Read on to learn what jaundice is, what it looks like in cats, what causes it, and whether jaundice can be reversed if the cause is treated appropriately.

What Is Jaundice?

Jaundice is the general term for yellow discoloration of body tissues. Jaundice is also known as icterus. Jaundice is caused by an accumulation of a yellow-brown compound called bilirubin. Bilirubin is a bodily fluid that is created by the breakdown of red blood cells. Bilirubin is a major part of bile, which is a digestive fluid that is removed from the bloodstream by the liver. If the liver is damaged or if so many red blood cells are breaking down or being destroyed that it overwhelms the liver’s capabilities, bilirubin will leak into the bloodstream. When bilirubin leaks into the bloodstream, it stains body tissues and urine yellow.

What Does Jaundice Look Like in Cats?

Jaundice causes yellow staining of bodily tissues, including eyes and skin. It can be difficult to notice if your cat is jaundiced, as much of their skin is covered in fur. Coat color doesn’t affect how easy jaundice is to recognize. The most likely places that you will notice jaundice is the hairless skin of the ears, the skin right above the eyes, and the whites of the eyes. Cats with yellow eyes are often the first thing that people notice. 

Causes of Jaundice in Cats

Veterinarians will put jaundice into one of three categories, depending on the cause of jaundice.

Pre-liver jaundice caused by destruction of red blood cells due to:

• Auto-immune disease
• Infectious diseases (FeLV, heartworm, tick-borne diseases, Mycoplasma haemofelis)
• Toxicity (onions, propylene glycol, certain antibiotics (TMS), zinc)

Liver-related jaundice caused by:

• Hepatitis (liver inflammation)
• Adverse drug reactions that injure the liver
• Cholangiohepatitis (liver and gallbladder inflammation)
• Hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver disease)
• Infectious liver disease 
• Bacterial sepsis
• Liver cancer
• Hyperthyroidism
• Copper toxicity

Post-liver jaundice caused by:

• Obstruction of the bile duct with gallstones or sludged bile
• Pancreatitis
• Cancer of the pancreas, intestines, or bile ducts
• Liver flukes (parasites)
• Inflammation of the bile duct

Many of the conditions that cause jaundice in cats are considered life-threatening. Therefore, if you notice your cat is jaundiced, please make sure to take them to the veterinarian as soon as possible.

Other Symptoms Associated with Jaundice in Cats

A jaundiced cat will usually have other symptoms that relate to the underlying cause of jaundice. If a cat has jaundice due to destruction of their red blood cells, they will likely act more tired than usual. If a cat has jaundice due to liver disease, they will likely not want to eat, have vomiting and/or diarrhea, and may exhibit strange behaviors associated with liver disease, such as head pressing, drooling, and seizures.

Diagnosing the Cause of Jaundice in Cats

If your cat is jaundiced, your veterinarian will want to conduct a physical exam and laboratory tests on blood and urine to determine the cause. Blood work will be important to check internal organ function (including the liver), electrolytes, and red blood cell health. Initial lab tests include serum chemistry, complete blood count, and urinalysis. If jaundice is related to red blood cell destruction, then anemia may be noted on blood work. If jaundice is related to liver failure in cats, then elevated liver enzymes will be noted on blood work. 

Depending on what initial labs show, your veterinarian may recommend additional testing, which may include:

• Bile acids test
• Bilirubin assay
• Imaging studies, including ultrasound and/or radiographs (x-ray)
• Auto-agglutination and coagulation studies to determine if it is an issue with autoimmune destruction of red blood cells
• Liver biopsy

Jaundice in Cats Treatment

It is important to note that jaundice itself is not life-threatening, but the underlying disorder that is causing it might be, and must be treated. Jaundice in cats treatment is aimed at resolving the underlying cause of jaundice. If your cat has a blood disorder, that will be treated. If your cat has liver disease, that will be treated. If your cat has bile or gall bladder disease, that will be treated. Depending on the cause, surgery and/or hospitalization may be needed. If the underlying disorder is treatable, then jaundice is 100 percent reversible.

Prognosis for Cats with Jaundice

The prognosis for cats with jaundice depends on the underlying cause and whether it can be resolved, or not. In many cases, cats with jaundice can make a full recovery if properly treated. Your veterinarian will assess your cat and determine your cat’s prognosis. 

How to Prevent Jaundice in Cats

While you may not be able to prevent all causes of jaundice, there are things you can do at home to minimize your cat’s risk. These include:

• Having your cat examined yearly by a veterinarian and having any recommended lab tests performed
• Work with your veterinarian to keep your cat vaccinated appropriately for their lifestyle 
• Feed your cat food that is AAFCO certified to be complete and balanced 
• Keep your cat indoors, supervise outdoors activity by keeping them on a leash or keeping them in an outdoor enclosure
• If your cat doesn’t eat for more than two days, take your cat to the vet
• If your cat is vomiting, have them checked by a veterinarian

While jaundice can seem scary, there are often treatments available that can help your cat recover fully. Most causes of jaundice in cats can be successfully treated with early intervention — the survival rate of cats with jaundice is moderate to high. If you notice your cat is jaundiced, please take your cat to the veterinarian as soon as possible — by working with a veterinarian you trust you are more likely to help your cat recover quickly and without long lasting health complications.

