden death is the first sign of illness.  

Chronic hepatitis, in contrast, progresses slowly. These dogs may appear normal early in the course of disease, with symptoms only developing as their liver damage worsens. With advanced chronic hepatitis, signs may include weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, increased thirst/urination, lethargy, abnormal bleeding, and yellow discoloration of the skin or gums. Hepatic encephalopathy in dogs, a brain condition that occurs when the liver is unable to remove toxins from the bloodstream, may also result in seizures.

Regardless of the underlying cause, a dog’s hepatitis symptoms may include:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
• Lethargy
• Yellow discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes
• Seizures 

Diagnosing Dog Hepatitis

Your veterinarian will begin by performing a thorough physical exam, looking for jaundice and other signs that suggest the presence of liver disease. They will obtain a thorough medical history for your dog and likely question you about possible exposures to infections and toxins.

Next, your veterinarian will likely recommend blood tests and a urinalysis. Abnormalities in your dog’s laboratory tests may suggest liver dysfunction, making hepatitis a more likely diagnosis. 

If your veterinarian suspects infectious canine hepatitis, PCR testing can be used to identify the virus in your dog’s bodily fluids. 

A definitive diagnosis of chronic hepatitis in dogs requires a liver biopsy. Biopsy samples can be collected using a large-bore needle (under sedation, with ultrasound guidance) or via surgery. Your veterinarian will talk to you about the best option for your dog. 

Hepatitis in Dogs Treatment

Infectious canine hepatitis is a viral infection that must run its course. However, hospitalization is often required for supportive care. Your veterinarian will administer fluids to prevent dehydration, give medications to control nausea and diarrhea, and administer antioxidants to reduce permanent liver damage. 

The treatment of chronic hepatitis largely depends on its suspected underlying cause. If an identifiable underlying cause is found (such as abnormal copper accumulation), treatments may be given to address this underlying condition. Bacterial hepatitis in dogs may require antibiotic therapy. Steroids or other immunosuppressive drugs may be used to reduce inflammation within the liver. Your veterinarian may also prescribe a therapeutic diet, specifically formulated to support your dog’s liver function.

Cost to Treat a Dog for Hepatitis 

The cost to treat hepatitis can vary significantly, depending on the cause of your dog’s hepatitis and the severity of their illness. 

If your dog requires hospitalization for infectious canine hepatitis or a severe case of chronic hepatitis, this could cost several thousand dollars. 

If your dog’s chronic hepatitis can be treated with outpatient therapy, the cost of medications and a prescription diet may be less than $100 per month. 

Hepatitis in Dogs: Life Expectancy

Infectious canine hepatitis is a serious condition that is fatal in up to 30 percent of cases. Even if your dog survives this disease, permanent liver damage may occur. Your veterinarian will help you determine what treatments and monitoring may be necessary if your dog recovers from infectious canine hepatitis.  

In most cases, chronic hepatitis is a condition that is managed, not cured. Your dog may require lifelong medications and dietary modifications, along with frequent veterinary rechecks. In general, your dog’s prognosis will correspond to their degree of illness at the time of diagnosis. Dogs that are very sick at the time of diagnosis may survive just days to months, while dogs that are asymptomatic may go on to lead relatively normal lives with treatment. 

How to Prevent Hepatitis in Dogs

Vaccination is the best way to prevent infectious canine hepatitis The “distemper-parvo shot” or DAPP/DHPP vaccine includes an adenovirus vaccine for dogs. As long as your pet remains up to date on this vaccine, their risk of infectious canine hepatitis is extremely low. If your puppy has not yet completed their puppy vaccine series, keep them away from other dogs and potentially-contaminated environments to prevent infection. 

Given the variety of potential causes involved in chronic hepatitis, prevention is rarely practical. Feeding a balanced diet, avoiding moldy foods, limiting your dog’s access to potential toxins, and keeping your dog’s vaccines up to date will protect against some potential causes of hepatitis, but the risk of chronic hepatitis cannot be entirely eliminated.  

The post Hepatitis in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Don’t worry, you’re not alone. In this article we’ll go through what congestion in dogs sounds like, what causes it, and what you can do to treat and prevent it.

Do Dogs Get Congested?

Yes, dogs get congested and have many of the same symptoms of congestion that we experience, such as sneezing and coughing.

Congestion in dogs occurs for many reasons, such as respiratory infections or allergies. It isn’t life-threatening, but it’s reasonable to be concerned if your dog suddenly starts sounding congested and isn’t feeling too well.

Viral and bacterial respiratory infections in dogs are highly contagious, so it doesn’t take much for dogs in close contact with each other to get sick and start sounding congested.

Some dogs are naturally prone to congestion. Brachycephalic dogs, like Bulldogs, can sound congested because of their smoosh-faced facial structure. They have short snouts, making breathing more difficult. Their congestion is considered normal, but medical care may be needed to manage their breathing challenges.

What Dog Congestion Sounds Like

If your dog is congested, you’ll hear it. Dogs who are congested often cough, and that cough can be distinctive. For example, dogs with kennel cough, caused by the bacteria Bordetella bronchiseptica, have a dry, “goose honk” cough.

Coughing due to congestion may worsen when a dog is lying down at night. Severe coughing fits can even make a dog gag or retch, which certainly isn’t pleasant to hear.

A congested dog can also have noisy, labored, and rapid breathing because they have to work extra hard to get oxygen into their body. They might breathe with their mouth open because their nose is too stuffy for oxygen to pass through the nostrils. Sneezing and snoring are also common in congested dogs.  

Why Is My Dog Congested?

There are numerous potential reasons why your dog is congested. Many cases of dog congestion are caused by a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection, while others may be due to chronic disease. Here’s a list of what could be causing your dog’s congestion:

Viruses

• Canine influenza virus (dog flu)
• Canine respiratory coronavirus
• Canine adenovirus type 2
• Canine parainfluenza virus
• Canine distemper virus

Bacteria

• Bordetella bronchiseptica (kennel cough)

·  

Fungi

• Aspergillus

Viral and bacterial respiratory infections are easily transmitted through an infected dog’s respiratory droplets that land on high-touch objects like food bowls and toys. The fungi Aspergillus can get breathed in as a dog roots through the soil with their nose. Once these tiny pathogens enter the respiratory tract, the immune system starts fighting back, causing an immune response that makes dogs congested.

Beyond these common causes, there are other reasons your dog may be congested.

Seasonal allergies. Dogs with seasonal allergies are allergic to environmental substances, like pollen. Breathing in these allergens will trigger an allergic response that will make a dog congested.

Congestive heart failure. An end-stage heart disease, congestive heart failure is when the heart can no longer pump blood effectively, so fluid accumulates and leaks out of the blood vessels. A fluid buildup in the lungs can lead to symptoms of congestion, like coughing and difficulty breathing.

Heartworms. Heartworms get lodged in the pulmonary (lung) arteries and damage the lungs. Dogs with heartworms often cough and have difficulty breathing.

Foreign body. If something is stuck in your dog’s nose, their immune system will work hard to get it out, causing dog nasal congestion symptoms such as sneezing and a runny nose.

Respiratory tumors. A tumor in the respiratory tract can block the normal flow of air, leading to congestion.

Obesity. Excess weight makes the heart and lungs work extra hard. More pressure on the lungs can lead to a dog having difficulty breathing and sounding congested.

Diagnosing the Cause of Dog Congestion

Call your veterinarian if your dog sounds congested. Not all cases of congestion warrant a trip to the doctor, but do not assume that home remedies are all your dog needs.

Your veterinarian will advise you on bringing your dog in for an appointment. For example, if your dog sounds congested when he breathes and becomes lethargic or isn’t eating or drinking well, they will need to be seen by your veterinarian.

During the appointment, your veterinarian will perform a physical exam, paying close attention to your dog’s lungs, heart, and nose.

Diagnostic tests will help your veterinarian figure out why your dog is congested. Blood work will give clues about your dog’s overall health, and chest x-rays will help them see abnormalities in your dog’s lungs or heart.

A rhinoscopy, which would let your veterinarian look in your dog’s nose, would be helpful if they suspect a foreign body or tumor in the nose.

Treating Congestion in Dogs

Treating congestion in dogs depends on the underlying cause. For example, bacterial respiratory infections, like kennel cough, are treated with antibiotics. Antifungal medications treat fungal respiratory infections.

Antiviral medications are typically not prescribed to treat viral respiratory infections like the flu. In these cases, veterinarians will usually recommend at-home care until the illness runs its course (usually 5 to 10 days).

Antihistamines help to manage seasonal allergies. If your dog has congestive heart failure, a diuretic would be prescribed to remove excess fluid from the body, easing congestion symptoms.

Your veterinarian will determine which medications, if any, are needed to relieve your dog’s congestion.

Do not give your dog any over-the-counter (OTC) medicines to relieve their congestion without talking to your veterinarian first. These medicines may contain ingredients that are safe for people but toxic to dogs. 

Benadryl is a common OTC medicine for relieving allergy-related congestion in humans but should only be given to dogs with veterinary supervision and guidance.

Home Remedies for Dog Congestion

At-home supportive care includes rest, hydration, and good nutrition for mild cases of congestion. Adding moisture to the air helps make breathing easier and can be done with a humidifier or by having your dog in the bathroom while you shower.

Wiping your pup’s nose and eyes with a warm, damp cloth to remove discharge is another helpful dog congestion home remedy.

How to Prevent Dog Congestion

Because there are so many potential causes of congestion in dogs, preventing it is not entirely practical. Vaccines are the best form of prevention against viral and bacterial respiratory infections. Limiting your dog’s time in crowded dog facilities like doggie daycares can also help decrease your dog’s risk of getting congested from these infections.

People commonly take supplements that claim to boost immune health, but these are not recommended for dogs. Currently, there’s no scientific evidence that immune-boosting supplements are beneficial for dogs.

The post My Dog Sounds Congested: 9 Reasons It Might Be Happening appeared first on Great Pet Care.

A healthy heart allows a dog to run, play, and do everything else a dog does. So, understanding canine heart anatomy is essential to ensure your dog stays in good physical condition.

Where Is a Dog’s Heart Located in the Body?

A dog’s heart sits roughly in the middle of the chest between the lungs in an upright position. The position of a dog’s heart is roughly the same for most dogs, but there is some variation between breeds, says Dr. Joanne Harris, a veterinary cardiology specialist at HeartVets in Exeter, U.K.

“If you have a very barrel-chested breed like a French Bulldog, for example, or an English Bulldog, their heart will sit in a slightly different position because their chest is very round,” says Dr. Harris. “Whereas if you have a very narrow deep-chested breed like a Whippet, Doberman, or Boxer, then everything is more upright.”

Knowing the location of a dog heart might be helpful in the rare situation when you might need to give a dog CPR. 

“You can do external cardiac massage in dogs just as you can on people,” says Dr. Harris. “It’s easier in those narrow-chested breeds because you can go across the heart rather than having to put just downward pressure on it.”

However, Dr. Harris says she doesn’t actually recommend anyone without proper training to perform CPR on dogs. For one, she says that heart attacks are uncommon in dogs since they don’t get coronary artery disease as people do, so the situations in which CPR is required are rare. Secondly, she says it is easy to misjudge a situation where a dog needs CPR.

“I would say fainting is by far the most common reason that dogs may acutely collapse and not seem to have a heartbeat, and I think in that moment of panic, some dogs owners may struggle to feel a heartbeat,” says Dr. Harris, “but we wouldn’t recommend in that situation that they attempt any kind of CPR unless they have some training in this.” 

Dog Heart Anatomy: A Closer Look

The cardiovascular system of a dog consists of a four-chambered, oval-shaped heart and a network of blood vessels, including veins, arteries, and capillaries. The right side of a dog’s heart pumps blood to the lungs, while the left side pumps blood to the rest of the body. 

The size of a canine heart will vary depending on the dog’s size. “Obviously, a Chihuahua is going to have a smaller heart than a Great Dane,” says Dr. Gabrielle Fadl, Director of Primary Care at Bond Vet. “However, the size of the heart relative to the size of the dog is fairly consistent between breeds.”

All dogs have a circulating blood volume of about 80 milliliters per kilogram in body weight — but the amount of blood each dog circulates will, once again, differ depending on a dog’s size. “A Chihuahua may have around 400ml of blood, but a Great Dane would have around 6.5 liters,” says Dr. Harris.

What’s a normal heart rate for dogs? It is commonly believed that a dog’s body weight will affect heart rate, with smaller dogs having a faster heartbeat than younger dogs — but research has shown this may be untrue. For most dogs, the average heart rate is about 120 beats per minute (bpm), although young dogs under 12 months can have a slightly higher rate. Additionally, excited or nervous dogs may have a higher heart rate than calm dogs, experts say.

Dog Heart vs. Human Heart

Dogs and humans might be physically different in many ways, but the anatomy of our hearts is comparable.

“A dog heart and a human heart are actually very similar, having four chambers (left and right atria, and left and right ventricles) and a similar method of functioning,” says Dr. Fadl. “Some of the larger blood vessels coming directly from the heart even share the same names, including the aorta (the vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body) and the vena cava (the large vessel that returns blood to the heart).”

But when it comes to heart conditions, there are some key differences between humans and dogs, says Dr. Fadl. “Humans commonly get atherosclerosis or plaque buildup in their arteries, which can lead to a blockage and a heart attack,” says Dr. Fadl. “Dogs don’t really tend to have this type of issue. Instead, more common conditions for them include a leaky heart valve (usually with age, especially in small dogs) or problems with the heart muscles (more common in larger breeds).”

All heart murmurs in puppies should be monitored. Quiet heart murmurs in puppies are usually benign, but if a quiet murmur gets louder or does not go away by 6 months of age, then the puppy likely has a congenital heart abnormality. Loud heart murmurs are almost always associated with heart conditions in puppies. “So, if your puppy is diagnosed with a moderate or loud heart murmur at a young age, then it is best to seek cardiologist advice and find out if the puppy needs an echocardiogram,” says Dr. Harris. 

Other common heart issues dogs may face include congestive heart failure and heartworm disease in areas where it is endemic.

Heart Health for Dogs: What to Know

You can do many things to help keep your dog — and their heart — as healthy as possible.

“Maintaining a healthy weight is good to prevent excess strain on the heart, lungs, and joints,” says Dr. Fadl. “Take your dog to recommended checkups with your veterinarian, even if they seem healthy. It’s not unusual for vets to discover subtle signs of disease (like the abnormal heart sounds or rhythms mentioned above) in the early stages before symptoms develop. Earlier diagnosis often means treatment is more effective and less costly. Also, keep your dog on heartworm prevention as recommended, to protect their heart from these parasites.”

According to Dr. Harris, a lot of heart disease in dogs has a genetic component. For example, little dogs like Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Chihuahuas, Poodles, and Dachshunds have a higher likelihood of developing disease of the heart valves. If you want to buy a breed that is prone to heart disease, Dr. Harris says “…it’s best to do your research first and find out what screening programs are in place and buy puppies from breeders that are breeding dogs that have been screened and are listed as being clear of that disease.”

Dr. Harris also advises taking your dog to a cardiology specialist if a veterinarian detects a heart murmur or irregular heart rhythm. And, of course, seek medical advice if your dog faints or collapses or displays symptoms like shallow breathing or unusual tiredness after exercise.

Your quick action may save your dog’s life — and ensure that their heart keeps working in the healthiest way possible.

The post Where Is a Dog’s Heart? Understanding Canine Heart Anatomy appeared first on Great Pet Care.

In stark contrast to its name, this condition is anything but happy for the affected dogs and their caregivers. Throughout this article, we’ll discuss everything you need to know about happy tail syndrome in dogs, including causes, symptoms, treatments, and possible prevention.

What Is Happy Tail Syndrome?

Happy tail syndrome is a painful condition characterized by a non-healing wound at the tip of a dog’s tail. The syndrome develops when a dog wags their tail so enthusiastically that it repeatedly bangs against hard surfaces like walls, chairs, and tables, or even people and other pets. 

A dog’s tail is composed of a chain of hard, vertebral bones covered by very little muscle or fat for padding. Therefore, it’s easy for the thin skin at the tip of the tail to split open as the tail whacks against these hard surfaces over and over.

Despite our best attempts, dogs who wag their tails so vigorously that they damage it are often unable to stop the behavior. As the tail continues to bang against surfaces every time a “happy dog” wags it, a non-healing, painful, bloody ulcer develops at the tip of the tail. 

This is often accompanied by blood splatters and smears on surfaces around the household, a frustrated pet parent, and a not-so-happy dog. The longer the condition remains untreated, the worse it becomes. Occasionally, the chronic wound becomes infected and the bones and nerves at the tip of the tail are also compromised.

Large breed dogs with powerful, long tails and shorter hair coats are the most likely to develop happy tail syndrome. This condition is diagnosed most commonly in Pit Bulls, Labradors, Greyhounds, and Great Danes, but any dog can be affected. While there is no clear age predilection, it is more common in younger, more enthusiastic dogs. 

Causes of Happy Tail Syndrome

The most typical cause of happy tail syndrome in a dog is exuberantly wagging their tail to express themself until the tip is damaged from repeated trauma, as discussed above. However, it sometimes happens after a stay at a boarding facility, where a dog may be wagging more than usual in combination with tighter-than-usual living quarters – a recipe for happy tail syndrome. 

In less common instances, a pup can develop a dog tail injury that leads to happy tail syndrome. For example, they hurt the tip of their tail playing at the dog park, climbing under a fence, having it caught in a doorway, etc. Once the initial damage occurs, however, the tail wagging and striking surfaces prevents the wound from healing, much like the more common presentation of happy tail.

Symptoms of Happy Tail in Dogs

Dogs with happy tail syndrome may have one of more of the following symptoms:

• Bleeding from the tip of the tail
• Bald spots at the tip of the tail
• Biting/chewing at the tail
• Whining during or after tail wagging
• A foul smell around the tail
• Black or discolored skin near the end of the tail
• Pain or yelping when the end of the tail is touched or handled

Despite the pain associated with this condition, dogs affected by happy tail syndrome often do not stop wagging their tail.

How to Treat Happy Tail Syndrome

Since we cannot tell a dog to simply stop wagging their tail, treatment of happy tail syndrome can be frustrating. Ultimately, treatment depends on the severity of the syndrome and whether or not it is a recurring issue. 

In minor cases, dogs can be treated with a combination of pain medications, antibiotics if needed, and a bandage. The bandage acts as a dog tail protector during the healing process, providing padding and cushion around the wound. Unfortunately, the tail is a very difficult area to cover as any bandages tend to slip off, especially in dogs that wag their tail energetically. 

Many pets will also need to wear an Elizabethean collar (also known as e-collar or cone-of-shame) to prevent them from ripping off the bandage and causing further trauma to the tail, and most will require a sedative to help decrease their incessant wagging. 

While veterinarians typically try a more conservative treatment such as bandaging and oral medications first, most chronic or recurrent cases of happy tail syndrome will require a surgical tail amputation. The tail will be shortened to a length that it no longer strikes surfaces when the dog becomes excited, and any damaged vertebrae, infected tissue, etc. will also be removed at that time. 

But don’t worry, dogs with happy tail syndrome are not upset that their tail has been shortened  and will continue to wag their stumpier tail as happily as before (this time without injury). 

How to Prevent Happy Tail in Dogs

Since you can’t bubblewrap your dog’s tail indefinitely, or reasonably pad every hard surface in your household, a dog tail injury like happy tail syndrome is not easily preventable. 

That being said, pet parents can be vigilant for areas where their dog’s tail tends to whack against hard objects, such as hallways. Take steps to prevent your dog from becoming overly excited in that area, or quickly move them if they do begin wagging enthusiastically. 

Another potential prevention technique for happy tail syndrome is encouraging calm behavior as often as possible. Provide treats and other rewards when your dog is relaxed, and avoid showing attention during periods of over-excitement. Instead, wait until they calm down before acknowledging or rewarding them. 

The post Happy Tail Syndrome in Dogs and Puppies appeared first on Great Pet Care.

The kidneys function to remove toxins from the blood and excrete waste in the form of urine. When the kidneys are infected, these important functions can become compromised. 

Identifying and treating a kidney infection quickly is essential to ensure a good outcome for your dog.

What Is a Kidney Infection?

Kidney infections in dogs are most commonly caused by bacteria. This most commonly occurs due to a urinary tract infection that then ascends the ureters – the tubes that connect the kidney to the bladder – and into the kidney. 

Kidney infections can come on suddenly (acute) or be gradual and long lasting (chronic). Left untreated, kidney infections can lead to kidney failure and sepsis.

What Causes Kidney Infections in Dogs?

Kidney infections typically start as a bacterial infection in the lower urinary tract – the bladder and urethra – which then ascends to the kidneys. E. coli is the most common bacteria causing kidney infections, but other bacteria such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus spp. have also been isolated from dogs with kidney infections. 

Dogs with urinary tract abnormalities or systemic disorders are at higher risk of developing urinary tract infections, and thus, kidney infections. 

Factors that can predispose a dog to kidney infection include:

Congenital anatomical abnormalities

• Bladder stones or kidney stones
• Ureter obstruction
• Urethral catheterizations
• Tumors of the urinary tract
• Kidney disease
• Prostatitis
• Urinary disorders
• Diabetes mellitus
• Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s Disease)
• Hyperthyroidism
• Immunosuppression

If your dog has one or more of these predisposing factors, it is especially important to keep an eye out for symptoms of urinary tract infection and kidney infection and seek treatment right away if these signs occur.

Dog Kidney Infection Symptoms

Symptoms of kidney infections in dogs can vary widely depending on the type of bacteria present and whether the infection is acute or chronic. 

Some dogs with kidney infections are asymptomatic. Others have symptoms of a lower urinary tract infection or can even be critically ill and develop kidney failure and sepsis. 

Symptoms of kidney infections in dogs can include:

• Blood in the urine
• Painful urination
• Inappropriate urination (such as accidents in the house)
• Urinating frequent small volumes
• Abdominal pain
• Urinating more frequently
• Urinating larger volumes than usual
• Drinking more than usual
• Dehydration
• Fever
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
• Lethargy
• Vomiting

If your dog exhibits any of these symptoms, see your veterinarian right away. It is especially important to keep an eye out for symptoms of kidney infection if your dog has a history of recurrent urinary tract infections, chronic kidney disease, bladder or kidney stones, or other chronic conditions that may predispose them to kidney infection.

Diagnosing Kidney Infections in Dogs

To diagnose a kidney infection, your veterinarian may recommend some or all of the following tests:

Physical Examination. Your veterinarian will perform a comprehensive head-to-tail physical examination on your dog.  Abnormalities noted on physical examination may include fever, dehydration, abdominal pain, and weight loss.

Urinalysis. Your veterinarian will likely recommend submitting a urine sample from your dog for analysis. This allows your veterinarian to look for signs of infection such as bacteria and white blood cells in the urine.

Blood Work. A complete blood count and biochemistry panel may be recommended to evaluate your dog’s kidney function and to rule out other possible causes for your dog’s symptoms. In some cases of kidney infection, blood work is normal. In others, signs of renal failure may be present.

Radiographs (X-rays). Your veterinarian may recommend abdominal radiographs (x-rays) to visualize your dog’s urinary tract and assess for changes such as enlarged kidneys, stones, or an enlarged prostate.

Ultrasound. Ultrasound allows your veterinarian to assess the size and shape of your dog’s kidneys, as well as the appearance of the layers of the kidney tissues. The changes noted on ultrasound can be diagnostic for kidney infection in many patients.

Culture. Collecting a sample of urine directly from the kidney and submitting it to a laboratory for culture is the gold standard for diagnosing a kidney infection in dogs. This must be performed either using an ultrasound or by performing surgery. The sample is then grown in the laboratory and the bacterial type identified and used for sensitivity testing.

Sensitivity Testing. Bacteria grown from the dog’s culture sample are tested using several different antibiotic types to determine which types of antibiotics the bacteria are susceptible to. This is used to guide treatment choices and ensure the best outcomes for your dog.

Dog Kidney Infection Treatment

The treatment for a kidney infection in dogs is antibiotics. The antibiotic should ideally be chosen based on culture and sensitivity results. Dogs with kidney infections typically require antibiotic treatment for 10-14 days, but longer treatments may be recommended for some canines.

In addition to antibiotics, supportive care may be prescribed, particularly for dogs with acute infections or those with renal failure. Supportive care may include hospitalization for intravenous (IV) fluids, pain control, and antiemetic medications.

Many dogs with a kidney infection have other underlying medical conditions that predisposed them to developing a kidney infection. These underlying conditions must also be addressed.

Following completion of antibiotic therapy, it is recommended that a recheck urinalysis, urine culture, and blood work be performed to ensure the infection has been cleared and kidney values have returned to normal. A urine culture should be performed at 1, 3, and 6 months following treatment to monitor for recurrence of the infection.

Cost to Treat Kidney Infection in Dogs

The cost to treat kidney infection in dogs can vary widely depending on the severity of the infection. For many dogs, antibiotics may be the only treatment necessary to address this condition. Depending on the type of antibiotic needed, the size of the dog, and the duration of treatment, pet owners should expect to pay $50-$200 for this treatment. 

In severe cases requiring hospitalization and supportive care, pet owners should expect to pay significantly more for treatment, with costs quickly adding up over $2,000.

How to Prevent Dog Kidney Infections

In general, kidney infections can’t be prevented. But there are some steps you can take to reduce your dog’s risk of developing a kidney infection, such as identifying and treating urinary tract infections early, before they lead to kidney infections. 

It is also important to address any underlying conditions your dog may have, such as diabetes mellitus or Cushing’s disease, as these may predispose your dog to developing a kidney infection.

The post Kidney Infection in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

While the idea of dog surgery may leave some pet parents feeling worried or overwhelmed, the important thing to know is that TPLO surgery is common, has a high success rate, and has returned many dogs to a pain-free active lifestyle.

Here’s a helpful overview of everything you need to know about TPLO surgery, what you can expect if your dog needs this surgical intervention, and some post-op tips to help your dog recover.

What is TPLO Surgery in Dogs?

In dogs, the CCL is equivalent to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in humans. However, whereas humans with a torn ACL might undergo surgery to repair or reconstruct it, dog ACL injuries don’t get the same treatment. CCL repair and reconstruction don’t work for four-legged animals.

Instead, a veterinarian may recommend TPLO surgery for dogs with a torn or injured CCL. In the simplest terms, a dog’s CCL keeps the knee joint (stifle) stable and working properly. When damaged, bending the knee causes a dog’s thigh bone (femur) and shin bone (tibia) to slide painfully out of place. TPLO surgery reconfigures the way a dog’s knee works, stabilizing the bones so that the leg can bend properly and painlessly, even without a CCL. 

To accomplish this, a veterinary surgeon changes the angle (level) of the joint surface (tibial plateau) by cutting into the tibia bone (osteotomy) and repositioning the resulting bone segment. This creates a more stable joint by changing the way the quadriceps (thigh) muscle acts on the tibia (shin bone).

Like most surgeries, there are some risks associated with TPLO surgery in dogs. So it is typically recommended for dogs where the potential benefits are greater than the risks. There are several factors veterinary surgeons consider before deciding if a dog is a good candidate for TPLO surgery. These include weight, activity level, and age. 

In years past, TPLO was considered a surgery most appropriate for larger dogs (more than 50 pounds). However, smaller dogs (less than 30 pounds) who have undergone the procedure do very well in both the short and long term. 

Alternatives to TPLO Surgery in Dogs 

Several other surgical procedures can also be used to treat CCL damage. The choice of techniques is based on the surgeon’s preference and experience, as well as the dog’s specific injury.

Other procedures that can be used to treat instability in the knee joint created by a partially or fully torn CCL in dogs include:

• Tibial Tuberosity Advancement (TTA) is a procedure similar to a TPLO, except that a linear cut is made in the tibia to achieve the change in the angle of the quadriceps attachment. 
• CORA-Based Leveling Osteotomy (CBLO) is a newer modification of the TPLO procedure that may be appropriate for younger dogs who are still growing. 
• Extra-capsular suture stabilization procedures do not involve cutting into the bone. These techniques attempt to stabilize the joint by using heavy nylon or metal suture material to mimic the function of the CCL. This type of surgery may be most appropriate for smaller, older, or less active animals. 
• Tightrope CCL surgery is a technique that uses suture stabilization similar to extra-capsular techniques, but drills holes through both the femur and tibia to place the suture in a more anatomic position to achieve stabilization. 

While non-surgical solutions, such as pain management, directed activity, physical rehabilitation, and weight management, may help ease the discomfort of CCL injuries in dogs, these tactics do not address the underlying condition. For long-term health and mobility, the sooner surgery is performed, the better the outcome for your pet.

What Does TPLO Surgery for Dogs Involve? 

If your dog has a torn CCL and TPLO is merited, here’s what you can expect.

Before TPLO Surgery 

First, your veterinarian will want to confirm whether your dog’s limping is due to a CCL tear with a thorough orthopedic exam, which may involve sedation as some of the joint manipulation required may be painful.

The veterinarian will also take X-rays (radiographs) to assess the degree of inflammation inside the joint, confirm there are no other issues involved, and determine the angle of the tibial plateau. This helps the surgeon calculate the measurements needed for surgery, including how much the bone segment needs to be rotated. 

Most surgeons require your pet to have recent bloodwork confirming they are healthy enough for anesthesia and medications. Your veterinarian will also want your dog’s skin to be healthy before the procedure because unhealthy skin does not heal well and increases your dog’s risk for surgical infection. 

Day of TPLO Surgery

On the day of the procedure, your dog will receive pre-operative pain medication and anesthesia. Your dog’s leg will also be shaved all the way past the hip and down to the ankle before heading into the operating room. 

To start, the surgeon will make an incision on the outside of the leg near the knee. Using a small camera or the naked eye, they will inspect the knee joint, removing the meniscus — cartilage within the knee joint — if it is damaged.

The surgeon then moves the tissue and muscles at the top of the tibia out of the way to make a curved cut at the top of the tibia. This segment, the tibial plateau, is then rotated to a position that provides more stability, so the bones don’t slip when the knee is bent. then reattached with a plate and surgical screws. 

Finally, the surgeon sutures the muscles back together over the plate and closes the incision with sutures or surgical staples. All of this takes about 1-2 hours for an experienced veterinary surgeon. 

After TPLO Surgery

After the surgery is complete, but before the dog emerges from anesthesia, more X-rays are taken to confirm the new joint angle. If the surgeon is not satisfied, they will return to the operating room and alter the angle of the osteotomy segment. Some facilities can perform these X-rays in the operating room before closing the incision. 

Benefits of TPLO Surgery for Dogs

Likelihood of success. TPLO surgery for CCL tears in dogs has a very high success rate. According to one study, dogs that underwent the TPLO procedure regained 93 percent of knee function one year after the surgery. (1) 

Fast recovery. Compared to other corrective surgeries, TPLO has a speedy recovery rate. Within four months, most dogs can walk and play normally. Within six months, most can resume full activity, even strenuous play.

Reduced risk of arthritis. Researchers studying the long-term impact of TPLO on osteoarthritis in dogs found that dogs treated with TPLO had fewer pain and mobility issues due to osteoarthritis than dogs treated with other surgeries, such as han alternative procedures, like Tibial Tuberosity Advancement (TTA). (2)

Drawbacks of TPLO Surgery for Dogs

Not all dogs are eligible. Some dogs may not be considered good candidates for TPLO surgery due to age, weight, or other health issues. This is why it is so important to discuss your dog’s full medical history with a veterinary surgeon to determine the best way to address your dog’s damaged CCL. 

Risk of complications. As with any surgical procedure, TPLO surgery does come with some risks. One study found that 10-34 percent of TPLO procedures report complications. (3) The most common complications are considered minor, such as infection of the incision or post-operative swelling. Though less common, major complications include bone infection (osteomyelitis) which might require removal of the surgical plate and screws.

Re-injury during recovery. It’s crucial to monitor your dog closely after TPLO surgery and follow post-operative instructions to ensure the best chance of recovery. Otherwise, your dog could chew out their sutures because they aren’t wearing a cone or fracture their surgical implant due to exercising too soon.

And even if your dog recovers from TPLO surgery beautifully, it’s important to note that about half of the dogs who tear their CCL in one knee will injure the CCL in the other leg within a few years. So you may not be out of the woods yet.

Dog TPLO Surgery Cost

TPLO is a specialized surgery that should only be performed by board-certified veterinary surgeons. Their training and experience, combined with the cost of the equipment required, means this surgery is a somewhat pricey (yet worthy) investment in your pet’s long-term health. 

The average cost for surgery with hospital stay and follow-up visits ranges between $4,000 to $7,000 range. Complications during or after surgery can boost that figure even higher. 

And don’t forget about the costs you may incur during your dog’s recovery period. Physical therapy is highly recommended following TPLO surgery and typically costs around $500 to $1,000. 

TPLO Surgery Recovery in Dogs

Following TPLO surgery, it may take a few hours for the effects of the anesthesia to wear off. Some dogs spend a night at the animal hospital for monitoring and pain management from veterinary professionals. Once your pet leaves the hospital, their recovery is up to you. 

Your pet will be discharged from the hospital wearing an e-collar (also known as the “cone of shame”) to prevent them from licking at the incision as this can lead to infection or opening of the wound.

The veterinarian may also prescribe several types of medications to assist in your dog’s recovery. These will vary, depending on your dog’s overall health, general energy level, and other factors that can impact recovery success. It’s important to give these medications exactly as directed. If for some reason you are unable to give the medication call the veterinarian’s office right away for further instructions. 

Keys to TPLO Recovery: Rest, Caution, Patience

Most veterinarians advise 6 to 8 weeks of rest following surgery to give dogs time to heal. Returning to activity too early or without a gradual increase in intensity could undo the benefit of TPLO surgery and put you back at square one.

Your veterinarian will monitor your dog’s progress and provide a plan for resuming certain activities, as well as physical rehabilitation with a veterinary PT specialist, when they deem your dog ready. 

This may take some time, so be prepared to keep a close watch on your healing pup. It’s very likely your dog will think they’re ready for more activity before the veterinarian OKs it.

If, despite your best efforts, your dog jumps up onto the couch instead of waiting to be lifted or lunges after a squirrel, don’t despair. Accidents happen. But do call your veterinarian or surgeon for help determining what impact this might have on the healing process. 

They may recommend X-rays to make sure the bone and implant are where they should be. Or they may prescribe sedatives to help keep your dog subdued so they can heal properly. 

Repeat infractions, such as running, jumping, or other strenuous activities will disrupt healing and could lead to TPLO failure. So keep an eye out for symptoms that recovery is not going according to plan. These include worsening limp, lethargy, swelling of the knee, and discharge from the incision site.

However, if you (and your pup!) stick closely to your veterinarian’s proscribed recovery plan, your pet should be able to return to normal activity within about 6 months. 

How to Care for Your Dog After TPLO Surgery

To give your dog the best chance for a full recovery, here are some tips for success:

• Remember: Follow-care is as important as the surgery itself. Adhere closely to the post-op instructions about activity restriction, pain management, and follow-up appointments. 
• Stay in close communication with your veterinarian and surgeon to resolve questions or complications as they arise. You can always email pictures or videos of your dog’s incision or leave voicemails to make sure recovery is going smoothly. 
• Don’t overlook the importance of physical rehabilitation, which has been proven to improve recovery and restoration of mobility. Yes, it’s another expense. But it’s pointless to invest in the surgery and then skimp on recovery. Plus, physical rehabilitation is becoming more available at both specialty and primary veterinary clinics.
• Gradual return to activity means just that. Slowly add exercise back into your dog’s routine, under the advice of your veterinarian or surgeon. As your dog progresses, keep in mind that swimming, or even walking in shallow water, can be a great low-impact exercise. But be sure to clear it with your vet or surgeon, first.  
• Not only do overweight dogs face an increased risk of CCL injuries, but those extra pounds also make healing from TPLO surgery more difficult because of the strain they put on the joint as it heals. Anything you can do to help your dog maintain a healthy weight during recovery helps improve their long-term health and mobility. 

The post TPLO Surgery for Dogs: Costs and What to Expect appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Dogs with short spine syndrome often look like a cross between the Hunchback of Notre Dame and a frog, with an abnormally hunched back and strangely-bent hindlimbs. These dogs have also been called “Baboon Dogs,” due to their unique appearance and posture. The unusual appearance of these hunchbacked dogs can all be traced back to a spinal abnormality, which gives these unique dogs their characteristic appearance.

What Is Short Spine Syndrome?

Short spine syndrome is an incredibly rare spinal condition in dogs. Most veterinarians will never encounter a case of short spine syndrome during their career, and you will probably never personally meet a dog with short spine syndrome. However, even though this condition is rare, it can (and does!) occur. 

Dogs with short spine syndrome have a shortened, compressed spine. Their abnormal spine not only affects their overall body length, it also alters some of their bodily proportions. Short spine syndrome gives affected dogs a unique, characteristic appearance, and it can also have significant impacts on their mobility.

What Causes Short Spine Syndrome in Dogs?

Short spine syndrome is caused by a genetic abnormality. This abnormality was first noted hundreds of years ago, and it is thought to be associated with inbreeding. However, the exact genetic mutation that is responsible for this condition has not yet been identified.

In dogs with short spine syndrome, the vertebrae (back bones) do not develop normally. Instead, these bones remain in a softened or malleable state for a prolonged period of time, which allows them to become abnormally compressed. In some cases, adjacent vertebrae will fuse together into one larger vertebra. These spine abnormalities lead to the unique appearance of dogs with short spine syndrome.

Signs of Short Spine Syndrome in Dogs

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A dog with short spine syndrome typically has a hunchback appearance with no visible neck. The back is shortened and it often slopes steeply downward toward a tail that is twisted or kinked. Affected dogs often have fewer ribs that normal and they may have a “barrel-chested” appearance. Although the limbs are typically of normal length, the knees and elbows tend to be bowed outward. This can make walking and running difficult. 

Because short spine syndrome is caused by a genetic abnormality, the unusual body conformation and posture associated with this condition are typically apparent from an early age. 

Signs of short spine syndrome may include: 

• Hunchback appearance
• Lack of a visible neck 
• Short back
• Back slopes steeply toward the ground
• Barrel-chested appearance
• Missing ribs
• Twisted or kinked tail
• Outwardly bowed knees/elbows
• Difficult walking and running

Diagnosing Dog Short Spine Syndrome

Veterinarians can often diagnose short spine syndrome based on a physical exam alone. However, spinal radiographs (X-rays) are often performed to characterize the spinal abnormalities in affected dogs and rule out other conditions. Referral to a veterinary neurologist may be suggested for additional diagnostic testing. 

Managing Short Spine Syndrome in Dogs

There is no cure for short spine syndrome in dogs. Treatment is instead focused on keeping affected dogs comfortable and aiding their mobility. Veterinarians may treat short spine syndrome with pain medication, nutritional supplements, and/or physical therapy. Affected dogs may also require nursing care to help keep their bodies clean, prevent pressure sores, and prevent infection.

Short Spine Syndrome Life Expectancy

Because this condition is so rare, we do lack sufficient information to predict the expected lifespan of dogs with short spine syndrome. 

Short spine syndrome can affect a dog’s quality of life and lead to a variety of impacts that might decrease the dog’s lifespan. However, there are reports of dogs with short spine syndrome going on to live relatively normal lifespans.

Dogs with Short Spine Syndrome: Other Tips and Advice

Dogs with short spine syndrome are often unable to bend their neck. Placing their food and water bowls in an accessible location can help them eat and drink comfortably. Because they are unable to bend their neck and lick themselves, dogs with short spine syndrome may also require more frequent bathing and grooming than other dogs.

Short spine syndrome has significant impacts on a dog’s mobility. These dogs are typically unable to jump on and off furniture, so stairs or a ramp are recommended. Secured rugs can also be used to help these dogs navigate wood or tile floors and other slippery surfaces.

A dog with short spine syndrome will not be able to participate in the same activities as a normal dog. Swimming, jogging, and long games of Frisbee are out; instead, you will need to be creative in identifying your dog’s preferred method of play. 

Work closely with your veterinarian to determine that you are providing the best possible environment and lifestyle for your dog. 

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What Are Eye Allergies in Dogs?

Eye allergies in dogs, otherwise known as allergic conjunctivitis, is an inflammatory condition in dogs. Eye allergies are extremely irritating to dogs, just like they are in people, and cause itchy, red, watery eyes. 

Dog eye allergies can be confused with eye infections because they cause almost the same symptoms and are about as equally common in dogs. This can make it difficult to tell whether it is dog eye allergies vs. infection. Eye allergies are often coupled with other allergy symptoms, such as sneezing or itchy skin. Some key differences between dog eye allergies and infections include:

These differences may be subtle and hard to differentiate. If your dog is experiencing any kind of eye issues, especially if it is the first time, if your dog doesn’t respond to at-home treatment, or you suspect an eye infection or other issue, then take your dog to the veterinarian for an examination as soon as possible. 

Causes of Dog Eye Allergies

Eye allergies are caused when a dog’s immune system has a hypersensitive response to otherwise innocuous environmental substances. Because the dog is having a reaction, we call these things allergens, and they can include grass pollen, tree pollen, mold, cat dander, dust, insect particles, and more. When the dog comes into contact with an allergen, their immune system recognizes it as a ‘foreign invader’ and mounts an inflammatory response that we see as dog eye allergy symptoms. While any dog can develop eye allergies, dogs that have skin allergies tend to have more problems with eye allergies than other dogs. 

Eye allergies in dogs can also be caused by contact hypersensitivity or certain food ingredients. If your dog is sensitive to a particular laundry detergent or after eating chicken, for example, it can cause itchy, red eyes. 

Symptoms of Dog Eye Allergies

Dog eye allergies can be simple to spot if you know what you are looking for. If your dog goes outside in the spring or summer and comes back in with red, itchy eyes, then you can often safely assume it is eye allergies. Symptoms of eye allergies in dogs can include:

• Acute onset of itchy, red, watery eyes
• Swollen, red eyelids
• Pawing at eyes
• Rubbing face on carpet or furniture
• Increased eye discharge that may be clear, white, or caked on eyelids
• Yellow or green eye discharge if the eye develops a secondary infection

Remember that dog eye allergies can mimic the symptoms of other eye conditions that are more serious and painful, and can cause blindness. This includes conditions like eye infections, glaucoma, eyelash disorders, dry eye, and corneal ulcers. In addition, infectious conditions like distemper or eye worms can cause itchy, red eyes and ocular discharge. If this is the first time you see ocular signs in your dog, have your dog checked by a veterinarian to rule out other more serious causes of red eyes before assuming it is eye allergies.

Diagnosing Dog Eye Allergies

A veterinarian will utilize a complete physical examination, ophthalmic examination (of the eye), and eye tests as necessary to diagnose eye allergies in dogs and rule out more serious causes of red eyes. Your vet will also ask you questions about how long the problem has been going on, if it has happened before, if your dog has any problems with skin allergies, etc.