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If your older cat is showing behavioral changes like these, they may be experiencing the onset of cat dementia, a neurological disease marked by a progressive impairment of cognitive function. While there is currently no cure for cat dementia, there are steps you can take to help your cat stay comfortable and content.

Can Cats Get Dementia?

Can cats go senile? Yes, absolutely. Cat dementia—known officially as cognitive dysfunction syndrome or CDS—is very similar to dementia or Alzheimer’s disease in humans. That’s because both cat dementia and human dementia “involve cognitive decline, memory issues, and behavioral changes,” says Dr. Gabrielle Fadl, director of primary care at Bond Vet in New York City. 

While CDS doesn’t appear in all senior cats, it’s relatively common in the feline world. One study found that 28 percent of cats between the ages of 11 and 14 showed behavioral changes consistent with CDS (1). For cats over 15 years old, 50 percent showed signs of this condition. 

Interestingly, dementia was only scientifically identified in cats in the early 2000s. Before that, cat dementia symptoms were dismissed as “old age.”

“It was identified in dogs much earlier, probably in the late ’80s and ’90s,” says Dr. Gary Landsberg, one of the clinical practitioners who first identified CDS in cats, who now works as a veterinary behaviorist at Fear Free Research and the veterinary scientific director at CanCog Inc. 

“One of the reasons that dogs probably became a focus of cognitive research was because they were also being looked at as models for the human brain, aging, and Alzheimer’s disease in people,” he adds. “Cats came along a little bit later.”

There is still plenty to learn about CDS in cats, but experts now understand that it is a very real condition that requires specialized care. 

What Causes Dementia in Cats?

The exact causes of cat dementia, or CDS, are unknown. However, researchers believe it can be triggered by degenerative changes in the brain, which can be brought on by old age, stress, or disease (2). 

Signs of Dementia in Cats

The acronym VISHDAAL refers to common behavioral changes in cats to watch for that could indicate cognitive dysfunction (2). This includes:

• Vocalization
• Alterations in interactions, such as increased affection
• Changes in sleep-wake cycles
• House-soiling
• Disorientation
• Changes in activity levels
• Anxiety
• Learning or memory deficits

“Disorientation might be not recognizing or not responding to stimuli the way they used to, going into rooms that they didn’t normally go to, or getting lost in the house,” Dr. Landsberg describes. “Whereas altered sleep-wake cycles could be waking more at night, sleeping more during the day, having restless or interrupted sleep, vocalizing at night.”

Diagnosing Dementia in Cats

Before giving a diagnosis of CDS, your veterinarian will first need to rule out the possibility of other medical conditions that could be causing behavioral changes in your cat, says Dr. Fadl. For instance, conditions such as hyperthyroidism, kidney disease, or brain tumors can present with symptoms similar to CDS, she says.

CDS is a “diagnosis of exclusion,” Dr. Landsberg describes. 

“[CDS] may be alone, but it’s often compounded by other medical problems,” he says. “In diagnosis, sometimes we even do what’s known as ‘response to therapy.’ So if your cat is vocalizing and moving slowly, and we think it might be painful … we might put it on pain medication to see how many of those signs clear up or improve. And whether they do or don’t can indicate whether those cognitive signs are pain-related signs.”

According to Dr. Landsberg, it is important to rule out medical issues related to:

• Arthritis
• Sensory issues
• Endocrine disorders
• Gastrointestinal issues
• Metabolic (renal, hepatic) problems
• Cardiovascular diseases
• Urinary problems
• Drug effects  

It is also important to exclude the possibility of behavioral changes due to stressors in a cat’s environment, such as moving to a new house or a change in their routine, Dr. Landsberg adds.

Cat Dementia Treatment

There are currently no FDA-approved drugs for cats with dementia. However, according to Dr. Landsberg, there are several approved medications for dogs, including selegiline, which has sometimes been used off-label in cats. There are also behavioral drugs such as gabapentin and pregabalin that can treat cat dementia symptoms like anxiety, irritability, and altered sleep. 

There is evidence that certain supplements can help control signs of cognitive dysfunction in cats (2). “Special diets rich in antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids may be beneficial,” says Dr. Fadl. “Supplements like SAMe and Coenzyme Q10 are also used to support brain health.”

Managing Cat Dementia

In addition to providing mental and physical stimulation for your cat, there are modifications you can make at home to help manage their condition. 

Jane Ehrlich, a feline behaviorist based in Arizona and owner of Cattitude Feline Behavior, says one of the simplest things you can do is to install night lights around your house to help cats orient themselves.

“It’s not because of any ocular changes,” Ehrlich says. “It’s because the atmosphere has become a little more threatening because they can’t maneuver as well as they used to. My biggest thing is for them to feel more comfortable in the world.”

You can also try putting litter boxes in more places around the house to make them more accessible.

It is also helpful to maintain structure and to help your cat remain familiar with their world, says Ehrlich. “There’s nothing like familiarity to bust stress.”