Eye tests that your veterinarian may run include staining the eye to look for corneal ulcers, a Schirmer Tear test to check tear production, and tonometry to check pressure inside the eyes to rule out glaucoma. Other eye tests can include bacterial or viral culture if infection is suspected. 

Dog Eye Allergy Treatment

If your dog has mild eye allergies, you can often manage the condition at home by rinsing your dog’s eyes with sterile saline any time they are red. While human over-the-counter eye drops for allergies may be effective in some dogs, it is best to always check with your veterinarian before putting any human eye drops in your dog’s eyes.

If these treatments don’t help, then the problem may not be an eye allergy or your dog may need stronger prescription-strength allergy eye drops for dogs that are available through your veterinarian. In either case, it’s time to call your vet for advice. Your vet may want to run some more tests, chat with you about food allergies, or prescribe some medication that can help. 

Never use steroid eye drops in your dog without the supervision of a veterinarian. These can cause serious side effects that can result in severe pain and blindness if used inappropriately. 

Eye allergies usually clear up on their own when the dog is no longer being exposed to the allergen, but they may appear again in the future if the allergen reappears. It is helpful to put a reminder in your phone for the same time next year so that you can stop eye allergy symptoms before they start. 

How to Prevent Dog Eye Allergies

You can minimize your dog’s eye allergy symptoms by applying an eye lube (ask your vet for a product recommendation) before the dog goes outside and then rinsing their eyes with sterile saline after they come back inside. This will remove any allergens from your dog’s eyes. Antihistamines can also be helpful to prevent allergy symptoms in the first place if you start them before symptoms begin. Ask your veterinarian for a type of antihistamine and dosage to use in your dog.

Related Conditions

• Infectious conjunctivitis
• Corneal ulcer
• Atopy
• Food allergy

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Many conditions can disrupt a dog’s normal heart rate, causing organs not to get the vital blood they need to function properly. An abnormal heart rate often signals the need for veterinary care and attention.

Why Understanding a Dog’s Heart Rate Matters

Knowing your dog’s normal heart rate will help you and your veterinarian quickly recognize when the rate is abnormal.

A normal dog heart rate is also known as the resting heart rate, the rate at which the heart beats when the body is at rest (like when you’re sitting still at the doctor’s office while a nurse takes your heart rate).

Regularly monitoring your dog’s resting heart rate will give you an accurate estimate of what’s normal. No need to buy a stethoscope, though. Later in the article, we’ll explain how to measure your dog’s heart rate without special equipment.

Also, you don’t have to check your dog’s heart rate every week. A dog’s resting heart rate stays steady over time. An occasional check at home and heart rate checks at each veterinary appointment are sufficient for the average, healthy dog.

Changes in heart rate can signal an underlying health issue that needs attention. Other times, though, a change in heart rate is normal and temporary, such as an increased heart rate with exercise. Your veterinarian can help you determine whether a change in heart rate is normal or indicates an actual health problem.

What Is a Normal Dog Heart Rate?

A dog’s normal heart rate primarily depends on their size and age. Normal heart rates are generally higher in puppies and small dogs than in adult dogs and large dogs.

Here’s a chart of average heart rates in dogs, measured in beats per minute (BPM):

An abnormally slow heart rate is called bradycardia, while an abnormally fast heart rate is called tachycardia.

Abnormal Heart Rates in Dogs

Abnormal heart rates in dogs are either physiologic (normal and temporary) or pathologic (caused by an underlying health issue).

Bradycardia occurs when the heart beats too slowly. Here are some causes of bradycardia in dogs:

Physiologic

• Very athletic dog

Pathologic

• Liver or kidney failure
• Hypokalemia (low potassium levels)
• Myocarditis (heart muscle inflammation)
• Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland)

Tachycardia occurs when the heart beats too quickly. A rapid heartbeat doesn’t allow the heart’s chambers to fully refill with blood between contractions (when the heart ‘squeezes’). Here are common causes of tachycardia in dogs:

Physiologic

• Stress
• Exercise
• Anxiety
• Excitement

Pathologic

• Fever
• Shock
• Infection
• Dehydration
• Low blood pressure
• Congestive heart failure

How to Check a Dog’s Heart Rate

Check your dog’s heart rate regularly when your dog is at rest.

There are several places on your dog’s body where you can check the heart rate:

• Directly over the heart: Place your hand on the left side of the chest, behind the elbow of the left front leg.
• Inside the front of the right or left hind leg.

Even though the heart rate is reported as beats per minute (BPM), you do not have to count for 60 seconds. Instead, count the number of beats for 15 seconds, then multiply that number by four. For example, if you count 30 beats in 15 seconds, the heart rate is 120 BPM (30 x 4).

Track the time with a watch, stopwatch, or your phone’s timer. Also, take your dog’s heart rate several times to ensure your measurement is accurate. Write down the measurement, especially if it’s abnormal.

Abnormal Dog Heart Rate: Next Steps

Take your dog to your veterinarian if your dog’s heart rate is abnormal and you’re unsure why. During the appointment, tell your veterinarian what heart rate you measured at home. They will perform a physical exam and listen closely to your dog’s heart.

Your veterinarian will then perform other diagnostic tests to examine your dog’s heart. One such test is an electrocardiogram, which evaluates the heart’s electrical activity. An echocardiogram is an ultrasound that shows the heart’s structures and how the heart is beating and pumping blood. A chest X-ray may show an abnormal appearance of the heart (e.g., enlargement).

In addition, your veterinarian will perform bloodwork and a urinalysis to evaluate your dog’s overall health and look for evidence of an underlying illness.

Treating an Abnormal Heart Rate

An abnormal heart rate can lead to other health problems, so it is essential to re-establish a normal heart rate. In cases of physiologic changes, such as exercise or anxiety, treatment may not be necessary.

However, if your dog has an underlying illness, that illness will need to be treated and managed to get your dog’s heart rate back to normal. For example, if an infection is causing your dog’s heart to beat too fast, treating the infection will help normalize the heart rate.

There are also specific heart medications that can re-establish a normal heart rate. Once your veterinarian determines why your dog’s heart rate is abnormal, they will prescribe the most appropriate medical treatment.

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Most dogs with diabetes require insulin injections every 12 hours. Unlike in diabetic people, we do not try to achieve normal blood sugar levels (70-130) in dogs. Rather, the goal is to keep blood sugar levels below harmful amounts (as high as upper 200’s depending on the pet). While there are several reasons behind this more conservative use of insulin in dogs, the dangers of low blood sugar are among the most serious. Low blood sugar can quickly cause seizures, coma, and death.

Since both high and low blood sugar levels are dangerous, your veterinarian will want to regularly measure the effects of your dog’s insulin dose on their blood sugar to make sure it neither drops too low nor stays too high. A glucose curve for dogs is a day-long procedure that can help veterinarians understand your dog’s response to insulin. The results of the glucose curve are used to assess and improve control of your dog’s diabetes and are a very important part of diabetes management for dogs. 

What is a Glucose Curve for Dogs?

A glucose curve for a diabetic dog is a series of blood sugar (blood glucose or BG) measurements starting before a meal and insulin dose and repeated throughout a 12 or 24 hour period. Blood glucose is measured every 1-2 hours. The goal is to determine how well the dog is responding to the current dose of insulin.

In a typical curve the blood glucose will immediately go up after a meal then decrease as the insulin takes effect. Then as the insulin wears off again the blood glucose will rise until the next meal and insulin dose. The exact pattern or shape of this curve depends on the type of insulin, the dose, and how well the individual dog responds to insulin. Your veterinarian uses the information obtained in a glucose curve to adjust insulin levels and make other recommendations such as dietary changes. It is very important not to change your dog’s insulin dose without consulting your veterinarian first.

Most of the time a glucose curve is performed in your veterinarian’s clinic. However, some pet parents are comfortable performing blood glucose sampling at home with a small hand-held unit (glucometer) very similar to the ones human diabetics use. Glucometers are relatively inexpensive and readily available ($50-$100 plus refill test strips). The procedure is the same, with blood sampling every 1-2 hours. Pet parents send the results to their veterinarian after the full curve has been collected. The veterinarian then interprets the glucose curve and recommends changes to the insulin dose if necessary.

Although insulin is used commonly it is a very dangerous drug. Too much insulin can lead to low blood sugar which can cause collapse, seizures, and even death. Too little insulin and it will be ineffective, putting dogs at risk for abnormal metabolism which can also be fatal if untreated. This is why it is very important to regularly perform glucose curve tests to make sure a dog’s insulin dose is effective.

Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Dogs

Until recently, each measurement of blood glucose required drawing blood and immediately testing it in either a hand-held glucose monitor designed for canine blood samples or in a large blood analyzer found in most veterinary clinics. 

In the past few years continuous glucose monitors have become available for dogs. Continuous glucose monitors are flat, golf-ball sized patches that are adhered to an area of a dog’s skin. Glucose levels can be read with a hand-held scanner or phone app as frequently as is required for up to 2 weeks. Though these have the advantage of being less invasive, they may not be as accurate as blood glucose testing. The device can be expensive, up to $300 per monitor. The scanner can be purchased and reused for future glucose curves or may be rented from your veterinarian.

Blood Glucose Curve for Dogs: What to Expect

A glucose curve is a scheduled procedure with your veterinarian. It is important that your dog have a fairly typical day the day before. This means they should eat at their normal times, have their normal walks and other activities, and receive their prescribed dose of insulin. If your dog does not eat, vomits or has diarrhea, misses an insulin dose, or shows any signs of illness call your veterinarian to reschedule the glucose curve. Your veterinarian may still want to see your pet to determine the cause of their illness. But since illness affects metabolism and blood glucose levels the glucose curve should be postponed if your dog is sick.

On the day of the glucose curve your veterinarian will have you withhold food and insulin until you are at the clinic and baseline blood glucose is assessed. If your dog will not eat at the veterinary clinic or there are other extenuating circumstances, your veterinarian may instruct you to feed and administer insulin before arrival at the clinic. Otherwise, bring your dog’s breakfast and insulin with you. You should prepare to spend about 1 hour at the veterinary clinic in the morning. After breakfast your dog will remain at the clinic for 12 or 24 hours.

Small blood samples are taken every 1-2 hours to measure glucose concentration in blood. Some veterinarians will place an IV catheter and draw blood from it while others will use very small needles to draw blood samples from the paw or ear. The specifics will depend on many factors including your dog’s overall health, any other illnesses, and veterinarian preference.

When the glucose curve is completed you can pick up your dog and return to a normal eating and dosing schedule. Your veterinarian will call you within several days of the glucose curve to discuss the results and make any recommendations.

f your dog’s insulin schedule is not morning and evening, for example if you work non-standard hours and dose insulin at 2pm and 2am, then your veterinarian will likely recommend either a continuous glucose monitor for home testing or having a glucose curve performed at a 24-hour veterinary facility that is able to accommodate your dog’s insulin schedule.

Glucose curves will need to be repeated at least every 6 months for dogs with well-controlled diabetes. If changes are made to your dog’s insulin dose after a glucose curve your veterinarian will want to repeat the glucose curve at this new dose in 2-4 weeks.

How Much Does a Glucose Curve Cost?

The cost of a glucose curve will vary between veterinarians and also based on the length of the curve (12 vs 24 hours) and type of sampling (blood collection vs continuous monitor). A range from $150 to $500 is average, although some glucose curves may cost more.

Performing a Dog Glucose Curve at Home: What to Know

If you and your veterinarian are comfortable with it, it is possible to perform a glucose curve at home. This can be especially useful for dogs who are very fearful or uncooperative at the veterinarian’s office. The procedure is the same, with sampling every 1 or 2 hours for 12 or 24 hours. A glucose curve can also be collected at home after a continuous glucose monitor is placed on your dog by the veterinarian. In either case, you send the numbers to your veterinarian for analysis.

Even if you perform a glucose curve at home, do not make changes to your dog’s insulin dose unless instructed by your veterinarian. While the blood glucose measurements you collected are important in determining whether changes need to be made, there are other factors involved as well including your pet’s other health challenges, health history, method of sample collection, and type of insulin your dog is on.

Dog Blood Glucose Curve Results: What They Mean

The results of your dog’s glucose curve tell your veterinarian how well their diabetes is controlled. If all of the numbers are too high that means that your dog may need more insulin, a different type of insulin, or to have other changes made in their lifestyle such as diet type or changes to other medications. An inconsistent curve, or one where the lowest number is too low, could mean that your dog is getting too much insulin.

Diabetes is a very complex disease because of all of the ways blood glucose levels influence overall metabolism in the body. Regularly assessing blood glucose curves helps your veterinarian make sure your dog stays healthy despite their diabetes.

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There are several possible causes, and it’s important for your dog to see a veterinarian to obtain a diagnosis and treatment. 

Let’s look at the six most common causes for blood in a dog’s urine and what other symptoms you might see if your dog has one of these conditions.

Blood in Dog Urine: What it Looks Like

Blood in a dog’s urine can have a variable appearance depending on the volume of blood present. 

Sometimes, the urine is slightly pink-tinged because a very small volume of blood is present. Other times, the urine may appear obviously red from a large volume of blood present. You may also see urine with red blood clots in it or specks of red blood. 

Some pet owners may spot blood in their dog’s urine when their dog urinates outside, but if the volume of blood in the urine is small, this may be tough to see. Other owners only notice blood in the urine when they see the urine against a light-colored background, such as when the dog urinates on snow or when wiping up urine with a paper towel.

What Causes Blood in a Dog’s Urine?

There are several possible causes for blood in the urine. Because many of these causes can have similar symptoms, it’s important not to try to diagnose your dog at home. If your dog has bloody urine, see your veterinarian right away for an appropriate diagnosis and treatment. 

Possible causes for blood in the urine include:

Urinary Tract Infection

Possibly the most common cause for blood in the urine is a urinary tract infection. Urinary tract infections occur when bacteria from the genitalia and urethra penetrate a dog’s bladder. In addition to blood in the urine, other symptoms may include pain, frequent urination, urinating small volumes, and inappropriate urination. Urinary tract infections are more common in female dogs than in males. 

Kidney Infection

A kidney infection – also called pyelonephritis – is a bacterial infection of one or both kidneys. It commonly occurs when an infection from the lower urinary tract – the bladder and urethra – ascends to the kidney(s) via the ureters. Some dogs with kidney infection are asymptomatic, while others have upper urinary tract signs including increased drinking, increased urination, kidney pain, vomiting, lethargy, loss of appetite, fever, and blood in the urine. 

Urolithiasis (Urinary Stones)

Stones in the urinary tract – known medically as urolithiasis – can cause blood in the urine due to the resulting inflammation and trauma to the surrounding tissues. Stones can be found in the upper urinary tract, such as in the kidney or ureter, or in the lower urinary tract, such as in the bladder or urethra. The majority of stones occur in the lower urinary tract. Other symptoms of urinary stones include painful urination, frequent urination, and urinary incontinence. 

Tumors

Tumors of the lower urinary tract may lead to blood in the urine as well as other symptoms such as straining to urinate, more frequent urination, painful urination, and incontinence. Dogs with tumors of the lower urinary tract may also strain to defecate due to the tumor pressing against the rectal wall. Tumors of the bladder or urethra may lead to urinary tract obstruction, resulting in unproductive straining, pain, lethargy, and systemic illness.

Prostatic Disease

In unneutered male dogs, diseases of the prostate such as Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy and prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate) can cause blood in the urine. These conditions are common in intact (unneutered) male dogs and uncommon in neutered males. Other symptoms associated with prostate disease include straining to defecate, increased urination, straining to urinate, urinary incontinence, and bleeding from the penis.

Bleeding Disorders

A less common, but possible, cause of blood in dog urine is a bleeding disorder. Bleeding disorders can be inherited or can be acquired secondary to other conditions. One example of an acquired bleeding disorder is bleeding that occurs due to rodenticide toxicity, which can result in blood in the urine. Typically, blood in the urine is not the first or only symptom of a bleeding disorder. Other symptoms may include pale gums, weakness, bruising, bleeding from the nose, coughing, or exercise intolerance. 

Other Symptoms to Watch For

Any time you see blood in your dog’s urine, it warrants a trip to the veterinarian. Be sure to note any other symptoms your dog may be experiencing, such as straining to urinate, painful urination, frequent urination, accidents in the house, or any other changes in health or behavior. Make sure to tell your veterinarian about these symptoms at your visit, as they can help your veterinarian diagnose the cause of your dog’s changes in urination. 

Your veterinarian will likely also ask you about any changes in your dog’s eating and drinking habits, energy level, and defecation habits. This history is an important part of your pet’s medical workup, so be sure to give your veterinarian as much detail as you can.

Diagnosing the Cause of a Dog Peeing Blood

To diagnose the cause of the blood in your dog’s urine, your veterinarian may recommend some or all of the following tests:

Physical Examination. Your veterinarian will perform a comprehensive head-to-tail physical examination, including palpating your dog’s abdomen and examining your dog’s genitalia. The physical examination may also include a rectal examination, which allows the veterinarian to palpate the urethra and examine the prostate in male dogs.

Urinalysis. Your veterinarian will likely request a urine sample for analysis which can be used to identify blood in the urine as well as other changes such as bacteria, crystals, and casts in the urine. 

Radiographs (X-Rays). Your veterinarian may recommend radiographs (X-rays) of your pet’s abdomen to evaluate the urinary tract. Radiographs can help diagnose abnormalities such as stones and certain types of prostatic disease, as well as identify changes associated with other systemic illnesses.

Ultrasound. Your veterinarian may recommend ultrasound imaging of your pet’s urinary tract to evaluate structures such as the bladder, kidneys, and prostate. Ultrasound can be used to diagnose certain diseases and may also be used to collect urine samples via a special method called cystocentesis.

Blood in Dog Urine Treatment

The treatment for blood in your dog’s urine depends on the underlying cause. Some causes of blood in the urine, such as urinary tract infections or kidney infections, are treated with prescription medications from your veterinarian. Other causes of blood in the urine, such as bladder stones, are treated with surgery to remove the stones. Your veterinarian will determine the best course of treatment for your dog.

You should not attempt any home remedies. There are no effective home remedies that will get rid of blood in your dog’s urine. It is important not to delay seeking veterinary care for blood in the urine, as many causes of this issue can be serious and can progress in severity if left untreated. You should never attempt to treat your dog with home remedies or over-the-counter treatments unless directed to do so by your veterinarian.

How to Prevent Blood in Dog Urine

Prostatic disease can be prevented by having your dog neutered. In dogs predisposed to developing bladder stones, a prescription veterinary diet may be used to prevent the recurrence of bladder stones following initial treatment. In general, other causes of blood in the urine cannot be prevented.

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But what happens if the blood bypasses the liver, and those toxins aren’t filtered? When your dog has a liver shunt, this is exactly what occurs. Here, we’ll explain what a liver shunt is, signs to watch for, and treatment options.

What Is a Liver Shunt?

The vessels that carry blood from the intestines, spleen, and pancreas to the liver make up the portal venous system. When a vein is connected abnormally in a way that allows blood to bypass the liver, it is called a portosystemic shunt. Blood is “shunted” from the portal venous system to another vessel, bypassing detoxification in the liver. These shunts can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later in life.

When a dog has a congenital venous shunt, around 75 percent of the time they have only one abnormal vessel. In the remaining 25 percent, they have multiple abnormal connections, resulting in multiple shunts. Shunts can occur outside of the liver (extrahepatic) or within the liver (intrahepatic).

Acquired shunts usually develop later in life as a response to other issues. With acquired shunts, your dog will typically develop multiple abnormal connections, meaning they have multiple shunts.

When the liver can’t detoxify blood, these toxins will go to the rest of the body, causing significant health concerns for your pup.

Causes of Liver Shunts in Dogs

Congenital liver shunts have different causes than acquired liver shunts. Let’s break down the origin of both. 

Causes of Congenital Liver Shunts

When your dog was a developing fetus inside their mother, they didn’t need their liver to detoxify blood from the intestinal tract because they weren’t eating anything. While in their mother’s uterus, puppies have a large shunt called the ductus venosus that allows blood to bypass the liver. This shunt is supposed to collapse after birth. 

If this vessel remains open after birth or your puppy develops another abnormal venous connection while growing within their mother, it is considered a congenital liver shunt.

Genetics play some role in the development of portosystemic shunts, with some breeds more likely to be affected than others. However, this condition is considered a complex trait that isn’t simply inherited from a dog’s parents.

Breeds that have a higher risk of developing congenital portosystemic liver shunts include:

• Yorkshire Terrier
• Old English Sheepdog
• Irish Wolfhound
• Cairn Terrier
• Maltese
• Labrador Retriever
• Miniature Schnauzer

Small and toy breeds tend to develop single extrahepatic shunts. Single intrahepatic shunts are more common in large breeds.

Causes of Acquired Liver Shunts

Acquired liver shunts occur later in life. If your dog develops significant liver disease, they can experience scarring (cirrhosis) of the liver. Because of the scarring, the blood vessels in the portal venous system may have high blood pressure (portal hypertension). Blood in the portal venous system will attempt to follow the path of least resistance, causing the dog to develop multiple abnormal connections that shunt blood around the liver. These shunts can occur in any breed or age of animal.

Symptoms of a Liver Shunt in Dogs

A dog with a large congenital liver shunt will develop symptoms earlier in life than a dog with a small, less severe shunt. Signs of a liver shunt in dogs can include:

• Stunted growth
• Poor muscle development
• Abnormal behaviors (appears disoriented, stares into space, walks in circles, presses head against walls), which sometimes develop after eating meals
• Seizures
• Drinking and/or urinating too much
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Prolonged recovery after anesthesia

The signs of acquired shunts are similar (minus stunted growth), but your dog may also have signs of the underlying disease that’s causing portal hypertension. For example, a dog with severe liver cirrhosis may also have jaundice (yellow gums, eyes). Symptoms of acquired shunts are most often seen in middle-aged or older canines.

Diagnosing Liver Shunts in Dogs

To diagnose this condition, the veterinarian will start with a physical exam and routine lab work.

The blood work may show that the puppy is mildly anemic, and the blood chemistry may have changes in values that suggest a liver shunt. Urinalysis can show diluted urine and spiky crystals called ammonium biurate crystals. Although routine lab work may suggest a shunt and rule out other conditions, it’s unlikely to give a definitive diagnosis of liver shunt.

As most dogs with liver shunts will have elevated bile acids, your veterinarian will almost certainly want to run a bile acids test, which helps determine if the liver is functioning appropriately. This test involves taking blood from a dog who has not eaten in at least 12 hours (preprandial sample), feeding them a meal, and then drawing a second blood sample two hours after eating (postprandial sample). In a normal dog, bile acids enter the intestine and remain there until food has been digested. The intestines will absorb the bile acids, which will move through the portal venous system back to the liver. If the dog has a shunt, their bile acids will bypass the liver, so the levels remain elevated.

Other testing may include:

• X-rays of the abdomen, which may show a small liver
• Ultrasound of the abdomen, especially if the ultrasound machine allows examination of blood vessels (Doppler flow analysis)
• CT scan with contrast that allows the study of vessels
• MRI
• Exploratory surgery to see if an abnormal vessel is present

Liver biopsy may also be recommended if the dog has acquired portosystemic shunts or during surgical correction of congenital portosystemic shunts. 

Treatment for a Dog Liver Shunt

Depending on the situation, there are a variety of treatment options for congenital liver shunts.

Medical Treatment

If your dog is having significant clinical signs from their congenital liver shunt, initial stabilization should be completed with special diets and medications. Your pet may also receive a rectal enema to remove intestinal toxins before they are absorbed. Intravenous fluids may be administered to stabilize blood sugar. If your dog is having seizures, they will also be started on an anti-seizure medication such as diazepam.

Diet changes will aim to reduce the amount of protein in the diet and ensure that proteins are high quality and highly digestible. High levels of protein typically worsen the signs of liver shunts.

Your pet may be given a medication called lactulose. This decreases the absorption of ammonia and other toxins from the intestines, making the environment of the intestines less favorable to bacteria that produce toxins. Your veterinarian may also recommend specific antibiotics that reduce populations of toxin-producing bacteria.  

Surgical Treatment

In most cases of congenital liver shunts, surgery will be recommended. Most surgeons now use a metal band with an inner ring of casein (milk protein) called an ameroid constrictor, which slowly closes the shunt over time. The inner ring of casein absorbs normal abdominal fluid and gradually swells, pressing on the shunt and encouraging it to scar shut. 

Survival with this surgery is over 95%, and most dogs are clinically normal within 4-8 weeks after placement. The shunt is typically closed within 3-4 weeks. In dogs whose shunt does not completely close, the remaining shunt is usually less severe and can often be managed with diet and medication. Dogs with a single shunt have an excellent prognosis after surgery, especially if the shunt is extrahepatic.

About 1/3 of dogs treated medically will live a long life, but these tend to be dogs who are diagnosed later in life, meaning their shunt is less severe. Over half of dogs treated medically will be euthanized within 10 months of diagnosis because they continue to have uncontrollable neurologic signs, changes to their behavior, or liver damage.

Surgery is not typically recommended for acquired liver shunts. Instead, these dogs must be managed with a protein-restricted diet and lactulose for the remainder of their life.

Liver Supplements 

Pet parents often question if liver supplements will help their pets. Generally, they may help and are unlikely to hurt. Examples of liver supplements to speak to your veterinarian about include milk thistle and SAM-e (S-adenosyl-L-methionine), and active ingredients in these supplements vary. 

Supplements alone will not be enough, however, and most of these pets will still benefit from surgery or medical management.

Cost to Treat Liver Shunts in Dogs

Treating your pet’s liver shunt can be very expensive, but the positive outcomes make it worth it for many pet parents. Cost varies by the size of your dog and the type of shunt. The workup for diagnosing liver shunts can be around $1,500 to $2,000, sometimes more. Surgery for an extrahepatic congenital shunt (usually a small breed dog) can range from $3,500 to $5,000.

Both diagnosis of and treatment for intrahepatic shunts, which are more common in large breed dogs, are usually more complicated. Cost can range from $4,500 to $7,500 for workup and open abdominal surgery, but it can reach $8,000 to $9,500 for more complex procedures, like using a coil within the shunt to close the abnormal venous connection.

Overall, the price ranges from $2,000 to up over $10,000 for the treatment of liver shunts in dogs. 

In cases where medical management is acceptable, the workup can still be costly but long-term management with a medication like lactulose is usually affordable.

How to Prevent Liver Shunts in Dogs 

While it’s recommended not to breed dogs with portosystemic shunts due to the role genetics play, there is nothing you as a pet parent can do to prevent your puppy from developing a congenital liver shunt. They usually have them before they’ve even entered your home!

Acquired liver shunts can be prevented in some cases by keeping your pet’s liver healthy. Long-term or inappropriate usage of some medications, such as paracetamol or phenobarbital, can damage the liver. Keep your dog vaccinated against diseases that can affect the liver, such as leptospirosis or adenovirus.

Other cases may occur due to conditions you cannot prevent, such as idiopathic hepatitis, which is inflammation of the liver that occurs without a known cause. Annual or biannual lab work may help you and your veterinarian detect liver diseases early, allowing treatment to slow progression and keep your pet healthier for longer.

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Early estimates of the frequency of limp tail in dogs found it affected 1 in 200 working dogs, and it’s thought to be less common in dogs that are not working breeds. However, a more recent study in Labradors found that, on average, 1 in 10 dogs had a case of limp tail. It’s obviously a lot more common than previously thought, probably because – thanks to its low severity – most dogs will recover quickly and may never see a vet for the condition. 

What Is Limber Tail in Dogs?

Limber tail syndrome in dogs (acute caudal myopathy) is a condition characterized by a painful and limp tail. It goes by a number of other names, the most common of which are “swimmer’s tail” and “cold tail.” 

Luckily, limber tail is not considered a serious condition – on average, dogs recover within 3 days, although some take over a week to feel better. 

Limber tail is not thought to be a common condition in the general dog population. However, it is around five times more common in working dogs (especially gun dogs such as Retrievers and Pointers) and in higher latitudes, meaning in some northern areas with a rural population it may be quite common. It also seems to have some sort of genetic basis, appearing in certain breeding lines more often. Some dogs seem to be prone to limber tail syndrome and will be affected by repeated episodes.

How Do Dogs Get Limber Tail?

It is not known exactly what causes limber tail syndrome in dogs, but the signs and the way the condition develops suddenly are thought to be related to overworked muscles – in other words, a sprained tail. 

Here are some activities and conditions that may cause limber tail in dogs. 

Swimming

Swimming is one of the most common causes of limp tail in dogs (hence the terms “swimmer’s tail” and “rudder tail”). Dogs that swim are about five times more likely to have a case than non-swimmers. It is not clear whether the exposure to the cold water or the actual act of swimming causes a dog’s tail to be limp after swimming. However, it seems likely that overuse of the tail muscles while swimming (dogs use their tails like a rudder) could cause a painful, sore tail for a few days afterwards. Having said that, some cases happen after immersion in cold water and it’s possible the cold water itself is a contributing factor.

Vigorous Exercise

Vigorous exercise is also thought to be a contributing factor to limp tail syndrome. Again, this makes sense if we accept that limp tail in dogs is caused by painful, overworked muscles. 

Cold or Wet Weather

Anecdotally, cold or wet weather may increase the chances of a dog suffering with limp tail. In this study, a few cases occurred without swimming but in cold or wet weather, showing that swimming isn’t the only cause of limp tail. However, most of these cases had also had vigorous exercise, making it difficult to know the exact cause of the problem.

Confinement

A few cases of limber tail seem to happen after confinement such as in a crate or car. It’s not clear how this would cause limber tail, but may be as a result of ‘stiffening up.’ It could be that the confinement itself wasn’t related to the development of limber tail – in this study, all of the cases that had limber tail after confinement had also been swimming, had vigorous exercise, or been exposed to cold weather.

Hypothyroidism

There is one case of a dog with hypothyroidism developing signs consistent with limber tail. It’s likely that this was unrelated, but since no other studies into this have been done it’s possible that there is a connection.

Symptoms of Limber Tail Syndrome  

Limber tail syndrome is usually diagnosed based on symptoms alone, as they are quite distinctive. 

Dogs with limber tail have a limp or droopy (flaccid) tail, which may be completely droopy or may stick out straight behind them for a few inches before drooping. The tail base is usually very painful, which may make dogs aggressive or even constipated as they try to avoid using their tail muscles for pooping. 

Other symptoms of limber tail syndrome in dogs include:

• Limp, droopy, or flaccid tail
• Stiff tail base
• Painful tail base
• Unusual posture (related to pain)
• Reluctance to sit or squat
• Aggression (likely related to pain)
• Constipation (usually due to reluctance to squat)
• Erect hair at tail base
• Staggering gait

How to Diagnose Limber Tail in Dogs

In most dogs, the combination of a painful, stiff tail base and limp length of tail is enough to diagnose the condition – especially in a working breed or if the dog was previously swimming.  

Your vet will feel (palpate) your dog’s tail to confirm the tail pain and also to feel for swelling related to an injury such as a bruise or fracture.

While a clinical exam is usually sufficient for your veterinarian to diagnose your dog with limber tail, they may recommend further tests if they aren’t sure. This may involve blood tests and X-rays to check for a broken bone, which would cause similar signs. 

Another commonly mistaken condition is anal gland problems – your vet may examine your dog’s anal glands and empty them in case this is causing their symptoms. 

Limber Tail Treatment 

While limber tail does resolve on its own without treatment, it’s a painful condition. Most veterinarians will recommend giving your dog some pain relief in order to make their recovery faster and more pleasant. In most cases, anti-inflammatory NSAIDs are all that is necessary to treat dogs with limber tail syndrome. 

Pain medication should be combined with rest (but not close confinement such as in a crate, which could make it worse) and being kept warm and dry. 

You may be wondering: how long does limber tail last? On average, limber tail syndrome in dogs lasts around 3-4 days, although it ranges from a few hours to 10 days. 

Natural anti-inflammatories and home remedies for limber tail in dogs are not sufficient to relieve pain and keep your dog comfortable.

Medications for Limber Tail in Dogs

In general, NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) are the most common drug used to treat limber tail in dogs. Common NSAIDs prescribed to dogs for limp tail include:

• Meloxicam (brand names Metacam, Loxicom)
• Carprofen (brand name Rimadyl)
• Firocoxib (brand name Previcox)
• Deracoxib (brand name Deramaxx)

General Cost for Limber Tail Treatment 

Limber tail is not generally considered an expensive condition to treat. In most cases, an examination and a week’s worth of NSAIDs is all that is required. This is likely to cost $50-$150 depending on your veterinarian and the size of your dog. 

In more unusual cases where further investigations, more medications, or follow-up exams are required, the fee may rise to $500. If you have budget constraints it’s important to communicate these to your veterinarian as soon as possible, as they can adjust their investigations and treatment plan to help you stay within budget.

How to Prevent Limber Tail in Dogs

Since the cause of limber tail isn’t fully understood, it’s difficult to prevent swimmer’s tail in dogs. For most pet dogs, limber tail is unlikely, and prevention isn’t necessary. 

However, taking a few sensible precautions can possibly help prevent this condition:

• Build up fitness slowly and avoid strenuous physical activity until your dog is conditioned and ready.
• Avoid immersion in cold water when possible. This may mean changing your walking route for a few months if you have an at-risk dog.
• Avoid vigorous exercise in cold or wet weather, especially if your dog isn’t used to it.
• Avoid confinement in small crates – ensure your dog has space to stretch out comfortably.

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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that about 90 percent of Americans aged 20 or older have had at least one cavity in their lives, while 1 in 4 Americans between the ages of 20 and 64 currently have a cavity. 

The prevalence of cavities among humans, however, does not translate to their canine best friends. A 1998 study in the Journal of Veterinary Dentistry found that of the 435 dogs whose dental records were reviewed, just 23 (or 5.3 percent of dogs) had cavities. 

That said, they can still be irritating and painful problems for a dog and potentially expensive ones for a dog parent. Here’s everything you need to know about canine cavities.

What Is a Cavity? 

“Cavities” is the more colloquial word for a problem in the dental community known as “caries.” According to a paper in The Canadian Veterinary Journal, the word “caries” is Latin for rottenness.

Dr. Amy Stone is a clinical associate professor at the University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine. She describes cavities as “resulting from bacterial decay of the tooth structure due to the release of acids from oral bacteria digesting carbohydrates on the surface of the tooth.”

As the decay continues, small holes form on the hard surface of the tooth, which expands and goes deeper over time if left untreated.

Can Dogs Get Cavities? 

Dogs can get cavities, but dogs do not get cavities as frequently as humans. While the process by which cavities develop is the same between dogs and humans, there are several reasons why they don’t happen as often in dogs.

“Human saliva is more acidic, human teeth have many pits and fissures (whereas dog teeth are mostly conical), and there is more space between dog teeth to prevent food trapping,” Dr. Stone says. “These differences mean the bacteria species that most commonly cause caries are not as prevalent in the canine [mouth].”

Stone adds that there isn’t a breed- or age-specific predisposition to developing cavities, though they don’t appear to be a problem in deciduous (or “baby”) teeth, which suggests they’re typical among dogs who are more than a year old.

Because of the way a dog’s mouth is structured, cavities are most common toward the back of the dog’s mouth – specifically on teeth called maxillary molars. Dr. Stone says these teeth have thinner enamel, as well as pits and grooves that allow cavity-causing bacteria to thrive. 

Causes of Cavities in Dogs

Cavities do not come about because of another illness or condition. Nor are they simply the result of a lack of dental care or cleaning, Dr. Stone says. “It’s more about the diet. If dogs eat fruit, honey, cookies made for humans, or sweetened peanut butter, they are more likely to develop them.” 

This is another reason why humans get cavities far more frequently than dogs do – the food we eat contains much more sugar, both natural and added. 

The other common cause for cavities in dogs, Dr. Stone says, is dry mouth. Also known as xerostomia, dry mouth is simply a lack of sufficient saliva. When it comes to dogs, slobbering, of course, can be a nuisance for their parents, but it actually helps with their oral health. Like human saliva, the canine variety contains various antibacterial compounds that can help neutralize the bacteria that cause cavities. 

Signs of dry mouth include bad breath, inflamed gums, and a cracked tongue. Dry mouth may be a side effect of different medications, including cancer treatment and antihistamines. 

How to Treat Cavities in Dogs

Canine cavities are diagnosed by a veterinarian or veterinary dentistry specialist, though pet owners may pick up on some of the signs and symptoms at home. These include bad breath, abnormal chewing, dropping food from the mouth, reduced appetite, swelling around the mouth, and of course, discoloration on your dog’s teeth or the appearance of a small, dark spot on the tooth.

“Caries can be treated with fillings or sealants if they are caught when they are not deep into the tooth structure,” Dr. Stone says. “Otherwise, extraction is needed, except in some cases when a root canal may be appropriate. That should be determined by a veterinary dental specialist.”  

That determination will primarily be based on the severity of the decay and status of the tooth or teeth in question.

How to Prevent Dog Cavities

The best canine cavity prevention tip, Dr. Stone says, is to not feed your dog sugary foods, like those listed above.

“Some animals will develop cavities anyway,” she says. “However, following this suggestion will not allow the precursors to be present.”

Brushing your dog’s teeth regularly will lead to a decrease in bacteria in the area where the gums meet the teeth, which Stone says may help somewhat with the prevention of cavities, though it is more critical for preventing periodontal disease, which is not only much more prevalent than cavities in dogs, but also one of the top two diagnoses for dogs (alongside obesity, she says). 

To help with gum disease, and potential caries as well, your veterinarian may recommend a full dental prophylaxis, which is a combined cleaning and full oral examination under anesthesia.

Before your dog can be anesthetized, your veterinarian will need to determine that your dog is physically capable of undergoing anesthesia, Stone says. This is typically done with a full physical examination that includes monitoring vital signs and by checking a blood sample to make sure your dog’s heart and internal organs are healthy for anesthesia. 

“Once under (anesthesia), a full oral exam, dental radiographs, ultrasonic scaling of the teeth to remove the bacteria above and below the gumline, and polishing with fluoride paste will occur,” Stone adds. “This is the one opportunity that we have to put fluoride on the tooth surface to help protect the tooth from cavities. It’s not safe to use fluoride in dog toothpaste when doing normal brushing because dogs swallow the toothpaste and that much fluoride can be toxic.”

While cavities are not prevalent among dogs, they do exist, and provide one more reason to keep up on the home dental care and get your dog’s teeth checked by a veterinarian at least once a year.

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Proper dog paw care begins with an understanding of their anatomy and learning to identify signs of a problem. Here we cover what you need to know about dog paws, then follow up with vet-recommended care tips to help keep your pup’s feet healthy. 

If your dog is exhibiting any unusual symptoms like limping, swelling, or redness, have a talk with your veterinarian.

What Are Dog Paws Made Of?

Though there are some structural differences between dog paws and our own hands and feet, all are essentially made of the same components. The dog paw consists of skin, bone, tendons, ligaments, fat, blood vessels, and connective tissue, explains Dr. Jerry Klein, chief veterinary officer for the American Kennel Club, based in New York City.

The cushioned dog pads at the bottom of the paws are made of multiple layers of skin (plus collagen and elastic fibers) that house fat tissue. These pads help protect dog feet and insulate them from extreme temperatures. They’re not foolproof, however. “Dog paws and pads are tough but they are not impervious to pain, trauma, and disease,” says Dr. Klein.

Dog claws are comprised of two main components. The hard outer layer is made of keratin, a protein that is also the foundation of human nails and hair. The inner layer (called the quick), contains nerves and blood vessels that when cut, bleed and cause pain.

Anatomy of a Dog’s Paws

Each component of the dog paw plays an important role. These are the basic structures you should know about.

Digital Dog Paw Pads

Dogs typically have four toes – called digits – on each paw that they use to walk on. “Each digit has an oblong to circular semi-firm pad on the underside that helps protect the digit bones (AKA phalanges) of the foot,” says Dr. Nancy Haiko, an associate veterinarian with Heart + Paw at their Glen Mills, Pennsylvania location. Without the cushion and traction that these paw pads provide, a dog wouldn’t be able to walk, jump, or run.

The carpal dog pad is located on the front paws. It’s “further up the leg, usually [higher than] the dewclaw if present,” says Dr. Ashley Barnes, medical director at Louisville Family Animal Hospital in Louisville, Colorado. Its role, veterinarians say, is to cushion the carpal joint – it’s what enables your dog to bust into a zoomie or jump off the sofa without injuring herself.

Dog Metacarpal and Metatarsal Pads

The metacarpal dog pad is the heart-shaped cushion on the bottom of the front of the foot, says Dr. Haiko. It “helps protect the metacarpal bones and cushions the impact of walking and running for the joints of the limb.” On the rear paws is the metatarsal pad, which serves a similar function.

Dog Dewclaw

The dewclaw is essentially a fifth toe – complete with nail and paw pad – located on the side of the leg, says Dr. Haiko. “The dewclaw is similar to a human’s thumb, but it does not have the same utility in dogs.” Most dogs have dewclaws on their front paws, though, says Dr. Barnes, some breeds, like the Great Pyrenees, also have it on their hind legs. (Some dogs have two declaws on the rear paws.)

The dewclaw allows dogs to hold their treats, makes it easier to dig, and provides a good grip when lifting themselves over higher surfaces. In some dogs, dewclaws are not well-formed and essentially don’t serve any known purpose.

Dog Claws

Each toe, including the dewclaw, has a claw (or nail) that Dr. Haiko says extends from the third digit bone. They’re designed to “help dogs maintain their grip on the ground or surface.” They’re also used for digging.

Types of Dog Paws

Not all dog feet are alike. Depending on what a dog was bred for, the paw can take on one of three shapes.

Webbed Feet

Webbing is a skin-covered membrane situated between dog toes, says Dr. Klein. Though most dogs have some form of webbing, he says it’s more prominent in certain breeds (like the Labrador Retriever). “These are usually breeds that were bred to swim for their function or purpose. Webbing also aids in moving over snow.”

Hare Feet

Dogs with hare feet have two center toes that are longer than the others, giving them the appearance of a hare’s foot, says Dr. Klein. Dog breeds who are fast runners or sprinters – like Greyhounds and Whippets – have hare feet, says Dr. Haiko.  

Cat Feet

Cat feet are small, compact, and round, says Dr. Haiko. “This foot conformation is designed for stability, endurance, and can also support a significant amount of weight such as in Newfoundlands and Saint Bernard dog breeds.”

Healthy Dog Paws Vs. Unhealthy Paws

The condition of the paws speaks to your dog’s overall health and can signal a potential issue. 

Healthy Dog Paws

Healthy dog paw pads, says Dr. Klein, are smooth and have no cracks, calluses, burns, or blisters; and there’s no sign of inflammation, irritation, or bad smell. Additionally, the bottom of the paw should be free of mats and excessive fur, says Dr. Haiko.