Ehrlich suggests capturing the cat’s scent by rubbing a cloth on the pheromones around their face and then rubbing the fabric on new or moved objects in the house or new rooms the cat is now exploring.

“Some people find this odd, but it often works,” says Ehrlich. “When you move the chair, or you move anything a little bit, re-anoint the chair with the cat’s smell. If there’s a room that she goes into where she hasn’t before, rub the walls with her smell as high up as a cat can stretch.”

Ehrlich also suggests feeding your cat more frequent but smaller meals throughout the day to give them something to look forward to. You can also use food puzzles and try to play with your cat in a stimulating way, she says.

You shouldn’t necessarily introduce a new cat to the household when your cat has been diagnosed with CDS. According to Ehrlich, this can be stressful and disruptive to them. 

Feline Dementia and Euthanasia

There are very few cases in which a pet parent would need to humanely euthanize their pet due to CDS, Dr. Landsberg says. The more likely reason for euthanasia would be other medical conditions such as kidney disease or cancer, he says.

“It’s unlikely, especially with proper support with the early diagnosis, and with combining cognitive dysfunction treatment with other medical treatments, that cognitive dysfunction will solely be the cause of having to euthanize,” he says. “You’re trying to improve their quality of life while they deal with other age-related problems.”

Feline dementia itself does not normally cause physical pain, Dr. Fadl adds. “Euthanasia decisions should be made in consultation with a veterinarian when a cat’s quality of life is significantly compromised, and the pet is experiencing distress.”

Preventing Cat Dementia

Cat dementia can be challenging to entirely prevent, especially when the exact causes are unknown. It’s also impossible to stop your cat from aging. However, Dr. Landsberg says there are things you can do to help slow your cat’s cognitive decline.

“There is evidence that brain enrichment, physical activity, and social interactions can help to keep the brain healthy and slow decline,” says Dr. Landsberg. “Obviously, you’re not going to have cats doing Sudoku and computer games, so you do what cats do and keep them physically, socially, and mentally active. And reducing stress is another one because stress can contribute to disease, cognitive decline, and other welfare issues for cats.”

To help your cat, you can engage them in play, give them affection, and keep them busy with games and food puzzles, Dr. Landsberg says.

Besides mental stimulation, Dr. Fadl says you can delay the onset of dementia by giving your cat a balanced diet and taking them to the veterinary clinic for regular check-ups.  

“Regular veterinary check-ups for senior cats are crucial for early detection and management of cognitive dysfunction,” Dr. Fadl says. “Early intervention can often improve the cat’s quality of life.”

References

1. Landsberg GM, Denenberg S, Araujo JA. Cognitive Dysfunction in Cats: A Syndrome we Used to Dismiss as ‘Old Age.’ Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2010;12(11):837-848. doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2010.09.004
2. Sordo L, Gunn-Moore DA. Cognitive Dysfunction in Cats: Update on Neuropathological and Behavioural Changes Plus Clinical Management. Vet Rec. 2021 Jan;188(1):e3. doi: 10.1002/vetr.3. Epub 2021 Jan 12. PMID: 34651755.

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Treating Diabetes in Cats Without Insulin: Is It Possible?

Yes, it is possible to treat diabetes in cats without insulin. However, not all cats are candidates for oral treatment for diabetes, and insulin therapy is still considered the mainstay of diabetes treatment in cats. Potential candidates are cats who meet the following criteria:

• They have been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes
• They are otherwise healthy and do not have any health complications from diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes in cats, especially overweight and obese cats, and is due to insulin resistance. While cats with type 2 diabetes are making enough insulin, their bodies do not respond appropriately to the insulin, causing blood sugar to remain high. 

In contrast, type 1 diabetes is a condition where the body does not make enough insulin. Cats with type 1 diabetes are dependent upon insulin to control their blood sugar and cannot receive oral treatment. In general, cats who require insulin to control diabetes include:

• Cats with type 1 diabetes
• Cats who are sick
• Cats who have been treated with insulin injections in the past 
• Cats with liver or kidney disease

These cats are considered poor candidates for oral treatment without insulin, as they are at increased risk for a potentially dangerous medical complication called diabetic ketoacidosis. These cats should regularly receive insulin injections to lower their blood sugar. 

How to Treat Diabetes in Cats Without Insulin

Apart from receiving oral medication to control their blood sugar instead of insulin, much of a cat’s basic treatment plan will remain the same as a diabetic cat who receives insulin injections to control their diabetes. This treatment plan includes:

• Daily medication
• Feeding an appropriate amount of food at the same time every day. The best food for diabetic cats is low carbohydrate, moderate- to high-quality protein, moderate fiber, and moderate fat. Most people elect to feed their cat a therapeutic food that is specifically designed to control blood sugar in cats with diabetes
• Weight loss, if indicated
• Constant access to fresh, clean water
• Moderate daily exercise that is at the same time each day, if possible
• Monitoring your cat’s blood or urine sugar or ketones at home, depending on what your vet recommends
• Monitoring for diabetic complications, and calling your vet if you see increased urination, drinking, vomiting, diarrhea, or changes in energy levels or appetite
• Maintaining or improving your cat’s dental health
• Taking your cat to the vet a couple of times a year for examinations and lab work

Treating a diabetic cat without insulin requires administering a daily medication by mouth that is designed to keep blood sugar normal. Medication options that are currently available for treating a cat without insulin include:

• SGLT2 inhibitors, such as Bexacat daily oral tablet
• Glipizide

Treating Diabetes in Cats with Bexacat

Bexacat is the brand name for bexagliflozin, a drug that is known as a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor. SGLT2 inhibitors have been used in humans since 2013. Currently, Bexacat is the only SGLT2 inhibitor on the market that is approved by the FDA for use in cats. However, additional FDA-approved SGLT2 inhibitors are on the horizon. 

This type of medication increases urine excretion of sugar (glucose) by inhibiting SGLT2, a membrane protein in the kidney. Normally, SGLT2 reabsorbs most of the sugar from the blood that is filtered through the kidney. SGLT2 inhibitors, like Bexacat, prevent reabsorption of sugar from the blood as it is filtered through the kidney. The cat then pees out excess sugar in their urine, and their blood sugar is lowered to a normal level.

Bexacat is given as a once-daily flavored 15 mg tablet, and should be given at the same time each day. Bexacat costs about $70 for 30 tablets. 

Pros

• Once-daily flavored chewable tablet increases ease of administration, reduces owner confusion if multiple people are caring for the same cat, and improves the quality of life of people who care for diabetic cats
• Can be given with or without food
• Adverse side effects are generally mild and self-limiting in most cats
• The dose is the same for all cats who weigh more than 6.6 pounds 
• Very low risk for low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)

Things to Consider

• Can only be used in cats with uncomplicated type 2 diabetes who have never received insulin and are otherwise healthy
• Cannot be given to cats who are dehydrated, have liver or kidney disease, have or have had pancreatitis, or cats with elevated cholesterol or blood triglycerides
• Cannot be given to cats who weigh less than 6.6 pounds
• Common adverse side effects include dehydration, urinary tract infections, vomiting, and loose stools or diarrhea
• Requires ketone monitoring, as some cats are at risk for euglycemic ketoacidosis, a rare but serious adverse reaction
• Long-term use may alter blood calcium levels or increase the risk of urinary tract infections or certain cancers
• Cats may still drink, eat, and urinate more than usual on this medication even though their blood sugar is normal
• Some cats may gain excess weight

Treating Diabetes with Glipizide for Cats

Glipizide (brand name Glucotrol) is a medication used to treat type 2 diabetes in humans. In cats with type 2 diabetes, glipizide is often prescribed to lower blood sugar levels. Glipizide lowers blood sugar by increasing the amount of insulin secreted by the pancreas and by making the tissues of the body more sensitive to insulin. Most cats start with half a 5 mg tablet twice daily and increase to one tablet twice daily if needed.

Pros

• 100 tablets cost about $15, making glipizide relatively inexpensive
• Can be formulated into a tasty liquid, chewable tablet, or transdermal lotion
• Can be used in cats who weigh less than 6.6 pounds

Things to Consider

• There is some concern that glipizide can contribute to progression of diabetes mellitus in cats, leading to a need for insulin injections 
• Glipizide tablets must be given twice daily with food
• Transdermal lotion has variable absorption and is not considered reliable
• Use of glipizide in cats is considered ‘off label’ usage by the FDA
• Cats need to be screened regularly for liver toxicity while on this drug
• Not all cats will benefit from glipizide, with benefits reported in around 40 percent of cats

How to Give a Cat a Tablet

Treating Diabetes in Cats Without Insulin: Tips and Advice

Once your cat starts treatment for diabetes, you can expect their clinical signs to lessen once their blood sugar is controlled. This can look like:

• Normalized appetite
• Maintaining body weight or gaining some weight (note that weight gain should not be encouraged in cats with obesity)
• Normalized drinking and urination
• Normalized energy and activity levels

These are all signs that the medication is effective. With oral treatment for diabetes, it can take 6-8 weeks to see improvement in some cats. For newly diagnosed diabetic cats, you can expect to visit the veterinarian several times after starting the medication for physical examinations and lab work to ensure that the medication is helping your cat.

In contrast, if the medication is not controlling their blood sugar or if your cat has other health complications, then you will not notice any improvement or your cat may get worse. It is very important to monitor diabetic cats daily for adverse reactions, especially when they are starting a new medication. If you notice any of the following signs while your cat is receiving oral medication for diabetes, stop giving the medication and call your veterinarian immediately:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Loss of appetite
• Acting weak or wobbly
• Excessive tiredness
• Increased drinking and urination

If oral medication is not working for your cat, then your veterinarian will endeavor to discover why and eliminate the problem. Dental disease or urinary tract infections, for example, can interfere with blood sugar control. If your cat has high blood sugar but doesn’t have any conditions that interfere with blood sugar levels, then they will likely need to switch to insulin injections to control their blood sugar. 

Cats who have type 2 diabetes due to obesity may achieve diabetic remission once they have lost the excess weight, and may not continue to require medication to control their blood sugar. Many of these cats can be maintained in diabetic remission with a strict diet alone. This is one of many reasons that if you have a diabetic cat, it is important to work closely with a veterinarian to monitor your cat’s clinical signs and blood sugar. With the right tools, knowledge, and veterinary care, diabetic cats can live longer and enjoy a good quality of life. 