Healthy paws also have strong, uncracked nails that are properly trimmed, “and the nails are not grown into the pad or surrounding skin,” adds Dr. Klein.

Unhealthy Dog Paws

Unhealthy paws might appear red and swollen, have matted fur between the toes, overgrown nails, and a foul smell, says Dr. Haiko. 

The pads may have cracks, cuts, callouses, or abrasions, says Dr. Barnes. A dog who’s started an intense exercise regimen, however, may get cuts or blisters on the paw pad, says Dr. Klein. “Over some time and use, pads become tougher and more resilient.”

Common Dog Paw Problems

Our pups can experience a range of dog paw injuries and diseases that affect their toes, paw pads, and nails. Speak to your veterinarian if you notice anything out of the ordinary. Some signs to watch for are swelling, redness, limping, bleeding, hair loss, and excessive chewing.

Pododermatitis

Pododermatitis, or inflammation of the skin on the paws, is considered a common malady in dogs. It’s caused by underlying issues like trauma, allergies, infections, and insect bites.

A dog with pododermatitis will commonly lick and chew her paws, and they’ll appear red and swollen. Pain and discomfort can cause a dog to limp.

Burned Dog Paws

Exposure to extreme heat or to chemicals (like battery acid) can destroy the paw pad – including the interior. Most dog paw burns occur during warmer months, when pups are more likely to walk on hot surfaces.

Self-Chewing of Dog Paws and Nails

Some chewing is usually considered normal, veterinarians say. Excessive gnawing, however, can mean a dog has allergies, parasites, or another underlying condition. Left unchecked, it can lead to issues like bleeding, swelling, redness, pain, sores, and infection.

Cracked Dog Paws

Cold weather, nutritional imbalances, and thickening of the outer layer of the skin are things that can cause dog paws to crack. Other signs include dryness, peeling, redness, swelling, limping, and bleeding.

Hyperkeratosis

Hyperkeratosis is the overgrowth of keratin on a dog’s skin, causing it to become thick, flaky, and cracked. It can also cause symptoms like loss of skin color, pain, secondary infections, and difficulty walking. Though hyperkeratosis is oftentimes harmless, it can also indicate an issue like canine distemper virus or zinc-responsive dermatosis, a skin condition caused by zinc deficiency. Given that Cocker Spaniels are predisposed, scientists think there may also be a genetic factor.

Paw Swelling

This is caused by things like bone fractures, arthritis, infections, bee stings, and even heart disease. Some common symptoms of paw swelling include pain, redness, bleeding, and limping. Affected dogs may also have low energy, loss of appetite, and fever.

Interdigital Cyst on Dogs

This is a bump or swelling between dog toes, usually on the front paws. It appears raised, reddish-purple, and swollen. Though interdigital cysts are often caused by a bacterial infection or allergies, they’re also linked to trauma – which can cause blood or pus to ooze – and excess body weight. Breeds at higher risk include the English Bulldog, Great Dane, and Labrador Retriever.

Dog Paw Parasites

Flea and tick bites can cause inflammation, redness, irritation, itchiness, and infection. These problems are exacerbated as the dog chews and scratches the paw to find relief.

Broken Nails

Dog nails can crack, break, or tear. If these breaks happen too close to the quick, their nails can bleed and cause dogs pain and discomfort. If left untreated, broken nails can also lead to an infection. 

Injured Dewclaw

When the dewclaw tears or breaks, the nail’s quick can become exposed, resulting in pain and bleeding. Dogs who are more active run a greater risk of snagging their dewclaws on objects.

How to Groom and Clean Your Dog’s Paws

Taking care of your dog’s paws is an essential part of good pet parenting. Here are a few vet-recommended guidelines to help you provide the best dog paw care.

Trim Hair to Prevent Mats

If your dog has a lot of fur between her toes, veterinarians say trimming them to prevent mats is a good idea. This isn’t as easy as it may seem, however, and it can be dangerous if you don’t know what you’re doing. “So it is recommended to learn from your veterinarian or groomer the proper way to clean and trim or have them do the job,” recommends Dr. Klein. Aside from mastering proper technique, using the correct grooming tools is also key.

Keep Those Nails Trimmed

Nails that are too long are at increased risk for splitting, which is not only painful for your dog, but may require a trip to your veterinarian. It can also create unequal pressure on dog toes and sore nail beds, causing your dog to slip and trip on certain surfaces.

Dog nails should be trimmed every 4 to 6 weeks to help prevent broken toenails, says Dr. Haiko. If you’re not comfortable doing this, ask your veterinarian or groomer for a demonstration. As with trimming excess paw hair, using a good pair of nail clippers is essential.

Wash and Wipe Your Dog’s Paws

Wiping your dog’s paws after being outside helps keep them clean and dry, says Dr. Haiko. “It also may reduce the amounts of allergens that can be absorbed through the skin. This can be an issue for dogs with seasonal allergies.”

While a washcloth and towel can do the trick, wipes and cleaners designed specifically for dog paws are useful in getting off heavy-duty grime.

How to Protect Your Dog’s Paws Year Round

Preventing problems before they become unmanageable is easier on your dog – and you. Aside from keeping your dog’s paws clean, trimming the nails and any matted hair, there are some other things you can do.

Perform Routine Dog Paw Checks

Though the veterinarian will check out your dog’s paws during wellness exams, this is something pet parents can also do at home. “Owners should make a routine of examining the paws, pads, and the interdigital spaces (between the toes) on a regular basis but especially if the dog shows any sign of lameness or licking the paws,” says Dr. Klein.

Check for Parasites on Your Dog’s Paws

Fleas are the size of a sesame seed and move stealthily, so it’s easier to search for signs of flea bites or flea dirt (they resemble coffee grounds) with a flea comb. If you do locate fleas, discuss a treatment plan with your veterinarian. 

Though ticks can be hard to distinguish from bumps, they’re generally brown and have hard, oval bodies with 8 legs. If you see one (you can use a flea comb to search), use gloves and tweezers or a tick removal tool to pluck it off your dog’s paws. Check with your veterinarian with concerns about Lyme disease or other tick-borne illnesses.

Take Extra Care with Winter Sidewalks

Cold surfaces can be brutal on dog paws. “In the winter months, consider having your dog wear protective dog boots. This can help prevent ice and snow from being packed in between the toes and on the underside of the paws,” says Dr. Haiko.  

Also watch for deicers used on streets and sidewalks, says Dr. Klein. “They are irritating to skin and pads and potentially toxic if ingested when a dog is licking their paws.” Aside from wearing booties for protection, he recommends soaking or wiping paws off after winter walks. 

Veterinarians also recommend using dog paw wax or balm to protect feet when it’s snowy and icy outside. Dog balms can help prevent damage to dog pads and can soothe, heal, and moisturize dog paws that are cracked and dry.

Avoid Hot Surfaces

If you’re unable to comfortably hold your hand against the pavement during warmer months, avoid taking your dog for a walk, recommends Dr. Barnes. Or you can fit your dog with boots.

Dog Paw FAQs

Why do dogs lick their paws?

The paws may be irritated, cut, itchy, burned, or have something lodged in them, says Dr. Klein. “Some dogs also lick their paws because of behavioral issues such as stress and/or boredom and may even start to self-mutilate themselves.”

Why do dog paws smell like Fritos?

This is due to the presence of yeast or bacteria. “The toes provide a place that is dark and moist to allow the microbes to thrive. This can be normal in small amounts, but too much smell may indicate infection,” explains Dr. Barnes.

Do dogs sweat through their paws?

Yes. Dogs have sweat glands on their paws, which scientists believe makes the paws sticky, thus providing better traction.

How many toes does a dog have?

Most dogs have 4 toes plus a dewclaw on the front paws, and 4 toes (minus a dewclaw) in the back. Some breeds have 1 or 2 dewclaws in the rear.

The post Dog Paws: Anatomy, Care, and Protection Tips appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Sure, it’s not always fun to try to stick your hand near your dog’s mouth with unfamiliar objects that could freak them out a little, but that doesn’t make doggie dental care less important. 

And even if you are on top of at-home dental care for your dog, some dogs just need extra help with their oral health – not just for their breath, but their overall health and wellbeing.

Why Dog Dental Care Is So Important

Dr. Jean Herrman, owner of Companion Animal Dental Services in Bolton, Connecticut, likens an unclean or uncared for mouth to taking an IV of bacteria. “It’s the only part of a dog’s body where the bone is completely exposed,” she says. “You have sores in there, and the bacteria then gets introduced into other systems of the body.”

What can that lead to? “Locally, severe dental disease can cause pain from abscesses; nasal infections; eye infection, gum loss, tooth loss, eye loss, or blindness; increased risk of oral cancer; and jaw fractures,” says Dr. Brook Niemiec, who is a Diplomate for the American Veterinary Dental College and runs Veterinary Dental Specialities’ 20 practices across the U.S. “Systemically, periodontal disease has been shown to have negative effects on the heart, liver, and kidneys. In addition, it has been shown to affect cognition, as well as increase systemic inflammation.”

These potential problems are why prevention is so important, and one step in that direction is home dental care. Herrman advises a slow, patient, phased approach if you’re attempting to brush your dog’s teeth for the first time. 

“Start by petting your dog’s face and talking to them nicely,” she says. “Next you can try lifting the lip and gently looking around. Then rub your finger along the teeth. Pick up some dog toothpaste and put it on your finger. Try using a soft wipe or gauze to gently touch the surface of the teeth. Once your dog is comfortable and accepting of this, then you might be ready to move onto actually brushing.”

All of these steps can be taken during separate attempts if necessary, and you should reward your dog with praise, play, or whatever he likes in order to create a positive association with brushing and build trust, Dr. Herrman says..

Dr. Niemiec recommends practicing home dental care daily because plaque, which is the bacteria-laden sticky film that coats the teeth and under the gums, forms in just 24 hours. Meanwhile, tartar, which is hardened plaque that is much more difficult to clear away, forms in three days, he adds.

Home dental care for your dog, however, doesn’t always need to take the form of brushing. “The most effective means of home care is brushing, but dental treats, dental diets, oral rinses and dental wipes can also be effective,” he says.

When it comes to professional dog teeth cleaning, both Dr. Niemiec and Dr. Herrman say it’s ideal to have it done roughly annually for dogs of all sizes, but smaller dogs (ten pounds or fewer) may want to consider cleaning closer to every nine months. It’s also important to start having your dog’s teeth cleaned early in his life, as the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) says most dogs will have developed some degree of dental disease within the first three years of their lives.

Signs You Should Schedule a Dog Dental Cleaning

Usually, when you start noticing signs that suggest it’s time to schedule a dog teeth cleaning, it’s actually past time to schedule a dog tooth cleaning.

Dr. Niemiec notes that most other areas of medicine, including human, human dental, and veterinary non-dental all practice preventative care, but veterinary dental care instead is reactive. “We need to move towards prevention,” he says, which means more regularity in both home and professional dental cleaning.

That said, one sign that it’s definitely time to schedule professional dental care is bad breath. 

“Bad breath is a sure sign of periodontal disease in dogs,” Dr. Niemiec says. “‘Doggy breath’ is not normal. It is a sign of severe infection.”

Other signs that you should seek out immediate veterinary dental care, he says, may include yellow or brown teeth (which are indicative of tartar buildup), red or swollen gums, bleeding from the mouth, changes in the way your dog eats food or treats, facial swellings, or any visible growths.

Dog Dental Cleaning Procedure: Step by Step

The full name for the procedure more commonly known as a dog dental cleaning is a “complete oral health assessment and treatment” or COHAT, says Dr. Herrman, and the biggest difference between this and what humans receive for dental care is that the pet version must be done under anesthesia.

Dr. Niemiec says any “anesthesia-free” or “non-anesthesia” cleanings are not effective because vets cannot clean under the gums without the help of anesthesia. In addition, if you’ve ever had your teeth professionally cleaned, you know it isn’t the most comfortable procedure and may be painful in some instances. We know what is happening and can psychologically deal with it, but a dog cannot. Anesthesia-free dental cleanings are not only ineffective but could also be considered inhumane.

Before the anesthesia is given, the veterinarian will measure your dog’s blood pressure and take an EKG. The vet will often also check bloodwork to make sure your dog is safe for anesthesia. Vitals will be monitored throughout the procedure, and once the dog is asleep, Herrman says the vet will take X-rays of the mouth, do a complete oral exam, and pprobe each tooth one by one to assess if there is a problem.

Most of the tools used are the same ones that are used on humans, Dr. Niemiec says, including scalers and curettes (both scraping tools that remove plaque and tartar from different spots in the mouth, including under the gums). An ultrasonic scaler, which vibrates, is also used for cleaning.

If there are problems with any teeth or the gums that will require further surgical work, which happens often, Dr. Herrman will inform the dog parent of what she’s found and, with their permission, conduct any necessary extractions, grafting, gum alterations, or other procedures while the dog is still under anesthesia.

Dog Dental Cleaning Cost

There’s a wide range in professional dog dental cleaning costs based on a variety of factors, including location and level of care, says Dr. Niemiec, but the starting price for a cleaning might be around $500 and top out near $1,500. 

Dr. Herrman adds that if additional work is done during the same procedure, the cost will rise. “Brushing your dog’s teeth at home is the best thing you can do to avoid extra costs associated with dental disease,” she says.

Dr. Niemiec adds that it’s important to know everything that goes into the procedure you’re agreeing to pay for. Best practices include pre-anesthetic exam and bloodwork, full anesthesia with vital monitoring, full mouth radiographs, cleaning, and polish.

What to Expect After a Dog Dental Cleaning

Your dog should be monitored pretty closely for the first 24 to 28 hours after anesthesia, Dr. Niemiec says, adding that dogs tend to bounce back quickly. 

“If extractions were necessary, some bleeding should be expected for the first few days,” he says. “Soft food is generally recommended for two weeks if any oral surgery is performed.”

Some vets like to see the dog about two weeks after the procedure, but that’s not required, he says.

Herrman says if there was pain or other problems that stemmed from oral health issues, you should see your dog resume his happy, healthy behavior very quickly after the post-anesthesia recovery. 

“Most dogs tend to eat amazingly and are jumping around afterward,” she says. “Toothaches hurt. If you alleviate that for them, they’ll look, feel, and act so much better.”

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Dog strokes are often massive and quite frightening for pet parents to witness. If your dog has a stroke, they will need immediate veterinary care for the best chance of survival and recovery. Learning how to recognize dog stroke symptoms can help you get help quickly. 

Can Dogs Have Strokes?

Yes, dogs can have strokes.

Although strokes occur in both dogs and people, there are a few differences to be aware of. First, strokes are much less common in dogs than in people. Also, unlike people, dogs cannot tell us when they have mild stroke signs, such as slurred speech or dizziness. By the time a pet parent typically notices dog stroke symptoms, the stroke has progressed and become massive.

Strokes in dogs are either ischemic (blocked blood vessel) or hemorrhagic (ruptured blood vessel), with ischemic being the most common form.

All breeds of dogs can be affected by strokes. However, certain breeds are prone to health conditions that put them at higher risk. For example, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels are susceptible to heart disease, a stroke risk factor in dogs.

Strokes affect dogs of all ages. But older dogs have a higher risk because they are more likely to have one or more underlying health conditions that increase the risk of strokes.

Dog Stroke Symptoms

Symptoms of strokes in dogs appear suddenly and are similar whether the stroke is ischemic or hemorrhagic.

A dog’s stroke symptoms depend on several factors: 

1. Region of the brain affected by the stroke
2. Duration of blood and oxygen deprivation
3. Severity of blood and oxygen deprivation

Mild signs of stroke, such as dizziness and memory loss, are usually not apparent, but there are many dog stroke symptoms to watch for. These include:

• Circling
• Seizures
• Head tilt
• Blindness
• Incoordination
• Unconsciousness
• Nausea or vomiting
• Bathroom accidents
• Weakness on one side
• Sudden personality changes
• Unawareness of surroundings/disorientation
• Abnormal eye movement and position

Some of these dog stroke signs are also seen with syncope (fainting) and vestibular disease. Your veterinarian can rule out those other conditions using diagnostic testing.

What Causes Dog Strokes?

A blood clot is the most common cause of strokes in dogs. For hemorrhagic strokes, trauma can cause a blood vessel to rupture and leak blood into the brain.

A blockage in a blood vessel (such as bacteria or a tumor) can also cause a stroke, but in nearly half of stroke cases in dogs, the cause remains unknown.

Various health conditions increase a dog’s risk of having a stroke:

• Cancer
• Diabetes
• Heart disease
• Kidney disease
• Hypothyroidism
• Cushing’s disease
• Bleeding disorders
• Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
• Hypertension (high blood pressure)

Diagnosing Dog Strokes

If your dog is having a stroke, take them to your veterinarian right away. The longer your dog’s brain is deprived of oxygen, the worse the prognosis.

Call your veterinarian before you leave the house to let them know you’re on your way. If your dog has a stroke after regular business hours, take them to the nearest emergency veterinary hospital.

After taking a detailed history and conducting a physical exam, your veterinarian will evaluate your dog’s heart to differentiate between a stroke and syncope. A heart evaluation includes an electrocardiogram to analyze heart rhythm, an echocardiogram (heart ultrasound) to evaluate blood flow, and a chest X-ray to look at the physical appearance of the heart.

Once your veterinarian has ruled out syncope, they may recommend that your dog have an MRI or computed tomography scan to evaluate brain function and rule out other diseases.

Your veterinarian will also perform basic diagnostic tests, including blood work and a urinalysis. Hormone testing will be recommended if your veterinarian suspects an underlying hormonal condition, such as hypothyroidism.

Although strokes are an emergency in dogs, a proper evaluation is crucial to accurately diagnose a stroke and develop the most appropriate treatment plan.

Dog Stroke Treatment

Early stroke treatment is critical to quickly restore blood flow to the brain and increase the likelihood of a full recovery.

Treatment for strokes in dogs consists of medications and various supportive care measures to manage underlying health conditions and alleviate and resolve symptoms.

Some of these medications may include:

• Blood thinners to break down blood clots
• Hormone therapy to manage hypothyroidism
• Blood pressure medication for hypertension

Other medications may be needed depending on your dog’s underlying health conditions. For example, hypothyroidism would be managed with a thyroid hormone supplement.

Several supportive care options, such as supplemental oxygen to supply oxygen to the brain, are also available. Other supportive care measures include intravenous fluid therapy, physical therapy, and nutritional management.

Surgery is not part of the treatment protocol for strokes in dogs. 

Recovering from a Stroke

Even with early treatment, dogs with a stroke will face a long recovery. The neurologic signs will gradually resolve on their own as blood flow and oxygen are restored to the brain.

However, if the stroke was severe or treatment was delayed, a dog may have permanent brain damage and lingering symptoms. In the worst-case scenario, strokes can be fatal in dogs.

Preventing Dog Strokes

Unfortunately strokes in dogs cannot be prevented. However, you can decrease your dog’s risk of a stroke by staying on top of their health.

Be sure to take your dog to regular wellness visits and follow your veterinarian’s instructions for managing any underlying health conditions. For example, if your dog has diabetes, follow your veterinarian’s prescription instructions for administering insulin. Prioritizing your pup’s health is the best way to encourage general wellness and avoid a stroke.

The post Dog Stroke Symptoms: 12 Signs to Watch For appeared first on Great Pet Care.

While not super common in canines, Evans syndrome in dogs is a serious and life-threatening medical condition, and we want you to be prepared to help your dog should the symptoms arise. Here, we’ll explain what Evans syndrome is, symptoms to watch for, and treatment options.

What Is Evans Syndrome?

Evans syndrome is the name given to the condition that arises when the immune system is attacking and destroying both the dog’s red blood cells and platelets. 

When the body attacks only the red blood cells, which are important for carrying oxygen throughout the body, this is called immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA). When the body attacks only the platelets, which are essential for clotting, this is called immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMTP). With Evans syndrome, you have both IMHA and IMTP concurrently.

When Evans syndrome occurs, damaged cells are removed from the bloodstream by the liver and spleen. The destruction and removal of these cells leaves the dog at severe risk for significant anemia and spontaneous bleeding. 

This is absolutely a medical emergency! Your pet will need emergency care at a veterinary clinic, so don’t watch and wait if you’re concerned about Evans syndrome.

Causes of Evans Syndrome in Dogs

Your dog may have no known underlying cause of Evans syndrome, which is called primary or idiopathic Evans syndrome. When the syndrome has a known trigger, it’s considered secondary. 

Potential causes of secondary Evans syndrome include:

• Infection, often diseases transmitted by ticks
• Cancer
• Recent vaccination
• Starting a new medication

In these situations, the immune system has been stimulated and over-reacts, targeting the pet’s own red blood cells and platelets. 

In some cases, genetics may play a role. Dog breeds more likely to develop Evans syndrome include Cocker Spaniels and Old English Sheepdogs. Dogs whose relatives have had Evans syndrome may be at an increased risk. However, any breed of dog can develop Evans syndrome, including mixed breed pups and those with no family history of Evans syndrome.

Symptoms of Evans Syndrome

Dogs with Evans syndrome are usually critically ill. If you’re noticing symptoms of Evans syndrome, you need to get your pet to an emergency veterinarian as soon as possible.

Symptoms include:

• Pale mucous membranes (pale gums, conjunctiva around eyes, genitals)
• Lethargy and weakness
• Rapid breathing
• Bruises in the skin or mouth (can be pinpoint or larger)
• Bleeding from the nose or mouth
• Blood in the urine or feces
• Collapse

With Evans syndrome, we are seeing symptoms of both anemia (typical of IMHA) and bleeding or bruising (typical of IMTP).

Diagnosing Evans Syndrome in Dogs

The emergency veterinarian will perform a quick but thorough physical exam of your pet. Signs they may notice that suggest Evans syndrome include bruising, lethargy, pale mucous membranes, a high heart rate, a heart murmur, high respiratory rate, fever, and blood on rectal palpation. Your veterinarian will want to rule out exposure to anticoagulants (rat bait, human medications) and trauma (hit by a car).

Testing for Evans syndrome can include:

• Complete blood count (CBC) and blood chemistry
• Looking at blood under a microscope
• Urinalysis
• Coagulation testing
• Slide agglutination test
• Direct Coombs test
• Screening for tick-borne disease
• X-rays of the chest and abdomen
• Ultrasonographic exam of the abdomen

Your dog’s CBC would show low red blood cell numbers, low platelet numbers, and potentially high white blood cell numbers (as the immune system is overreacting). On review of a microscopic slide, your veterinarian may notice that there are very few platelets, that some red blood cells appear abnormally small (spherocytosis), and that young red blood cells are being released into circulation to replace dying red blood cells (reticulocytosis).  

Your pet’s lab work may also provide evidence of abnormal organ function, such as elevated liver enzymes. This is often due to the stress of anemia on the organs, which require oxygen and good blood flow to function appropriately.

A slide agglutination test can indicate whether your dog has IMHA but does not definitively diagnose Evans syndrome (both IMHA and IMTP). A drop of blood from an EDTA anticoagulant tube is placed on a slide with 1-2 drops of saline and gently rocked back and forth. With IMHA, the blood cells will clump together (agglutinate), forming a speckled appearance on the slide. The veterinarian will examine the slide under a microscope to confirm. While a positive slide agglutination test can be indicative of IMHA, a negative slide agglutination test does not rule out IMHA.

A direct Coombs test (also called a direct antiglobulin or DAT) identifies antibodies on the surface of red blood cells. If the CBC and chemistry results are suggestive of IMHA and your dog has a positive Coombs test, they will be diagnosed with IMHA. False negative tests do occur. Like the slide agglutination test, the direct Coombs test can’t tell you if the pet has concurrent IMTP, which is a component of Evans syndrome.

Ticks carry diseases that can cause Evans syndrome in dogs. Ruling out these diseases involves laboratory testing of blood and examining the blood cells under a microscope. You may have also heard of a 4Dx SNAP test. This test screens not just for heartworms but also for Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, and anaplasmosis, three diseases that are transmitted by ticks.

Your veterinarian may also want to perform X-rays of the chest and abdomen, as well as ultrasonographic examination of the abdomen. Imaging helps to rule out cancer, which can cause Evans syndrome. By using an ultrasound machine to look at the abdomen, your veterinarian can also rule out free blood in the abdomen. In some cases, a bone marrow sample may be recommended to rule out specific cancers.

Treatment for Dogs with Evans Syndrome

Treatment for Evans syndrome will involve hospitalization with fluids, supportive care, and blood transfusions. Steroids, such as dexamethasone injections, are used in addition to other medications that modulate the immune system to halt the body’s attacks on its own cells.

If your dog has an infection, specific antibiotics will be started. Even if testing for tick-borne diseases is negative, some veterinarians may start your pet on doxycycline to cover all their bases.

A single low dose of the chemotherapy agent vincristine given into a vein has been shown to accelerate the return of appropriate platelet levels. This dose is too low to cause the typical side effects seen with chemotherapy agents but can be beneficial if your dog’s platelet levels are low enough to cause spontaneous bleeding.

With Evans syndrome, your dog may experience bleeding in their stomach and intestines. To prevent this or reduce the effects if it’s occurring, your veterinarian will start medications to reduce ulceration and coat the stomach and esophagus, such as omeprazole and sucralfate.

Evans syndrome also increases the likelihood of developing blood clots (thromboembolism). Because of this, your pet may be started on a medication like clopidogrel to reduce the likelihood of dangerous clot formation.

If your dog’s Evans syndrome is caused by an underlying cancer, treatments aimed at the cancer itself could include chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, and other disease-directed treatments.

In the most severe cases, the veterinarian may recommend plasma exchange or plasmapheresis. Your pet’s blood is circulated through a filter to allow their plasma to be cleaned of destructive circulating immune chemicals while preserving red blood cells and platelets. Donor plasma will be returned to the pet.

Evans Syndrome in Dogs Survival Rate

Evans syndrome is life-threatening and certainly more serious than either IMHA or IMTP on their own.

Dogs who survive the first few days after hospitalization and are discharged from the hospital generally have a good long-term prognosis. 

Pets with secondary Evans syndrome have a variable prognosis depending on the underlying cause. For example, if the pet has cancer, their prognosis will depend specifically on that cancer, whereas a dog who developed Evans syndrome in response to a vaccination may have a better prognosis if they survive the initial illness and aren’t vaccinated in the future.

Some studies report that Evans syndrome has a mortality rate around 30 percent, while some hospitals report a less than 10 percent mortality rate. Around 40 percent of cases will experience recurrence or a relapse when medications are withdrawn, indicating the importance of long-term management of Evans syndrome in dogs. Survival depends heavily on treatability of the underlying cause and rapid initiation of treatment.

Long-Term Management of Evans Syndrome in Dogs

After your pet survives the onset of Evans syndrome, you’ll work with the veterinarian to determine a long-term management plan.

Many pets will need to be on immunosuppressants for life. The goal will be to reduce the medication to the lowest effective dose. It may take months and many follow-up appointments to achieve long-term control in severe and relapsing cases. Your veterinarian will likely plan a slow taper to find a good long-term dose. Tapering medications too soon or too rapidly can lead to relapse, which is often more severe than the initial onset of Evans syndrome.

Your veterinarian will likely advise against vaccinating your pet in the future, which may reduce your ability to do things like board your dog or see groomers. Your veterinarian may recommend titer testing to see if your pet continues to have protection against dangerous diseases that are typically prevented by vaccination.

Cost to Treat Evans Syndrome

Evans syndrome will require testing for diagnosis and multiple days of hospitalization on fluids, blood transfusions, and immunosuppressants. Although mild cases may be manageable for several thousand dollars, treating Evans syndrome can easily cost over $10,000. 

If you are unsure about your ability to afford treatment, you could consider online fundraising or applying for CareCredit to help you pay for your dog’s treatment. Proactively getting pet health insurance can also help you to be covered should Evans syndrome arise.

You can also expect $150-$300 per month to manage the condition long-term. In secondary Evans syndrome, cost of management will depend on the underlying cost. For example, pursuing treatment for cancer will raise the cost significantly.

How to Prevent Evans Syndrome in Dogs

Given that most cases of Evans syndrome have an unknown cause, you cannot always prevent your pet from developing this life-threatening condition. However, there are steps you can take to reduce the risk of secondary Evans syndrome.

Keep your pet on tick prevention to reduce risk of transmission of tick-borne diseases that can lead to Evans syndrome. Consider requesting that your pet get tested for tick-borne diseases at their annual visits. The 4Dx SNAP test is typically run in-house, takes under 15 minutes, and only requires three drops of blood.

Make sure to get your pet their regular wellness exams. Your veterinarian may detect conditions like cancer that can cause Evans syndrome before your pet is symptomatic.

What about vaccinations? Your pet has a higher risk of becoming seriously ill from an infectious disease if they are unvaccinated than they do of developing Evans syndrome from a vaccination. If your pet has no history of Evans syndrome or other autoimmune conditions, vaccination is almost always safe and effective. If your pet does have a history of autoimmune conditions, you may choose to forego vaccinations. In this case, work with your veterinarian to reduce risk to your pet of contracting infectious diseases.

Lastly, because of the familial association of Evans syndrome, breeders should not breed dogs who have developed this condition.

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With this organ being so important to your pet’s health, it can be very concerning to hear from the veterinarian that your dog has elevated liver enzymes. One of the challenges is determining if liver enzymes are elevated due to liver disease or a non-liver cause. Here, we’ll discuss what elevated liver enzymes mean, what may have caused this to happen, and next steps to take.

What Are Liver Enzymes in Dogs?

Liver enzymes are important proteins for specific chemical reactions within the body. Liver enzyme values are considered an important component of your dog’s routine health screening. When they’re elevated, it generally indicates inflammation or damage to the liver. 

Common liver enzymes to note on your pet’s blood work include:

• ALT (alanine aminotransferase)
• AST (aspartate aminotransferase)
• ALP (alkaline phosphate)
• GGT (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase). 

We can divide these liver enzymes into two groups: 

1. Enzymes that indicate hepatocellular damage, which is damage to the actual liver cells (ALT and AST)
2. Enzymes that indicate cholestasis, which is reduced or stopped bile flow (ALP and GGT)

Elevated Liver Enzymes in Dogs: What They Mean

Most routine blood work will include liver enzymes, allowing your veterinarian to screen for liver disease. Additionally, specific blood tests called liver panels, which also include liver enzymes, may be run in your dog if there is high concern for or history of liver disease. Elevated liver enzymes in dogs could indicate damage to the liver cells or issues with bile movement. 

Whether or not your veterinarian is concerned by elevated liver enzymes depends on several factors, such as:

• Degree of elevation
• Symptoms your dog might be showing
• Whether the enzyme levels are static or increasing over time
• How many enzymes are elevated
• Other blood work and urinalysis findings
• Patient age

If any of these enzymes are decreased on the lab work, it’s not considered a significant finding.

Causes of Elevated Dog Liver Enzymes

Liver enzymes can be elevated for several reasons. We’ll break this broadly into three categories:

Damage to the liver or bile flow issues

• Toxins could include xylitol, blue-green algae, Amanita mushrooms, aflatoxins, sago palms, and heavy metals
• Infectious causes such as leptospirosis, infectious canine hepatitis, or histoplasmosis
• Tumors of the liver, gallbladder, or biliary tract
• Liver inflammation (hepatitis)
• Cirrhosis
• Gallbladder inflammation (cholecystitis)
• Gallbladder distended with mucoid content (gallbladder mucocele)
• Breed-related disorders, such as copper storage hepatopathy

Non-liver diseases

• Cushing’s disease
• Diabetes
• Hypothyroidism
• Pancreatitis
• Intestinal disease
• Congestive heart failure
• Seizures
• Sepsis
• Muscle injury
• Congenital portosystemic shunt (blood bypasses liver so it isn’t detoxified)
• Conditions affecting the bones, such as osteosarcoma, osteomyelitis, or multiple myeloma
• Specific medications, such as steroids, phenobarbital, some chemotherapies, or carprofen

Normal factors

• It is normal for puppies to have an elevated ALP because this enzyme is also produced from growing bones, not just the liver cells

• Nodular hyperplasia, which is very common in older dogs, can cause increased liver enzymes

Ultimately, there are many potential causes for elevated liver enzymes, some of which may not be included here. If your veterinarian plans to determine the underlying cause, additional testing will need to be performed.

Next Steps for Dogs with Elevated Liver Enzymes

Your veterinarian will look at the whole picture when determining your pet’s next steps. Routine blood work has other values that can suggest if the liver is functioning appropriately or is damaged, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin, cholesterol, glucose, and total bilirubin. Changes in these values may be helpful in determining if your pet has reduced liver function or obstructed bile flow.

If your veterinarian is not concerned about your pet’s elevated liver enzymes, they may recommend rerunning labs in 1-3 months. In some cases, they may start your pet on medications to protect the liver and then recheck after your pet completes the medications. Two additional laboratory tests – bile acids and blood ammonia – may also be recommended.

Bile acid testing can detect whether the liver is functioning appropriately. With this test, your pet’s blood is drawn after a 12-hour fasting period. Your pet is then fed, and blood is drawn again two hours later. Significantly elevated bile acids after eating could indicate liver dysfunction.

Ammonia levels can also be a good indicator of liver function. In normal pets, small protein molecules called amino acids are broken down into ammonia in the intestines. The ammonia is absorbed into the blood and converted into urea by the liver. Increased ammonia levels in the blood is indicative of liver dysfunction, meaning that the liver is struggling to convert the ammonia. 

If your veterinarian is concerned about the liver enzyme elevation, they may recommend an abdominal ultrasound to visualize the liver. In some cases, liver biopsies may be recommended. While some veterinarians may feel comfortable collecting samples of the liver using a long needle and ultrasound machine, collecting liver biopsies is often a surgical procedure.

If your dog has symptoms of liver disease, such as poor appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, neurologic signs, fluid in the abdomen (ascites), or jaundice, your veterinarian will likely take a more aggressive approach to determine the cause of their symptoms. This could include imaging (abdominal ultrasound, CT scan), liver biopsies, and hospitalization while figuring out the cause of symptoms. Importantly, if your veterinarian suspects liver disease, they will likely want to test your pet’s ability to clot their blood prior to surgical intervention or liver biopsy.

How to Treat Elevated Liver Enzymes in Dogs

How to treat elevated liver enzymes in dogs depends on the underlying cause.

If your pet is not acting sick, your veterinarian may simply start your pet on a trial of antibiotics, antioxidants like Denamarin, and/or other prescription medications like Ursodiol and then recheck the liver enzymes after the medications. 

Typically, Denamarin is recommended for concerns regarding hepatocellular damage, while Ursodiol may be more beneficial if there are gallbladder concerns. Your pet may be placed on both of these medications or other medications with similar active compounds, and they can typically receive them at home.

Treatment can be more complicated if other causes are suspected. For example, a liver tumor is often treated surgically. Leptospirosis typically requires hospitalization on intravenous fluids and treatment with an antibiotic called doxycycline. Chronic hepatitis may require immunosuppressive drugs, such as steroids. With signs of liver failure or severe illness, your pet will likely need to be hospitalized for several days.Keep in mind that your dog’s liver enzymes may be elevated due to other conditions, such as Cushing’s disease or pancreatitis. In those cases, treatment would focus on the underlying cause for the elevated liver enzymes rather than on the liver itself.

The post Elevated Liver Enzymes in Dogs: Causes and What It Means appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Read on to learn more about tracheal collapse in dogs, including why it occurs and how it can be diagnosed and managed.  

What is Tracheal Collapse in Dogs?

Tracheal collapse refers to a narrowing of the trachea (windpipe). This is a relatively common condition in small-breed dogs, and it is most commonly reported in Yorkshire Terriers, Pomeranians, Shih Tzus, Chihuahuas, Lhasa Apsos, and Toy Poodles.

The trachea is a hollow tube that carries air from your dog’s mouth and nose to the lungs. In a normal, healthy dog, the trachea is held open by round cartilage rings. These rings go approximately three-fourths of the way around the trachea, and support the trachea much like tent poles support a tent. The remaining one-fourth of the trachea is covered by a thin membrane, which stretches between the two ends of the cartilage rings. This tubular structure allows the trachea to remain open, directing air to the lungs without any obstructions. 

In a dog with tracheal collapse, however, the trachea becomes narrowed. This narrowing is caused by two factors. First, the rings of cartilage are too weak to maintain their normal, round shape. Weakened tracheal rings can be compressed by external pressure or by sucking forces within the trachea, flattening the trachea and making it harder for a dog to breathe. Additionally, the membrane that stretches between the tracheal rings can also become weakened, causing it to sag or bulge into the trachea. This further interferes with the flow of air, worsening a dog’s respiratory difficulties. 

Dog Tracheal Collapse Symptoms

The most common sign of tracheal collapse is intermittent coughing. You might notice this coughing when your dog is excited, barking, exercising, or panting. Some dogs with tracheal collapse cough when eating or drinking, while others cough when pressure is placed on the throat (such as when the dog pulls against its collar). Many veterinarians and pet owners describe the cough associated with tracheal collapse as a “goose honk” cough, because of its characteristic honking sound. The cough may also be mistaken for vomiting, because it sometimes ends in a gag or retch. 

You may see other signs of respiratory issues. These may include increased respiratory rate, increased respiratory effort (struggling to breathe), increased breathing sounds, and an inability to exercise for long periods of time. In severe cases, tracheal collapse can cause life-threatening respiratory distress when a dog becomes excessively excited, anxious, or overheated. 

Signs of tracheal collapse in dogs may include: 

• Cough brought on by exercise or excitement
• Cough associated with eating or drinking
• Coughing when pressure is placed on the throat
• Shortness of breath
• Increased respiratory effort 
• Noisy breathing sounds
• Exercise intolerance
• Acute episodes of respiratory distress

Stages of Tracheal Collapse in Dogs

Tracheal collapse can be divided into four separate grades or stages: 

• Grade I: The tracheal membrane sags but the cartilage maintains its normal shape. The trachea is narrowed by approximately 25%. Most dogs with Grade I collapse have few, if any, respiratory symptoms at home or on a veterinary exam. 
• Grade II: The tracheal membrane sags and the cartilage is partially flattened. The trachea is narrowed by approximately 50%. Dogs with Grade II tracheal collapse often show symptoms, such as coughing and wheezing. 
• Grade III: The tracheal cartilage is nearly flattened and the tracheal membrane sags so dramatically that it periodically touches the opposite side of the trachea. The trachea is narrowed by 75%. These dogs experience severe symptoms and require urgent treatment. 
• Grade IV: Cartilage is flattened or inverted, with the tracheal membrane almost completely obstructing the trachea. Grade IV tracheal collapse is untreatable and often fatal. If your dog has Grade IV tracheal collapse, your veterinarian may talk to you about when to euthanize a dog with tracheal collapse.

Tracheal collapse is a progressive disease. Dogs that start with Grade I tracheal collapse may progress to Grade II or Grade III over time. Fortunately, Grade IV tracheal collapse is uncommon. 

What Causes Tracheal Collapse in Dogs?

We don’t know exactly what causes tracheal collapse in dogs.

Most cases of tracheal collapse are suspected to have an underlying genetic component. While we haven’t yet identified the exact genes that are responsible for this condition, tracheal collapse appears to be a hereditary condition in predisposed small breed dogs. 

However, tracheal collapse does occasionally occur in unexpected breeds. In these cases, the condition may be caused by the environment, underlying health conditions, and other factors. 

Diagnosing Tracheal Collapse in Dogs

A thorough physical exam is the first step in diagnosing tracheal collapse. Your veterinarian will listen closely to your dog’s heart and lungs and press gently on your dog’s trachea to elicit a cough. Your veterinarian may also recommend screening laboratory tests, to look for heartworm disease and other potential causes of illnesses. 

Next, your veterinarian will likely recommend X-rays. Images taken at specific points during your dog’s breathing cycle may clearly show the tracheal narrowing that accompanies tracheal collapse. Additionally, X-rays allow your veterinarian to rule out other heart and lung diseases that may cause coughing. 

If your dog’s X-rays do not provide clear evidence of tracheal collapse, your veterinarian may refer you to a specialist for more advanced testing. Fluoroscopy and/or endoscopy can be more accurate in diagnosing some cases of tracheal collapse, although these tests are more expensive and not always necessary for every patient. 

Tracheal Collapse in Dogs Treatment

Treatment for tracheal collapse in dogs typically involves using medication to manage (not cure) the condition. Your veterinarian may prescribe cough suppressants, corticosteroids (such as prednisone), bronchodilators, and even sedatives in an attempt to reduce your dog’s signs of tracheal collapse. 

If your dog is experiencing an acute episode of respiratory distress due to tracheal collapse, hospitalization may be required. An emergency veterinarian will administer oxygen therapy, along with injectable medications to aid your dog’s breathing. 

In severe cases, surgical treatment may be needed. This surgery is only performed by specialists, so your veterinarian will refer you to a veterinary surgeon at a specialty practice or veterinary teaching hospital. Surgical treatment of tracheal collapse requires placing a stent that will help hold the trachea open and allow smooth airflow. 

Managing Tracheal Collapse in Dogs

While medication is a mainstay of treatment for most cases of tracheal collapse, there are also lifestyle changes that you can make at home to help minimize your dog’s symptoms. 

Keep your dog at a healthy weight. Overweight and obese dogs have more fat surrounding their trachea. This can increase pressure on the trachea, worsening symptoms of tracheal collapse. 

Use a harness when walking your dog, instead of a collar. Neck collars place pressure on the trachea, which often triggers coughing in dogs with tracheal collapse. A harness distributes pressure across your dog’s chest, limiting pressure on the trachea. 

Avoid smoke and other airborne irritants, such as scented candles and strong cleaners. Many dogs with tracheal collapse are sensitive to these irritants, and they may trigger coughing episodes that can worsen signs of tracheal collapse. 

How long can a dog live with tracheal collapse? It depends on the severity of the dog’s tracheal collapse and your ability to manage their condition. Many dogs with mild tracheal collapse go on to live long, relatively normal lives. 

How to Prevent Tracheal Collapse in Dogs

There is no guaranteed way to prevent tracheal collapse in dogs. However, if you have a small-breed dog that is predisposed to tracheal collapse, keeping them at a lean weight and limiting your use of neck collars may help reduce the risk of this condition. 

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In fact, urinary accidents are one of the most common signs of urinary tract infections (UTI) and bladder stones in dogs. If this is the case, instead of a time out, your dog may need a trip to the vet.

What Are Bladder Stones?

Bladder stones are collections of mineral crystals that develop in the bladder or lower urinary tract. The medical term for these stones is “urolith,” which refers to a stone within the urine that may be in the bladder or urethra.

Kidney stones (nephroliths) may be formed of the same minerals as bladder stones, but they are found in the kidney or occasionally the ureter (the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder). Most kidney stones do not cause problems in dogs unless the stone blocks the urine from flowing out of the kidney or leads to repeated urinary tract infections.