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Black Cat Poop: Color, Consistency, and Other Characteristics

If your cat’s poop looks black, observe the poop to see if the color is uniform and if any red tint exists in any part of the stool. In addition to color, here are other characteristics you should pay attention to:

Consistency. One of the most important pieces of information is the consistency of the poop. The poop could be anywhere from very dry and hard to liquid with no shape whatsoever. 

Amount. Pay attention to the amount as well—a couple droplets of runny poop is different than a large pile. 

Frequency/Duration. Be sure to keep note of how often this type of stool has occurred, how frequent your cat poops, and for how long you have noticed this type of stool.

Contents. Look for unusual things inside the stool; for example, any parasites, mucus (gel-like material), or foreign bodies like string or pieces of toys. 

Noting your cat’s poop’s color, consistency, amount, frequency, duration, and any foreign material are all very specific clues that will help your veterinarian narrow down the search for a cause. For example, specific characteristics such as consistency and frequency can determine if the issue is likely in the small intestine or large intestine. Your veterinarian will recommend different treatments and tests depending on this information.

Why Is My Cat’s Poop Black?

There are multiple reasons a cat’s poop could be black, including:

Old poop. Poop outside of the body that has dried out for a couple days will appear black in color. However, when broken open, the inside may appear browner in coloration since only the exterior of the poop would have dried out. This depends on how old the poop is.

Change in diet. Cats eating a raw diet or experiencing a change in their diet can have color change in their poop due to digestion of different nutrients, byproducts created based on current diet, or artificial colors. The poop could be formed or liquid.

Constipation. Cats who are constipated and have stool inside of their guts for an extended period of time will have very dry hard stool that may look black simply because it is dry.

Bleeding. Bleeding in the small intestines, or upper part of the guts, causes black stool because the body digests the blood leaving byproducts of blood in the poop. To see black stool due to this (it’s called melena) is a result of a significant amount of blood and requires veterinary care right away. Many times, the poop is runny and unformed if bleeding is causing the black coloration. 

Examples of reasons for bleeding include:

• Ulcers in the stomach or intestines
• Inability to clot (e.g., exposure to rodenticide, a poison)
• Cancer in the gastrointestinal (GI) system
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Endoparasitism (e.g., hookworms)

Issues with bile excretion. In cats who have a blockage from the gallbladder to the intestines, bile—made of byproducts from blood—may be intermittently excreted into the intestines, creating an excessive amount of black color. Formed stool or runny stool can occur. A few different conditions could cause this, including:

• Pancreatic disease
• Stones in the gallbladder or tract leading out of the gallbladder
• Intestinal disease

What to Do if Your Cat’s Poop Is Black

If your cat has been experiencing any changes in behavior, decrease in activity, or decrease in appetite, all pet parents should be concerned. While the black stool may not be directly linked to the cause, your cat is not feeling well and should have a veterinary appointment right away.

If the stool is black and hard or dry, your cat likely does not need veterinary care immediately. Think back to whether your cat ate new food or treats, as that can affect the color. Keep your cat on their usual diet without any treats or diet changes. If the consistency is unformed or your cat has any behavior changes, call your veterinarian to discuss bland diets and find out if additional treatment is warranted.

If your cat does not consistently poop daily or inside the litter box, they are likely demonstrating to you that something is chronically wrong, and a veterinary appointment is warranted in the near future.

If your cat has liquid or runny diarrhea that is black, even if behavior changes are not occurring, you should call your veterinarian right away. Your cat will become dehydrated very quickly, and it is best to treat this type of diarrhea swiftly. If the stool is black and liquid due to melena, your cat will experience behavior changes and other symptoms shortly after the stool begins.

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“Cats are really interesting animals,” says Dr. Emily McCobb, clinical associate professor of anesthesiology at Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University. “While they are predators, they exhibit some prey animal behavior, like masking pain, because they don’t want to get eaten.” 

So how can you tell if a cat is in pain and what should you do about it? There are signs to watch for that can help you determine next steps.

Do Cats Feel Pain?

Before we get into the signs that a cat is in pain, let’s clarify what sort of pain a cat feels. “Cats biologically have the same type of pain receptors that humans do in all parts of the body,” explains Emily Swiniarski, DVM, chief medical officer of PAWS Chicago in Chicago, Illinois. “It may not be the exact same experience as what a human has, but we know they feel pain in the same way that any other animal would when they have injury or ongoing medical issues.” 

Cats can experience both acute and chronic pain. Acute pain is usually sudden, sharp, and caused by an injury (broken bone, burn), illness, surgery, or medical procedure. It typically goes away when the cause of the pain is resolved. Chronic pain, on the other hand, is ongoing and may not even be related to a past injury. Osteoarthritis (often referred to as arthritis) is an example of a progressive condition that can cause chronic pain in cats. Chronic pain is particularly hard to diagnose, as the signs of pain are very subtle. 

Many of the signs of cat pain are similar to signs of other illnesses in cats. The important thing for you to do as a pet parent isn’t diagnosing the cause of the sign but rather noticing it and seeking out help from a veterinarian who is trained in cat health. 

8 Signs a Cat is in Pain

Let’s explore some of the common signs and symptoms of pain in cats. A cat in pain may experience one or more of the following signs:

Changes in behavior

“A big sign that cats are in pain is a change in their activities,” explains Nancy Vail-Archer, DVM, medical director of NorthStar Vets Veterinary Emergency Trauma & Specialty Center in Maple Shade, New Jersey. “These changes can be subtle. For example, a cat that used to jump up on the counter all the time won’t anymore. Or the cat has reduced energy levels and less interest in play. What you’re looking for is the cat becoming less engaged in routine behaviors.”

Remember, it’s a CHANGE in behavior. A cat who has never been interested in toys may just be lazy, not painful.

Hiding

If your cat is typically pretty sociable with people and then starts hiding rather than engaging with your family, this is an indicator of pain and discomfort, Dr. Vail-Archer notes. It’s one of the most common changes pet parents report in their sick or painful cats. If your cat is usually under your feet in the morning as soon as you walk into the kitchen but now needs to be woken up after breakfast has been served, that could be a sign of pain as well. Again, this goes back to the first sign of any change in behavior being a possible sign of pain. 

Not using the litter box

Peeing or pooping outside the litter box technically falls under “change in behavior” too, but this is another big indicator that something is off with your cat. They could be suffering from a painful health condition like a urinary tract infection (UTI) or arthritis. Cats with joint pain due to arthritis may have trouble climbing in and out of the litter box, whereas a cat with a UTI may strain to urinate and associate the litter box with pain so they find somewhere else to go. 

Vocalizing

Some cats are more vocal than others, but if your normally quiet kitty starts meowing, crying, or moaning, especially when you touch a certain spot on their body or while they are using the litter box, there is an issue that needs to be addressed. 

Limping/holding up a leg

Limping is one of the more obvious signs that a cat is in pain because you can see what body part is causing issues. Limping is ALWAYS a sign of pain. If a cat is favoring one leg over another, or won’t put a certain paw on the floor, that’s a clear signal that something is wrong.

Abnormal posture

Dr. McCobb notes that a relaxed cat will have a stretched-out body posture. If a cat is more crouched or curled, that is an indication that the cat is ill, uncomfortable, or in pain. For example, a cat with stomach pain may not stretch out fully. Or a cat may only lay down on one side of their body to minimize pressure on a painful limb. 

Aggression

Cats who are in pain are more likely to be irritable and may even lash out at their humans. So if your cat is usually friendly and then becomes aggressive for seemingly no reason, pain could be to blame. Cats may lash out at their housemates—other cats or dogs—instead of their people.

Loss of appetite

Refusing to eat is a general sign of pain in cats that could be associated with a number of conditions, ranging from dental problems to urinary disorders to cancer. The key is paying attention to other behaviors your cat is exhibiting along with loss of appetite. For example, “if you notice food is falling out of their mouth or they want to eat but they can’t seem to eat, those are signs of dental pain,” Dr. McCobb explains. A cat who is painful when walking may visit the food bowl fewer times per day.

Next Steps When Your Cat Is in Pain

While pet parents should always be on the lookout for signs and signals their cat might be in pain, there are some situations that are more urgent than others. “If there’s a very small behavior change, say, for example, a small change in appetite, but your cat is still eating, drinking, and using the litter box, I would suggest monitoring them for a week to see if things turn around and go back to normal,” Dr. Swiniarski says. “If they don’t, you’ve probably noticed something that’s indicative of a chronic issue or something that’s not going to go away on its own, and you should seek out your veterinarian.” 

Of course, if your cat gets worse, you should see a veterinarian immediately. “If your cat stops eating, stops using the litter box, isn’t active at all, or is unable to get up, those are signs of an emergency and you should see a veterinarian right away,” Dr. Swiniarski says.

Pain is easier to diagnose—and can be caught earlier—when pet parents are tuned into their cat’s behaviors and keep a thorough medical history, Dr. Vail-Archer says. “History is so important because the owners are the ones who really know their cat’s behavior. They’re an incredibly important part of the health care team when it comes to recognizing pain,” she says. “Getting a good history helps us to hone in on what exactly is wrong.”

How to Manage Pain in Cats

So what do you do once your cat has a pain diagnosis? You treat it. “A lot of cat owners don’t realize that there are many ways that we can treat pain and make our cats feel more comfortable,” Dr. Vail-Archer says. “These treatment options include acupuncture, physical rehabilitation, laser therapy, massage therapy, and even weight loss.”

Dr. McCobb adds that there are pharmaceutical options for pain relief in cats as well. “We didn’t have a ton of great options for pain management in cats, especially when it comes to chronic pain, until very recently,” she says. “There’s a bunch of newer medications and treatment modalities that are safe for cats long term and can help us improve their quality of life as they’re living into their late teens.”

Different sources of pain require different treatments. If you have questions about how to alleviate and manage your cat’s pain, call your veterinarian to talk about what treatments would work best for your individual cat.