For a serious illness, bladder stones are fairly common in dogs. While urinary tract infections are much more common, bladder stones occur frequently enough in dogs that family veterinarians are very experienced in treating them. 

What Causes Bladder Stones in Dogs?

Microscopic mineral crystals are often found in urine and may never become a problem. However, when conditions are right – such as higher acidity of urine, incomplete emptying of the bladder, and low water intake – these crystals may form into stones. Unless conditions in the bladder change, the stones will continue to multiply and grow.

Some types of bladder stones develop because of the way the body processes proteins and minerals. As these metabolic processes are under genetic control, there are known genetic risk factors for specific types of bladder stones in many dog breeds.

Types of Bladder Stones in Dogs

There are several types of bladder stones that are common in dogs, each named based on the mineral that is most prevalent. By far the most common are struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) and calcium oxalate.

These types of stones account for about 90 percent of all bladder stones in dogs, with struvite stones being more prevalent in females and calcium oxalate stones being more prevalent in males.

Struvite bladder stones in dogs are most often associated with urinary tract infections, which is why female dogs are at much higher risk for their development. (Male dogs are at low risk for urinary tract infections due to their long, narrow urethra that acts as a barrier to bacteria reaching the bladder.) Specifically, females with hooded vulvas or those who are obese and unable to clean themselves properly are more prone to UTIs. 

Breed Risk of Bladder Stones in Dogs

As mentioned above, there are certain breeds that are genetically more at risk for certain types of bladder stones [1]. 

Some breeds that are at increased risk for struvite stones include:

• Bichon Frise
• Miniature Schnauzer
• Pekingese
• Pug
• Shih-tzu
• Lhasa Apso

Breeds at increased risk for calcium oxalate stones include:

• Standard Poodle
• Miniature Schnauzer (both male and female)
• Pomeranian
• Brussels Griffon
• Miniature Pinscher
• Maltese
• Bichon Frise
• Yorkshire Terrier

Beyond these two most common types of stones, we’ve broken down a few others types of bladder stones that may arise in dogs, as well as the breeds that are at higher risk for them:

• Urate
  • Dalmatian
  • English Bulldog
  • Pitbull

• Cysteine
  • Australian Cattle Dog
  • French Bulldog
  • English Bulldog
  • Rottweiler
  • Pitbull
  • Mastiff

• Silica
  • Australian Shepherd
  • Border Collie
  • Golden Retriever
  • Pug
  • German Shepherd

• Xanthine
  • Dalmatian
  • Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
  • Toy Manchester Terrier
  • English Cocker Spaniel
  • Dachshund
  • Chihuahua 

Symptoms of Bladder Stones in Dogs

Symptoms of bladder stones in dogs are similar to those of UTIs and other types of lower urinary disease. Most often pet parents notice that their dog needs to urinate more frequently, will attempt to urinate frequently on walks, or is straining to urinate. Having urinary accidents in the house is also a sign of lower urinary disease, as is foul smelling urine and urine with blood in it. 

Urinary disease is painful, especially in the abdominal area, and dogs may show signs of pain by hunching their backs, not wanting to be pet, or otherwise being protective of their bellies. If left untreated, dogs can become very ill from their lower urinary disease and may vomit, have diarrhea, be lethargic, or not want to eat. 

If a dog is unable to urinate for 12 hours or more despite trying, they may have a urinary obstruction, which is fatal if left untreated. This is a medical emergency and you should seek veterinary attention immediately.  

Diagnosing Bladder Stones in Dogs

Most bladder stones are diagnosed through a combination of urine testing and X-rays. Occasionally it is possible for a veterinarian to feel bladder stones on a physical exam. Your veterinarian will also assess the size of the bladder, pain associated with it, and overall physical health. Urine testing can tell your veterinarian what type(s) of stones your dog has, which is important information because different types of stones require different treatments. 

Most, but not all, types of bladder stones are visible on X-rays, which can show the size, shape, location, and relative quantity (one, a few, or many) of the stones. Some bladder stones are not visible on an X-ray and require an abdominal ultrasound to confirm their presence. Bloodwork is also useful in forming a complete diagnosis and designing a tailored treatment plan.

Bladder Stones in Dogs Treatment

Veterinarians treat bladder stones with medical or surgical management. Medical management may include antibiotics for a concurrent urinary tract infection, anti-inflammatory pain control, and a prescription diet that dissolves existing stones and reduces the risk of new ones developing. 

Your veterinarian can write your pup a prescription for a urinary dissolution diet, and there are several companies that make prescription dog food, including Royal Canin, Hill’s, Purina, and Blue Buffalo. If your dog is prescribed this kind of diet, they should stay on it for the rest of their life unless specifically directed otherwise by a veterinarian.

Urate, xanthine, and silica stones may have different treatment protocols. Dogs with urate stones may be placed on medication called allopurinol and started on a vegetarian diet. Dogs with xanthine stones may also be started on a vegetarian diet, and dogs with silica stones should be offered purified water and given a specific limited-ingredient diet low in silica.

Depending on the size and type, some bladder stones in dogs are treated with surgical removal during a procedure called a cystoscopy.  Calcium oxalate stones, for example, are not dissolvable with diet and typically require surgery, which involves going in through the abdomen, making an incision in the bladder, and scooping out the stones. The surgery can be complicated by stones stuck in the urethra, especially in male dogs. 

Once the stones are removed, a sample is sent out for analysis so that a long-term treatment or prevention plan can be designed. Dogs who have surgery will also be placed on prescription diets to reduce the risk of recurrence.

Lithotripsy (laser treatment to dissolve bladder stones) is not routinely performed in dogs but may be recommended for some ureteral, urethral, and kidney stones, or in dogs with other complicating medical issues.

There are no effective home remedies for bladder stones. Over-the-counter supplements, such as those containing cranberry extract or other plant derivatives, are not effective at treating bladder stones or symptoms in dogs. If your dog is displaying signs of a urinary problem, it is best to take them to a veterinarian as soon as possible.

Cost to Treat Bladder Stones in Dogs

The cost of bladder stone care in dogs depends on the treatment. 

When it comes to prescription diets, the size of your dog and how much they eat factor into the cost. A 20 lb bag of food or case of 24 cans can range from $90 to $150, regardless of which brand you and your veterinarian select. These diets are also part of the long-term treatment and prevention plans for most types of bladder stones in dogs, so the cost will be ongoing.

The cost of surgery is typically in the range of $2,000 to $5,000, depending on whether your primary veterinarian or a specialist surgeon performs the procedure, how complicated the stone removal is, and how quickly your pup recovers. If the surgery is performed as an emergency due to stones preventing your dog from urinating, it will be more expensive. Similarly, if the urethra has ruptured, the cost of surgery will increase and involvement of a surgical specialist is usually required at that point.

How to Prevent Bladder Stones in Dogs

Bladder stones are not fully preventable. However, making sure your dog always has access to plenty of clean, fresh water can be helpful in reducing the likelihood of stone developing. Similarly, regular bathroom breaks, such as walks that are long enough to ensure your dog fully empties his bladder, can also help reduce the risk of bladder stones.

For dogs with a history of urinary crystals or bladder stones, a special prescription diet can reduce the risk of recurrence. There is no known benefit of dissolution diets for dogs without a history of bladder stones.

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And for a good reason. Tetanus in dogs is uncommon because they are relatively resistant to the toxin released by the bacteria that causes the disease. However, even though it’s not common, tetanus can become life threatening in dogs if not detected and treated early.

In this article, we’ll cover the basics of dog tetanus, including symptoms, treatment, and prevention.

What is Tetanus?

Tetanus is a bacterial infection that affects the nervous system. The bacteria that causes tetanus (Clostridium tetani, or C. tetani for short) lives in soil. It can also be found in an animal’s intestinal tract and is shed through the feces. C. tetani is an anaerobe, thriving in environments with little to no oxygen. It is very hardy and can live in these environments for years.

C. tetani enters the body through a puncture wound. The bacteria multiplies within the wound and releases a neurotoxin called tetanospasmin when cells in the wound begin to die. The toxin then attaches to nerve cells that control voluntary movement and blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (chemical messengers in the nervous system).

Without this control, muscles involuntarily spasm and contract. Involuntary muscle movements can be life-threatening when the respiratory muscles spasm, leading to an inability to breathe.

People get tetanus shots to protect themselves from the disease. The first shot is given during childhood. Because tetanus shots do not provide lifelong protection, adults need booster shots to maintain disease protection. 

Can Dogs Get Tetanus?

Yes, dogs can get tetanus, but it is unusual because they are typically resistant to the toxin released by C. tetani. 

There are two forms of tetanus in dogs: localized and generalized. Localized tetanus causes symptoms at the site of the wound. Generalized tetanus occurs when the toxin enters the nerve tract and travels from the wound to the brain and spinal cord. 

If a dog does get tetanus, it is more likely to be localized tetanus. However, it is possible for localized tetanus to progress to generalized tetanus.

How Do Dogs Get Tetanus?

As with people, dogs get tetanus when C. tetani enters the body through a puncture wound. It’s important for pet parents to be aware that the wound does not have to be large in order for tetanus to be present – a minor puncture wound can allow entry of C. tetani. Additionally, while any dog can technically get tetanus, it is most likely to affect young, large-breed dogs.

Symptoms of Tetanus in Dogs

Tetanus symptoms in dogs are due to tetanospasmin’s effects on nerve cells, resulting in involuntary muscle contractions and spasms. The incubation time (i.e. time until symptoms appear) for tetanus in dogs is usually about 5 to 10 days, but it can range from 3 days to several weeks. This timeframe is so long because of dogs’ resistance to tetanospasmin.

Symptoms of both localized and generalized tetanus in dogs include:

Localized Tetanus

• Muscle stiffness near the wound
• Muscle tremors near the wound

Generalized Tetanus

• Lockjaw
• Erect ears
• Wrinkled forehead
• Inability to swallow
• Excessive drooling
• Difficulty breathing
• Stiff head and neck
• Mouth partially open
• Elevated third eyelids
• Stiff and extended tail
• Curled lips (‘sinister smile’)
• Difficulty walking or turning around
• Fever due to heat from constant muscle contraction

It’s also important to note that the muscle spasms associated with tetanus can be severe enough to cause bone fractures.

Diagnosing Tetanus in Dogs

Veterinarians diagnose tetanus according to symptoms. Ideally, the wound can be identified; however, because of the long incubation time of tetanus in dogs, the wound usually heals by the time symptoms appear.

Tests to identify C. tetani are not always reliable, so testing is usually not performed to make the diagnosis. However, a veterinarian may perform diagnostic testing to assess an affected dog’s overall health. This can include bloodwork, urinalysis, chest X-rays, and an electrocardiogram to measure heart rate and rhythm.

Treatment for Tetanus in Dogs

When it comes to treating tetanus in dogs, the earlier treatment is started, the better. The goal is to begin treatment before tetanospasmin has attached to nerve cells. If the wound can be identified, the veterinarian will debride (remove all dead tissue) and clean it.

Beyond wound care, the specific course of treatment depends on disease severity, but several treatments are generally recommended, including: 

Antibiotics The first line of treatment is typically an antibiotic, specifically penicillin. Killing C. tetani prevents the release of tetanospasmin, and improvements from antibiotic treatment are typically seen within the first week.

Other medications. Additional medications to relax the muscles and control spasms may also be used. Because light and noise can trigger muscle spasms, dogs must remain in a dark, quiet room during treatment.

Antitoxin. A tetanus antitoxin is another form of treatment, though it is a controversial option. An antitoxin is a blood product that contains antibodies against tetanospasmin and is derived from the blood of a horse or human. Its role is to prevent attachment of the neurotoxin to nerve cells, so it is effective only during the early stages of the disease.

Unfortunately, this antitoxin can have serious side effects. Because it is a blood product of another species, it may be rejected by a dog’s immune system and cause anaphylactic shock, a severe and life-threatening allergic reaction. Anaphylaxis is more likely with intravenous administration of the antitoxin.

Depending on disease severity, additional supportive care measures may be taken, such as:

• Feeding tube
• Breathing support
• Intravenous fluid therapy
• Soft bedding and regular body rotation to prevent bed sores

Full recovery from tetanus typically takes at least one month. 

How Much Does It Cost to Treat Tetanus in Dogs?

The cost to treat tetanus in dogs varies according to how severe it is. Localized tetanus treatment costs are lower because the dog may not need hospitalization or require intensive care.

Generalized tetanus is much more expensive to treat, given the costs of intensive supportive care, medications, and hospitalization.

How to Prevent Tetanus in Dogs

Although people get tetanus shots in childhood and adulthood, because tetanus is so uncommon in dogs, these shots are not routinely given in the canine community.

The best prevention against tetanus in dogs is prompt and thorough cleaning of puncture wounds and antibiotic treatment. If the cleaning is beyond what you can do yourself, your veterinarian can thoroughly debride and clean the wound, and also prescribe an appropriate antibiotic to administer at home.

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Jaundice is an uncommon but serious condition in dogs, and while it is not always life-threatening, it can be a warning sign of underlying health issues that require prompt veterinary attention. In this article, we’ll dive into the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for jaundice in dogs, as well as precautions you can take to prevent some of its causes.

What is Jaundice?

Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a visible yellow discoloration of the skin, whites of the eyes and gums. Jaundice is a result of excessive levels of bilirubin (a yellow pigment) in the bloodstream or the organs of the body. 

Normally, bilirubin is produced when the body breaks down old or damaged red blood cells. The bilirubin is transported by the bloodstream to the liver, which metabolizes it into a form that can be excreted. Bilirubin is then stored in bile in the gallbladder and ultimately excreted in the stool.

Most people are familiar with jaundice in newborn babies, as it is very common. In fact, according to the American Association of Family Physicians, about 50 percent of full-term babies and 80 percent of premature babies will develop jaundice in their first week of life. Most of the time, jaundice in babies doesn’t need to be treated and is not a very serious problem.

Humans aren’t the only species to develop jaundice. Jaundice is commonly treated by veterinarians in dogs, cats, horses, and a variety of other animals.

What Does Jaundice Look Like in Dogs?

Jaundice can be much harder to diagnose in dogs than in people due to the presence of their fur coats. In dogs with light-colored skin, owners may notice a yellow discoloration on their inner ear flaps or on the hairless parts of their bellies. In most dogs, jaundice will be apparent on their gums, but some dogs have dark gums, making it tough to tell. The easiest place to detect jaundice in dogs is typically the sclera, or whites of the eyes.

Causes of Jaundice in Dogs

When it comes to what causes jaundice in dogs, we need to first break it down by the type we’re dealing with. Typically, jaundice (or icterus) is divided into three main categories: Pre-hepatic, Hepatic, and Post-hepatic.

Pre-hepatic icterus may occur in cases of severe hemolytic anemia (low levels of red blood cells due to bursting of the cells). This happens because there is more bilirubin to process than the liver can keep up with. Possible causes of hemolytic anemia in dogs include:

• Primary autoimmune disease with an unknown cause (most common)
• Tick-borne infections due to Babesia and Ehrlichia
• Reactions to antibiotics such as penicillins and trimethoprim sulfa
• Certain cancers such as hemangiosarcoma
• Venomous snake bites

Hepatic icterus, the most common type of icterus, can occur anytime there is serious liver disease in dogs, which prevents the liver from processing bilirubin or from moving bile into the gallbladder. This can occur due to several different causes including:

• Liver cancer
• Bacterial or viral infections of the liver, also known as hepatitis
• Leptospirosis
• Ingestion of toxins:
  • Sago Palm
  • Blue-green algae
  • Xylitol
• Drugs:
  • Tylenol
  • Phenobarbital

Post-hepatic icterus in dogs can be seen with obstructions of the common bile duct or gallbladder. Examples of conditions that can lead to post-hepatic jaundice include:

• Severe pancreatitis
• Abdominal tumors
• Gallbladder mucocele
• Gallstones
• Gallbladder rupture

Other Symptoms Associated with Jaundice

According to a recent study in dogs, the most common symptoms present along with jaundice were:

• Vomiting 
• Inappetence 
• Lethargy 
• Fever 

Other symptoms pet parents should watch out for are:

• Increased drinking and urination
• Diarrhea
• Bloating 
• Abdominal pain

Diagnosing the Cause of Jaundice in Dogs

As you can see, jaundice can have many different causes. Since most causes of jaundice in dogs are quite serious, it’s critical that you take your dog to your veterinarian at the first sign of jaundice or any of the associated symptoms. 

Your veterinarian will need to take a detailed history to ensure your dog has not been exposed to any toxins, drugs, or infectious diseases that could be playing a role. Next, she will need to take blood for a complete blood cell count and blood chemistry panel, as well as urine for a urinalysis. This is a good starting point and will guide your veterinarian to the next best steps. 

Most causes of jaundice will also require an abdominal ultrasound to guide the diagnosis. If the jaundice is determined to be hepatic in nature liver clotting tests, leptospirosis testing, and liver biopsies will need to be performed. 

Treating Dogs for Jaundice

Treatment for jaundice in dogs is based on the determined cause or probable cause. However, many dogs with jaundice present to veterinarians in serious to critical condition, and stabilizing them while waiting for the results of testing is imperative. 

Initial stabilization usually involves intravenous (IV) fluids to correct dehydration and possibly IV antibiotics if there is a high suspicion of infectious causes. Dogs with sudden or chronic liver failure often have low blood sugar, which also requires prompt attention by administering a sugar solution.

When jaundice is caused by anemia, treatment often involves blood transfusions and steroids. Dogs that have abnormal blood clotting capabilities often require plasma transfusion, especially before having invasive liver biopsies performed.

Surgery is typically only performed for cases of post-hepatic jaundice where the bile duct or gallbladder is obstructed or ruptured.

Prognosis for Dogs with Jaundice

Prognosis for dogs with jaundice is variable and depends on the cause. A recent study that followed 115 dogs with jaundice showed that about 50 percent of them died from their disease. Of the different causes of jaundice, the prognosis was worse for dogs with pre-hepatic jaundice from hemolytic anemia than those with hepatic or post-hepatic causes. 

How to Prevent Jaundice in Dogs

While there is nothing you can do to prevent all causes of jaundice in your dog, there are a few precautions you can take to prevent certain causes. These include:

• Keeping your dog up to date on her leptospirosis and adenovirus vaccinations
• Never giving your dog over-the-counter medications without first consulting your veterinarian
• Never giving any prescribed medications at higher than recommended doses
• Performing drug monitoring when your pet takes medications on a long-term basis
• Preventing your pup from eating foods containing xylitol, a sweetener found in sugar-free gums and other products, which is toxic to dogs
• Keeping toxic plants such as Sago Palm away from your dog
• Having regular screening blood work performed on your dog as this can help catch issues before they progress to jaundice

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Luckily, the treatment options for cancer are always evolving and improving. If you’re staring down a diagnosis of cancer in your dog, your veterinarian may discuss chemotherapy as a treatment option with you. Here, we’ll discuss types of chemotherapy for dogs and what you should expect if you pursue chemotherapy for your pet..

What Is Chemotherapy?

Simply put, the term “chemotherapy” refers to drugs used to kill cancers or slow cancer growth and spread. These drugs can be given as oral medications, as injections, or as intravenous infusions.

The medication or combination of medications that your veterinarian recommends will depend on what cancer your dog has and your dog’s individual health.

Chemo in dogs is different from chemo in humans. In humans, chemotherapy protocols are extremely aggressive and typically aimed at curing cancer. For dogs, we are focused on ensuring the pet has a good quality of life for as long as possible. The veterinarian will not tolerate adverse effects and will likely alter protocols if the pet is not tolerating chemotherapy well.

When Is Chemotherapy Recommended for Dogs?

Whether chemotherapy is recommended for a dog depends on the type of cancer the pet has, how aggressive the cancer is, and the pet’s overall health.

Chemotherapy is a common recommendation for many types of dog cancer, particularly if the cancer has already spread (metastasized) or is a type of cancer that frequently metastasizes, such as lymphoma or osteosarcoma. 

For example, with osteosarcoma, which typically affects one of the bones of a leg, most oncologists will recommend surgery to remove the limb with the primary tumor, as well as chemotherapy to address spread of the cancer. This is because most osteosarcomas have already metastasized on a microscopic level by the time they are discovered.

Your veterinarian may also recommend chemotherapy if the tumor is unable to be removed surgically. Sometimes, chemotherapy may be used to shrink large tumors prior to surgery or as a follow-up to surgery if microscopic cells are left behind. 

Access to radiation treatments is also very limited currently, with few specialty centers currently having the capability to perform radiation. As a result, pets who may have benefitted from radiation therapy may end up relying more on chemotherapy.

Dog Chemotherapy Medications

Veterinarians use a wide range of chemotherapy medications used to treat cancer in dogs. In the table below, we list some of the common chemotherapy medications used in dogs, examples of cancers they can be used for, and their method of administration.

Injectable medications are given in a veterinary clinic – most often at a specialty center. Oral medications are typically given at home, and dosing instructions vary by drug.

This list is not all-inclusive of chemotherapy medications for dogs. Your veterinarian may recommend other chemotherapy medications or choose a specific chemotherapeutic agent for a different use than we’ve listed. Some medications may have other names that are not included on this chart. 

If your veterinarian’s recommendations differ from the information included above, you absolutely should follow the recommendations from your pet’s doctor.

What to Expect During Treatment

How many doses your dog will get and over what length of time varies a lot based on the type of cancer, the stage, the drugs used, and your dog’s health. It’s possible that your pet may be receiving chemotherapy for the rest of their life. It’s also possible that your pet may stop treatment if the cancer goes into remission.

The oncologist or veterinary professional will determine which medications your dog receives, how often they receive the medication, and for how long they undergo chemotherapy. 

Appointments last anywhere from under an hour to most of the day. Some treatments, such as cytosine arabinoside infusion, may require overnight hospitalization. Most injectable chemotherapy protocols involve a set number of treatments that are spaced out every 1-3 weeks. Chemotherapy treatments can last several months to over a year.

Prior to administering the next dose of chemotherapy, the veterinarian will run blood work to ensure your pet still has an adequate number of white blood cells and is tolerating the protocol well. If your pet is receiving injectable chemotherapy, your pet will likely have a shaved area on their leg where the veterinarian placed the catheter.

It’s very important that intravenous injections make it into the vein and do not leak into surrounding tissues. This means the placement of the catheter will require a clean needle stick. Although most dogs don’t have to be sedated for treatment and will rest comfortably during the infusion, sedation is sometimes necessary to make the treatment safe for the dog and the veterinary team.

Cost of Chemotherapy for Dogs

The cost of chemotherapy for dogs varies depending on the specific protocol recommended, how well your pet is tolerating and responding to their protocol, and whether other treatments are recommended. Prices differ between private practices that do chemotherapy, specialty clinics, and universities. Prices can range anywhere from $3,500 to well over $10,000.

Keep in mind that even if you cannot afford the “gold standard” chemotherapy protocol, there may be other options that will still improve your pet’s quality of life. If you do wish to pursue treatment but are struggling to afford it, other suggestions could include:

• Asking the veterinarian about alternative protocols that may be more affordable
• Running a fundraiser for your pet
• Looking for clinical trials that your pet could join
• Applying for CareCredit to help you pay for treatment in affordable monthly installments

If you already have pet insurance, some companies will cover the cost of cancer treatment. This may be a good reason to consider purchasing pet insurance while your pets are young and healthy. 

Chemotherapy Side Effects for Dogs

Most dogs have minimal to no side effects from chemotherapy treatments. As a reminder, negative side effects are generally not tolerated by the veterinary profession. If your pet is showing negative effects of chemotherapy, you need to follow up with their doctor. 

Your dog may be more likely to experience negative side effects if they have pre-existing gastrointestinal, kidney, or liver disease. Underlying conditions may affect which drugs can be given and how often. Make sure to discuss your pet’s health history with the veterinarian prior to beginning a chemotherapy protocol to reduce risk.

When side effects do occur, they’re commonly related to the gastrointestinal tract or bone marrow. Common GI tract side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, and loss of appetite. Decreased production of white blood cells in the bone marrow can result in immunosuppression, making your dog prone to secondary infections. In most cases, the white blood cell count will be at its lowest 7-10 days after treatment. If your pet’s white blood cell count is too low, they may be placed on antibiotics to prevent infection. This can also impact their ability to receive their next injection as scheduled.

Some medications, such as doxorubicin, can cause tissue sloughing if they escape the vein and leak into surrounding tissues (extravasation). Other chemotherapeutic agents, such as carboplatin, can be locally irritating. The veterinarian will monitor for extravasation and manage accordingly if this occurs.

Other side effects can be related to the specific drug. For example, doxorubicin results in heart toxicity over time and cyclophosphamide can cause bloody urine (sterile hemorrhagic cystitis). Your veterinarian will be aware of these drug-specific side effects and will alter their plans based on how your pet is handling their medications.

Prednisone commonly causes increased drinking, urination, and appetite. You may also see muscle wasting if your pet is on this medication for a long-time.

Most dogs will not lose their fur during chemotherapy, though you may see fur loss in curly-coated and wire-haired breeds. It’s also possible to see the loss of whiskers and eyelashes.

Make sure to contact your veterinarian if you are noticing any side effects in your dog.

Chemotherapy Alternatives for Dogs

Other treatment recommendations could include surgery, radiation, and immunotherapy. Surgery is typically performed if there’s an isolated tumor, such as a mast cell tumor, that can be removed. For some cancers, like lymphoma, surgery is not typically recommended.

Radiation therapy is generally recommended for tumors that cannot be completely removed surgically or are not surgically accessible. Importantly, radiation treatments require full sedation for each treatment. Limited practices currently offer radiation, and the travel in addition to the treatments can be costly

Immunotherapy is a developing cancer treatment option. Immunotherapy uses the dog’s own immune system to destroy cancer cells. An example of this is Oncept, which is a vaccination for melanoma in dogs. Research is ongoing into the use of immunotherapy for other cancers, such as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, and transitional cell carcinoma.

Things to Consider Before Chemotherapy for Dogs

Before considering chemotherapy for your dog, it’s best to have a candid conversation with your veterinarian about the process, risks, and benefits. Consider asking for a referral to a veterinary oncologist, which is a veterinarian who specializes in cancer treatment, for at least a consultation.

Remember that many factors can play into your pet’s response to chemotherapy, such as their underlying health, the specific cancer they have, and how aggressive their cancer is.

Questions you can discuss with your veterinarian and the oncologist prior to moving forward with treatment could include:

• Does my dog have other underlying conditions that may complicate cancer treatment?
• Does the veterinarian expect my dog to have a good response to chemotherapy?
• How long does the veterinarian expect chemotherapy to extend my dog’s life?
• Is chemotherapy potentially going to cure my dog, or do we expect relapse?
• What will chemotherapy cost, and can I afford this without negatively impacting the bond I have with my pet?

There are other considerations to keep in mind, as well. Not all dogs respond to chemotherapy the same. While your veterinarian can tell you what they expect, your dog may do better or worse than the average pet. If you pursue chemotherapy, this is a risk you must accept.

Additionally, consider how your pet is behaviorally. If you have a highly anxious or stressed dog, a dog prone to aggression in the veterinary office, or a dog who can’t have their blood drawn or an injection administered without sedation, the process of chemotherapy will likely be very stress-inducing for your pet. Additional sedatives or anti-anxiety medications may increase the cost.

Receiving a diagnosis of cancer can bring up a lot of painful feelings, as well. It’s emotionally taxing not only to receive the diagnosis but also to go through chemotherapy with your pet. This is totally normal, and your veterinarian will understand that this isn’t an easy decision to make. Consider finding support groups, pet grief counselors, or a therapist to help you throughout the process.

Is Chemotherapy for Dogs Worth It?

Whether chemotherapy is a good option for your canine family member depends on your individual dog, the type of cancer your dog has, and your personal finances. 

In some cases, chemotherapy can extend a pet’s life by well over a year. In other cases, chemo may only buy you a couple extra weeks or months. In both situations, it’s likely to be quite costly. 

If your family is unable to afford chemotherapy or can’t accommodate the many rechecks and treatment appointments, it’s okay to discuss other options with your veterinarian. In most cases, veterinarians just want to find an option that works for your family and preserves the bond you have with your dog.

Importantly, remember that chemotherapy is generally tolerated better by our canine companions because the goal of chemo in dogs is to preserve quality of life for as long as possible. Rest assured that if you are pursuing chemotherapy, your veterinary oncologist and primary veterinarian will work together to ensure your pet continues to feel great for as long as possible.

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It’s estimated that 14 percent of dogs will be diagnosed with a UTI during their lifetime, and urinary tract infections are among the most common reasons dogs visit the vet. Some dogs may only get a single urinary tract infection, while others have chronic or recurrent UTIs, developing three or more infections in a year.

Read on to learn everything you need to know about dog UTI symptoms – and when it’s time to call the veterinarian.

Urinary Tract Infections in Dogs: An Overview

E. coli and other bacteria cause UTI in dogs. Bacteria enters the urethra and travel toward the bladder. Dogs have defenses – like sterile urine – that fight off infection-causing bacteria, but the system isn’t always effective.

Once bacteria reach the bladder, kidney, or prostate (in unneutered male dogs), it can grow and reproduce, causing symptoms of UTI in dogs. Treatment not only alleviates the symptoms, it also prevents the infection from spreading and causing additional damage.

“If a urinary tract infection is left untreated, a dog may develop complications like lower urinary tract dysfunction (or urinary incontinence), kidney infection, [chronic inflammation in the bladder], bladder stones, or an infected prostate gland,” explains Dr. Georgina Ushi, a veterinarian at Fuzzy.

Although male dog UTI symptoms and female dog UTI symptoms are the same, Dr. Ushi notes that females are more susceptible to infections, along with older dogs and dogs with underlying health conditions like diabetes, kidney disease, Cushing’s disease, bladder tumors, or weakened immune systems.

UTIs are also more common in breeds such as English Bulldogs, French Bulldogs, and Pugs that have excess skin folds around their vulvas that provide the warm, dark, moist environments where bacteria thrive.

8 Dog UTI Symptoms You Shouldn’t Ignore

Any of these eight symptoms could be a sign of a dog UTI and warrant a trip to the vet.

Straining to pee. Dogs with UTIs may whine, whimper, or arch their backs during their potty breaks because the infection causes pain during urination.

Bloody or cloudy urine. Any change in the color of your dog’s urine is cause for concern. “Cloudy urine can mean there is pus in the urine, which can indicate inflammation or infection of the bladder,” Dr. Ushi says. “[Blood in the urine] could also indicate infection or inflammation of the urinary tract, and possibly that there are stones in the bladder.” 

Frequent urination. A UTI can make your dog feel like she has to urinate even when her bladder isn’t full. This means that a dog that can normally go several hours between bathroom breaks starts asking to go out much more often.

Potty accidents. When a pup with an A+ track record for doing her business outside starts having accidents in the house, it can be a hallmark sign of UTI in dogs.

Peeing multiple times in a row. Urinary tract infections aren’t just painful; the infection makes it difficult for dogs to control the flow of urine, which means your potty-trained dog can’t hold it until she gets outside. A common symptom of UTIs in dogs is peeing again right after they go to the bathroom.

Increased genital licking. Most dogs are willing to get into some pretty tricky positions to lick their nether regions, and the occasional lick-a-thon is totally normal. However, pay attention to any increased licking of the genitals – it might be one of the first signs your dog has a UTI. “It is believed that dogs experience some pain and discomfort in the genital area from infection and inflammation [of a UTI],” Dr. Ushi says. “Increased licking is their way of trying to soothe the area.”

Low volume of urine. If words like “dribble” and “trickle” best describe your dog’s urine flow, pay attention. Dr. Ushi notes that, “not producing any urine or small drops is a symptom not to be ignored.” The reason: It could be a sign that something is blocking the passage of urine from the bladder.

“If you notice straining with little to no production of urine, an emergency trip to the vet is warranted,” she says. Your vet will want to rule out possible causes for reduced urine flow, including bladder stones, scar tissue that narrows the urethra, or tumors in the urinary tract.

Fever. A normal temperature for dogs is 99.5 to 102.5 degrees Fahrenheit. While fever is not a common sign of UTI in dogs, an elevated temperature in a dog diagnosed with a UTI could be a sign that the infection has spread. “There may be an underlying cause of the fever, such as a kidney infection…prostate infection in unneutered males or infection in another part of the body,” Dr. Ushi says.

Next Steps if You Suspect a Dog UTI

If you notice your dog has common symptoms of a urinary tract infection, call your veterinarian. “A urinary tract infection should be treated as soon as possible,” says Dr. Ushi.

Your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical exam, collect a urine sample, and run a urinalysis to detect the presence of white blood cells and bacteria that will help them diagnose a urinary tract infection.

In order to get the best results, they may want a sterile sample, which is collected by passing a urinary catheter into the bladder or using a needle to collect a sample through the skin and bladder wall. This method minimizes possible contamination from the urethra and genitals, according to Ushi.

Dogs that test positive for UTIs may be prescribed antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications to alleviate the symptoms and clear the infection. In the case of a recurrent or chronic UTI, your veterinarian will want to determine the bacteria causing the infection to recommend a targeted medication for treatment.

Not only is a UTI painful for your dog, it could cause additional health issues if left untreated, making it even more important not to ignore the warning signs and make an appointment to get immediate medical attention.

The post 8 Dog UTI Symptoms You Shouldn’t Ignore appeared first on Great Pet Care.

While smegma may seem a bit disgusting to us humans – leading us to wonder how to stop dog smegma production – this fluid is actually completely normal and natural. Read on to learn more about smegma in dogs, including when it should be ignored and when it’s a cause for concern.

A Brief Intro to Dog Penis Anatomy

When you look at the outside of a dog’s penis, what you are typically seeing is the prepuce (also known as the sheath or foreskin). The prepuce is a fold of skin that surrounds and protects the penis.

A dog’s penis lies inside the prepuce. The penis is bright red or pink in color, because it is covered in a mucous membrane (like your gums or the inside of your eyelids). A mucous membrane is more susceptible to drying out and becoming injured than normal skin, so the prepuce serves to protect this delicate mucous membrane.

A dog’s penis may extend from the prepuce under a variety of circumstances. Most obviously, the penis will protrude during sexual activity. In some dogs, however, the pink/red tissue of the penis will protrude anytime they are excited (even in a non-sexual way) or even when they are calm and relaxed. All of these variations can be normal for dogs.

What is Dog Smegma?

Smegma is a white, yellow, or green fluid found in the space between the penis and the prepuce. It contains a combination of dead skin cells and proteins. Smegma serves to lubricate and protect the penis, and it is completely normal.

In many dogs, smegma may be nearly invisible. It remains in the pocket of tissue between the penis and prepuce in very small quantities, where it cannot be seen.

In some dogs, however, larger quantities of smegma are produced. In these dogs, you may see drops of smegma leaking from the tip of your dog’s prepuce. Smegma may also coat the hair around the opening of your dog’s prepuce and small drops of smegma may be found on your floor and furniture. 

In many cases, visible smegma production is normal and doesn’t indicate a problem.

Dog Smegma and Signs of Infection

While occasional smegma in dogs is typically a normal occurrence, a sudden or dramatic increase in smegma can indicate an underlying medical issue. 

If you notice that your dog is producing more smegma than usual, this could indicate an infection or other medical problem. Dramatic changes in the color, odor, or other characteristics of your dog’s smegma can also suggest an issue. Finally, most male dogs attempt to clean away excess smegma through licking, so increased licking of the genitals could suggest increased smegma production associated with an infection or other medical issue.

A variety of medical conditions can cause changes in your dog’s smegma. Infections impacting the penis, prepuce, urinary tract, prostate gland, or other structures of your dog’s reproductive tract can lead to changes in your dog’s smegma. An increase in smegma could also suggest other urinary tract disorders, such as urethral stones, bladder stones, or urinary tract tumors. Even seemingly-unrelated issues, such as skin allergies, can lead to changes in your dog’s smegma.

If you’re concerned about the possibility of a dog smegma infection, it’s time to schedule an appointment with your veterinarian. 

Your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical exam, paying special attention to your dog’s genitals. Additional testing, such as bloodwork, urinalysis, or X-rays, may also be recommended. Based on your veterinarian’s findings, they can determine whether there may be an underlying health issue involved in your dog’s smegma changes.

Investing in a reliable pet insurance plan, such as a policy from Animalia, helps pet parents be more prepared. Pet insurance plans typically cover necessary tests and treatments associated with underlying smegma issues. Should your dog require the services of a specialist, you’ll have peace of mind without breaking the bank.

Does Smegma Require Treatment?

Most male dog smegma is completely normal. While it may be icky to us, it doesn’t present a problem for our dogs. Therefore, no treatment is required.

If your veterinarian determines that your dog’s smegma is associated with an infection or underlying medical issue, they will recommend appropriate treatment for your dog. Treatments may include cleaning or flushing of the prepuce, oral antibiotics, or other medications.

How to Clean Dog Smegma

Most dogs clean their own smegma by licking away excess discharge from the prepuce. If your dog is not cleaning their smegma and your vet has determined there is no underlying medical problem, you can use a warm, moist washcloth or tissue to wipe excess smegma away from your dog’s prepuce. If your dog has long hair, keeping the hair around their prepuce trimmed can reduce the accumulation of smegma.

Less commonly, your veterinarian may recommend more thorough cleaning of your dog’s smegma. Your veterinarian may provide an antiseptic solution and syringe, which you can use to flush excess smegma from your dog’s prepuce. Follow your veterinarian’s instructions carefully.

Do not attempt to put cleaner inside your dog’s prepuce unless you have been advised to do so by your veterinarian.

If your dog leaves small quantities of smegma on your floors or furniture, these can be cleaned with any cleaner that is approved for use on that surface. For example, you can use carpet cleaner on carpeted floors and upholstery cleaner on upholstered furniture.  

How to Stop Dog Smegma

Neutering your dog is the best way to reduce smegma production. Intact (unneutered) dogs produce larger amounts of smegma, increasing the likelihood that this smegma will drip onto your floors and furniture. In most cases, you will see a reduction in dog smegma after neutering.

Even neutered dogs, however, produce a small amount of smegma. In most cases, this is not apparent to owners, but you may occasionally notice a small drip of fluid. This is biologically normal and cannot be completely prevented.

The post Dog Smegma: Causes and Information appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Keeping the paws healthy is key to a dog’s ability to move about their environment comfortably and easily.

Paw infections are often painful and irritating, making life difficult for dogs. Unfortunately, given the paws’ location, these infections are challenging to treat and may take a long time to heal.

The sooner you recognize their paws are infected, the sooner you can get your dog the veterinary care they need. 

Types of Dog Paw Infections

Generally, infections are caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, that invade the body and activate the immune system. 

The main types of dog paw infections are:

• Bacterial
• Fungal
• Yeast

Causes of Dog Paw Infections

Dog paw infections occur when the paws’ protective padding is damaged, allowing microorganisms to enter the paw and multiply.

Here are a few ways in which the paw can become damaged and prone to infection:

Trauma. Trauma to the paw can be as tiny as a puncture wound or as large as a long gash. Either way, microorganisms enter that wound and cause a painful infection.

Allergies. Common dog allergies include food, fleas, and environmental. Allergies make a dog’s paws feel incredibly itchy, leading to constant licking and biting at the area. This will eventually damage the paws’ protective covering, allowing bacteria or other microorganisms to enter.

Immune suppression. A dog’s immune system may be suppressed because of treatment, such as for cancer. A suppressed immune system cannot mount a strong immune response to fight off an infection.

Body type. Dogs with skinny legs and thin paw padding, such as Greyhounds, are prone to paw infections.

Dog Paw Infection Symptoms

The symptoms of an infected dog paw are usually quite evident and similar regardless of the underlying cause.

Here are signs of a paw infection to look for:

• Redness
• Swelling
• Visible injury
• Pain in the paw
• Discolored nails
• Foul smell from the paw
• Reluctance to have paws touched
• Greasy or discolored paw discharge
• Difficulty walking or refusal to walk
• Vocalizing when trying to walk
• Constant licking or biting at the paws
• Signs of allergies (e.g., watery eyes, skin rash, itchy skin)

These symptoms range in severity according to the infection’s severity, and knowing the normal appearance of your dog’s paws will help you recognize anything out of the ordinary more quickly. 

Diagnosing Dog Paw Infections

If your dog is showing signs of a paw infection, your veterinarian will need to diagnose the infection and perform a few basic tests to determine the infection’s cause.

Your veterinarian will first take a history from you and conduct a physical exam, paying close attention to your dog’s paws. Tell them your dog’s symptoms and when they first appeared, and if your dog recently suffered a paw injury. Your veterinarian will ask you other questions to get more details from you about the problem.

To look for microorganisms in the paw, your veterinarian also will do a few simple tests, such as a skin scrape and tape impression. For the skin scrape, they’ll gently scrape a thin layer of the paw pad to collect skin cells, then place this scraping on a microscope slide. For a tape impression, your vet will press a piece of tape across the affected paw and place the tape on a microscope slide.

Once analyzed under a microscope, the appearance of the microorganisms will allow your veterinarian to determine whether bacteria, yeast, or fungi caused the infection.

Additional diagnostic testing is needed for severe paw infections. X-rays of your dog’s paw and leg will help your vet determine if the infection has spread beyond the paw. Blood work indicates whether the infection has entered your dog’s bloodstream.

Dog Paw Infection Treatments

Treatment for a paw infection depends on the underlying cause and the infection’s severity and duration. Allow at least a few days for the paw to heal.

Medications to treat dog paw infections include antibiotics and antifungals. They can be applied topically to the paw as an ointment or, for severe infections, given by mouth. Pain medications are given to relieve pain and discomfort.

Infected dog paws must also be cleaned to remove as much dirt, debris, and damaged tissue as possible. After the paw is cleaned, it is bandaged to protect it from further injury, allowing it to heal as fully as possible.

Cleaning and bandaging may be challenging, depending on how well your dog tolerates their infected paw being handled. Your veterinarian will provide at-home instructions for cleaning and bandaging the infected paw, and your dog will wear an e-collar during treatment to keep them from biting and picking at the bandage.

Follow your veterinarian’s treatment instructions to ensure that the infection clears and the paw fully heals. Let them know if you’re having trouble keeping the paw clean and bandaged.

How to Prevent Dog Paw Infections

Dogs love to run and play, so preventing a paw infection may not be easy. However, a few prevention strategies can help make paw infections much less likely for your dog:

Regular grooming. Keep your dog’s nails trimmed. Overgrown nails can curl under and puncture the paw pad.

Paw protection. Put booties on your dog’s paws when your dog goes outside.

Keep an eye on the paws. Inspect your dog’s paws regularly, especially after going outside.

Wash after walks. Clean and dry your dog’s paws after taking a walk or vigorous outdoor play. Dog paw cleaners can make this process easy and efficient. 

Allergy treatment. Manage your dog’s allergies to make the paws feel less itchy.

Prevent pests. Have your dog on year-round flea and tick prevention to avoid itchy bites.

Dog paw infections can be very uncomfortable, but they are treatable and preventable. Taking good care of your dog’s paws will help keep them healthy and infection free.

The post Dog Paw Infections: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments appeared first on Great Pet Care.

One can hardly imagine the terror and fear that ran through tiny Benji’s body as he evaded cars, loud sounds, and busy people. His owners looked everywhere for the little guy, and finally, after three hours or searching, they found him.

Sadly, someone stabbed Benji and left him to die on the cold New York streets. His owners wrapped him with a temporary bandage and rushed him to Veterinary Emergency & Referral Group (VERG) in Brooklyn, open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

A Life-Saving Veterinary Team

As a military veterinarian in the US ARMY reserves, Dr. Matthew Morgan, chief of surgery, was on call when Benji came in.

“I train for these types of injuries on the battlefield but never expected to be seeing an injury of this nature in Brooklyn,” Dr. Morgan shared. “He was very lucky to be brought to us in time for us to stabilize him and stop the bleeding.”

Dr. Morgan and his team assessed the damage and determined the dog needed immediate surgery. Stopping the bleeding became mandatory before Benji could be placed under anesthesia. They did this with the use of Vetigel, a gel-based hemostatic that stops bleeding. VERG Brooklyn is one of the first hospitals in the United States to use the new product.

“Since this is so new, many veterinarians have never heard of it,” said Dr. Morgan. “VERG is one of the hospitals to trial the product after approval.”

Benji’s Battle

The Vetigel product stops internal and external bleeding by clotting the blood. Wounds begin healing within minutes. With Vetigel applied to the wound, Dr. Morgan and his team began attempts to save Benji’s life.

A sharp, full-thickness penetrating stab wound between his 12th and 13th rib extended into Benji’s chest cavity, narrowly missing his lungs and heart. The surgical team could see the dog’s lungs exposed between the ribs. 

Diagnosed as a pneumothorax, or collapsed lung, the situation became near-fatal very quickly. Fortunately, Benji survived the harrowing ordeal. 

Dr. Morgan and his team were able to discharge Benji back to the owners about 12 hours after his surgery. 

Advice for Pet Parents

The city streets are dangerous for pets, so Dr. Morgan reminds all pet parents to microchip their dogs and to have their dogs wear collars at all times.

“Pets that escape, especially in a city as large as New York, are in immediate danger,” Dr. Morgan stated. “This is why it’s so important to have your pet microchipped so that it can be returned to you if it ends up in a shelter or in the possession of Animal Control. Pet owners with animals that are prone to escape also might consider using a collar with a GPS tracker, so they can know the animal’s location in real time.”

Although the exact circumstances of the stabbing are unclear, a suspect has yet to be identified. Fortunately, VERG obtained a grant for Benji’s care through a rescue organization called Positive Tails that helps with the financial burden for life-threatening injuries.  

“This allowed us to proceed without any interruption to his care,” Dr. Morgan said.

The post Brooklyn Vets Save Dog Stabbed on New York City Streets appeared first on Great Pet Care.

An Overview of Cushing’s Disease

Cushing’s disease is a condition that causes the adrenal glands to secrete too much of a hormone called cortisol. Excessive secretion of cortisol is most commonly caused by a small, slow growing, typically benign tumor in the pituitary gland, or more rarely, by an often malignant tumor in an adrenal gland. 

The symptoms of Cushing’s disease in dogs can also be caused by excessive or long-term administration of corticosteroid drugs – typically prednisone, prednisolone, or triamcinolone.

Different types of Cushing’s disease are managed in different ways:

• Cushing’s disease that’s due to a tumor in the pituitary gland is managed with medication 
• Cushing’s disease that stems from a tumor in an adrenal gland is cured with surgery
• Cushing’s-like symptoms as a result of corticosteroid drugs resolve when the dog stops taking the drug(s)

Signs and Symptoms of Cushing’s Disease in Dogs

Cushing’s disease has typically very recognizable symptoms, and it tends to behave the same way in most dogs. How severe the signs are depends on how long the dog has been affected by Cushing’s disease and how much excess cortisol is circulating in their system. The earlier you catch this disease, the less wear and tear it has on your dog’s body, and the faster they can return to normal with appropriate treatment. 

To help you spot any signs and symptoms of cushing’s disease in your dog, we’ve broken them down into two categories.

Early Symptoms of Cushing’s Disease in Dogs

Increased appetite. We know that in people, excessive cortisol levels stimulate their appetite and lead to weight gain. The same appears to be true for dogs. Since insulin in part controls hunger and satiety, the mechanisms that cause this may be related to insulin resistance due to persistently high blood sugar, which is a result of excessively high cortisol. In addition, fat hormones that control hunger are disrupted by cortisol.

Increased urination. Excessive cortisol inhibits ADH, a hormone secreted by the kidney to concentrate urine in order to conserve body water. Thus, dogs affected by Cushing’s disease typically pee more than they typically should.

Increased thirst. Because dogs with Cushing’s are peeing more than normal, they’re chronically dehydrated, which causes them to drink more than normal.

Behavioral changes. Cortisol also functions as a fight or flight hormone, telling the body when to sleep and when to wake up. Chronically elevated cortisol in dogs can cause anxiety, irritability, pacing, and abnormal sleep patterns.

Increased panting. There are several reasons why Cushing’s causes panting in dogs. Dogs with Cushing’s have weakened respiratory muscles. Coupled with an enlarged liver that keeps the diaphragm from expanding properly and abnormal fat deposits in the chest, this results in difficulty breathing and increased panting. Additionally, increased anxiety can also cause panting.

Increased shedding and hair thinning. Excessive cortisol disrupts hair growth, which can lead to thinner hair and shedding. Anxiety can also cause increased shedding.

Symptoms of Advanced Cushing’s Disease in Dogs

Pot belly. Over time, cortisol weakens muscles, including abdominal muscles. This, plus an enlarged liver that is associated with Cushing’s, causes a pendulous abdomen.

Hair loss. Because cortisol disrupts hair growth, dogs start to develop bald patches and hair loss called flank alopecia, usually on both sides of their body.

Skin changes. Excessively elevated cortisol disrupts normal skin cell growth over time and can cause many skin changes, including increased pigmentation, thin skin, excessive bruising, testicular atrophy, blackheads, bacterial infections, hardening of the skin (calcinosis cutis), and slow wound healing.

Urinary tract infections. Because elevated cortisol negatively impacts the immune system, dogs are more susceptible to viral and bacterial infections that they would normally have fought off. The most common are skin and urinary tract infections.

Obesity. Because dogs with Cushing’s eat more, move less, and have altered metabolism, they tend to gain weight quickly.

Weakness. Over time, cortisol weakens muscles and causes them to shrink. Dogs with Cushing’s often have shaky back legs and decreased endurance.

Palsy. Excessive cortisol can also cause facial nerve damage, resulting in a droopy, lopsided appearance to your dog’s face. Additional signs associated with facial nerve palsy can include messy eating, dropping food, extreme drooling, inability to close an eyelid, and discharge from the affected eye.

High blood pressure. Metabolic, hormonal, and electrolyte imbalances in Cushing’s can lead to a dog having elevated blood pressure. This puts additional wear and tear on the cardiovascular system, liver, and kidneys, and can also predispose a dog to stroke, blood clots, and other issues. Additionally, high blood pressure may cause a dog to feel anxious.

What To Do if You Notice Signs of Cushing’s Disease in Dogs

If you notice these signs and symptoms, it is often not an emergency, but an urgency. It is best to call your veterinarian as soon as possible to set up a consultation and physical exam for your dog. 

Your veterinarian will first want to get a history from you (i.e. what you’ve noticed at home and how long it’s been going on). They’ll then conduct a full physical examination and run some baseline tests, including:

• Blood chemistry to check electrolytes, blood sugar, and internal organ function
• A complete blood count to check blood cells
• A urinalysis to check urinary health 

These tests do not specifically diagnose Cushing’s disease, but they can rule out other problems that can cause a lot of the same clinical signs, such as diabetes, kidney disease, and liver problems.

If your veterinarian suspects Cushing’s, they’ll typically want to run additional blood tests. The most common test is called an ACTH stimulation test, which examines how your dog’s hormones respond to an injection of a hormone called ACTH. It’s a very sensitive test for Cushing’s and only takes two hours to complete. Other recommended tests may include dexamethasone suppression tests, a urine cortisol:creatinine ratio test, or measuring your dog’s ACTH levels.

While all of these tests can determine whether your dog has Cushing’s, they cannot differentiate between pituitary and adrenal disease. To find out which form your pup has, your veterinarian may also recommend imaging with abdominal ultrasound. This will tell you specifically whether your dog needs medication for pituitary disease or surgery for adrenal disease.

Fortunately, Cushing’s disease is a common hormonal condition seen in dogs, and it responds very well to treatment. If you notice these symptoms in your dog, seek help as soon as you can to get them back on the road to recovery.

The post 14 Symptoms of Cushing’s Disease in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Let’s take a look at liver cancer in dogs, and what dogs with liver cancer can expect in terms of treatment and life expectancy. 

What is Dog Liver Cancer?

Dog liver cancer occurs when cells in the liver grow out of control. Depending on the type of cell involved, this can cause a large lump (tumor) on the liver or be spread throughout the liver so that the whole liver is slightly enlarged. 

In some cases, the cancer can start in the liver – called a “primary” liver tumor. Primary liver cancer in dogs is very rare. However, because the liver filters a lot of blood, it’s more likely for cancer to spread to the liver from other tumors in the body. This is called a “secondary” liver tumor. It’s thought that secondary tumors are 2.5 times more common than primary tumors in the liver.

Like most cancers, dog liver cancer generally affects older dogs. While liver cancer can affect all breeds, Labrador Retrievers are slightly more prone to a type of cancer called a bile duct carcinoma, while Miniature Schnauzers are more likely to get hepatocellular carcinoma. Some types of liver cancer are thought to be more common in males, while some are thought to be more common in females.

Causes of Liver Cancer in Dogs

Primary liver cancer often doesn’t have a known cause in dogs. It’s likely to be a random mutation in the cell DNA, with several mutations eventually leading to cancer. We know that older dogs are more at risk, which fits with this theory as the mutations add up until they eventually cause cancer. 

In rare cases, liver cancer of the bile ducts may follow a parasitic infection of the liver. Although toxins are often blamed for liver cancer in dogs, there is no scientific evidence that toxins cause liver cancer in our canine friends. Neither is there any evidence that dog liver cancer is caused by their diet.

Secondary liver cancer is more common in dogs. This is liver cancer that starts elsewhere in the body but spreads to the liver. For instance, tumors of the spleen or pancreas often spread to the liver. This means the liver cancer has been caused by the other tumor, which complicates the risk factors – in theory, every cancer risk (such as obesity) could increase the risk of secondary liver cancer.

Liver Cancer in Dogs Symptoms

About 75 percent of dogs with liver cancer show symptoms of a problem. This means that a quarter of cases are “silent” and can go a long time before being diagnosed. When symptoms are seen, they are vague and often fluctuate, which can also lead to dogs not being diagnosed quickly. 

The symptoms of liver cancer in dogs include:

• Inappetence
• Weight loss
• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Lethargy
• Drinking more
• Urinating more
• Swollen, fluid-filled belly (ascites)
• Yellow-colored eyes, lips, and other mucus membranes (jaundice)
• Disorientation, wobbliness, circling, head-pressing (rare)
• Seizures (rare)

Types of Liver Cancer in Dogs

Liver cancer in dogs is categorized several ways. Firstly, there’s whether the cancer is primary (originates from the liver), or secondary (originates elsewhere in the body). Next, we can talk about where the tumor is and what it looks like – called massive, nodular, and diffuse. Lastly, tumors are also categorized by what cells they’re made up of. Let’s look at types of liver cancer in dogs in more detail:

Primary and Secondary Liver Cancer 

As discussed above, dog liver tumors can be either primary or secondary. Secondary tumors start elsewhere (commonly the neighboring organs of the gut, pancreas, or spleen) and spread (metastasize) to the liver. Primary liver tumors are those that start in the liver. 

Secondary liver cancer is much more common than primary, so if cancer of the liver in dogs is suspected, your vet will also look elsewhere to see if there are any other tumors present. If the liver tumor is found to be secondary to another mass, the cancer is named after the organ it originates from – for instance, “pancreatic cancer with liver metastases.”

Massive, Nodular, and Diffuse Liver Cancer 

Of the primary liver cancers, the tumor can then be categorized as:

• Massive
• Nodular
• Diffuse

Massive means there is a large, single tumor, affecting only one lobe of the liver. When examined with the microscope, the abnormal cells are all in this lump – just millimeters away, completely normal liver cells are seen. This is the most common type, which is a good thing. These types of tumor are slow to metastasize and easier to remove surgically, granting a good prognosis. 

Nodular liver tumors in dogs are generally smaller and there will be several lumps, which are usually evenly dotted around the liver and affecting several lobes. This type of liver cancer is more serious – it metastasizes in over 90 percent of cases. It’s also impossible to remove surgically, and there are no real treatment options.

Diffuse liver tumors are spread throughout the liver. On inspection, you can’t see a clear lump, or even several lumps, but the whole liver will appear strange. When examined with the microscope, cancerous cells are spread evenly throughout the liver. It’s impossible to remove, and — like nodular tumors — there are no good treatment options, meaning diffuse liver cancer carries a poor prognosis.

Dog Liver Cancer Cell Types

Canine liver cancer is also categorized by which cells are involved. Many different cells make up the canine liver, so tumor types include:

• Hepatocellular Carcinoma
• Hepatocellular Adenoma
• Hepatoblastoma
• Bile Duct Adenoma
• Bile Duct Sarcoma
• Carcinoids (Neuroendocrine Tumors)
• Hepatic Sarcoma
• Myelolipoma

By far the most common of these is hepatocellular carcinoma, sometimes called HCC, which accounts for 50 percent of all primary canine liver cancers. Most HCCs are massive, which means they carry a better prognosis as they can be surgically removed. 

Hepatocellular adenomas often don’t cause symptoms – in fact, they’re fairly benign, although they can still cause problems if they rupture (burst) or if they’re large.

Bile duct carcinoma is the second most common liver cancer type in dogs. It’s a more severe cancer though, both being more likely to be nodular or diffuse (and therefore harder to remove) and more likely to metastasize. 

The other liver cancer types are rare to extremely rare – hepatoblastoma has only been reported in one dog!

Dog Liver Cancer Stages and Progression 

As with all cancers, the earlier liver cancer is diagnosed, the better. The majority of cases will have hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and will be massive. This means surgical removal is possible, but it will get harder the bigger the tumor is, and the likelihood of the tumor spreading to other parts of the body is increased. 

Diagnosing Canine Liver Cancer

If your veterinarian suspects liver cancer, there are a number of tests they will want to perform. The first is a clinical examination, looking for jaundice and other external signs of a liver problem. They will also feel your dog’s abdomen – in some cases, liver tumors can be felt by palpation. However, if they are not, it unfortunately doesn’t rule out liver disease. Tense, nervous dogs, the position of the liver in the abdomen, and the type of liver cancer can all make it hard to feel what’s going on.

Next, blood tests may help your veterinarian to diagnose liver cancer. Significantly raised liver enzymes will often increase suspicion of liver cancer in dogs, although there are other causes. More specific blood tests, including fasting blood tests, may be ordered. Coagulation tests – checking your dog’s ability to clot their blood – will also be important if liver cancer is likely. Urine samples may also be recommended, especially if your pet has been drinking and peeing more than usual. 

Imaging is really important for diagnosing canine liver cancer. The most common form of imaging used is ultrasound (sonogram). Not only can it be done on a conscious animal, but it can see liver tumors large and small, and experienced sonographers may even see diffuse liver cancer. If an ultrasound is not an option, X-ray may see larger liver tumors, or your clinician may recommend referral for a CT scan.

Veterinarians may also take a biopsy of a suspicious area using a needle while doing an ultrasound scan. Alternatively, biopsies may be taken using minimally-invasive techniques (keyhole surgery) or during an exploratory laparotomy. These biopsies can be sent to a specialist laboratory to find out the type of liver cancer your dog has.

Dog Liver Cancer Treatment Options

Treatment is limited for cancer of the liver in dogs. Luckily, the majority of cases are massive HCCs, which respond well to surgery. Since massive tumors are limited to one liver lobe, the dog undergoes a liver lobectomy, where the whole lobe is removed, and – in most cases – the rest of the liver will continue to function as normal. Your dog may need to be placed on a special dog liver cancer diet which will help the liver to cope before and after surgery.

Unfortunately, where liver tumors are nodular or diffuse, there are no good treatment options. Chemotherapy is sometimes used, but is not very successful – many liver tumors are resistant to chemotherapy. When it does work, it’s not curative. While it may slow the progression of the cancer, it will still continue to grow and the liver will still be very vulnerable to rupture (bursting), which will cause huge blood loss. 

In some cases, pet parents might simply choose to do nothing – they’ll monitor their dog’s condition, provide symptomatic treatment such as pain relief, a liver diet, or appetite stimulants, and say goodbye when the time is right. This is known as palliative care.

Cost to Treat Liver Cancer in Dogs

Liver cancer can be expensive to diagnose and treat. There’s the cost of the diagnostic tests – since multiple blood tests are necessary, you can expect a bill in the hundreds of dollars. 

Imaging will have a further cost, especially if sedation is needed to take X-rays. Biopsies also add to the cost of liver cancer diagnosis. Both of these procedures usually cost in the hundreds of dollars, as well. 

Once liver cancer is diagnosed, the cost to treat it depends on the type of tumor. Operating on a cancerous liver is difficult. It takes great skill, specialist equipment, and a good follow-up plan – and is likely to cost in the high hundreds to mid thousands, depending on the difficulty of the operation. 

Chemotherapy is also expensive, especially when weighed against the fact it’s unlikely to work.

Prognosis for Liver Cancer in Dogs

Dogs with liver cancer have varied prognosis depending on what type of cancer they have. Massive HCCs have the best prognosis – with successful surgical removal, these dogs can live for four years on average, and often die of an unrelated condition. 

If the tumor is not removed surgically, the likely survival time for this type of tumor is less than a year. 

On the other hand, diffuse and nodular tumors have a far worse prognosis as they are inoperable and usually chemo-resistant. Palliative care is generally recommended for this type of liver cancer in dogs. 

Pet parents of dogs with liver cancer often wonder when to euthanize. This is a personal choice and will depend on your dog’s symptoms and quality of life. A quality-of-life assessment tool can be useful to help you decide when to euthanize your dog with liver cancer. In general, you should think about whether your dog can still do the things they enjoy – in the final stages of liver cancer in dogs, their symptoms may be too severe to allow them to enjoy life. 

How to Prevent Liver Cancer in Dogs

Unfortunately, we don’t currently know of any way to prevent liver cancer in dogs, as no causes have been identified. Primary liver cancer is luckily rare – knowing the symptoms and acting quickly if you suspect cancer gives your dog the best chance of survival.

The post Liver Cancer in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

While we know that canine cancer treatment can be complicated and very individualized depending on the dog and the stage and type of cancer, there are some common things that you can expect during dog cancer treatments.

Goals of Cancer Treatment for Dogs

The goal of cancer treatment can vary depending on the type and stage of cancer. These goals may include:

Remission. This means that signs of cancer are gone. Remission can be complete or incomplete.

Cure. This is the complete removal of cancer from your dog’s body.

Palliative care. When a cure or remission is not possible, treatment is aimed at controlling pain and improving quality of life as much as possible. Palliative care can include surgery and medications to manage pain and nausea. 

Dog Cancer Treatment: Types and What to Expect

Cancer in dogs is typically treated with either surgery, chemotherapy for dogs, radiation, or a combination of these treatments. 

Surgery

Surgery is often used to completely eliminate a cancerous tumor from a dog’s body. This type of treatment typically has the best outcomes if it is successful at removing all the cancer cells, however it can be useful in reducing a tumor’s size before radiation treatment or as a palliative treatment. Whether a dog is a candidate for surgery will depend on the type and location of the cancer and the dog’s overall health.

Cancer surgery in dogs is typically performed by a surgical oncologist, who has special training and skills. For this procedure, dogs are put under anesthesia and recovery time usually takes around two weeks. 

Not all surgeries will be able to completely remove or cure all types of cancer in dogs. 

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy includes giving dogs one or more drugs that can kill cancer cells. The type of drugs prescribed will depend on the type of cancer your dog has. It is often recommended for cancer that has already spread (metastasized), cancer that has a high potential to spread, or cancer that cannot be treated by surgery or radiation.

Chemotherapy drugs for dogs are either given intravenously in a veterinary hospital setting or administered orally at home. 

Fortunately, dogs do not suffer from the same side effects of chemotherapy as humans do and usually tolerate the drugs very well. 

Radiation

Radiation therapy for dog cancer involves delivering radiation to specific cancer cells to either kill the cancer cells or destroy DNA in order to stop cancer cell replication. It is usually administered in small doses over multiple treatments and dogs are placed under anesthesia during radiation treatment.

Radiation is usually recommended when surgery isn’t an option. It can also be administered in conjunction with surgery if the surgery cannot remove all the cancerous cells from a dog’s body.

Side effects from radiation treatment are minimal for dogs. However, pet parents may see redness and irritation at the treatment site. 

Other Dog Cancer Treatments and Medications

Cancer care for dogs can also include additional medications and nutritional therapy.

Dog Cancer Medications

Sometimes, cancer can make dogs feel pain or it can cause them to lose their appetite. Sometimes, dogs with cancer develop secondary infections that need antibiotics. In any case, there may be times when a dog’s cancer treatment includes additional medications, such as:

• Anti-nausea medication if they are feeling sick.
• Pain medication if they have had surgery or if they have a painful tumor.
• Appetite stimulants if they have a poor appetite.
• Fluid therapy if they are dehydrated.

Nutritional Therapy

Nutritional support is also part of cancer treatment for dogs, and it is important to feed your dog the best quality food you can afford. The main goals with nutrition for dogs that have cancer are to improve a dog’s response to cancer therapy and improve quality and quantity of life. 

In general, dogs with cancer are recommended to eat a diet that is low in carbohydrates, moderately high in protein, and moderately high in fat. 

In addition, dogs with cancer may have special dietary requirements, such as:

• If your dog is losing weight due to cancer (this is called cancer cachexia) or has recently undergone surgery, then it will be important to feed your dog a food that has increased levels of protein and energy to replenish body nutrient storage.
• Most dogs that have been diagnosed with cancer can benefit from eating a diet that is high in omega 3 fatty acids from fish oil.
• If a dog has cancer in their mouth, they may not be able to eat regular food, and should be fed a high quality canned diet.
• If a dog has cancer in their intestinal tract, they may not be able to absorb nutrients very well or they may have vomiting or diarrhea, in which case, they will benefit from being fed a food that is designed to support the gastrointestinal tract.
• Dogs with cancer can benefit from arginine supplementation, which has a positive impact on the immune system.
• Your veterinarian may also prescribe a therapeutic food that is specifically designed to help dogs with cancer.
• In some cases if a dog cannot or won’t eat, a feeding tube can be placed.

Dog Cancer Treatment Cost 

Cost of treating cancer is extremely variable and depends on many factors, including:

• The type of cancer diagnosed and whether it is benign or malignant 
• The type of treatment needed and whether your dog needs more than one treatment
• What type of diagnostics are required (labwork, X-rays, MRI scans, etc.)
• How often you need to go to the vet for follow-up
• Whether you work with a general practice veterinarian or a veterinary oncologist
• The size of your dog
• Your geographical location

In general, the cost of dog cancer treatment can range from a few hundred dollars to remove a benign skin tumor, to thousands of dollars. Fortunately, there are usually payment options available to finance care, including pet insurance and payment plans.

If you are concerned about the cost of your dog’s cancer treatment, talk to your veterinarian about your options. 

Prognosis for Dogs With Cancer

Prognosis for dogs that are diagnosed with cancer also depends on several factors, including:

• The type of cancer and whether the cancer is benign or malignant. Malignant cancer spreads quickly and to other parts of the body and carries a worse prognosis than benign.
• How early the cancer is detected.
• The overall health of your dog.
• The location of the cancer—some areas of the body are harder to treat than others.
• What type of treatment you authorize for your dog.

In general, the prognosis for many types of dog cancer with treatment is favorable. Veterinarians can often help dogs achieve remission or a cure in many instances. In many cases, appropriate cancer treatment can extend the lives of dogs diagnosed with cancer, and those dogs generally enjoy a good quality of life. 

Even in dogs that have been diagnosed with a type of cancer that carries a poor prognosis, there are measures that can be taken to help that dog live out their days with maximum comfort and the best quality of life possible.

Your veterinarian will be able to tell you specifically what the life expectancy is for your dog’s type of cancer. 

Keeping Dogs With Cancer Comfortable

Dogs with cancer are sometimes uncomfortable or in pain. The best way to know if your dog is in pain is to observe your dog—do you notice any changes in behavior that might be consistent with pain? Teach yourself how to see your dog’s pain, and if you notice it, talk to your vet about pain management options.

Deep, restful sleep is important for dogs that are being treated for cancer, as their body is healing while they sleep. Many dogs with cancer cannot get comfortable. If this is the case, consider investing in an orthopedic dog bed for your dog. It should be thick enough that you can kneel on it without feeling the floor, and made from orthopedic foam.

Some dogs with cancer have trouble getting around. If this is the case, mobility aids can help. Ramps, non-slip rugs, keeping nails trimmed, and in some cases, dog wheelchairs or braces are all available to help your canine companion get around the best that they can.

After Dog Cancer Treatment: What to Look For

Once your dog has started cancer treatment, they should start improving. Signs of improvement include a shrinking tumor, their blood cell count is normalizing, or they are experiencing less pain and more energy. These are all signs that cancer treatment is working. 

Remember that dogs do not experience negative side effects with chemotherapy like humans do. Most dogs tolerate cancer treatments very well, and start feeling better pretty quickly. Your veterinarian will be your best resource on how quickly to expect improvement in your dog. 

Signs that cancer treatment isn’t working (and reasons to call your vet) include:

• Continued weight loss and appetite
• Vomiting or diarrhea
• Loss of energy
• Swollen potbellied appearance
• Jaundice of skin or eyes
• Hair loss
• Fever
• Swelling (tumor) that isn’t improving or new swellings/tumors appearing
• Loss of vision or hearing
• Inability to get up

Dogs who are receiving cancer treatments are seen fairly frequently by their veterinarian or oncologist, and they can tell you more specifically what signs to look for that would indicate that there is a problem. 

Also, expect that there will be repeat lab work done at follow up exams, and possibly more X-rays or imaging studies to determine whether cancer treatment is working.

In Conclusion

Even though getting a cancer diagnosis can feel scary, your veterinarian is there to walk through it every step of the way with you. It can be overwhelming at first, which is why it always helps to enlist empathy and support from your loved ones when dealing with a cancer diagnosis. Utilizing an online community can be very helpful. Don’t forget to care for yourself, as well.

The post Dog Cancer Treatment Plan: What to Expect appeared first on Great Pet Care.

A dog’s kidneys work hard to keep the body healthy, carrying out such functions as regulating electrolyte levels and filtering out waste from the blood. A cascade of health issues can develop when the kidneys fail, making dogs quite ill.

Recognizing the signs of kidney failure and knowing what to do next will help you get your dog the help they need when their kidneys stop working.

Kidney Disease Vs. Kidney Failure in Dogs

Let’s first differentiate kidney disease from kidney failure.

You can think of kidney disease and kidney failure as being at different points along the same continuum of kidney problems.

Kidney disease describes a condition when the kidneys aren’t working well but are still functional. The kidneys are designed to have a lot of reserve capacity. Kidney disease usually doesn’t become apparent until approximately 70% of kidney tissue is damaged.

Kidney failure is the end point of kidney disease when the kidneys are no longer functional and there is no reserve capacity to keep the kidneys working.

Types of Kidney Failure in Dogs

Kidney failure in dogs is classified as acute or chronic. 

Acute kidney failure occurs suddenly and is usually due to infection or toxins. Chronic kidney failure occurs gradually and is most commonly due to old age-related deterioration of the kidneys.

14 Signs of Kidney Failure in Dogs

The kidneys’ functions are so widespread that their failure affects the entire body. Body systems affected by kidney failure include the digestive system, urinary tract, and nervous system.

The symptoms of kidney failure in dogs occur suddenly with acute kidney failure and gradually with chronic kidney failure. With chronic kidney failure, the symptoms take so long to develop because the kidneys have had time to compensate for the damaged kidney tissue.

Here are the symptoms of kidney failure, according to body system:

Digestive System Symptoms

The kidneys rid the body of a waste product called urea. With kidney failure, urea accumulates in the blood (‘uremia’), leading to various problems in the gastrointestinal tract.

These GI symptoms include 

• Vomiting, with or without blood
• Diarrhea
• Reduced appetite
• Bad breath
• Mouth ulcers
• Dark, tarry stool
• Bleeding gums

Urinary Tract Symptoms

The kidneys produce urine, which flows from the kidneys, through the ureters, and then to the bladder. With kidney failure, urine production becomes abnormal, leading to either too much or too little urine being produced and subsequent changes in thirst.

You may notice these urinary signs as part of kidney failure:

• Increased or decreased water intake
• Increased or decreased urination

Nervous System Symptoms

When the kidneys can no longer filter out waste from the blood, the accumulation of these waste products in the blood can affect the nervous system.

Nervous system symptoms associated with kidney failure in dogs include:

• Lack of coordination
• Seizures
• Depression

General Symptoms

In addition to the signs listed above relating to the digestive tract, urinary tract, and nervous system, pet parents may notice more general signs including:

• Lethargy
• Significant weight loss

Not all dogs with kidney failure will experience all signs of the disease.

What to Do If You Notice Signs of Dog Kidney Failure

If you do notice signs of kidney failure in dogs, take them to your veterinarian. Your dog will need emergency veterinary care if these symptoms occur suddenly, possibly indicating acute kidney failure.

A detailed history and physical examination, along with diagnostic testing, will help your veterinarian determine what caused your dog’s kidney failure. Diagnostic tests include blood work, urinalysis, imaging (e.g., X-rays, ultrasound), and blood pressure measurement.

Once your veterinarian has identified the underlying cause, you will work with your veterinarian to decide the best path forward for treating and managing your dog’s kidney failure.

Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and whether the kidney failure is acute or chronic.

Acute kidney failure is reversible but requires early and aggressive treatment. If acute kidney failure is not caught early enough, the kidneys may be damaged beyond repair.

Chronic kidney failure is not reversible and requires lifelong management, which can be expensive and challenging.

Consider several factors when deciding on a treatment plan for your dog:

• Your dog’s age and overall health
• Level of care that is required
• Cost of care
• Prognosis

Suppose you decide to move forward with treatment. In that case, your veterinarian will recommend the most appropriate treatment plan to take the burden off your dog’s kidneys, relieve symptoms, and improve quality of life.

If you decide not to pursue treatment for your dog, consider discussing end-of-life options with your veterinarian. Euthanasia (humane death) is rarely an easy decision, but your veterinarian can help you understand the process. They can also discuss hospice care to keep your dog comfortable in their final days.

At any point during treatment, you may decide to discontinue if your dog is not responding to the treatment and has a reduced quality of life.

Bringing It Together

Kidney failure is a major illness for dogs, and its treatment and management can be intensive and expensive.

If your dog has kidney failure, work with your veterinarian to help your dog feel better and achieve the best possible quality of life.

The post 14 Signs of Kidney Failure in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

If you’re facing a diagnosis of bladder cancer in your dog, we’re here to help you understand more about this condition and what you can expect.

Dog Bladder Cancer: Prevalence and Stages

When we say “bladder cancer in dogs,” we are typically referring to a specific cancer called transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), also known as urothelial carcinoma. TCC is a malignant cancer of the cells that line the bladder and part of the urethra, which carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. These cells are known as transitional epithelial cells. 

The tumor usually develops in the neck of the bladder, near where the ureters (tubes that move urine from kidneys to bladder) and urethra connect to the bladder, making surgery nearly impossible in most cases. In over half of canine patients, the urethra is also affected.

TCC is by far the most common type of bladder cancer in dogs, comprising 70-80 percent of cases. Other less common causes of bladder cancer in dogs include rhabdomyosarcoma and leiomyosarcoma. Leiomyosarcoma (malignant) and leiomyomas (benign) are approximately 12 percent of primary bladder tumors. Rhabdomyosarcomas (malignant) are very rare, but suspicion would be increased if the bladder tumor was noted in a young dog.

Overall, bladder cancer in dogs is uncommon, making up less than 2 percent of cancer cases. Most often, we see TCC in middle-aged to older, small breed dogs like Scottish Terriers, West Highland White Terriers, Beagles, and Shetland Sheepdogs. Specifically, Scottish Terriers are 18-20 times more likely to develop TCC than other breeds. The average age at diagnosis is 11 years old.

While veterinarians don’t typically assign specific stages to bladder cancer in dogs, this tumor is invasive and has the potential to spread to other areas of the body, such as the lymph nodes, lungs, and bone. For this reason, you may hear the veterinarian refer to “staging” the cancer, which means they want to investigate the extent of cancer spread. 

Causes of Dog Bladder Cancer in Dogs

Oftentimes, no cause is determined for bladder cancer. Because specific breeds, especially Scottish Terriers, are prone to TCC, genetics are an important factor. 

Female dogs get TCC more often than males. Current thinking is that females, who are less likely to urine mark, store their urine for longer periods than males. If carcinogens are present in the urine which contribute to TCC, this could explain the increased incidence in female dogs.

Rarely, cases have been linked to the use of cyclophosphamide, a chemotherapy drug. A 2004 study also showed that exposure to phenoxy herbicide treated lawns increased the risk of developing TCC in the Scottish Terrier [1]. Chronic exposure to hydrocarbons, present in cigarette smoke, may also play a role in the development of TCC.

Bladder leiomyosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma are typically considered idiopathic, meaning the underlying cause is unknown.

Bladder Cancer Symptoms in Dogs

As mentioned, bladder cancer can mimic more common conditions such as UTIs or urinary bladder stones. 

The three most common symptoms of bladder cancer in dogs include:

• Passing small amounts of urine more frequently than usual (pollakiuria)
• Blood in the urine (hematuria)
• Straining to urinate (stranguria)

Signs that may be seen occasionally include:

• Straining to defecate (tenesmus)
• Painful abdomen
• Distended abdomen

Rarely, your dog may develop hypertrophic osteopathy, which is an interesting syndrome in which there is bony proliferation on the leg bones in response to the presence of a mass in the chest or abdomen. This causes thickening of the leg bones and limping. Treatment usually involves pain control and tumor management.

If you notice symptoms in your dog, it’s important not to panic! Remember that bladder cancer is not the most common cause of frequent urination, bloody urine, or straining to urinate. These symptoms are also the typical signs of both UTIs and bladder stones, which are significantly more common than bladder cancer. However, dogs with bladder cancer may develop secondary UTIs, so it’s important to rule out a tumor if signs do not resolve or promptly recur after treatment with appropriate antibiotics.

Straining to defecate can also have many causes, such as diarrhea, constipation, anal sac infection, and more. Abdominal distention and tenderness are also signs of more common conditions affecting the abdomen, such as a mass of the spleen, constipation, bowel obstruction, and more.

If you note any symptoms of bladder cancer, you should have your dog examined by a veterinarian. Although other causes are more likely, these symptoms still require prompt veterinary attention.

Dog Bladder Cancer Diagnosis

Most bladder cancers will require advanced diagnostics beyond a simple physical examination.

If your pet is frequently urinating small amounts, straining to urinate, or has blood in their urine, your veterinarian will likely recommend a urinalysis with culture and radiographs (X-rays). The urinalysis with culture determines if there is a urinary tract infection and what antibiotics should be used. Occasionally, the urinalysis may be suggestive of TCC, with about 30 percent of TCCs shedding tumor cells into the urine that can be seen under the microscope.

Most bladder tumors are not visible on X-rays, so this test is used for ruling out other causes of the symptoms rather than confirming a bladder tumor. Some bladder stones are also not visible on X-rays.

If your veterinarian does not see stones on X-rays and the urinalysis is suggestive of a urinary tract infection, they will likely begin by treating the UTI. If the UTI does not completely resolve or quickly recurs, this warrants further investigation to rule out a bladder tumor.

Ultrasonographic examination of the abdomen is very effective for detecting a bladder tumor and ruling out bladder stones. Although some stones don’t show up on radiographs, all stone types can be seen on ultrasound. An ultrasound exam can significantly raise the suspicion for bladder cancer but does not confirm the type of tumor present. If your veterinarian has access to ultrasound, you may consider requesting this rather than X-rays. If your dog has a confirmed bladder tumor, abdominal ultrasound can also be used to monitor for spread of the cancer. To examine the lungs for spread, your veterinarian may do chest X-rays.

If your dog has the signs of bladder cancer, is older, and has a mass visualized in the neck of the bladder on ultrasound, this may be enough to presumptively diagnose TCC. Definitive diagnosis requires a biopsy or collection of cells. If your dog has ever had a skin mass, you may have seen your veterinarian place a needle into the tumor to collect a sample of cells. This is called a fine needle aspirate (FNA). FNA is typically not recommended for suspected TCC. This specific tumor is well-known for seeding to other organs via needle track, so performing FNA of a TCC increases the risk of spread.

Even without FNA, veterinarians can still collect a sample. Your family veterinarian may do a cystotomy surgery, meaning they enter through the abdomen, cut the bladder open, and take a sample of the tissue. This is the most invasive method. Instead, they may attempt traumatic catheterization, which is when a urinary catheter is inserted with the goal of agitating the tumor and releasing cells into the urine for collection.

Specialty or referral veterinary hospitals may have access to advanced techniques, such as cystoscopy. Cystoscopy is the use of a small camera inserted through the urethra to examine the inside of the bladder. A biopsy may be taken via cystoscopy for confirmatory testing. Importantly, the urethra must be large enough for the camera, so this technology is limited in very small animals.

Urine can also be collected for a BRAF or BRAF PLUS test, which detects cells that have the genetic mutation present in TCC cancer cells. The BRAF mutation test can sometimes detect the tumor before it is visible on imaging. Pet parents may consider using this test to screen their apparently normal dogs who belong to at-risk breeds. If the BRAF mutation test is negative but the veterinarian still suspects TCC, they may recommend a BRAF-PLUS test, which also uses urine. Together, BRAF and BRAF-PLUS can detect 95 percent of dogs with TCC. This test is not the same as the BLAT (bladder tumor antigen test), which wasn’t accurate in bloody urine, a common clinical sign of TCC.

Dog Bladder Cancer Treatment

Because of the unfortunate location that TCC tends to develop in, as well as the highly invasive nature of this tumor, bladder cancer treatment is rarely curative and is instead aimed at controlling the clinical signs and promoting a good quality of life.

For most dogs, surgery isn’t an option. Surgery in the neck of the bladder risks damage to the urethra and ureters and is likely to cause incontinence without successfully removing the entirety of the tumor. Surgery may be attempted if the tumor develops in a different part of the bladder. With these surgeries, a significant portion of the bladder is removed. The pet would have reduced storage capacity in the remaining bladder, and 80 percent of surgeries result in recurrence.

Medical treatment is the most common method for treating bladder cancer. Up to 40 percent of dogs have a response to medical therapy, though they typically don’t achieve complete remission. Successful treatment in this scenario means either the tumor shrinks or the tumor growth slows.

Medical treatment frequently involves the use of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-cancer activities, such as piroxicam, deracoxib, or firocoxib, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy agents. Chemotherapy protocols may vary between oncologists, but examples of chemotherapy agents that may be used include mitoxantrone, carboplatin, vinblastine, and cisplatin. Typically, a chemotherapy agent is given every couple weeks for a predetermined number of treatments as long as it’s well-tolerated by the dog. 

Importantly, dogs typically handle chemotherapy better than humans do. With cancer treatment in pets, we aim for maintaining quality of life rather than quantity of years. Veterinarians won’t tolerate your dog feeling poorly and will ensure chemotherapy isn’t negatively impacting their quality of life. Your dog is unlikely to experience the vomiting and nausea, lethargy, or hair loss that is seen in people.

In the past, radiation wasn’t considered a good option for pets because of damage to structures around the bladder, such as the colon. However, radiation therapy has become more precise and is now considered a better option for TCCs, although access to radiation treatment is limited. If you are interested in radiation as an option, this will likely require travel.

You may find information about removal of the entire bladder in cases of TCC. With this surgery, the ureters are attached to the colon so the pet passes urine with stool or to the vagina in female animals. There is a high risk of complications, including ascending bacterial infection and scarring of the ureters leading to obstruction, both of which could lead to kidney infection. Patients require long-term use of antibiotics, frequent blood monitoring for evidence of kidney injury, and free access to an area for urination due to incontinence. You’re unlikely to find a veterinarian who recommends or is willing to perform this surgery, as the pet’s quality of life can be significantly impacted. Keep in mind that TCCs are likely to metastasize, and removal of the bladder does not address spread of the cancer.

If the tumor is obstructing the urethra, an option would be to have a urethral stent placed using fluoroscopy at a specialty veterinary clinic so that the pet can urinate. This procedure carries the risks of recurrent urinary tract infections and incontinence but can restore comfort for your dog. Not all specialty centers perform this procedure. If your veterinarian is recommending it, they should direct you to a facility that can assist you.

Another option is a permanent urinary catheter. A permanent urinary catheter significantly increases the risk of bladder infections, so frequent urine cultures are needed. Pet parents will need to empty the bladder with a drainage tube multiple times per day, and the catheter must be kept clean. If the tube becomes dislodged, this can have serious consequences for the pet. Maintenance of a permanent urinary catheter can be very taxing on pet parents, affecting their pet’s quality of life and the human-animal bond.

Regardless of the treatment pursued, expect frequent follow-ups, urinalyses, urine cultures, bloodwork, and repeat imaging to monitor treatment success, tumor size, cancer spread, and systemic health.

Cost to Treat Bladder Cancer in Dogs

The cost to treat bladder cancer varies widely depending on the treatment. Conservative treatment with piroxicam may be around $2,000. 

If you pursue advanced diagnostics and treatment at a referral center (chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stents, etc.), treatment can come to well over $10,000. 

Don’t forget to check out clinical trials at universities, which can increase the affordability of treatment while advancing cancer treatment for future canine family members. 

Dog Bladder Cancer Prognosis

Ultimately, most dogs diagnosed with TCC will pass due to the cancer.  Bladder cancer is locally aggressive and has a high potential to metastasize (spread) to other areas of the body. In the final stages of bladder cancer in dogs, the tumor can grow large enough that it obstructs the urethra or ureters, resulting in kidney failure due to the inability to pass urine.