The post How to Tell If a Cat Is in Pain: 8 Signs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

These expert tips can make the experience less painful for everyone. So, the next time your cat has a medical procedure or is having an arthritis flare-up, consider one of these methods for comforting your cat. 

What to Do When Your Cat Is in Pain

It was once thought that animals don’t experience pain in the same way humans do. In fact, pain was believed to be beneficial to the animal post-surgery, since it limited their ability to move and injure themselves further. Now, we understand that the neurological makeup of cats and dogs isn’t so different from ours. We can presume that just as pain hinders our quality of life (and slows healing after surgery), it can do the same to our feline friends [1].

While a cat in pain might limp or meow excessively for your attention, the signs of pain aren’t always that obvious. Some cats stick to their evolutionary roots—hiding their pain because an animal that shows pain or weakness becomes an attractive target for predators, explains Patrik Holmboe, DVM, head veterinarian at Cooper Pet Care. 

“Expressions of pain can take many forms,” adds Bruce Silverman, DVM, medical director at Village West Veterinary. Symptoms of pain in cats may include changes in behavior such as decreased play, decreased appetite, hiding, and avoidance of touch. Cats might limp to indicate pain in a limb, strain to urinate when there’s trouble with the urinary tract, or stare at the food dish when their mouths hurt. 

There are also auditory clues that cats are in pain, too. Cats in pain might yowl, hiss, or growl, which can easily be mistaken for aggression. 

Pain doesn’t just come in one variety. There are several types that can be important to distinguish in order to select the most appropriate treatment plan:

• Acute pain. “Acute pain is often difficult to hide, and a cat will more readily demonstrate how much and where something hurts them,” Dr. Silverman says. Acute pain is typically defined as pain that is present for less than three months [2]. 
• Chronic pain. As pain persists, cats may show more subtle changes in their behavior, such as decreased activity or slowed movement. Chronic pain is typically defined as pain that is present for more than three months [2]. 
• Acute-on-chronic pain. A cat could experience acute pain on top of chronic pain. An example is a senior cat with arthritis who experiences a flare-up during the wet and cold months, explains Natasha Bui, PT, DPT, CCRT, founder of Animus Animal Rehab. 
• Post-surgical pain. According to Dr. Silverman, post-surgical pain can have a hybrid effect; it’s acute but may cause cats to withdraw and hunker down, as if they have chronic pain. 

This is why it’s essential to seek a veterinarian’s expertise when your cat is in pain, as they can observe and detect even the slightest changes in your pet’s behavior and posture, Dr. Silverman says. The Feline Grimace Scale is one tool your veterinarian might use to assess your cat’s pain. “It’s based on facial expressions,” explains Dr. Holmboe. “The idea is to try to quantify pain, which isn’t always easy. The scale evaluates several factors, including ear position, muzzle tension, whisker position, and head position.”

10 Tips for Comforting a Cat in Pain

Managing your cat’s pain, whether at home or with help from your veterinarian, improves their quality of life and reduces complications. It also strengthens the human-animal bond. Here are 10 tips for comforting a cat in pain.

Provide a Safe Post-Surgery Environment 

“It’s best to keep your cat in a more confined area after surgery,” Dr. Silverman advises. This allows you to monitor their progress and keeps them from hurting themselves on high surfaces or stairs. For some procedures, a room without cat trees and high furniture will do. For other procedures, like luxating patella surgery, your veterinarian may recommend confining your cat to a large crate for a few weeks. 

Swap Traditional Pet Furniture for Orthopedic Options

Orthopedic beds provide optimal support by evenly distributing your cat’s body weight, relieving pressure on any specific part of the body. Choosing an orthopedic bed with CertiPUR-US certified foam ensures that the foam has undergone extensive testing by a non-profit third party to confirm that it does not contain harmful substances and is safe for indoor air quality. Depending on the type of pain, heated beds, blankets, and pads can also provide relief. 

Improve the Accessibility of Your Home

Life with mobility issues isn’t easy, especially if you’re a cat who’s trying to heal or is in chronic pain. The tips below will make everyday life for your feline a little easier to manage—and a lot more enjoyable.

• Stairs and ramps: “The main factor to make your house more accessible to cats with chronic pain would be to add stairs or ramps to allow them to get to the places they want to be without putting too much strain on their hips and legs,” Dr. Holmboe says. Ramps and stairs offer your cat a safe way to access their favorite spots, like your bed, the couch, and the windowsill. 
• Increase traction: “The more traction the better,” Dr. Bui says. Think: runners, rugs, and yoga mats in high-traffic areas. 
• Low-entry litter boxes: Swap any elevated or top-entry litter boxes for low-entry litter boxes. Dr. Bui adds that using a lightweight litter substrate can also reduce litter box strain and pain. Furthermore, there should be a litter box on every level of the house so that your cat doesn’t have to climb the stairs to use it.
• Elevated food and water bowls: Elevating bowls so your cat doesn’t have to bend down decreases the amount of strain on the neck, Dr. Bui says.  