With NSAID treatment alone, the expected survival time is approximately 6 months. Adding chemotherapy to the NSAID can increase survival time to 9-11 months. Survival time varies depending on patient age, extent of local tumor invasion, and presence of metastases. 

Your veterinarian will work with you to ensure your pet has a good quality of life throughout the treatment protocol.

How to Prevent Bladder Cancer in Dogs

Keeping in mind that many cases of TCC don’t have a known underlying cause, there is no guarantee that you can prevent bladder cancer in your dog. 

However, based on the known risk factors for developing TCC, there are steps you can take to reduce the likelihood of developing this tumor, especially in at-risk breeds. Recommendations for prevention include:

• Feeding yellow/orange or green leafy vegetables at least three times per week [2]
• Avoiding older generation flea control products like flea dips
• Avoiding lawns treated with herbicides and pesticides
• Limiting exposure to secondhand smoke
• Preventing obesity in your pet

In at-risk breeds, you could consider BRAF testing at regular intervals, potentially detecting the tumor before your pet has clinical signs.

It’s never easy to face a diagnosis of cancer in your pet, and a diagnosis of a less common cancer like bladder cancer can make you feel alone and afraid. Your veterinary team can help support you and your pet during this time and may have recommendations for support groups or grief counselors if needed.

The post Bladder Cancer in Dogs: Symptoms and Treatment appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Despite these advances, deciding to euthanize a beloved dog is still excruciating. And if this is your first experience with dog euthanasia, the process can seem overwhelming and confusing. We hope our guide will help you navigate this difficult decision.

What is Euthanasia?

Euthanasia is the lawful process of humanely and painlessly helping an animal to pass. It’s considered a final option, reserved for animals who are terminally ill or whose quality of life has irreversibly been diminished. 

“The most important thing is that you know you are doing the best thing for your pet. And your pet trusts you and knows you love them and knows that everything you do is because you care about them,” says Dr. Gabrielle Fadl, director of primary care at Bond Vet, based in New York City.

Only veterinarians and veterinary technicians can perform euthanasia, though several states make exceptions for law enforcement officers in case of emergencies.

Dog Euthanasia Drugs

Veterinarians rely on a combination of dog euthanasia drugs to ensure a gentle and peaceful passing. In addition to the euthanasia injection of pentobarbital, this regimen may include sedatives, analgesics to relieve pain, and anti-seizure medication if the patient is prone to seizures, says Dr. Elke Rudloff, a veterinary emergency and critical care specialist with BluePearl Pet Hospice in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

The way these drugs are administered can differ. “Medications can be given into a vein with or without an intravenous (IV) catheter, under the skin, into the muscle, and into an internal organ,” says Dr. Rudloff, who is board-certified in veterinary emergency and critical care.

One sedative commonly used in euthanasia for dogs is propofol. “Propofol is often used as a sedative in the beginning of the procedure. This is the same drug that is used to induce pets going under anesthesia for procedures. Propofol causes the dog to be unconscious soon after it is given. There are other drugs that can be given in the muscle that will sedate your dog a few minutes after the injection is given,” says Dr. Amber Karwacki, a partner doctor at Heart + Paw at their Callowhill, Philadelphia location. Giving propofol prior to euthanasia helps ensure a more peaceful passing.

For the actual euthanasia, veterinarians most commonly use pentobarbital, which includes brands like Euthasol and SomnaSol. “It can be injected into the vein, kidney, abdomen, or heart. It causes cerebral death along with respiratory and cardiac collapse in a very quick, painless manner,” says Dr. Susan Jeffrey, an associate veterinarian at Odyssey Veterinary Care in Fitchburg, Wisconsin.

Only veterinarians can prescribe these medications, though they can also be administered by veterinary technicians, subject to the laws in their state.  

Dog Euthanasia Procedure: What to Expect

Once you’ve made the decision to proceed with euthanasia, “your veterinarian will review all the steps in the process to make sure you understand what will happen,” says Dr. Karwacki.

Euthanasia for Dogs: The Process

Veterinarians may first administer a combination of medications under the skin to induce a state of sedation, pain relief, and anesthesia, says Dr. Rudloff. “Sometimes an oral sedative is given first if the pet is anxious or fearful. This combination is intended to allow the pet to gently fall into a deep sleep, so that they are completely unaware when the final euthanasia injection is administered. This process can take 8 to 15 minutes.”

Once the dog is in a deep sleep, the veterinarian will inject the euthanasia solution, says Rudloff. “Prior to the injection, some veterinarians will place an IV catheter for easier access to the vein,” says Dr. Jeffrey. Death can occur within 5 to 30 seconds with an intravenous injection, and between 8 and 15 minutes if the solution is injected into an organ, Dr. Rudloff adds.

After the pet has passed (which a veterinarian determines by listening for a heartbeat), Dr. Rudloff says the dog’s body is removed and prepared for cremation or burial.  

Creating a comfortable environment for the dog and family is an essential part of the process. “This could be an area of your home, or a special room in the vet clinic that feels a little more homey and less clinical. You can bring along things your pet will enjoy such as a favorite toy, blanket, or even a special treat if your pet will eat at the vet’s office. If available, you might be guided to a separate entrance or exit from the clinic, to avoid crowds in the lobby,” says Dr. Fadl.

How Long Does Humane Euthanasia Take?

A number of factors, including the dog’s age, overall health, vital organ function, and level of hydration, can affect how quickly drugs are absorbed and how long the overall euthanasia procedure takes, says Dr. Fadl. 

“For the entire process – from walking into the clinic, to sedation, to a pet being euthanized and passing away and you being able to say some final goodbyes – many clinics will schedule 30 to 60 minutes. But this may vary by practice. Typically, these appointments are never rushed.”

How Dogs React to the Euthanasia Process

Some physical reactions that occur during humane euthanasia may seem unsettling but are a normal part of the process. For example, says Dr. Fadl, a dog’s eyes can stay open. Some dogs take deep breaths during or right after the procedure, which she says is reflexive.

Because the bladder and bowels relax​, veterinarians will usually place an absorbent pad under the dog’s bottom.

Though nausea is rare with the administration of sedatives, it can result in salivation or vomiting, says Dr. Rudloff. A seizure-prone dog may have a seizure, she adds, and “Occasionally the eyes will twitch or the tip of the tongue will protrude.”

Ultimately, the process can differ, depending on the dog, says Dr. Fadl. “The important thing to know is, these are physical reactions, not an indication of a dog being in distress or of anything going wrong. Remember, a dog is peacefully sleeping.”

Where Do Pet Parents Fit Into the Euthanasia Process?

Veterinarians usually leave this decision up to pet parents. “If you’d like to hold or pet your dog, that’s almost always okay and even encouraged. It can be a comfort to you and your dog alike to have that contact and connection in their final moments,” says Dr. Fadly. “That being said, everyone processes grief differently. Many pet owners are unable to even be present in the room, and there’s nothing wrong with that. In that case, the veterinary team will comfort a pet during the process.”

Depending on the practice, pet parents usually have the option of saying goodbye for as long as needed. “As animal lovers, veterinarians and their teams understand the need to have these final goodbyes and process the loss of a beloved pet,” adds Dr. Fadl.

Dog Euthanasia at Home Vs. the Vet Office

There are advantages, as well as things to consider for each option. It comes down to doing what’s best for your dog and family.

Dog Euthanasia at the Vet Office

The veterinary office is a good option if the dog’s health is rapidly declining and timing is critical, says Dr. Rudloff. Veterinarians also say it can be helpful to have the procedure done in a neutral setting to avoid equating your home with a sad event.

Pet parents who prefer privacy and quiet, however, may not do well in a clinical environment. “Some clinics have only one exit and entry door, in which case the family may need to pass by others in the waiting room when the procedure is complete,” says Dr. Rudloff. “Clinics can’t always control what is happening outside the room where a pet is being euthanized and there may be noise interruptions.”

Dog Euthanasia at Home

In-home dog euthanasia provides the opportunity for the dog and other members of the family to be together in familiar surroundings, says Rudloff. “Perhaps the pet’s favorite place is the backyard and this is where it would be most meaningful to say a final goodbye.”

Your dog’s physical limitations are another consideration, says Dr. Fadl. “For example, a giant breed dog who’s collapsed and has trouble getting into the car might benefit from a home euthanasia, since he would be physically difficult to transport to a veterinary clinic.”

The disadvantages mostly affect the veterinarian, says Dr. Karwacki. “For your veterinarian, they may have a more difficult time working in a smaller space or with lower light than usual. But make no mistake, your veterinarian will make sure to make everything as smooth as possible for your final goodbye.”

Some veterinarians perform house calls for home euthanasia. If your veterinarian is not able to perform house calls, they may recommend a housecall veterinarian who can help you and your pet.

Is Euthanasia Painful for Dogs?

Dog euthanasia drugs don’t cause pain. They put the animal into a deep sleep, similar to how anesthesia acts before surgery, says Dr. Fadl. “The only discomfort, which is minimal and temporary, would be from quick needle sticks for injecting sedation and placing an IV catheter.”

To ensure a dog isn’t in pain or discomfort, Dr. Jeffrey follows the pet’s behavior. If the dog seems uncomfortable, she’ll increase the dose of opioid medication. She also considers the family. “I do my best to alleviate fears the owners may have regarding pain. I tell them the poke of the needle to place the catheter is the most painful part. Most people can relate to this mild pinch.”

What to Do With Your Dog’s Body After Euthanasia

Pet parents have several options for handling a dog’s body after the euthanasia procedure.

Dog Cremation

The pet cremation process involves placing the body in an enclosed area then incinerating at a high temperature. Except for bone tissue, it becomes ashes.

There are two options within this category. With communal cremation, the dog is cremated with other pets. This is not a good option if you’d like to keep your dog’s ashes. Private cremation permits one animal into the chamber at a time, ensuring that you can have your dog’s ashes returned to you.

Dog Burial Services

You can work with a professional pet cemetery provider or bury the dog in your own backyard as long as you follow municipal or state laws regarding pet burials.

How to Bury a Dog After Euthanasia

Home burial is a cheaper option and lets you be close to your dog’s body. There are, however, some potential issues to consider. If you move, the dog’s body will remain with the new owners. Plus heavy rains can cause the body to resurface, which can be upsetting. Or if the body is not properly buried, another animal may ingest the euthanasia solution.

Also consider that dog burial laws vary by state. Most allow backyard pet burials but differ on details. For example, the state of Texas requires residents to bury the pet at least 3 feet underground; while Minnesota refers residents to their local to their city government. City and county governments may also have separate rules. Washoe County (Nevada), for example, requires you to own the property of the proposed burial site.

If in doubt about the rules in your region, ask your veterinarian or a local humane society. You can also check with your local government agency, whether the board of health, animal health, or agriculture department.

What to Know About Pet Cemeteries

Pet cemeteries will usually pick up a dog’s body from your home or veterinary clinic. They also offer memorial products and services, which vary in range and cost.

To find a pet cemetery in your area, check with the International Association of Pet Cemeteries and Crematories or the In-Home Pet Hospice & Euthanasia Provider Directory.

If you leave this decision up to your veterinarian, ask how they plan to handle the remains.

Dog Euthanasia Cost

Having euthanasia done at a veterinary clinic is typically more affordable. The base price for basic in-clinic euthanasia begins at about $50. In-home dog euthanasia starts at about $250.

These prices vary and are subject to increase based on a number of factors including travel fees, provider locations, the types of drugs used, and the dog’s size. These fees also don’t include cremation, transporting the animal, or memorial services and items.

A euthanasia package may offer a better value. Veterinarians with the Lap of Love network, for example, offer one package that includes a meeting with the veterinarian, dog euthanasia drugs, the procedure, a paw print impression keepsake, and lock of fur. Depending on the location, this service ranges from about $350 to $400.

Humane societies may offer low-cost dog euthanasia options. The Dane County Humane Society in Wisconsin, for example, charges $50 for basic euthanasia, but lowers the price to $25 for pets under 3 pounds.

Does pet insurance cover euthanasia costs?

If you have pet insurance, your provider may cover the euthanasia procedure. Additionally, some wellness plans offered through insurance companies may offer reimbursement for additional costs like cremation, burials, and memorials.

Dog Euthanasia FAQs

We asked veterinarians to answer common questions you may have about dog euthanasia.

How do you know it’s time?

Deciding when it’s time to put a dog to sleep comes down to quality of life. “It can be hard to decide, since many older or ill pets alternate between good and bad days,” says Dr. Fadl. “Think about the things your dog has always loved doing, and whether they are able to do them at all anymore.”

If you’re struggling with a decision, discuss options with your veterinarian. “Pet hospice and palliative care services may be available to promote the comfort of a pet who may be nearing their end of life, but not ready for euthanasia,” offers Dr. Rudloff. BluePearl Pet Hospice also offers quality of life assessments.

Can a dog wake up after euthanasia?

Euthanasia permanently ends brain function, so the dog won’t be able to wake up, says Dr. Rudloff. “There may be involuntary movements that can occur immediately after death as the muscles release energy, but this is not happening because the pet is alive.”

One exception, says Dr. Jeffrey, is if an inadequate amount of euthanasia solution is given.

Do dogs know they are being put to sleep?

It’s hard to know whether the dog is reacting to the given situation or their humans’ emotions. “There are certainly plenty of cases when a dog owner notes that their pet seemed to feel like it was time, or to feel some relief in letting go after they had been suffering from chronic pain or illness,” says Dr. Fadl. 

How long does dog euthanasia take?

Once the IV catheter is inserted and the drug administered, it takes about 1 to 2 minutes for the dog to pass, says Dr. Karwacki. The entire process – including sedation, placing of catheters, and saying goodbyes – generally takes between 30 minutes to an hour.

Grieving the Loss of a Dog After Euthanasia

It’s normal to grieve after you put a dog to sleep. “Everyone works through grief differently and you must do what you feel is best to process the loss of your pet,” says Dr. Karwacki.

The following may offer solace when you’re grieving the loss of a dog after euthanasia.

Memorialize Your Dog’s Life

Remembering your dog can help with closure, says Dr. Fadl. “This can mean anything from framing a photo of them, to getting a paw print in clay or some ashes in a necklace, to holding a funeral service for them, and anything in between.”

Dr. Rudloff says writing about your dog, having a celebratory get-together, or performing comforting rituals can also help.   

Once you’re ready, you may want to consider giving back to your local humane society, by volunteering or donating goods or supplies.

Support and Resources for Grieving the Loss of a Dog After Euthanasia

Most veterinarians offer resources for coping with grief, says Dr. Rudloff. “Some clinics have a veterinary social worker on staff who can be a valuable resource for anticipatory grief, how to talk to children about their pet’s death, how to get help when a family cannot deal with the grief of pet loss or the guilt that can accompany loss.”

Books on pet loss can help, as can support groups. If you’re not sure where to find a group, check with your veterinarian or humane society. Local support group networks like the Pet Loss Research Center may offer virtual options.

Additionally, these organizations provide support and resources.

• BluePearl Pet Hospice offers a Facebook support group.
• Association for Pet Loss & Bereavement has a directory of services, including for free support groups.
• Lap of Love provides grief classes, individual consultations, and a free support group.
• Dove Lewis Emergency Animal Hospital in Oregon offers a range of services including memorial art and writing workshops, some of which may be offered online.

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This article is intended to help you on your journey with canine osteoarthritis by sharing some treatment plan steps, as well as what you can expect in most cases.

Dog Arthritis Treatment Plan: What to Expect

Once a dog is diagnosed with osteoarthritis (OA for short), the typical course of action your veterinarian will take is offering you ‘multimodal treatment’ options. Multimodal simply means “multiple modes of dog arthritis treatment.” 

The reason for this is that dog arthritis usually responds best when multiple types of treatment are used to create a synergistic beneficial effect. In the past, vets just gave arthritic dogs pain medication. But now we know that when you combine therapies – including pain medication, joint supplements, weight loss (if needed), surgery (if needed), a supportive sleeping surface, appropriate exercise, and complementary therapies – dogs respond much better and have less pain and better mobility. This leads to an overall improved quality of life.

In general, the best practices for treating a dog that has OA include:

• Early intervention
• Improve quality of life as much as possible
• Reduce pain as much as possible
• Reduce arthritis flare-ups
• Increase movement through daily exercise

Not all dogs respond the same to treatment. Sometimes, it takes a little trial and error to see what is the best combination for your dog. This is why it is a good idea to work with a veterinarian you trust, keep a journal of how your dog responds to treatment, and be willing to try different things.

Cost of Managing Dog Arthritis

The cost of dog arthritis treatment varies depending on the size of the dog and what treatments are recommended. Cost of care is more expensive for bigger dogs than smaller dogs because medication costs more.

However, here is an estimate of what pet parents might expect to spend on different arthritis treatments for dogs:

• Cost of pain medication ranges $30-$100 per month (depending on size of dog).
• Joint supplements range $15-$50/month (depending on product and size of dog)
• Annual blood work, which is required if a dog takes pain medication chronically, costs $200-$400.
• Rehabilitation and physical therapy costs $200-$400/month if you are working with a certified canine rehabilitation veterinarian.
• Photobiomodulation or piezoelectric therapy costs $60-$100/month.
• Therapeutic foods for OA or weight loss cost $40-$90/month.
• An orthopedic mattress costs $300-$400.
• If surgery is required, such as dogs that need hip replacements, then that can cost upwards of $5,000 per hip.

Dog Arthritis Medicine

To manage pain, most dogs with OA are started on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These may include:

• Carprofen (Rimadyl)
• Grapiprant (Galliprant)
• Meloxicam (Meloxidyl)
• Etodolac
• Deracoxib
• Tepoxalin

These drugs are used to reduce pain and inflammation associated with OA. They are generally well tolerated by most dogs, have a low incidence of negative side effects, and can be given long term. 

However if your dog takes them regularly to manage pain, your veterinarian will require annual blood work to make sure the medications aren’t negatively impacting internal organs. In general, aspirin, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen are not recommended because of toxic side effects.

Additional pain medications that may be prescribed include amantadine, amitriptyline, gabapentin, or tramadol. These medications work synergistically with NSAIDs to provide more complete pain control. Amantadine inhibits pain signals in the nervous system. Amitriptyline works by increasing serotonin for a general feeling of wellbeing. Gabapentin is a muscle relaxant. Lastly, tramadol has opioid-like effects. All of these medications are given orally in pill, capsule, or liquid form. They can also be formulated into tasty chews by a compounding pharmacy.

In some cases, dogs may respond better if they receive different treatments, such as surgical fusion of the affected joint, or periodic injection of medication, stem cells, or platelet-rich plasma into affected joints. Your veterinarian will be your best resource for what is best for your pet.

Tips for Managing Arthritis Pain in Dogs

In addition to managing pain, dogs with arthritis do much better when their owners provide lifestyle modifications, such as:

• Using ramps to get on furniture or in the car
• Providing non-slip rugs on hard surfaces to help the dog get up and not slip and fall
• Providing a supportive sleeping surface that has been clinically proven to reduce pain and improve mobility
• Regularly trimming nails to avoid paw pain and deformity
• Providing appropriate stretching of tight muscles
• Providing appropriate heat and cold therapy on achy joints and muscles
• Providing complementary therapies such as massage, photobiomodulation, piezo-electric therapy, and acupuncture

Dietary Considerations for Dogs With Arthritis

Did you know that dog obesity is the number one risk factor for development of osteoarthritis? It’s true! OA has a vicious, negative cycle with obesity that involves pain that causes inactivity that leads to weight gain that contributes to the development of OA. 

On the flip side, OA leads to inactivity, which leads to weight gain. Both OA and obesity limit a dog’s movement, negatively impact cartilage health, and contribute to shrinking muscles that result in weakness and altered biomechanics, all of which contribute to chronic pain in dogs.

The good news is that weight loss can reverse many of these issues and in some cases, obese dogs can stop having symptoms associated with OA altogether with just weight loss alone. Therefore, one of the best things you can do for a dog to both reduce pain associated with OA and slow progression of the disease is keep them at a healthy weight and if they are overweight, actively pursue weight loss. Foods that are formulated with L-carnitine can facilitate weight loss. If your dog is overweight, work with your vet to create a weight loss plan.

You can also help a dog with OA by feeding a high quality food. Some dogs can benefit from a therapeutic diet that is formulated to improve mobility and reduce pain in dogs that have OA.

While there are many dog joint supplements on the market today, only a few are backed by science to have any benefit for your dog. In general, omega 3 fatty acids from fish oil at a recommended daily amount of 100 mg/kg of combined EPA and DHA are shown to reduce pain in arthritic dogs. 

Other nutraceuticals that have been shown to be clinically helpful include:

• Polysulfated glycosaminoglycans
• Avocado soybean unsaponifiables (ASUs)
• Glucosamine hydrochloride
• Chondroitin sulfate
• Boswellia serrata
• CBD oil

When in doubt, always ask your veterinarian for joint supplement recommendations.

Note: Supplements take longer to work than conventional pain meds – up to several weeks in some dogs. If you are using supplements to reduce the dosage of pain medication, monitor your dog’s pain closely and if you want to reduce pain medication, taper slowly under the supervision of a vet.

Arthritic Dog Exercise Plan

Daily movement is key to helping a dog with OA because it strengthens muscles and improves flexibility. As human physical therapists say, motion is lotion! It is recommended to work with a

veterinary canine rehabilitation specialist or veterinarian, at least at the beginning, so you can learn how to do the exercises safely, and create maximum health benefits for your dog. Before you start any exercise program, it is imperative to ensure that your dog’s pain is controlled. 

In general, exercises to help dogs with arthritis should:

• Be daily and consistent
• Condition both front and rear legs and strengthen core muscles
• Include both cardio and strength training
• Be low impact, such as walking and swimming
• Be fun!

If you have the availability, exercising your dog on sand can be a wonderful way to condition your dog. Check out this awesome video on several other exercise options for dogs with OA.

Arthritis in Dogs Treatment: Tips and Advice

Once your dog is started on an arthritis treatment plan, you should expect to start seeing results immediately. Dogs started on pain medications should immediately be able to move better, be happier, sleep better, and enjoy a better quality of life. If you are not seeing improvement immediately, call your veterinarian.

Other results, such as improved strength and endurance, weight loss, and results from joint supplements will take longer, but patience and consistency usually pay off. You will see better long-term results if you pair pain management with weight reduction or control, high quality food and supplements, a supportive sleeping surface, and daily appropriate exercise. If you are not seeing these results within a week or two of starting therapy, contact your veterinarian.

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Understanding the options ahead of time and determining whether dog cremation is the best choice to honor your best furry friend will allow you to focus on grieving your loss, not managing the logistics.

What Is Dog Cremation?

When dogs are cremated, their bodies are placed in cremation chambers, also called retorts, and incinerated. It turns their bodies into bone fragments and ash that are known as “cremains” or cremated remains.

Cremation for dogs is just one option for pet owners. Home burial or burial in pet cemeteries are also possibilities. Dr. Dani McVety veterinarian, founder and CEO or LapofLove.com, a nationwide practice specializing in hospice and in-home euthanasia, estimates that 70 percent of the dog owners she works with opt for cremation when their dogs die.

“The number one reason [dog owners choose cremation] is the mechanical aspect of it,” she adds. “Some dog owners live in apartments and there is no place for home burial and others aren’t living in their forever homes and want to keep pets with them when they move.”

Where to Cremate a Dog

Dog cremation is performed at special crematories for pets. There are national chains that perform this service as well as local, independent facilities.

Although pet cremation is a popular end of life option, Dr. McVety notes that it’s a niche business and the availability of facilities depends on your location.

Some cities might have a few pet crematories while others might have a single option. Most veterinarians have relationships with crematories and will make arrangements for pet owners. It’s rare for pet owners to search out crematories on their own after their pet dies, she adds.  

Dog Cremation Services: Types

You’ll need to decide between different cremation options:

Private Cremation 

During a private cremation, your dog is alone in the cremation chamber. “There is no risk of commingling remains,” explains Barbara Kemmis CAE, executive director of the Cremation Association of North America. You’ll choose private cremation if you want to receive your dog’s ashes.

Partitioned Cremation

Some pet crematories offer partitioned cremation. In this option – also known as individual cremation or semi-private cremation – bricks are placed between pets to partition their bodies while still allowing for air flow within the cremation chamber. 

It might not be an option for larger dogs because retorts might not have the space to separate the bodies. Kemmis notes that there is “minimal” risk of commingling ashes during partitioned cremation and pet owners do receive the ashes following cremation.

This option is less expensive for pet parents than private cremation.

Communal Cremation

In a communal cremation, multiple pets are cremated together and their ashes are spread communally, not returned to the pet parents. “Some crematories on the coast will spread the ashes at sea and one of the crematories we work with spreads the ashes in a butterfly garden,” says Dr. McVety.

Aquamation for Dogs

In addition to traditional heat-based cremation, a newer offering called “aquamation” may also be available to pet owners. The process is water-based. An alkalizing agent is added to the water to help the body decompose, according to Dr. Tessa King, a hospice veterinarian with Compassion 4 Paws in Seattle.

Aquamation takes longer than traditional cremation – up to 21 hours – but it offers some benefits.

“It doesn’t release smoke and other particles into the atmosphere and you actually get more ashes with aquamation,” Dr. King says.

Dr. McVety opted for aquamation for one of her dogs and received her microchip and canine teeth back along with a plate that had been placed in her leg during a previous surgery because the water-based process preserved those items.

Dog Cremation Process: What to Expect

After your dog dies, your veterinarian (or the end-of-life provider you chose) will hold them in a secure, temperature controlled environment until the cremation occurs at their office or the crematorium. Kemmis notes, “these are dedicated crematories with equipment designed and used only for [cremating] animals.”

Depending on the schedule at the crematories, dogs may be cremated between 1 and 7 days following their deaths. Most crematories allow pet owners to witness their dog’s cremation with advanced arrangements if they choose to do so. The process can take anywhere from 30 minutes to two hours.

“For some people, witnessing the cremation may bring some closure,” Dr. King says. “Some people, they just want to see or know that their animals are being treated with care and respect and to know that they’re getting back the ashes from their animal.”

Pet owners who opt for private cremation will receive their dog’s ashes.

Dog Cremation Cost

The cost to cremate a dog ranges from $50 to $250 and up. The biggest factors are the dog’s weight and whether it’s a private, semi-private, or communal cremation. Communal cremation is the least expensive option and private cremation is the most expensive.

To avoid making decisions while mourning the loss of a beloved pet, Kemmis suggests researching options in advance and, when possible, pre-planning your dog’s cremation or funeral.

Dog Cremation Urns and Boxes

All dog ashes are packaged in secure plastic bags but those bags are often sealed in decorative boxes and urns that allow dog owners to keep their pets in a special place in their homes. The options for dog cremation urns or dog cremation boxes range from basic to ornate and the decision to choose an urn depends on the veterinarian and crematorium.

Some crematories have standard boxes included in their fee, allowing dog owners to choose a special box at a later date. Dr. McVety notes that online marketplaces like Etsy have countless beautiful urns and boxes for pet remains that can be personalized to make them extra special.

Dog Cremation FAQs

Should I bury or cremate my dog? 

The decision to bury or cremate your dog is a personal one and might be based on factors such as cost, burial space, access to pet cemeteries and local ordinances related to burying pets.

“We are a more transient society and cremation allows the owner to keep their pet with them,” says Kemmis.

Where can I get my dog cremated? 

Pet crematories specialize in pet cremation. Your veterinarian can provide a list of options but most veterinarians or end-of-life providers have partnerships with pet crematories and will arrange the entire process after your dog dies.

How much does it cost to cremate a dog? 

The cost to cremate a dog ranges from $50 to $250 (and more) and depends on their size and weight, whether pet owners choose private, semi-private or communal cremation, and even location.

How long does it take to cremate a dog? 

Dogs are cremated within one week of their death. The actual cremation process can range from approximately 30 minutes to 2 hours. 

Does pet insurance cover cremation? 

Most pet insurance policies don’t cover cremation. Check with your insurance provider to determine what end-of-life care is covered.

What happens to the microchip when a pet is cremated? 

Your dog’s microchip is incinerated during traditional cremation and can’t be recovered. During aquamation, the microchip isn’t destroyed and can be returned to the pet owner.

Memorializing Your Pet

Your dog was an important member of your family and there are many ways to honor their memory after their death. Some pet owners spread their ashes in the backyard, dog park, or other favorite spot. If you plan to spread your dog’s ashes, make sure there are no laws prohibiting you from doing so. 

You may also want to keep their cremains on display in your home or have a special keepsake made with their ashes. There are a variety of beautiful and meaningful options from memorial jewelry, stained glass and keychains to pottery, memorial stones and engraved boxes that will serve as a continued reminder of your dog’s place in your heart.

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Fortunately, heart attacks in dogs are extremely rare events. Even so, it’s still important to be able to recognize a potential heart attack in a dog, as it is a serious and life threatening condition. 

Read on to learn about heart attacks in dogs, what to do during a dog heart attack, what to expect if your dog has a heart attack, and how you can prevent a heart attack in your dog. 

What Happens During a Heart Attack?

The medical term for a heart attack is “myocardial infarction.” Heart attacks occur when a vessel that brings blood to the heart is blocked. These vessels are called coronary arteries. They are usually blocked by an accumulation of cholesterol or fat, but other substances can also cause a full or partial blockage. This process is known as atherosclerosis. 

When the blood flow to the heart is blocked, the heart doesn’t receive enough oxygen, and the heart muscle begins to die. The heart is then unable to properly perform its normal function of pumping blood to the rest of the body. 

Heart attacks happen suddenly or acutely. This is different from cardiac disease or heart failure which are chronic diseases that progress over time. Usually, in the case of chronic disease, the heart reaches a breaking point where it can no longer keep up with the demands of the body. These episodes are sometimes mistakenly referred to as heart attacks, but are not the same. 

Can Dogs Have Heart Attacks?

Yes, dogs can have heart attacks, but they are very, very rare events. However, it is believed that due to a year-over-year increase in dog obesity, heart attacks in dogs may be becoming more common. 

There are also other serious cardiac conditions, such as cardiac arrhythmias which are abnormal heartbeat patterns, that can cause symptoms very similar to a human heart attack in dogs. 

Heart attacks can happen in dogs of any breed or size. Similar to humans, it is believed that older dogs are more likely to suffer from heart attacks than younger dogs. 

Causes of Dog Heart Attacks

There are several causes and risk factors for heart attacks in dogs, such as: 

Atherosclerosis. As mentioned earlier, this is the buildup of cholesterol and plaque in the arteries. This is rare in dogs, but is the cause of a “true” heart attack.

Obesity. While obesity does not cause a heart attack directly, excess weight leads to higher blood pressure and cholesterol, which both increase a dog’s likelihood for having a heart attack.

Nephrotic syndrome. Kidney failure or damage leads to a loss of protein, which can lead to blood clot formation. A blood clot that forms inappropriately in the arteries can block blood flow to the heart and lead to a heart attack.

Tumors. Masses or tumors growing on or around a dog’s heart and/or arteries can impede blood flow to the heart.

Hypothyroidism. An inadequate amount of thyroid hormone in dogs causes a slower heart beat and metabolism, weight gain and high cholesterol, and poor blood flow, all of which can lead to a heart attack.

Vasculitis. This is inflammation of the blood vessels and is usually a secondary symptom of other disease processes like autoimmune disorders or infection. Inflamed blood vessels are narrower and can increase a dog’s likelihood of having a heart attack.

Endocarditis. Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart’s chambers and valves is called endocarditis, and most commonly occurs due to a bacterial infection. This is seen most often in dogs with severe dental disease. 

Pre-existing cardiac disease. Chronic heart disease and heart failure in dogs is much more common than heart attacks. However, a dog with a weaker heart is more susceptible to a heart attack than dogs without pre-existing cardiac disease. 

Intense fear or stress. In response to sudden fear or distress, the body releases a large amount of adrenaline as part of the fight or flight response. This leads to a sudden increase in heart rate and blood pressure, which can cause arrhythmias, constriction of blood vessels, and even heart muscle spasm, all of which can cause the heart to suddenly fail or decline. Fortunately, this is extraordinarily rare in humans and even less common in dogs. 

Signs of a Dog Heart Attack

Dogs experiencing a heart attack will display one or more of the following signs:

• Sudden collapse
• Weakness
• Fast heart rate
• Irregular heart rate
• Abnormal breathing
• Heavy panting that is not exercise or heat induced
• Difficulty standing
• Lethargy/exercise intolerance
• Fever
• Vomiting
• Tilted head
• Stiff forelimbs

What to Do During a Dog Heart Attack

If you suspect your dog is having a heart attack, the most important thing to do is remain calm. Your dog can sense your fear and anxiety which can make theirs even worse and exacerbate clinic signs. 

Instead, try your best to keep your dog calm to help slow their heart and make it easier for them to breathe. Wrapping your dog in a blanket and speaking softly and slowly to them can be soothing and help them calm down.

Next, contact a veterinarian right away and follow their guidance. Most likely, they will advise you to bring your dog to the clinic immediately, as the sooner your dog is stabilized, the greater chance they will recover. 

Do not attempt CPR on your dog unless you have been properly trained or a veterinarian advises you to do so. Incorrectly performed or unnecessary CPR can cause more harm than good. If your dog has collapsed and is unconscious, seek veterinary care right away.

Dog Heart Attack Recovery

Dogs who have suffered a heart attack or any other cardiac event often require hospitalization and supportive care for several days regardless of the cause. 

Your veterinary team will likely need to run a series of tests such as blood work, an echocardiogram, and an electrocardiogram to determine the cause of your dog’s heart attack and how to best help them recover moving forward. In many cases, a dog who experienced a heart attack will likely need both lifestyle modifications such as a better diet and more exercise as well as medications and supplements to help prevent another episode. 

How to Prevent Heart Attacks in Dogs

The best way to prevent a heart attack in a dog is to provide them with a healthy lifestyle. Make sure your dog is eating a complete and balanced diet, and avoid fatty treats like potato chips, french fries, and cheese that can lead to excess cholesterol. 

Keep your dog at a healthy body weight and make sure they receive plenty of exercise to keep their cardiovascular system strong. Omega-3 fatty acid supplements are also great for helping your dog maintain a healthy heart, lower inflammation, and decrease cholesterol in the body.

The post Can Dogs Have Heart Attacks? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Deciding to euthanize a dog is difficult for many pet owners. Knowing when to put a dog down is equally challenging.

We’re here to help you learn more about euthanasia and recognize the signs that indicate when saying goodbye may be the best option for your dog.

Dog Euthanasia: A Humane Option

Euthanasia is defined as humane death. It is a painless process that enables a pet’s smooth transition from life to death. For dogs with uncontrollable pain or terminal illnesses, euthanasia is a humane option to end their suffering.

To perform euthanasia, a veterinarian will administer a sedative for relaxation and drowsiness. Then, they will administer an overdose of a barbiturate to cause unconsciousness and stop the heartbeat. After several minutes, the veterinarian will confirm that the dog’s heart has stopped beating. It is a painless and fast procedure that ends a dog’s suffering.

It isn’t easy to contemplate and acknowledge that the end of your dog’s life is near. Understanding how euthanasia works can help you prepare to make end-of-life decisions, knowing that your dog will not suffer in those final moments of life.

There are various details to consider, including the location of euthanasia (vet’s office or at home), whether you choose to be present, and what to do with your dog’s remains. Making these decisions in advance allows you to emotionally prepare for saying goodbye without the stress of making the decisions amid your grief.

When to Put a Dog Down? 8 Signs 

The decision to euthanize a dog is personal. Your veterinarian can provide guidance, given your dog’s health and quality of life, but the ultimate and final decision rests with you. Take the time to think it through and decide when you are ready.

But how do you know when it’s time to put your dog down? Below, we’ve listed 8 signs to provide you with a framework to discuss euthanasia with your veterinarian:

1. Refusal to eat. Some dogs may be picky eaters and refuse to eat from time to time. But if your dog is regularly refusing food and appetite stimulants aren’t working, it may be time to talk to your veterinarian about end of life care. A dog that isn’t eating won’t get the nutrients that they need to sustain a high quality of life. 

2. Terminal illness. A dog that is diagnosed with a terminal illness will progressively go down hill. As the disease advances, your dog may experience pain, confusion, and difficulty doing the things they enjoy. You may want to consider euthanasia following a terminal diagnosis to prevent your dog from suffering. 

3. Inability to walk. A dog that can no longer walk may be experiencing extreme pain and likely isn’t enjoying a high quality of life. While there are ways to help your dog get around – like strollers, carts, and harnesses – it’s important to consider how your dog’s inability to walk is impacting their level of happiness and satisfaction. 

4. Uncontrollable pain. There are various vet-recommended pain medications that can help a dog feel better. But if pain medications don’t seem to be working or your dog always seems to be struggling with pain, it may be time to talk to your veterinarian and prepare for euthanasia. 

5. Life-threatening injury. If an accident or injury has put your dog’s life in the balance, it may be necessary to consider euthanasia as an option to prevent further suffering, complications, or expenses. 

6. Unmanageable aggression. Dogs who are in pain or suffering from canine cognitive dysfunction may experience unexpected behavior changes. If your dog suddenly becomes aggressive to you, family members, or other pets, it could be time to talk to your veterinarian. 

7. Significant decrease in quality of life. It’s difficult to assess your dog’s quality of life. But it’s important to pay attention when considering end of life options for your pet. Lap of Love, a nationwide provider of at-home euthanasia for pets, provides a quality of life assessment that you can fill out to help you monitor your dog’s overall wellbeing. If you no longer think your dog has a high quality of life, it’s important to start discussions about euthanasia with your veterinarian.    

8. Loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities. If your dog no longer wants to go for walks, play fetch, cuddle on the sofa, or tug on a toy, it could be a sign that it’s time to let them go. Dogs that no longer show interest in activities they previously enjoyed are often in pain and are not enjoying life like they once did. 

Along with looking for the signs listed above, consider asking yourself these questions when deciding if euthanasia is the right choice for your dog:

• Is my dog suffering?
• Is my dog having more bad days than good days?
• Can I afford my dog’s ongoing medical expenses?
• Can I handle the emotional toll of my dog’s suffering?
• Am I prolonging my dog’s life to avoid having to say goodbye?
• Do I have the time to continue providing the level of care that my pet needs?

When you discuss euthanasia with your veterinarian, they can help you better understand your dog’s declining health. They can also explain the veterinary office’s euthanasia policies, such as whether they do at-home euthanasias and how they schedule euthanasia appointments (usually the last appointment of the day).

Remember, it’s ultimately up to you to decide when it’s the right time to put your dog down and end their suffering. The guidelines above can help you assess your pet, but you know your dog best. Whatever you decide to do is the right decision. 

Making Your Dog’s Last Days Count: 4 Tips and Ideas

Once you have decided to euthanize your dog and put the final details in place, you can choose how you want to spend time with your dog in their last days.

As with the decision to euthanize, how you want to spend those final moments with your dog is personal. However, here are some ideas:

Take your dog to their favorite places. Even if your dog is having a hard time getting around, let them enjoy their favorite places one last time. This might be a specific park, the beach, a hiking trail – wherever you and your dog have happy memories. Unplug and enjoy your time together. 

Feed your dog their favorite meals and treats. Although pet parents are usually discouraged from feeding dogs people food due to high calories and fat content, there’s a lot of wiggle room for dogs that are approaching the end of their lives. If you have a week or a few days left, allow your dog to enjoy the foods they love and make their last meal something extra special. 

Spend quiet time with them on the couch or sit with them near their bed. Saying goodbye to your beloved canine companion is one of the hardest things to do. Soak up the quiet moments and let your dog know they are loved by simply being with them. 

Have a professional photo shoot with your dog. While you may have plenty of photos of your dog on your phone, having professional pictures taken of both of you is a great way to memorialize your bond and create a lasting keepsake. Just make sure to have your dog’s comfort in mind when planning a photo shoot. 

Bringing it Together

Saying goodbye to your four-legged friend at the end of their life is a sad yet inevitable reality of dog ownership. Knowing when euthanasia is the right choice for your dog can help you prepare to say goodbye and make the most of your dog’s final days.

The post When to Put a Dog Down: 8 Signs it Might Be Time appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But foxtails could be lurking in that open field, spelling danger for dogs. Foxtails are found just about everywhere and can be troubling for unlucky dogs that pass by them.

What Is a Foxtail?

A foxtail is a weed that grows at the top of grasses and resembles the bushy tail of a fox.

Foxtail goes by many names, including:

• Timothy
• Grass awn
• June grass
• Cheatgrass
• Bristlegrass
• Giant foxtail

This weed has seeds arranged in spiky clusters. The seeds have backward-facing barbs that allow foxtail to burrow into a dog’s skin and other body parts. Without veterinary intervention, burrowed foxtails are impossible to remove entirely.

Foxtails are most prominent in the western United States but can be found throughout most of the country. They make their home along open roadways, hiking trails, meadows, and open fields – all of the places where dogs love to run and play.

Foxtails begin growing in early spring, are in full bloom in early summer, and die in the winter.

Dangers of Foxtails for Dogs

Foxtails and dogs are a bad combination. If a foxtail happens to land on your dog, it won’t be long before the weed starts to burrow, carrying infection-causing environmental debris and bacteria. The burrowing is aided by movement: the more a dog moves, the more deeply the foxtail will burrow.

Because of a foxtail’s shape, the weed will continue burrowing until it can’t burrow any further.

Foxtails will cause problems wherever they land on a dog’s body. For example, a foxtail that burrows into the skin can cause skin infections and abscesses (pockets of bacterial infection). Foxtails that burrow into internal organs can wreak havoc, causing such damage as internal abscesses and intestinal perforation.

Foxtails do not break down in the body. If they are not removed, they will continue to cause problems and put your dog at risk of severe infection.

Can Foxtails Kill a Dog?

Although rare, foxtails can cause life-threatening internal damage. For example, a perforated intestine can put a dog’s life at risk if not treated early and aggressively. 

Foxtails that are inhaled and get lodged in the lungs can cause a respiratory infection that requires immediate life-saving emergency care.

Where You’ll Find Foxtails on a Dog

Foxtails can land anywhere on a dog’s body, but here are the most common body parts where foxtails will land:

• Eyes
• Nose
• Mouth
• Paws
• Ears

Dogs love to explore the environment with their nose, so it is no surprise that foxtails can easily attach to the nose and other parts of the face. In addition, a dog’s paw pads are an easy target for foxtails’ sharp tips.

If you take your dog to an area with lots of foxtails, check the body parts listed above for this weed. Generally, checking your dog from head to toe for foxtails is a good idea.

Signs Your Dog Has a Foxtail

Foxtails will cause symptoms according to the part of the body into which they’ve burrowed.

Nose

• Snorting
• Head shaking
• Pawing at nose
• Violent sneezing

Eyes

• Tearing
• Swelling
• Squinting
• Pawing at eye
• Eyes are swollen shut

Ears

• Head tilt
• Head shaking

Mouth

• Gagging
• Refusal to eat
• Difficulty eating

Paws

• Swelling
• Limping
• Excessive licking or nipping of affected paw

Because foxtails carry debris and bacteria, they cause infection wherever they land and burrow. Here are common signs of infection:

• Bad odor
• Draining tracts
• Abscesses (pockets of bacterial infection)
• Signs of inflammation, including redness and swelling
• Discharge that may be discolored (yellow, green) or bloody

Once infection has set in, a dog will have symptoms of systemic illness, including:

• Lethargy
• Depression
• Reduced appetite

Foxtails that have burrowed into an internal organ can cause enough damage to warrant emergency veterinary care. Symptoms of internal organ damage will vary according to which organ is affected. For example, lung damage can result in severe respiratory distress. Intestinal perforation can cause severe abdominal pain.

What to Do if You Find a Foxtail on Your Dog

Foxtails must be immediately removed from a dog’s body to avoid damage and infection caused by the weed’s burrowing.

Foxtails can be removed at home if they have not yet become embedded or burrowed through the skin. Foxtails in the fur can be removed with a fine-toothed comb or brush. Tweezers help remove foxtails from the skin.

If you can remove the foxtail, gently clean the affected area with mild soap and rinse with water.

If the foxtails have already started burrowing, take your dog to your veterinarian for treatment as soon as possible. Do not try to remove embedded foxtails on your own.

Your veterinarian will have the tools and techniques to remove embedded foxtails. For example, an endoscope (a video camera with small pincers attached) can identify and remove foxtails embedded in the nose. Surgery is recommended for foxtails that have burrowed into an internal organ.

If your veterinarian performs the removal, they will prescribe medications to treat (or prevent) infection and reduce pain and inflammation.

Take your dog to your veterinarian even if you removed foxtails on your own. Your veterinarian will determine if the entire foxtail was removed and complete the removal, if necessary.

How to Prevent Foxtails on Dogs

Because foxtails are just about everywhere, preventing them from landing on your dog can be tricky. Here are a few prevention strategies you can try:

Check your dog after outdoor excursions. Always check your dog’s body for foxtails after being outside, paying close attention to the body parts where foxtails are most likely to attach.

Stay away from foxtail-prone areas. Avoid outdoor areas where foxtails are prevalent, particularly from the spring to early fall.

Keep your yard clean. Mow your lawn and remove weeds regularly.

Trim your dog’s fur in the summer. Keeping your dog’s fury shorter can help you see foxtails more easily. 

Shorten your dog’s leash. Keep your dog on a short leash when walking outside. Do not let your dog go off-leash.

Try protective gear. Put protective gear (e.g., vests, paw covers) on your dog before going to foxtail-prevalent areas.

The post Dangers of Foxtails for Dogs (and How to Remove Them) appeared first on Great Pet Care.

What Is Hyperthyroidism in Dogs?

The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located in your dog’s neck. It produces thyroid hormones, the most important of which is called thyroxine or T4. Thyroxine has many functions throughout your dog’s body, including regulating metabolism. Hyperthyroidism occurs when there is too much thyroxine in the body. This can occur due to an overproduction of thyroxine by the thyroid gland, or due to excessive supplementation of thyroxine from medications or diet.  

Hyperthyroidism vs. Hypothyroidism in Dogs

In dogs, hyperthyroidism—an excess of thyroid hormones—is uncommon. It is much more common for dogs to develop hypothyroidism, which is a deficiency of thyroid hormones. This occurs in dogs most commonly due to primary hypothyroidism, which develops due to atrophy of the thyroid gland or autoimmune destruction of the gland (thyroiditis). The resulting lack of thyroid hormone causes symptoms such as lethargy, weight gain, cold intolerance, and hair loss. This is in contrast to hyperthyroidism, which causes symptoms related to increased metabolism, such as weight loss despite an increased appetite, decreased muscle mass, increased thirst and urination, excitability, and increased heart rate.  

Causes of Hyperthyroidism in Dogs

In dogs, hyperthyroidism is almost always caused by an underlying thyroid tumor. Two types of thyroid tumors occur in dogs: thyroid adenoma and thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid carcinoma is the more common tumor type. A small percentage of thyroid carcinomas are functional tumors that produce excess thyroid hormone, leading to hyperthyroidism. 

Other causes of hyperthyroidism in dogs include iatrogenic hyperthyroidism and dietary hyperthyroidism. Iatrogenic hyperthyroidism occurs when a dog that is hypothyroid is placed on thyroid supplementation, but receives too much supplementation, thus becoming hyperthyroid. Dietary hyperthyroidism has been reported in dogs eating raw diets, likely due to thyroid tissue being incorporated in the food. Dogs receiving supplements that contain high levels of kelp or iodine may also be at risk for hyperthyroidism. 

Hyperthyroidism in Dogs Symptoms

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism in dogs may be difficult to spot and can often look similar to other conditions. Signs of hyperthyroidism in dogs can include:

• Weight loss
• Loss of muscle mass
• Increased thirst
• Increased urination
• Increased appetite
• Increased heart rate
• Agitation or excitability
• Mass in the neck (thyroid tumor)

Diagnosing Hyperthyroidism in Dogs

To diagnose hyperthyroidism in your dog, your veterinarian will first take a thorough history, including asking questions about your dog’s symptoms, your dog’s current diet, and any medications or supplements your dog may be taking. Then your vet will perform a full head-to-tail physical examination on your dog. 

Your vet will likely recommend some diagnostic tests such as blood work to evaluate your dog’s thyroid level. A thyroid panel may be performed, which often includes a T4 level, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level, and possibly a T3 level as well. This allows your veterinarian to get a complete picture of your dog’s thyroid function.

If hyperthyroidism is suspected, imaging of your dog’s neck to look for a thyroid tumor will also be recommended. This is typically done by ultrasound with an experienced sonographer. Your dog’s thyroid gland will be evaluated for changes that could indicate the presence of a functional thyroid tumor, and the entire neck will be checked for any ectopic thyroid tissue—that is, thyroid tissue that is located in the wrong place, which may be producing excess thyroid hormone. Sometimes, ultrasonography is not enough to visualize a thyroid tumor or to fully evaluate how far it extends, so computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be recommended for further evaluation. 

Dog Hyperthyroidism Treatment

Hyperthyroidism in dogs is most often caused by a tumor on the thyroid gland, so the treatment of choice is surgical removal of the tumor. When possible, a thyroidectomy—complete removal of the thyroid gland—is performed. Following the procedure, the dog will be hypothyroid and will need thyroid hormone supplementation for life. This is given in the form of a pill taken twice a day. Chemotherapy may be used in addition to surgery for the treatment of systemic, microscopic disease.

If the tumor is too large to be removed surgically, radiation therapy may be used. Radiation therapy is also used for cases where the tumor has spread to other areas of the body, or in cases where the tumor is incompletely removed by surgery. 

Radioactive Iodine therapy (I-131 Therapy) is sometimes used for tumors that cannot be removed surgically or those that have spread to other areas of the body. Radioactive iodine destroys thyroid hormone-producing cells, making the dog hypothyroid. Thyroid hormone supplementation is necessary following treatment and is typically given in the form of a pill taken twice a day.

Some hyperthyroid dogs may be treated with a medication such as methimazole. Methimazole is an antithyroid thioamide that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones. This medication is given in the form of a pill, typically dosed twice daily. This medication would be given for life, or until more definitive treatment such as thyroidectomy or radioactive iodine therapy is performed.

Dogs with iatrogenic hyperthyroidism due to over-supplementation may be treated with a dosage adjustment of their normal thyroid medication. Similarly, dogs with hyperthyroidism due to diet or supplements may be cured simply by changing the diet or discontinuing the supplement that caused the hyperthyroidism.

What to Feed a Dog with Hyperthyroidism

If your dog’s hyperthyroidism was caused by diet, changing your dog’s diet will be necessary to control the hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism has been reported in dogs eating raw diets, likely due to thyroid tissue being incorporated in the food. In these cases, changing the diet caused the dogs’ thyroid levels to return to normal. If your dog’s hyperthyroidism is due to diet, your veterinarian will recommend a commercial cooked diet from a reputable company that is best for your dog’s health.

Cost to Treat Hyperthyroidism in Dogs

Treatment for hyperthyroidism in dogs often involves treating an underlying thyroid tumor. This may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or radioactive iodine therapy. The cost to diagnose and treat a thyroid tumor can vary widely depending on the size of the tumor, its invasiveness, whether it has spread to other areas of the body, and the type of treatment used. Pet owners should expect to spend at least $2,000-$4,000 on thyroid tumor treatment, with costs increasing the larger and more invasive the tumor is.

Dogs with iatrogenic hyperthyroidism are often more easily treated with changes to their medication or supplement regimens and the cost to treat these cases is quite low. Similarly, dogs with dietary hyperthyroidism are typically treated with diet change and the cost to treat is minimal. 

Hyperthyroidism in Dogs Life Expectancy

For patients with thyroid tumors, prognosis varies depending on the invasiveness of the tumor and the type of treatment used. Patients with freely moveable tumors that are able to be surgically removed have a good prognosis, with a median survival time of three years (1). More invasive tumors have a reported survival time of 6-12 months with surgery alone (2).  

In one study of 25 dogs with localized, nonresectable tumors treated with radiation therapy, the progression-free survival rate was reported to be 80 percent at 1 year and 72 percent at 3 years (3). In a study of dogs receiving I-131 therapy, median survival times were comparable to those of patients receiving radiation therapy. Dogs with moderate disease and no metastasis had median survival times over two years. Unfortunately, those with metastatic disease survived less than 1 year (2).

Survival times vary for patients treated with chemotherapy depending on the type of chemotherapy treatment used. 

For patients with iatrogenic or dietary hyperthyroidism, prognosis is good to excellent, as these types of hyperthyroidism can often be reversed with changes in medication or diet regimen.

How to Prevent Hyperthyroidism in Dogs

Iatrogenic hyperthyroidism can be prevented by following your veterinarian’s dosing instructions carefully to ensure your dog receives the correct dose of thyroid medication. Regular follow-ups with your veterinarian will be necessary to ensure your dog’s thyroid level is within the normal range. If your dog is hypothyroid, he or she will need thyroid supplementation for life, so do not change or discontinue your dog’s medication without first consulting your veterinarian.

Dietary hyperthyroidism can be prevented by feeding your dog a high quality, cooked commercial diet. Your veterinarian can help you choose a diet that is appropriate for your dog’s age and body condition.

Unfortunately, because we don’t know exactly what causes thyroid tumors to develop, there is no way to prevent hyperthyroidism that occurs secondary to thyroid tumors.

Related Conditions

• Thyroid adenoma
• Thyroid carcinoma

References

1. Nadeau ME, Kitchell BE: Evaluation of the use of chemotherapy and other prognostic variables for surgically excised canine thyroid carcinoma with and without metastasis. Can Vet J 2011 Vol 52 (9) pp. 994-98.
2. Lunn KF, Page RL: Tumors of the Endocrine System. Withrow & MacEwen’s Small Animal Clinical Oncology, 5th ed. St. Louis, Saunders Elsevier 201 pp. 513-515.
3. Theon AP, Marks SL, Feldman ES, et al: Prognostic factors and patterns of treatment failure in dogs with unresectable differentiated thyroid carcinomas treated with megavoltage irradiation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 200 Vol 216 (11) pp. 1775-79.

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Here are seven telltale signs of an overweight dog, and what to do if you see these signs. 

Overweight Dog: Risks to Know

Obesity isn’t just a cosmetic problem: if a dog is overweight, they are more likely to have painful, chronic disease and less likely to have a long, healthy life. That is because excess weight not only adds more wear and tear to the body, obesity is also an inflammatory and hormonal condition that predisposes dogs to all sorts of diseases. According to data from the American Animal Hospital, obesity predisposes dogs to developing:

• Orthopedic disease, including osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease)
• Chronic inflammation
• Cancer
• Kidney dysfunction
• Respiratory disorders
• Hypertension
• Skin disorders
• Metabolic and endocrine disorders, such as Type II diabetes
• Reduced life expectancy and diminished quality of life

Is My Dog Overweight? 7 Signs to Watch For

Because dogs come in so many shapes and sizes, it can be challenging to determine if your dog is overweight. A healthy weight in a Labrador Retriever will look different than a French Bulldog. However, there are a few signs that are consistent across breeds that give you clues that your dog is carrying too much fat.

Increased Weight on the Scale

This one might seem obvious, but if you notice the pounds creeping up when you weigh your dog or when your dog is weighed at the veterinarian, excess body fat could be causing the increase. However, this is not always the case. Sometimes excess weight gain is due to other medical problems, such as retained body water or a heavy tumor.

Visual Changes in Your Dog’s Body

Visually inspect your dog from the side and above. A dog with a healthy weight should have a waist that tucks up slightly behind the end of the rib cage, at about the midpoint of the trunk. If there is no tuck, then it is likely that your dog is too heavy. 

While this is a good starting point for weight assessment, there are exceptions. For example, older dogs who have been spayed or neutered may have a droopy belly due to a lack of sex hormones, and dogs with heart disease or Cushing’s syndrome may have a bigger belly due to their medical condition.

In addition to looking for visual changes, you can gently feel your dog’s ribs behind their front legs. A dog at a healthy weight should have easily definable ribs that feel like the back of your hand or an antique washboard—even dogs with long or thick fur. A dog who is too heavy will have ribs that feel like your palm. 

Slowing Down on Walks

Dogs who are too heavy have a harder time exercising due to respiratory compromise and degenerative joint disease, both of which are exacerbated by excess body fat. If your dog is slowing down or lagging behind on walks, it could be a weight problem. However, it can also be heart disease or joint disease, so it is always best to talk to your veterinarian if you notice this in your dog. 

Undefined Tail Base

One place that body fat likes to accumulate is around the tail base. A dog with a healthy weight should have clearly defined hip and tail bones around the base of the tail. You should be able to easily feel them, even in dogs that have skin rolls around their tail base, like Frenchies or Pugs. If you can’t easily feel the bones of the base of the tail, your dog might be too heavy. 

Increased Panting

Dogs who are overweight tend to pant more and have less tolerance to heat than fit dogs. If you notice your dog is panting more than usual, in combination with the other signs above, it could be due to weight. Increased panting can also be due to pain, hormonal issues, anxiety, and cardiovascular issues, so be sure to have your dog checked by your veterinarian. 

Reluctant to Climb Stairs and Jump

Overweight dogs have a lot of extra weight to lug around, and if they are too heavy, then they may not want to climb stairs, jump, or play like they used to. Difficulty climbing stairs can be a sign of arthritis pain as well, which is also exacerbated by weight gain.

High Body Condition Score

A veterinarian uses a body condition score to keep track of a dog’s weight because it is an easily measurable and accurate visual tool. Body condition scores are either on a scale of 5 or 9, with 3/5 and 5/9 being healthy weights, and 5/5 and 9/9 equating to obesity. To evaluate your dog’s body condition at home, before your next vet visit, you can try this one from the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) or use our dog weight chart above. 

What to Do if Your Dog Is Overweight

If your dog is overweight, then it is time to start a weight loss program for your dog! Here are some tips to help a dog lose weight:

Increase caloric burn. To get a dog to lose weight, they need to burn more calories than they take in. This can be as simple as taking your dog for regular walks that are strategically designed to increase the burn.

Reduce caloric intake. Restrict the amount of calories (especially empty calories from treats) that you feed your dog. If you are unsure of how much to feed, ask your vet—they can give you the exact amount of calories that your dog should be eating daily. Pro tip: ask your vet how much to feed in grams, get a gram scale, and weigh your dog’s food. For best results, it is a very good idea to feed a therapeutic weight loss diet (e.g., Hill’s Prescription Diet Metabolic Weight Loss & Maintenance Dry Dog Food) that is clinically proven to help dogs lose weight safely, as regular diets aren’t designed to be calorie restricted and can lead to micronutrient imbalances.

Regular weigh-ins. Just like WeightWatchers, regular weigh-ins can track your dog’s progress and allow you to make tweaks if necessary. Weigh your dog monthly, either at home or at the vet clinic, and be patient: most dogs will reach their weight loss goals in 3-6 months. 

Get a check-up. Sometimes dogs can have health challenges, like Cushing’s or hypothyroidism, that make it difficult or impossible to lose weight. In addition, dogs can often have joint disease that makes it too painful to exercise regularly. Get a check-up from your vet before starting an exercise program and to make sure your dog doesn’t have any health conditions that will impede weight loss. 

Remember, exercise and caloric restriction have a purpose: you are helping your dog live longer and have a better quality of life. All of your efforts will pay off with more years to love your pet, deepen the bond that you share, and do both of you a world of good. 

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Read on to learn the best ways to give a dog a pill, as well as what to do if your dog won’t take their medication.

Why Dogs May Need Pills

There are a lot of different diseases and conditions that can be treated with pills and tablets of various types. Even routine medications like flea treatments and heartworm prevention may be given as a pill. In fact, pills are the most common form of oral medication prescribed to pets and humans alike.

In a lot of cases, drugs will only be available as a pill; they’re generally the default option for many drugs that need to be given frequently. Pills can be coated to make them absorb faster, taste better, or to help them get through the stomach intact so the drug isn’t changed by the stomach acid. Compared to a liquid, it’s also generally easier to be sure the whole dose has been swallowed, so pills are used when it’s important that the dose is correct. They’re also used when the drug could be toxic or harmful to humans—like chemotherapy— as it’s more likely the whole dose will be swallowed, rather than part of it being sneezed or spat out into an unsuspecting pet parent’s face. 

Some common pills your dog might be prescribed include:

• Flea treatments
• Worm treatments
• Antibiotics
• Steroids
• Allergy medications
• Anxiety medications
• Epilepsy medications
• Pain medications
  

In fact, for pretty much every condition or disease we know how to treat, a pill will be part of the solution.

How to Get a Dog to Take a Pill

So, you know you need to give your dog a pill, but getting it into them is another matter! If you’re a Labrador parent, you can stop reading now—chances are your pooch will quite happily scarf up anything you drop by “accident.” Simply drop their pills as needed and you’re done! For the rest of us poor souls, the following tips might help.

What You’ll Need

Exactly what you’ll need to give your dog a pill will depend on how badly they take it. It’s generally best to prepare for the worst, but start with the low-stress techniques. Gather the following together ahead of pill-popping time so they’re easy to grab when you need them:

• Treats or pill pockets (a type of high-value dog treat with a hole in it to hold the pill)
• A towel
• A second pair of hands (if possible)
• A pill popper (a tool that helps you put the pill on the back of your pet’s tongue)
• A syringe of tap water

Once you’ve gathered your things together, try the following techniques. It’s best to try them in order unless you are absolutely sure your dog won’t take a pill with one of these methods.

How to give a dog a pill using treats

Most dogs are food-oriented and very few will say no to a tasty treat. Hide the pill inside a treat, then give several “empty” treats first to gain your dog’s confidence. Once they’ve had several tasty treats with no pill inside, give them the one with the hidden pill. Most dogs will swallow it down without realizing. You can even make your dog do tricks so that they “earn” the treat to make them less suspicious.

If your dog’s medication can’t be given with food, your veterinarian should tell you so. Make sure you check exactly what they mean by this. Very, very few medications can’t be given in even a tiny nibble of food. For most medications, a treat-sized bit of food is fine to give.

If your vet confirms that you can’t give any food with your dog’s pills, or if your dog refuses to take the pill inside a treat, you can move on to the methods described next.

How to give a dog a pill using a pill popper

A pill popper/shooter or pill pusher for dogs is a device that allows you to push the pill to the back of your dog’s tongue without putting your hands into their mouth. While it looks a little unpleasant, it’s actually a very useful, gentle, and easy way of giving a pill to a dog without food. Follow these steps:

• Place the pill in the end of the pill popper so you have it ready to go.
• Sit your dog with their back to a corner OR get somebody to hold them or sit behind them so they can’t reverse away. 
• Hold your dog’s upper snout with your non-dominant hand. Gently raise their head and put your thumb and forefinger on either side of their mouth, at the gap in the teeth. This will cause the mouth to open. 
• Using your dominant hand, place the tip of the pill popper into the mouth, aiming for the back of the tongue. Don’t go too far, as you can damage the soft tissues at the back of the mouth. 
• Depress the plunger, emptying the pill onto the tongue. 
• Quickly withdraw the pill popper and hold the mouth closed for a minute or two until you see or hear your dog swallow. 
• You can follow the pill with a small amount of water from a syringe to help the tablet move swiftly to the back of the mouth.

How to give a dog a pill without a pill popper

If you don’t have a pill popper for dogs at home and you haven’t had success with the “treat” method, you can try giving a dog a pill using just your hands instead. The preparation is much the same as with using a pill popper:

• Position your dog so they can’t reverse away. 
• Hold the pill in your dominant hand and use your other hand to open the mouth (as described earlier).
• Once the mouth is open, place the pill as far back on the tongue as you can. 
• Close the mouth quickly and hold it shut until your dog has swallowed. 
• You can follow with a small amount of water from a syringe to help your dog swallow the pill. 

What if My Dog Won’t Take a Pill?

Dogs don’t always know what’s best for them, and they won’t all take their pills on schedule. If you can’t get your dog to take a pill, talk to your veterinarian. There are always plenty of options, but we can’t offer them if we aren’t aware there’s an issue. Your vet might offer another medication or another formulation—such as a liquid, capsule, paste, or powder. They might be able to offer a technician or nurse appointment to give the medication for you. In some cases, a home visit veterinarian will be a good option. The solution will depend a lot on your dog and the medication they’re taking, so have a good chat with your vet and be honest about your capabilities.

Pilling a Dog FAQ

Can you dissolve pills in water for dogs?

You shouldn’t dissolve a pill in water for a dog unless your vet recommends it. Not all pills will dissolve, and some will be damaged by dissolving. And if your dog spits out some water, it’s impossible to tell how much medication they’ve taken. Check first before dissolving your dog’s pills in water.

Can I crush my dog’s pills?

You should never crush your dog’s pills without asking your vet first. Some pills are toxic to humans, and the hard coating is there to protect you from the contents inside. Others have a coating to help the pill get through the stomach before being digested. Some pills can be crushed but you should check with your vet to make sure you aren’t going to cause problems by doing so.

Can dogs smell pills?

In most cases, it’s likely your dog can smell his pills, even when they’re hidden in food. After all, drug detection dogs can smell pills hidden under many layers of plastic and food, so it’s likely that your dog can smell the difference in a treat. That doesn’t mean your dog will refuse the treat though—many will not realize the significance of the smell.

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If so, your dog may be knuckling. This condition can have a wide variety of potential causes, each of which requires different diagnostic tests and treatments.

Read on to learn more about knuckling in dogs.

What Is Knuckling in Dogs?

Knuckling describes a dog that is walking or standing with its paw folded abnormally. Knuckling dogs are said to be “knuckled over” – they are walking on the tops of their paws, instead of placing weight normally on their paw pads.

Knuckling over in dogs leads to the appearance that a dog is standing with their paws flipped upside-down. They also tend to be awkward and clumsy on the affected paw(s), not placing it on the ground normally when walking or running.

Knuckling has a number of potential causes, varying from mild to severe. Knuckling may affect one paw, two paws, three paws, or all four paws.

Causes of Knuckling in Dogs

Knuckling is often caused by a neurologic condition. Any disease affecting the spinal cord and/or the nerves traveling from a dog’s brain to its limbs can impact a dog’s ability to sense the location of their paws and position them appropriately.

The most common cause of knuckling in dogs is intervertebral disk disease (IVDD). In a dog with IVDD, the rupture or herniation of an intervertebral disk puts pressure on the spinal cord. This compression interferes with the transmission of signals between a dog’s brain and the paws, causing knuckling and other neurologic effects. Breeds at high risk of IVDD include the Dachshund, Beagle, Shih Tzu, Lhasa Apso, Pekingese, Corgi, Cocker Spaniel, and Poodle.

Other neurologic conditions that may cause knuckling include fibrocartilaginous embolism (also known as a spinal stroke), degenerative myelopathy in dogs, cerebellar abiotrophy, brachial plexus injury or other nerve injuries, and tumors affecting the spinal cord.

Less commonly, non-neurologic conditions may cause knuckling. Knuckling in puppies can be associated with carpal flexural deformity or other developmental abnormalities. In older dogs, arthritis pain can lead to knuckling or dragging the paws. Injuries affecting the tendons or ligaments of the limbs can also cause knuckling, due to decreased stability of the joints.

Conditions that cause knuckling may be degenerative (occurring in older dogs), developmental (occurring in young puppies), or related to trauma or injury.

Symptoms of Knuckling in Dogs

The primary symptom of knuckling in a dog is standing or walking on the tops of their paws. You may notice that your dog appears to be walking “funny,” with an abnormal gait. They may be lifting or placing their paws abnormally, as if they are drunk or not quite aware of where their paws are in space.

If your dog is calm and has a good temperament, you can actively look for knuckling. With your dog standing normally on all four paws, gently lift one paw and fold the wrist or ankle before lowering it to the ground with the top of the paw touching the floor. A normal dog should quickly correct this, by flipping the paw over and placing it back on the ground normally. If your dog’s paw remains upside-down, even after you let go of it, your dog is knuckling. See this video for how to test your dog.

Depending on the condition that is causing your dog’s knuckling, you may see other signs of neurologic dysfunction or pain. Your dog may be weak in the limbs, crying out in pain, or reluctant to move. In some cases, however, knuckling is the only sign of a problem.

Diagnosing Dog Knuckling

Your veterinarian will begin by performing a comprehensive physical exam. A neurologic exam will allow your veterinarian to assess your dog’s conscious proprioception (sensation and movement of the limbs) and other aspects of neurologic function. Your veterinarian will also look for signs of other illnesses or injuries that may impact your dog’s limb function.

Next, your veterinarian may recommend baseline laboratory tests. A complete blood cell count, serum biochemistry profile, and urinalysis can be beneficial in uncovering the underlying cause of your dog’s illness. Laboratory tests will help your veterinarian create a treatment plan for your dog, because underlying conditions may influence the best treatment approach for your dog.

Depending on the results of your dog’s physical exam and laboratory tests, additional testing may be recommended. Your veterinarian will likely begin with radiographs (X-rays) of the spine. Advanced diagnostic testing, such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may also be recommended. Based on the results of diagnostic tests, your veterinarian will be able to diagnose the cause of your dog’s knuckling and recommend an appropriate treatment plan.

Knuckling Treatment for Dogs

Treatment depends on the underlying cause of a dog’s knuckling.

The most common cause of knuckling in dogs is IVDD. Some cases of IVDD respond well to conservative treatments, such as anti-inflammatory medication and cage rest. In more severe cases, surgery may be required to alleviate pressure on the spinal cord and allow a return of normal neurologic function.

When knuckling is caused by a condition other than IVDD, treatment options may vary considerably. Your veterinarian will determine how to treat your dog’s knuckling based on exam findings and the results of diagnostic testing.

Cost to Treat Knuckling in Dogs

The cost to treat knuckling can vary considerably, depending on the underlying cause of your dog’s condition. Conservative treatment, such as rest and anti-inflammatory medication, may cost less than $100. Surgery is considerably more expensive, however, and may cost several thousand dollars.

How to Prevent Knuckling in Dogs

There is no single way to prevent knuckling in dogs, because this condition can have a wide variety of causes.

The most common cause of knuckling is IVDD. While IVDD is not entirely preventable, there are measures that you can take to reduce the risk in high-risk breeds. If your dog is at a high risk of IVDD, limit your dog’s jumping and rough play. Maintain your dog at a healthy weight and work to prevent obesity, which can predispose a dog to IVDD. Finally, talk to your veterinarian if you are concerned about your dog’s IVDD risk.

Developmental causes of knuckling in puppies can sometimes be prevented through the use of an appropriate diet and a good environment. Talk to your veterinarian about the best diet for your puppy, keeping in mind that the best diet for a given dog will depend on size, breed, and other factors. 

Also, ensure that your puppy has regular access to secure footing. Spending large amounts of time on slippery surfaces may predispose a puppy to knuckling and other joint conditions.

If you have specific questions about preventing knuckling, talk to your veterinarian for guidance tailored to your dog.

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There are many potential causes of syncope in dogs, and these causes can range from severe and life-threatening to relatively insignificant. 

Before your mind jumps to a worst-case scenario, it’s important to work with your veterinarian to determine the cause of your dog’s syncopal episodes. Fortunately, with proper treatments, many dogs with syncope go on to lead normal, healthy lives.

What is Syncope in Dogs?

Syncope is the term used to describe fainting in dogs. It is defined as a temporary loss of consciousness that occurs when the brain is not receiving enough oxygen. Just like humans, dogs can experience episodes of syncope or fainting. In most cases, this is due to a temporary decrease in blood flow to the brain.

Syncope in dogs is relatively uncommon. Senior dog syncope is more common than syncope in puppies and younger dogs. Syncope is also seen more frequently in dogs with heart disease.

Causes of Syncope in Dogs

Anything that disrupts blood flow to the brain can lead to syncope. Heart disease is the most significant (and potentially risky) cause of syncope. However, any disruption to your dog’s circulation can potentially cause syncope.  

Stress and fear are relatively common causes of syncope in dogs. In fact, some dogs faint nearly every time that they are taken to the veterinary hospital or grooming salon! Nail trims can trigger syncope in dogs. Episodes of syncope in dogs may also happen after coughing or vomiting.   

Medications that affect the circulatory system and decrease blood pressure can also lead to syncope. These medications include ACE inhibitors, amlodipine, hydralazine, atenolol, and nitrates. Phenothiazine sedatives (such as acepromazine) and diuretics can also increase a dog’s risk of syncope.  

Finally, a variety of heart diseases can cause syncope. Abnormalities of the heart valves and cardiac muscle can interfere with the heart’s ability to move blood throughout the body efficiently. Cardiac arrhythmias can cause periods of decreased circulation to the brain, resulting in syncope. Less common conditions, such as blood clots within the heart and blood vessels, fluid surrounding the heart, and cardiac tumors, can also interfere with a dog’s circulation and result in syncope.

Symptoms of Fainting in Dogs

While syncope may seem like a relatively straightforward condition to recognize, that isn’t always the case. It can be especially challenging to differentiate syncope from a seizure.

In general, the signs of a fainting dog are:

• Sudden loss of consciousness: Your dog may abruptly go from running laps around your backyard to taking a few weak or wobbly steps and suddenly collapsing on their side, unconscious.

• Loss of bladder and/or bowel control: Many (not all) dogs will urinate or defecate on themselves during a syncopal episode.

• Lack of movement: The legs may be either stiff or relaxed, but your dog will generally be relatively still during the period of unconsciousness.

• Rapid recovery: Within a period of seconds to minutes, your dog will recover and carry on with their activities as if nothing happened.

A dog with a seizure, in contrast, will often show several signs that can help distinguish seizures from syncope. Seizures tend to come on relatively gradually, with a dog experiencing several minutes of unusual behavior prior to entering a seizure. During a seizure, dogs typically will “paddle” with their legs, swinging them widely in a rhythmic manner. Finally, when a dog recovers from a seizure, their recovery is typically slow and gradual. They may act disoriented for several minutes to hours after a seizure, in contrast to a dog that “bounces back” almost immediately after fainting.

Other clinical signs will depend on the underlying cause of your dog’s syncope. Dogs with excitement-induced syncope, for example, often show signs of extreme stress or agitation under certain circumstances. Low blood pressure caused by medication may be associated with generalized weakness or lethargy. Dogs with heart disease may exhibit signs of heart failure, including coughing, weakness, lethargy, and weight loss.

Diagnosing Causes of Syncope in Dogs

Your veterinarian will first attempt to determine whether your dog is experiencing syncope or seizures. They will likely ask you a number of questions about your dog’s episodes, including frequency, known triggers, and what happens during and after an episode. 

Taking a video of suspected syncopal episodes in dogs can help you and your veterinarian work together to determine whether your dog is experiencing seizures or syncope.

Your veterinarian will also perform a thorough physical exam. They will check your dog’s pulse and listen carefully to your dog’s heart and lungs. They will also palpate your dog’s abdomen, looking for any evidence of fluid or other abnormalities, and examine the rest of your dog’s body. In some cases, the physical exam can suggest a specific cause for your dog’s syncope.

Diagnostic testing will be guided by your veterinarian’s observations. Common tests for suspected syncope include:

• Complete blood cell count (CBC) and serum biochemistry profile
• Urinalysis
• Chest radiographs (X-rays)
• Electrocardiogram (ECG)
• Ultrasound of the heart
• Blood pressure measurement
• Holter monitor (24-hour ECG monitoring)

Your veterinarian may refer your dog to a veterinary cardiologist for a full cardiology workup.

How to Treat Syncope in Dogs

Effectively treating syncope requires targeting the underlying cause of your dog’s episodes.

In the case of a dog fainting when excited, your veterinarian may talk to you about avoiding triggers that tend to incite syncope in your dog. They may also recommend anti-anxiety medications to reduce your dog’s overall anxiety level and/or working with a veterinary behaviorist to desensitize your dog.

Medication-associated syncope is typically addressed through a change in medication dosing or medication types.

Syncope associated with heart disease often requires medications to promote circulation and address any arrhythmias that may be present. In most cases, your dog will remain on these medications for the rest of their life.

Cost to Treat Fainting in Dogs

Fortunately, most of these treatments are relatively inexpensive. While you may spend several hundred dollars diagnosing the cause of your dog’s syncope, ongoing treatment and monitoring is typically relatively affordable.

Home Remedies for Syncope in Dogs

There are no effective over-the-counter treatments or other home remedies that can be used to treat syncope in dogs. If your dog faints, you should first ensure that your dog has a heartbeat, then attempt to record the episode. If this is your dog’s first episode of syncope or if your dog does not begin to recover within a few seconds, seek veterinary care immediately.

How to Prevent Syncope in Dogs

Preventing fainting in dogs will depend upon the underlying cause.

If you have a dog that faints due to excitement, you may be able to prevent these episodes by avoiding known anxiety triggers.If your dog has heart disease or is on medications that may cause syncope, careful monitoring is the best way to prevent syncope. Any evidence of weakness or ataxia (loss of balance or clumsy walking) could indicate an increased risk of syncope. If your dog appears weak or wobbly, contact your veterinarian to determine whether additional treatments or a change in medication may be beneficial.

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According to the American Veterinary Medical Association, about 25 percent of dogs will develop cancer.

Many types of cancer affect dogs. These cancers differ in several ways, including aggressiveness, location, symptoms, and prognosis.

Bone cancer in dogs is a common canine cancer. It is aggressive and progresses quickly, so early detection and treatment are crucial to providing a dog with bone cancer an ideal quality of life.

What is Bone Cancer?

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. Bone cancer is the uncontrolled growth of bone cells responsible for building bone (osteoblasts) and breaking down bone (osteoclasts). In healthy bone, osteoclast and osteoblast activity is tightly regulated. With bone cancer, this tight regulation is lost.

Bone cancer is malignant and very painful. Like other malignant cancers, bone cancer invades nearby tissues and metastasizes (spreads) throughout the body, frequently to the lungs. Bone cancer is unlike benign tumors, which do not invade other tissue or metastasize.

Bone cancer typically affects middle-aged- to older dogs.

Osteosarcoma represents 85 to 95 percent of canine bone cancers. It can affect all breeds, but large and giant breed dogs, such as Rottweilers and Great Danes, are most susceptible.

Osteosarcoma is classified as appendicular (limbs) or axial (skull, ribs, vertebrae, jaw bones). Appendicular osteosarcoma is more common in large and giant breed dogs, while axial osteosarcoma primarily affects small breed dogs.

Causes of Bone Cancer in Dogs

The exact cause of canine bone cancer is unknown. However, genetics play a prominent role in bone cancer development. Breeds that are genetically predisposed to osteosarcoma, for example, include large and giant breed dogs.  

Prior bone trauma caused by fracture, infection, or radiation therapy can also lead to bone cancer.

Other potential contributing factors include rapid growth and gender. Osteosarcoma tends to affect male dogs more than female dogs.

Symptoms of Bone Cancer in Dogs

The signs of bone cancer in dogs can be nonspecific. Also, these signs can depend on the primary cancer’s location. For example, primary bone cancer will have bone-related signs, while a secondary bone cancer will have symptoms related to its original location.

Here are examples of nonspecific signs of bone cancer in dogs:

• Irritability
• Weight loss
• Reduced appetite
• Difficulty sleeping
• Increased vocalization
• Increased heart rate

Bone-related symptoms of bone cancer are listed below:

• Limping
• Lameness
• Limb swelling
• Reluctance to exercise or play

If you notice any of these signs, take your dog to your veterinarian for further examination.

Types of Bone Cancer in Dogs

Bone cancer is either primary (originating in the bone) or secondary (originating elsewhere and spreading to the bone). Osteosarcoma is a primary bone cancer. 

Secondary bone cancers include:

• Chondrosarcoma (cancer of the cartilage)
• Fibrosarcoma (cancer of the fibrous tissue)
• Hemangiosarcoma (cancer of the blood vessels)

Stages and Progression of Bone Cancer in Dogs

Staging in bone cancer helps determine the type of bone cancer and the extent of its spread and provides general health information. A veterinarian uses cancer staging to develop an appropriate treatment plan and determine a prognosis.

Bone cancer staging in dogs follows general cancer staging:

• Stage I: Low-grade tumor with no metastasis
• Stage II: High-grade tumor without metastasis
• Stage III: High-grade tumor with metastasis

Although early detection is always recommended, osteosarcoma is so aggressive that even early detection does not guarantee an improved treatment and survival outcome.

Diagnosing Canine Bone Cancer

Diagnosing bone cancer in dogs involves a history and physical exam, followed by laboratory and imaging tests. For the history, your veterinarian will ask detailed questions about which symptoms your dog has and when those symptoms first appeared.

The physical exam will include an orthopedic exam, which will focus on your dog’s bones and joints. Your vet will pay close attention to areas of pain and swelling.

Laboratory testing, such as bloodwork and biopsy, will provide more information about your dog’s general health and specific information about the bone cancer. Bloodwork provides information about organ function. For example, elevated liver enzymes indicate decreased liver function.

A biopsy is used to definitively diagnose bone cancer. Your veterinarian will sedate your dog to obtain a cancer tissue sample and have the sample analyzed by a veterinary pathologist.

Imaging tests for bone cancer include X-rays, abdominal ultrasounds, and advanced imaging.

X-rays are performed of the affected limb. Examples of X-ray findings that suggest bone cancer are listed below:

• “Moth-eaten” appearance, indicating bony destruction
• “Sunburst” appearance, showing abnormal bone changes
• Pathological fractures (fractures not caused by trauma)
• Soft tissue swelling around the affected bone

X-rays are also taken of the chest to look for lung metastasis. Abdominal ultrasounds can demonstrate abdominal metastasis.

Advanced imaging – computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – provide detailed images of the extent of nearby tissue invasion and distant metastasis.

Bone Cancer Treatment Options for Dogs

The treatment goals for bone cancer are to treat the cancer locally and prevent metastasis. Unfortunately, achieving long-term control is difficult because bone cancer in dogs can be so aggressive.

Several treatment options are available for bone cancer treatment.

Amputation

For appendicular osteosarcoma (affecting the limbs), entire limb amputation is the recommended treatment option. Complete limb amputation not only removes the entire tumor but also provides relief from tumor-related pain.

With axial osteosarcoma, however, surgery may not completely remove the tumor. In these cases, additional treatment would be needed for local tumor control.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is given after amputation to control cancer spread and, ideally, extend survival time. Most dogs tolerate chemotherapy well, experiencing mild side effects (e.g., reduced appetite) that last only a few days. Common chemotherapy drugs for osteosarcoma are doxorubicin and carboplatin.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy is a treatment option if amputation is not possible or practical. It can be a palliative treatment to relieve discomfort without providing a cure.

Pain Medication

Pain control is an integral aspect of bone cancer treatment. Pain medication can help improve quality of life while receiving other cancer treatments. Types of pain medication include opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

The Cost to Treat Bone Cancer in Dogs

Bone cancer treatment in dogs can easily cost thousands of dollars. Each type of treatment option will have its own set of expenses. We’ve listed examples of some of the expenses below.

• Amputation: pre-surgical bloodwork, anesthesia, pre- and post-pain medication, post-surgical in-hospital monitoring
• Chemotherapy: cost of medication, administration of the chemotherapy (if given intravenously)
• Radiation therapy: anesthesia, type of radiation therapy performed, number of radiation therapy treatment sessions
• Pain medication: cost of medication

In addition to these costs, there will also be the cost of follow-up visits to take X-rays and perform laboratory testing. Follow-up visits are typically every 2-3 months.

Pet insurance can help defray the high cost of bone cancer treatment. However, pet insurance may not cover pre-existing conditions, so it is best to have an insurance policy in place before the diagnosis.

Prognosis for Bone Cancer in Dogs

Dogs with bone cancer often have a poor prognosis. Even with early detection and treatment, including amputation and chemotherapy, life expectancy is only about one year after diagnosis.

Without treatment, the life expectancy is significantly shorter – about four months.

Because osteosarcoma is so aggressive, it is nearly impossible to prevent metastasis. Most dogs with bone cancer will eventually succumb to lung metastasis.

How to Prevent Bone Cancer in Dogs

It is not possible to prevent bone cancer. If your dog is genetically predisposed to bone cancer, monitor your dog for signs of bone cancer and seek veterinary treatment early.

The post Bone Cancer in Dogs: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Wheezing is a sign that something is altering your dog’s breathing and should never be ignored. Read on to learn why dogs wheeze, what dog wheezing sounds like, common causes of dog wheezing, and how to treat wheezing in dogs. 

Why is My Dog Wheezing?

Wheezing occurs when something partially obstructs the normal flow of air through a dog’s airways. The partial occlusion can be either in the trachea or the bronchi, which are large tubes that carry air from the lungs to the trachea and vice versa. A partial occlusion could be due to swelling and inflammation in the trachea or bronchi, an object lodged in the airways, or numerous medical conditions.

What Does Dog Wheezing Sound Like?

Dog wheezing makes a characteristic sound, sometimes called stridor. It sounds very similar to the noise that humans make while wheezing. Wheezing dogs make a high pitched whistling noise that is more evident on the exhale, or breathing out, than the inhale. Typically, dogs will wheeze with their mouth open, but it can be heard through nasal breathing as well.  

Causes of Wheezing in Dogs

Wheezing can be caused by anything that irritates or causes inflammation in the airways. The most common causes of wheezing in dogs are:

Allergies

Allergies occur when a dog’s immune system overreacts to an otherwise harmless substance—typically pollen, dander, mold, dust, etc. This overreaction causes the airways to become inflamed and swollen, which then constricts the air passages. The result is a wheezing dog. 

Typically, allergic bronchitis or allergic asthma will occur shortly after the pet inhales or is exposed to the allergic agent, such as stopping to sniff a plant while on a walk or at home while you are dusting off the fans or furniture. In some cases it can be seasonal, depending on what is blooming at the time.  

Wheezing secondary to allergies usually isn’t severe, although it can be uncomfortable for your pet. Therefore, you should still discuss this with your veterinarian and see if there are any adjustments or medications that can be prescribed to help keep your pet comfortable. In severe cases of allergies, such as after an insect bite, the wheezing can progress to anaphylaxis, which is life threatening if not addressed immediately.  

Asthma

Canine asthma, also referred to as canine chronic bronchitis, is most common in older small breed dogs. This condition is characterized by long term inflammation and excess mucus in the lungs. Usually, bronchitis results in coughing, but as the disease progresses, scar tissue forms in the lungs and a wheeze will develop.  

The cause of bronchitis isn’t always identifiable. In some dogs, chronic bronchitis is the result of recurrent cigarette smoke exposure, so always be sure to smoke outside the house or open windows on opposite sides of the room to create adequate airflow if you share a home with animals. Asthma in dogs is often triggered or worsened by poor air quality. Dogs suffering from asthma can benefit from adding an air purifier to the home and cleaning regularly to avoid dust accumulation. Unfortunately, asthma cannot be reversed, but dogs can be treated with low doses of steroids to help reduce the lung inflammation.

Infectious Diseases

Many infectious diseases in dogs can cause tracheobronchitis, or inflammation of the trachea and airways, that can result in wheezing. Canine infectious respiratory disease complex, casually referred to as Kennel Cough, is a common culprit. Dogs with upper respiratory infections typically spend time around other dogs regularly by visiting the dog park, doggy day care, the groomers, or even walking in the neighborhood. Usually these dogs have a cough but the secondary inflammation in the airways can leave an affected dog with a wheeze. 

Infectious parasites can also affect the airways. Heartworms live in the heart but are over a foot long. Sometimes they poke out of the heart valves and tickle the lung tissue, resulting in swelling and a cough or wheeze. Certain intestinal parasites have larvae that migrate through lung tissue before making their way to the abdominal organs, which has the same effect. Remember, just because worms are not seen in a dog’s stool, does not mean they don’t have parasites. Many times, internal parasites cannot be grossly detected in feces.  

Irritation

Many different substances can cause irritation to a dog’s airways. Common irritants include household cleaning products, perfumes, scented candles, incense, smoke, hairspray, and aerosol deodorants. Dogs who are sensitive to these products or certain scents can develop a wheeze when exposed to them. This cause of dog wheezing is often short lived and only happens when the dog has exposure to the product. Usually it isn’t serious, but it can be uncomfortable for your dog. Make sure you open windows to allow adequate airflow into the home when using these products around a sensitive dog, and avoid using aerosols with the dog in the room. 

Foreign Object

A wheezing dog could potentially have a foreign object stuck in their trachea or bronchi. If an object is partially occluding the flow of air, a wheezing noise can be observed as the air moves through the smaller space around the obstruction. This is different to a choke, in which the entire airway is blocked.  

Dogs with a foreign object in their airways will likely also cough or clear their throat repeatedly in attempts to dislodge the item. This issue is more commonly noted in younger dogs or dogs who have a tendency to chew on items like bones, balls, toys, or random household objects. It is also seen in dogs who run and play in densely wooded areas, as sometimes small sticks or plant materials can make their way down the nose or throat.   

This is always considered an emergency. Even if a dog seems to be breathing OK other than a wheeze, the object could move, causing a full obstruction. Or it could make its way to the lungs, causing a serious infection or a life threatening condition called a pneumothorax, in which the lungs are punctured.  

Tracheal Collapse

The trachea is a tube composed of cartilaginous rings held together by fibrous soft tissue. In humans, the trachea runs perpendicular to the ground, but in our four legged friends, it runs parallel to the ground. Therefore, it can be affected by gravity over time. As dogs age, the trachea can become weak and flimsy, and the top portion of the trachea begins to flatten out, blocking the flow of air through the windpipe. This mostly occurs in older small breed dogs. Dogs with a collapsing trachea will wheeze, cough, and gag, especially when pressure is applied to their neck, like when wearing a collar.  

Tracheal collapse cannot be reversed, so it’s important to take steps to manage the condition as soon as it begins. A veterinarian will take chest X-rays to diagnose the condition and prescribe medications to help ease coughing, wheezing, and airway inflammation. Small dogs should be walked on a harness as opposed to a collar to help prevent the condition from developing. 

Heart Disease

Congestive heart failure resulting from any form of heart disease leads to a buildup of fluid in a dog’s lungs. The fluid takes up room in the airways, and the affected dog might begin to wheeze. In most cases, congestive heart failure will affect older, small breed dogs, but even large and young dogs can be affected. These dogs will usually also cough, run out of breath easily, and in severe cases, their gums may appear purple or blue. Congestive heart failure is always an emergency and warrants a veterinary visit immediately.  

How to Treat a Wheezing Dog

Treatment for dog wheezing depends entirely on the cause. In many instances, some over-the-counter antihistamines are perfectly appropriate, while in other cases, dogs may need a short course of steroids or even prescription allergy medication to help them breathe more easily. In severe cases, dogs may require hospitalization for oxygen support while the underlying cause is determined and treatment is initiated.  

When to Worry About Wheezing in Dogs

While a dog wheezing is never something to ignore, fortunately, it’s usually not life threatening. If your dog is otherwise acting normally and eating and drinking well, you likely don’t need to run to the veterinarian right away. Simply monitor them in case it worsens and make an appointment with your regular veterinarian for evaluation.  

On the other hand, if your dog’s wheezing is also accompanied by difficulty breathing, a persistent hacking cough, weakness or collapse, facial swelling and hives, or blue/purple gums, take your dog to the emergency veterinarian immediately, as these could all be signs of life-threatening conditions. 

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What Is Asthma?

Asthma is an allergic disease that causes inflammation in the lungs, which results in coughing and difficulty breathing. When a person or pet is exposed to something they are allergic to, the airways in the lungs become inflamed. This inflammation causes the airways to constrict and spasm and for fluid to build up in the bronchi and bronchioles, which are the small and large airways of the lungs. All of these airway reactions result in the symptoms associated with an asthma attack. 

Can Dogs Have Asthma?

Yes, any dog can develop asthma. However, it is much less common than asthma in cats or humans. Small, middle-aged dogs seem to be more affected by asthma than other dogs. 

The cause of asthma is the same whether it is in a dog, cat, or human: constricted airways spasm and become filled with fluid, resulting in difficulty breathing. 

Dogs are less likely to become panicked during an asthma attack than a human. Dogs having an asthma attack are more likely to sit or stand quietly and try to breathe with their mouth wide open. 

Common Dog Asthma Triggers

Asthma attacks in dogs can be triggered by anything the dog has an allergic reaction to. Some of the more common environmental allergens that can trigger asthma include:

• Tree and grass pollen
• Mold and mold mites
• Dust and dust mites
• Cat dander
• Scented candles
• Air fresheners
• Hair spray
• Household cleaners
• Smoke, including cigarette smoke
• Insect particles

In addition to the allergens listed above, certain infectious agents, such as heartworms, lungworms, fungus, or bacterial lung infections, can cause allergic reactions in the airways that mimic the signs of asthma. 

Dog Asthma Symptoms

As mentioned, dogs don’t tend to panic during an asthma attack like humans do. They tend to become very focused on getting enough air, and will often become very still, refuse to lie down, and breathe or pant with their mouth open. You may also notice that it looks like they are working very hard to breathe with exaggerated movements of their chest wall trying to move air in and out. Additional signs your dog may be having an asthma attack include:

• Coughing
• Wheezing
• Blue-tinged or pale gums
• Decreased eating and drinking
• Lagging behind on a walk
• Decreased energy for play or lack of interest in playing
• Laying around more, lethargy

What to Do If Your Dog is Having an Asthma Attack

If you notice your dog having difficulty breathing, blue gums, or wheezing, it is very important to get your dog to a veterinary clinic as soon as possible for evaluation. Asthma attacks are considered a medical emergency. If you can’t get in to see your regular vet, call an emergency clinic. 

It is also important to get your dog seen as soon as possible while they are having an attack because dogs with asthma can be completely normal in between episodes and not show any signs of disease at all. If you can’t get to a veterinary hospital right away, take a video of your dog with your phone so your veterinarian can see what is going on.

If you are just noticing a lack of energy, decreased appetite, and coughing, it may or may not be asthma. You may not need to go to the veterinary clinic right away, but there is still something wrong with your dog, and it is best to call for advice and get an appointment set up on the calendar. In the meantime, monitor your dog, keep them in a cool, quiet environment, watch for any worsening symptoms, and if you notice any, seek emergency care. 

While an asthma attack is often not life threatening, the symptoms of an asthma attack can be confused for other conditions that are life threatening, including heart failure, pneumonia, foreign bodies that are stuck in the windpipe, or pulmonary hypertension. 

Your veterinarian will conduct a full physical exam, including listening to the heart and lungs. They will also want to take radiographs (X-rays) of your dog’s chest. Your veterinarian may also want to check blood work and/or urine and fecal samples for any parasites if they suspect a worm infestation or infection. 

Dog Asthma Treatment 

Treatment of dog asthma consists of immediately reducing airway inflammation and reopening airways so the dog can breathe and over the long term, minimizing exposure to offending allergens. 

To help dogs who are having an asthma attack breathe, oxygen may be administered. Medication that opens airways (bronchodilators) and reduces inflammation (steroids) is used. Bronchodilators may be prescribed in pill form, or they may be in an inhalant form. Dogs who have repeated problems with asthma can have a special inhaler created for them that fits to their face. Antihistamines are also used to stop the allergic reaction. 

If a dog has airway inflammation due to worms or other infections, then additional treatment will be aimed at resolving those conditions as well. 

How to Prevent Dog Asthma Attacks

As best as possible, remove any triggers from your dog’s environment that cause asthmatic episodes. Strategies to avoid dog asthma attacks include: 

• Changing furnace and air conditioner filters on a regular basis and using high efficiency air filters on your indoor air exchange and vacuum cleaners 
• Stopping smoking inside 
• Removing carpeting where possible and replacing with hard flooring
• Washing pet bedding regularly with hot water or sanitize cycles and using unscented detergent
• Keeping your dog up-to-date on parasite control
• Talking to your veterinarian about seasonal usage of antihistamines, if your dog has seasonal asthma

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Unhealthy gums can set the stage for periodontal disease, a disease of teeth and teeth-supporting structures. Periodontal disease in dogs is common, affecting approximately 80 percent of dogs by age 3.

Gingivitis is the earliest stage of periodontal disease. It is reversible but can lead to serious dental and systemic health problems if left untreated.

What is Gingivitis?

Gingivitis is inflammation of the gums and occurs at the gingival sulcus, where the gum meets the visible part of the teeth. Unlike other oral health issues that affect multiple parts of the mouth, gingivitis affects only the gums.

Gingivitis can affect any dog, but small breeds are most susceptible to this condition because of their small mouths. In a small mouth, teeth become crowded and misaligned, making it easy for plaque to build up and cause gum problems.

Gingivitis in dogs tends to start early in life, especially in small breeds.

Causes of Gingivitis in Dogs

In many cases, gingivitis is caused by poor dental hygiene. Without good dental hygiene, plaque accumulates on the teeth. Plaque consists of food, bacteria, and saliva. When the plaque is not removed, plaque bacteria travel below the gumline and release enzymes that irritate the gums and cause inflammation.

Unremoved plaque hardens into tartar (also called calculus). Tartar attracts bacteria, spelling even more trouble for the gums.

Factors other than poor hygiene can contribute to gingivitis in dogs:

• Old age
• Diabetes
• Soft food diet
• Autoimmune diseases

Untreated gingivitis can progress to periodontal disease, leading to loose and damaged teeth. Also, plaque bacteria can enter the bloodstream and negatively affect the liver, kidneys, and heart.

Symptoms of Gingivitis in Dogs

Early on, gingivitis is subtle and often goes unnoticed. Advanced gingivitis has noticeable symptoms including:

• Red, swollen gums
• Bad breath
• Difficulty eating
• Excessive drooling
• Bleeding gums during teeth brushing
• Excessive plaque and tartar
• Receding gums

Diagnosing Gingivitis in Dogs

Because gingivitis is reversible, it is better to get a diagnosis and begin treatment sooner rather than later.

To diagnose gingivitis, your veterinarian will first perform a physical exam and ask you for a history of the problem. Do your best to describe your dog’s symptoms and when they started. Also, provide details about your dog’s diet, medical history, and at-home dental care routine.

During the physical exam, your veterinarian will take an initial look in your dog’s mouth. However, a thorough oral exam requires anesthesia.

Your veterinarian will also perform blood work and a urinalysis to evaluate your dog’s overall health and determine if there’s an underlying health problem contributing to the gingivitis. For example, blood work may indicate liver and kidney problems, suggesting advanced gingivitis. Glucose in the urine indicates diabetes, which increases the risk of developing gingivitis.

Dental X-rays will show if there’s damage to tooth-supporting structures, such as the jaws, indicating that the gingivitis has progressed to periodontal disease.

When your dog is anesthetized, your veterinarian will examine your dog’s entire mouth. They will look closely at the gums and look for any loose or damaged teeth.

Gingivitis Treatment for Dogs

Gingivitis is treatable with a professional dental cleaning, which will be performed while your dog is still anesthetized from the oral health exam. This cleaning involves several steps. 

First, all plaque and tartar above and below the gumline will be removed. Then, the teeth will be polished to make it harder for plaque bacteria to stick and accumulate. Your veterinarian may also apply fluoride to the teeth to prevent plaque accumulation.

Any loose or damaged teeth will be removed. Rest assured that your dog can adjust to eating with fewer teeth. Removing those teeth will help your dog’s mouth feel more comfortable, making it easier to chew and swallow food. Your veterinarian can advise you on helpful dietary changes after tooth removal.

After the cleaning, your veterinarian may want you to bring your dog in for follow-up appointments to continue monitoring gum health.

Cost to Treat Gingivitis in Dogs

The cost to treat gingivitis in dogs depends on the severity of gingivitis and the presence of underlying health conditions. A professional dental cleaning will cost at least several hundred dollars, and even more if damaged or loose teeth need to be removed. Tooth removal is painful, so pain medications would be an additional cost.

For a dog with an underlying health condition, such as diabetes, treating gingivitis will include the cost of a professional dental cleaning along with the ongoing costs of disease management.

How to Prevent Gingivitis in Dogs

Good dental hygiene is essential to preventing gingivitis in dogs and includes regular at-home dental care and annual professional dental cleanings.

The best time to start a dental care routine is when dogs are puppies. Don’t worry, though, if your dog is older. What is most important is creating and maintaining a routine to keep your dog’s gums as healthy as possible.

The ideal at-home dental care routine is daily toothbrushing with a dog-specific toothbrush and toothpaste. However, not all dogs tolerate their teeth being brushed.

If your dog does not tolerate teeth brushing, alternative dental care products are available that promote good dental health. Visit the Veterinary Oral Health Council website to select high-quality dental health products that have been tested and approved to slow the accumulation of plaque and tartar. These approved products will have a VOHC seal on their label.

Alternative dental health products include dental chew treats, water additives, and oral sprays.

Bringing it Together

Gingivitis is a preventable and reversible dental problem in dogs. Do your best to stay on top of your dog’s oral health. If you notice signs of gingivitis, seek treatment early to prevent more serious health problems.

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While we often think of bacterial and viral illness being spread through travel, the same can be said for parasitic diseases. Mango worm, for example, is a parasite that can affect both humans and pets. 

This parasite was once found only in Africa, but it is now occasionally seen in other parts of the world. Mango worms (and mango flies) cannot travel across oceans without human help. Instead, they expand their range by traveling with animals, people, and luggage coming from affected areas, crossing oceans on both airplanes and ships.

While mango worms in dogs are certainly more of a concern in Africa or for pets traveling to that region, occasional cases have been reported in the United States.

What Are Mango Worms?

Mango worms are a developmental stage of the mango fly. Mango flies are tropical blowflies that are typically found in Western and Central Africa. Other names for the mango fly include putsi/putzi fly, skin maggot fly, or tumbu fly.

Adult mango flies pose little risk to pets or people. However, the larval stage of their life cycle can be problematic for both humans and animals.

Female mango flies lay their eggs on the ground (in soil or sand) or on fabric. Once these eggs hatch, mango fly larvae (also known as mango worms) begin looking for a human or animal host in which they can develop. They must find a host within a few weeks in order to survive and continue their development towards adulthood.

Once a mango worm finds a host, such as a dog, rodent, or human, it burrows into the skin. The worm lives in the tissues underlying the skin for two to three weeks, eating the animal’s tissues to provide energy for growth and development. Once the worm has fully matured, it will exit the skin as a maggot.

Once mango fly maggots exit the skin, they mature into adult flies over a period of several weeks. These adult flies lay eggs, and the cycle repeats itself.

How Do Dogs Get Mango Worms?

Dogs become infected with mango worms after digging, laying, or rolling in soil that is contaminated with mango worm eggs. They can also become infected by laying on contaminated bedding that contains mango fly larvae.

A dog cannot contract mango worms directly from another infected animal, even with close contact. Human mango worms cannot be obtained directly from dogs with mango worms, and vice versa.

Instead, the mango worm life cycle requires the eggs to mature in sand, soil, or fabric. Infection occurs in these locations. However, if humans and dogs are both in contact with a contaminated environment, multiple family members may become infected with mango worms.

Symptoms of Mango Worms in Dogs

The symptoms of mango worms on dogs are attributable to the mango worms developing in the tissues under the skin. Signs of mango worms may include:

• Itchy red bumps
• Pus-filled bumps
• Blister-like lesions
• Central breathing hole associated with a skin bump
• Extreme itching and discomfort
• Restlessness and inability to sleep
• Decreased appetite
• Fever (if wounds become infected)

Mango flies share symptoms with a number of other skin conditions, including other blowfly species and other skin parasites. Therefore, a veterinarian’s guidance is needed to diagnose mango flies.

Diagnosis

The first step to diagnosing a mango fly infestation is a thorough physical exam. Your veterinarian will carefully and thoroughly examine your dog’s skin, looking for the characteristic bumps that suggest the presence of mango worms or other blowflies.

If your veterinarian sees lesions that suggest mango worms or blowflies, your veterinarian will likely recommend exploring the wound. The only way to diagnose mango worms is to confirm their presence in a skin lesion, because there are a number of other conditions that can cause itchy bumps on a dog’s skin.

Your veterinarian will likely administer a local anesthetic or a sedative, to help your dog remain calm during the procedure. Next, your veterinarian will attempt to remove mango fly larvae that may be present in your dog’s skin. This requires carefully enlarging the worm’s breathing hole and slowly removing the worm with hemostats. Removing mango worms requires care, to minimize the risk of tearing the worm and leaving worm fragments behind in your dog’s skin.

There are several different blowfly species that can infect dogs, so the presence of a worm in the skin does not necessarily indicate mango worms. Your veterinarian may recommend sending fly larvae to a parasitologist, to allow for a definitive diagnosis.

Mango Worm Treatment

In general, mango worm removal is curative. Once the worm is removed, it will not cause further problems. However, a dog with one mango worm may have other mango worms present (due to contact with a contaminated environment), so it’s important to closely examine the rest of your dog’s skin and remove any other potential mango worms.

Mango worm sites may become infected, before or after removal. Therefore, your veterinarian may prescribe oral or topical antibiotics for your dog’s skin lesions.  

How to Prevent Mango Worms in Dogs

The best way to prevent mango worm infection is to prevent exposure to mango flies. If you live in Africa or plan to travel to Africa with your dog, try to ensure that your dog does not lay or roll in potentially-contaminated soil.  

If you plan on visiting an area where mango worms are common, talk to your veterinarian about oral parasite preventatives that may help prevent mango worms. A number of common oral heartworm/flea preventatives, which circulate in a dog’s bloodstream, will kill mango worms in the tissues before they have an opportunity to cause problematic discomfort.  

In the United States, mango worms are an uncommon parasite of the skin. However, there are other blowflies that can cause similar lesions. A broad-spectrum parasite preventative, combined with keeping your dog out of fly-infested environments, is the best way to prevent blowflies.

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Let’s look at whether dogs can get the flu, and how you can keep your canine companion healthy this season.

Can Dogs Get the Flu? 

In 2004, researchers found Greyhounds infected with an influenza A virus, which they named canine influenza virus (CIV) (1). This H3N8 dog influenza virus originated in horses before mutating so that it could infect dogs (2). This flu strain spread in kennels and shelters, but has been on the decline in recent years—it may even not be in the U.S. anymore. 

There’s also another influenza virus strain that dogs can catch: H3N2. It originated in Asia (likely in birds) before crossing the species barrier and infecting dogs. This strain arrived in the U.S. around 2015 (3), and sporadic outbreaks are relatively common. 

Typically, infection with either flu virus causes mild signs. That being said, if a dog ends up with secondary pneumonia, it can be more serious and it is possible for dog flu to be fatal. 

Although there are canine flu viruses, most cases of dogs having flu-like symptoms are not caused by an influenza virus. Other viruses like parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, and herpesvirus cause respiratory symptoms similar to canine flu.

What Causes Flu in Dogs?

True flu in dogs is caused by canine influenza virus. A virus is a type of microbe, but unlike bacteria, it isn’t alive and cannot replicate without infecting a host. It’s a small piece of DNA (or RNA) coated in protein. In influenza, the two surface proteins hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) help us to identify which flu virus we’re talking about. Dogs have two flu viruses currently known: H3N8 and H3N2.

Both types of canine flu virus are thought to have started out in other species—the H3N8 probably came from horses, and the H3N2 likely from birds. The viruses are now considered canine-specific. Although both types of flu are infectious to dogs, neither has been known to infect humans (4). It’s thought that the likelihood of a pandemic caused by canine flu is low.

Just like human flu, canine flu spreads from dog to dog in respiratory droplets when a dog sneezes or coughs. It can also spread through contact with contaminated surfaces, such as shared water bowls, dog toys, or surfaces in kennels. Humans can also spread canine flu from dog to dog on their hands and clothes. 

Like many canine respiratory diseases, canine flu spreads easily where dogs are housed in close confinement, such as in kennels or shelters. All dog breeds are equally susceptible, but it’s slightly more common in breeds that are often housed in groups, such as Greyhounds and Beagles. 

Some dogs are more likely to get serious flu than others. These are dogs who already have lung, heart, or respiratory problems, such as short-snouted breeds or those with congestive heart failure.

Dog Flu Symptoms 

The symptoms of dog flu are similar to other causes of respiratory disease in dogs. Some dogs show no signs of having caught dog flu (they are asymptomatic) but others can be more seriously ill. Your dog might be coughing and/or have a runny nose and eyes, but the cough is very similar to kennel cough or a canine cold. Like humans, dogs with flu may feel lethargic. Other dog flu symptoms include:

• Cough
• Runny nose
• Sneezing
• Runny eyes
• Lethargy
• Fever
• Reduced appetite

Unfortunately, many of these symptoms are similar to other diseases, such as kennel cough, canine colds, and even seasonal allergies. Due to these similarities, it can be very difficult to determine exactly what is causing your dog’s symptoms at home. Since there is no specific treatment for canine flu, this doesn’t actually matter day to day. However, if your dog seems under the weather with their symptoms, you should head to the vet to get a diagnosis and any necessary treatment.

In some cases, dogs with flu will get a secondary infection. This is where they come into contact with another microbe that causes respiratory disease and—because their immune system is weakened by the virus—the microbe has more of an effect. For instance, Bordatella bronciseptica, the bacteria sometimes responsible for kennel cough, will often complicate a dog flu infection and increase the chances of a dog becoming more seriously ill with pneumonia.

Diagnosing Flu in Dogs

In most cases, diagnosis of flu in dogs isn’t necessary. It’s very similar to a number of other contagious respiratory diseases and treatment is the same regardless of the exact microbe causing your dog’s illness. 

It’s likely your vet will examine your dog thoroughly to rule out other causes of a cough, then diagnose canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC). This essentially means your dog has a respiratory infection, but there’s not necessarily a known cause. At this point, the infection could be caused by a virus like flu or parainfluenza, or a type of bacteria. In some cases, dogs will be infected with more than one cause of contagious respiratory disease at once.

If there’s a high risk of spread to other dogs or a dog is particularly sick, a vet might request a more specific test to diagnose the cause of your dog’s symptoms. These tests may include:

• X-rays (to look for other causes of a cough)
• Ultrasound (to check the heart more thoroughly, where heart disease is suspected)
• Nose or mouth swab
• Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or tracheal wash

Nasal and oral swabs are easy to perform but sometimes inaccurate. The nose and mouth of dogs can contain many bacteria that aren’t causing disease, so differentiating what is causing the symptoms can be difficult. 

The best test is a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), which samples deep inside the lungs, where there should be fewer confusing bacteria and viruses. For this test, your dog will need an anesthetic. Sterile saline is pushed into their lungs through a tube, then drawn back out. The liquid is then sent to a laboratory to be checked under a microscope and the DNA of the sample checked to see which viruses and bacteria are present. 

How to Treat Dog Flu

In many cases, dogs with the flu won’t need treatment. Their symptoms are often very mild, and they recover on their own in under two weeks. 

If your dog has been ill for less than a week and they have mild signs of dog flu, you can treat them at home with supportive care. This involves keeping an eye on their appetite, temperature, and other symptoms to look for deterioration. You may want to put them in the bathroom with the shower running for a little while—the steam can help a cough. Avoid neck collars, as these can irritate the trachea and worsen a cough, and try to remove bark triggers wherever you can. This might mean closing the curtains so your dog can’t see the street. 

If your dog has symptoms for more than a week, or starts with more severe symptoms such as a fever, lethargy, or decreased appetite, you should contact a veterinarian. Your dog may require antibiotics to clear a secondary infection. In addition, your vet may provide a cough suppressant and an anti-inflammatory for you to give at home. In most cases, these dog flu treatments are easy to give, but please talk to your veterinarian if you’re concerned about your ability to medicate your dog.

In severe cases, your dog might be hospitalized for oxygen therapy and nebulization. They may also require fluid therapy and/or nutritional support if they haven’t been eating or drinking enough. 

Medications for Dog Flu

There are no specific medications to treat dog flu. If treatment is needed, it’s usually for a secondary bacterial infection. Your dog may be prescribed antibiotics, cough suppressants, or anti-inflammatories. 

General Cost of Treatment 

Treating dog flu is usually low cost, and most cases will resolve without any treatment at all. If treatment is needed, most dogs can be managed at home and costs are likely to consist of your initial visit, some medications, and a re-examination ($100-$400). 

If tests and hospitalization are required, the bill will often be higher. In these cases, treating dog flu costs are likely to be $300-$1,400.

Don’t forget, you can always request a breakdown of expected costs from your veterinarian. Let your vet know if you have budget constraints, as they will be happy to work with you to make sure you can still do the best for your dog.

Dog Flu Prevention

There are vaccines available against both strains of canine flu. Like human flu vaccines, the dog flu shot doesn’t prevent the disease, but will reduce the severity of symptoms and help your dog to recover from infection faster. Vaccination isn’t compulsory and the dog flu vaccine will usually only be offered to at-risk dogs. This includes those that often mix with other dogs (shelter dogs, pack dogs, breeding dogs, Greyhounds, and show dogs) and those with heart disease, lung disease, or a short snout (which would make an infection more likely to be serious).

Other than vaccination, normal hygiene precautions can help prevent the spread of dog flu. Don’t let your dog mix with dogs of unknown vaccination status, and choose kennels based on their hygiene practices. Take care to wash your hands and your clothes if you have been in contact with a dog with symptoms of dog flu. 

Related Conditions 

• Kennel cough

References

1. Payungporn S, Crawford PC, Kouo TS, et al. Influenza A Virus (H3N8) in Dogs with Respiratory Disease, Florida. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(6):902-908. doi:10.3201/eid1406.071270.
2. Reagan KL, Sykes JE. Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2020;50(2):405-418. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.10.009
3. Centers for Disease Control. Canine Influence (Dog Flu) Outbreak in Chicago Area. April 2015. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/flu/news/dog-flu-chicago.htm
4. Centers for Disease Control. Key Facts About Canine Influenza (Dog Flu). Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/other/canine-flu/keyfacts.html

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Like humans, dogs can experience a range of issues that impact their eyes, from dry eye and allergies to glaucoma and infections. Eye drops are one of the most common treatments for these types of dog eye problems.

Eye Drops for Dogs: Why Your Dog Might Need Them

Your veterinarian may suggest eye drops to treat a variety of conditions, according to Dr. Terri L. Baldwin, veterinary ophthalmologist at BluePearl Veterinary Partners in Clearwater, Florida. Let’s go over some of the more common eye conditions that may require eye drops.

Dry Eye

An autoimmune disease, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (AKA dry eye) causes decreased tear production that dries out the eyes. Tears provide essential lubrication to the eyes, and without tears, dogs can experience redness and irritation and ultimately blindness.

“Medicated eye drops are necessary to stop the autoimmune attack on the lacrimal [tear] gland so that the tear gland can produce tears normally on its own,” Baldwin explains. “Until the tear numbers are normal, artificial tears are used to replace the tear film and lubricate the eye.”

Eye Infections

Bacteria, viruses, and fungi can cause dog eye infections that lead to symptoms like redness, swelling, yellow or green discharge, light sensitivity, and squinting. In cases like this, Baldwin says dog eye infection drops prescribed by a veterinarian are necessary and “may need to be applied as often as hourly to eliminate the infection.”

Allergies

Your pup can be allergic to anything from pollen to certain foods, and two different kinds of allergy eye drops for dogs are used to treat symptoms like itching, redness, swelling, and excessive tearing.

According to Baldwin, antihistamine eye drops interfere with the cellular response to pollen and allergens to prevent allergic inflammation, while topical anti-inflammatory eye drops – including both nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and steroidal anti-inflammatory medications – reduce inflammation.  

Glaucoma

Glaucoma increases the pressure in the eye, causing pain, watery discharge, and swelling in the eyeball. Without treatment, glaucoma can also lead to blindness. Baldwin explains that eye drops help reduce the amount of fluid produced inside the eye or increase the outflow of fluid from the eye. 

Eye Drop Frequency for Dogs

When it comes to how long you’ll need to administer eye drops for, it really depends on the issue. For an acute condition like an infection, your dog may only need eye drops for a short period of time. Chronic conditions like allergies, dry eye, and glaucoma may require ongoing eye drop treatment to help alleviate symptoms.

Types of Eye Drops for Dogs

There are a number of different eye drops available to treat canine eye issues. These include:

• Antimicrobials (antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals)
• Steroids
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories
• Immunosuppressants
• Tear stimulants
• Tear replacers
• Hypertonic saline

Almost all of these eye drops are only available with a prescription. Baldwin notes that while over-the-counter eye drops for dogs do exist, it’s rare to use them to treat dogs.

How to Use Dog Eye Drops

The directions for dog eye drops will vary depending on the medication and issue, but Baldwin offers some general guidelines for the effective use of eye drops for dogs.

Wait five minutes in between drops. The eye absorbs 95 percent of the medication in the first five minutes after drops are given. If dogs need multiple drops, wait five minutes to let the first drop absorb before giving the second drop.

Do not touch the applicator to the eye. This helps keep the applicator tip clean, prevents the spread of infection, and eliminates the risk of injury.

Check the expiration date. You should never give your pet expired medications, including eye drops.

Precautions When Using Dog Eye Drops

As with all prescription medications, Baldwin stresses the importance of using eye drops for dogs as directed — and once you start using them, monitor your dog for any side effects. If the symptoms worsen or don’t improve, call your veterinarian for a recheck.

In multi-dog households, establish a “paws off” rule when it comes to sharing dog eye drops. It’s possible for the dropper to pass infections between dogs, so each pup should have their own eye drops.

Can You Use Human Eye Drops on Dogs?

Yes! “Most of the medications we use on dogs are human eye drops,” Baldwin says. “Very few are actually made specifically for dogs.” 

However, it’s important to note that you should only use human eye drops for dogs when instructed by your veterinarian. Do not assume it’s safe to purchase over-the-counter eye drops for your dog at the drugstore.  

Baldwin explains that there are some human eye drops that can cause systemic side effects in dogs, so it’s crucial to only use ones that have been prescribed to your pet specifically.

Best Prescription Eye Drops for Dogs

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Because every eye issue (and every dog) is different, your veterinarian is the best resource for learning about the eye drops that are best for your dog. If over-the-counter drops will suffice, they’ll let you know. However, some eye issues call for prescription drops, like Ofloxacin Ophthalmic Solution 0.3%.

Veterinarians may prescribe Ofloxacin (also sold under the name Ocuflox) to treat bacterial infections or corneal ulcers. These eye drops are FDA-approved for humans and used “off-label” in veterinary medicine. You need a prescription from your veterinarian for these drops. 

Pros 

• Fast acting
• Sterile ophthalmic solution is easy to administer
• Clears bacterial eye infections and alleviates symptoms like pain, swelling, and itching

Cons

• Only used to treat bacterial infections; ineffective for other eye conditions
• Must be used under veterinary supervision
• Should be stored at room temperature

The post Eye Drops for Dogs: Types and How to Use Them appeared first on Great Pet Care.

While these two conditions are nearly identical (except for the fact that they affect different joints), hip dysplasia tends to get a lot more publicity. However, elbow dysplasia can have just as many negative impacts on a dog’s life as hip dysplasia, and is deserving of more attention than it currently receives. 

What is Elbow Dysplasia in Dogs?

Elbow dysplasia is a broad term that refers to an inherited abnormality of the elbow. 

The elbow joint is the union between three bones: the humerus (upper arm) and the radius and ulna (lower arm). Any inherited abnormality in how these three bones fit together and align can cause elbow dysplasia. Over time, elbow dysplasia predisposes a dog to arthritis of the elbow. 

What does elbow dysplasia look like in dogs?

A dog with elbow dysplasia may look normal when resting or standing. In other cases, the elbows may be tucked in or bowed out a bit when the dog is at rest. When a dog with elbow dysplasia begins to walk or run, though, they often limp on one or both front legs. 

Causes of Elbow Dysplasia in Dogs

There are four unique conditions that can cause elbow dysplasia. 

• Ununited anconeal process (UAP): In this condition, a bony projection on the end of the ulna called the anconeal process doesn’t fuse correctly with the rest of the ulna. The anconeal process may completely separate from the ulna, interfering with the movement of the joint. 
• Fragmented medial coronoid process (FMCP): This is another abnormality of the ulna, in which  another bony projection of the ulna called the medial coronoid process is malformed or separated from the ulna. 
• Osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD): This condition occurs within the joint, when the cartilage does not mature normally. A flap of retained, abnormal cartilage can interfere with the function of the elbow joint. 
• Joint incongruity: If the radius and ulna do not grow at the same rate, these bones may become misaligned and interfere with the smooth surface of the joint. 

While these conditions all cause similar signs, each form of elbow dysplasia has its own unique risk factors and treatments. 

The most important risk factor in elbow dysplasia is genetics. High-risk breeds include Rottweilers, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, German Shepherds, English Springer Spaniels, Bernese Mountain Dogs, and Newfoundlands. However, any dog can be diagnosed with elbow dysplasia. While elbow dysplasia is most common in large-breed dogs, even small-breed dogs can be affected.

Nutrition can also play an important role in elbow dysplasia. An imbalanced diet in young puppies can lead to rapid growth, predisposing dogs to elbow dysplasia, hip dysplasia, and other orthopedic conditions.  

Elbow Dysplasia in Dogs Symptoms

Symptoms of elbow dysplasia in dogs typically develop at 6-12 months of age, though signs may occur earlier or later. The most common sign of elbow dysplasia is limping on the affected leg(s). Dogs may limp on one or both legs, or they may walk with the front legs held stiffly or rigidly. 

You may also see visible swelling around the affected elbow. The dog may be painful when moving and reluctant to bend the elbow, leading to difficulty when lying down or rising.

Signs of elbow dysplasia in dogs include: 

• Limping on one or both front legs
• Stiff gait affecting one or both front legs
• Swelling of the elbow
• Pain when moving the elbow
• Decreased range of motion of the elbow
• Difficulty lying down or standing

In some cases, signs of elbow dysplasia may only be detected during a physical exam by a veterinarian. 

Diagnosing Elbow Dysplasia in Dogs

The first step in diagnosing elbow dysplasia is to schedule an appointment for a thorough physical examination. Your veterinarian will pay special attention to your dog’s elbows, flexing and extending them to put them through their entire range of motion. Swelling in the elbow and pain on range of motion can increase your veterinarian’s suspicion of elbow dysplasia. 

Next, your veterinarian will likely recommend radiographs (X-rays). Diagnosing elbow dysplasia often requires a number of different radiographic views, and your dog may need to be sedated for these images. Characteristic radiographic changes can indicate the presence of elbow dysplasia. 

In some cases, radiographs alone are insufficient to diagnose elbow dysplasia. Your veterinarian may refer your dog to a specialist for further evaluation. Additional diagnostic tests may include advanced imaging (CT, MRI) and/or inserting a camera into the joint (arthroscopy). 

Dog Elbow Dysplasia Treatment

The treatment of elbow dysplasia depends on the underlying cause of your dog’s condition. Each form of elbow dysplasia has a different recommended treatment. Definitive treatment for any of these conditions, however, often requires surgery. 

Supportive care measures can also be beneficial, in addition to surgery or in place of surgery. Dogs with elbow dysplasia should be maintained at a healthy body weight, because obesity will place more stress on the joint. Low-impact exercise and physical therapy can build the muscles around the elbow without leading to increased inflammation. 

Dogs with elbow dysplasia may benefit from a sturdy, reliable pet ramp, which can help reduce the amount of stress placed on joints.

Nutraceuticals, such as glucosamine, chondroitin, and omega fatty acids, can also help support joint health and reduce inflammation. Alternative therapies, such as platelet rich plasma injections, are also being studied for their use in canine elbow dysplasia. 

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can also play a valuable role in the treatment of elbow dysplasia. Not only do these medications alleviate pain, they also reduce inflammation within the joint. These medications can have side effects, so it’s important to talk to your veterinarian to determine the best treatment for your dog. 

Do not give any over-the-counter human pain medications to your dog, because human medications can have significant negative impacts on dogs. Do not use any dog elbow dysplasia brace without talking to your veterinarian, as some of these products can do more harm than good. 

Elbow Dysplasia in Dogs Surgery

Surgery is the only way to definitively treat elbow dysplasia. Your surgeon’s goal will be to correct the hereditary defect causing your dog’s elbow dysplasia, restoring proper alignment to the elbow. In general, this means removing bone fragments that are present within the joint and/or surgically realigning the bones.

The prognosis associated with surgery varies, based upon your dog’s underlying abnormality and the severity of your dog’s abnormality. A veterinary surgeon will be able to give you more information on your dog’s specific prognosis after pre-surgical testing. Most dogs respond well to surgery, although some long-term arthritis is often inevitable. 

The cost of elbow dysplasia surgery can vary significantly, depending on the procedure that is required. In general, however, you can expect to spend approximately $2,000-$4,000 per elbow. 

Managing Elbow Dysplasia in Dogs

You can make your dog more comfortable with some simple changes to your dog’s environment and behaviors. 

First, use rugs to create non-slip surfaces throughout your home. Tile or wood floors can be slippery, making a dog with elbow dysplasia more likely to fall and injure themselves. Additionally, ramps can help your dog get on and off furniture without the need to jump, minimizing impact to the elbows. 

Finally, work on training your dog while they are young to minimize jumping up on people and other “crazy” behaviors. Signs of elbow dysplasia often develop in young dogs, and their high activity levels can exacerbate this condition. Keeping your dog relatively calm can reduce their risk of elbow injury. 

Exercising a Dog with Elbow Dysplasia

If your dog has elbow dysplasia, you’ll want to stick with low-impact forms of exercise. Avoid frisbee and fetch in favor of neighborhood walks and swimming in a pool. 

Avoid prolonged periods of exercise. You’re better off taking a few short walks each day than one marathon 5-mile walk. Many dogs won’t tell you when walking starts to hurt, so you will need to pay careful attention to your dog’s cues. If your dog starts every walk by pulling you down the street and then begins to fall behind, this is a sign that you have walked too far. Similarly, if your dog seems stiff or sore after your walk, you should make sure that your next walk together is a bit shorter. 

Dogs with elbow dysplasia don’t need to be complete couch potatoes, but it’s important to avoid prolonged, high-impact, or otherwise stressful exercise.

Preventing Elbow Dysplasia in Dogs

The best way to prevent elbow dysplasia is to stop breeding affected dogs. Dogs belonging to commonly-affected breeds should be screened for elbow dysplasia prior to breeding, even if they aren’t showing clinical signs of disease. Even low-risk breeds should be evaluated for elbow dysplasia if they show signs of lameness, and removed from a breeding program if there’s any suspicion that they may have elbow dysplasia.

Some cases of elbow dysplasia have an underlying nutritional cause. Excessive calories or an imbalanced diet during puppyhood can affect bone growth, increasing the risk of elbow dysplasia and other orthopedic issues. Feed your puppy a well-balanced diet that is appropriate for their breed. Large-breed dogs need a food that is intended for large-breed puppies, because these foods have an optimal energy and nutrient balance to reduce the risk of orthopedic conditions. 

Related Conditions 

• Osteochondrosis
• Ununited anconeal process
• Fragmented medial coronoid process
• Elbow incongruity
• Osteoarthritis/degenerative joint disease
• Hip dysplasia

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Fortunately, there are many medical, supplemental, and holistic treatments that can provide reliable pain relief for dogs. In this article, we’ll discuss signs of pain in dogs, types of pain medications for dogs, and other pain relief techniques you can implement for your dog.

How to Tell If a Dog Is in Pain

Most dogs instinctively hide their pain. This was a great survival tool for dogs in the wild who didn’t want to be seen as an easy target for predators, but it isn’t so great for pet owners who find it difficult to determine whether or not their furry best friend is uncomfortable. Therefore, it is important that dog owners learn to recognize signs of pain in dogs. This will also help them determine if any pain relieving tactics you and your veterinarian try for your dog are working effectively.

Pain in dogs can manifest in a variety of physical and behavioral changes, some of which are more obvious than others. Dogs in pain may show one or more of the following signs:

• Limping
• Yelping or whining
• Decreased activity
• Irritability or abnormal aggression
• Hunched posture
• Decreased appetite
• Hiding
• Reluctant to walk or play
• Restlessness

OTC Pain Relief for Dogs