Talk to Your Veterinarian About Prescription Pain Relief for Cats

The type of pain medication for cats your veterinarian prescribes depends on the procedure your cat had or the condition present. “A dental cleaning may require mild pain medications. Surgery may need stronger medications [or a longer course of medications]. However, there are enough safe choices that no matter what was done to your cat, you should have both safe and effective choices,” says Stephen Quandt, a certified Feline Training and Behavior Specialist (CFTBS) and founder of Cat Behavior Help. 

• Opioids: Opioids include common medications such as fentanyl and buprenorphine. Your veterinarian may give your cat opioids before and during a procedure, since they can reduce pain response and lower the needed amount of anesthesia, and opioids may be sent home with your cat as short-acting or long-lasting pain relief [1]. In 2022, a long-acting topical opioid that lasts for three days was approved for use in cats and has been a great addition to the medical arsenal for cats.
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): These drugs decrease inflammation, which is a cause of pain and why pain may be worse the day after surgery.  
• N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists: When a cat develops chronic pain, your veterinarian may prescribe NMDA receptor antagonists, such as amantadine. 
• Gabapentin: Gabapentin is a common pain medication for cats that interferes with the brain’s pain transmission process, leading to a reduction in pain perception. It also helps cats relax, which in itself can relieve some causes of pain.
• Monoclonal antibody (mAb) for osteoarthritis: Just last year, the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) approved the very first mAb drug developed to control pain associated with osteoarthritis in cats. The weight-based dosage is injected under the skin once a month [3].

Do NOT give your pet pain relief medicine made for humans, as it could be toxic. 

Administer Medicine in a Stress-Free Way 

With the correct positioning and a tasty treat (when allowed) administering medication to your cat doesn’t have to cause more stress and pain. Cat pill poppers can aid in giving medication, as can wrapping your cat in a towel. When you’re unsure of the best approach to medicate your cat, ask your veterinarian for tips or alternative forms of medication. Most medications are available as liquids or pills/capsules. Ask your veterinarian for the type that is easiest for you to give. 

Talk To Your Vet About Pain-Relieving Supplements for Cats

Always consult your vet before giving your cat any supplement. This is essential for safety reasons, as many products that are safe for humans and dogs can be toxic to cats, Quandt says. Your veterinarian can recommend the ideal supplement for your cat’s pain and prescribe the appropriate dosage for effective results.

• Omega-3 fatty acid: Omega-3 fatty acid derived from small, cold-water fish and some plant sources have the potential to reduce inflammation. 
• Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate: These are popular choices for cats with chronic pain, including arthritis, Dr. Holmboe says. 
• CBD: CBD (cannabidiol) for pets can be found in various forms, including CBD chews, tinctures, and crunchy treats. While the FDA hasn’t officially approved cannabidiol products for therapeutic use in pets and research is limited, it’s a popular choice for managing pain and anxiety, according to Dr. Silverman. Just be sure to get your veterinarian’s OK and recommended dosage before giving it a try.

Try Calming Aids

While pheromone sprays or diffusers can be useful, they are likely only effective when used alongside traditional pain relief methods, Dr. Holmboe says. He adds that their effectiveness can depend on the individual cat and the specific situation. Calming aids also come in the form of crunchy or soft treats, probiotic powder, and tinctures. 

Consider Complementary Therapies

Several therapies can complement traditional veterinary care to help alleviate pain and support healing. Consult your veterinarian to determine the most appropriate approach before using them for your cat.

• Physical therapy: Working with a physical therapist can ensure safe movements, identify the source of pain, offer treatment, and provide pet parents with the necessary tools to manage their cat’s pain and enhance their quality of life. Over time, physical therapy may reduce or eliminate the need for pain medicine. Physical therapy is especially important after orthopedic surgery.
• Laser therapy: Also called cold laser therapy or photobiomodulation, this therapy uses infrared light to stimulate cellular function to promote healing, Dr. Bui explains. 
• Electrical stimulation: There are two types of electrical stimulation, which are used for different purposes, Dr. Bui explains. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) modulates pain and swelling, such as after surgery. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) maintains muscle bulk, prevents atrophy, and helps reduce spasticity in pets with neurological conditions.
• Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy: This method reduces inflammation and pain throughout the body, and can promote faster healing, Dr. Bui explains.  
• Massage therapy, acupuncture, and chiropractic care: According to Dr. Bui, these methods may be excellent solutions for short-term pain relief but should be paired with traditional medicine and/or physical rehabilitation to treat the root cause of the pain. 
• Hydrotherapy: Much more popular with dogs than cats, this is a physical therapy method utilizing an underwater treadmill. “This would be great for a cat with severe arthritis or who has significant pain or swelling as the water’s buoyancy can help with all of those.,” Dr. Bui says. Some cats do great with this type of therapy, but most cats prefer land-based therapy modalities.

Provide Space When Necessary 

All our experts agree, a cat in pain might not want to be cuddled or pet. “Approach slowly, gently, and speak sweetly,” Quandt says. Let your cat engage with you at their own pace by offering your hand for them to sniff or a gentle touch on an area of their body that is not painful. If they don’t seem interested, give them space but check on them from time to time.

End-of-Life Care

As tough as it may be, end-of-life care may be the most humane decision for a pet in chronic, unmanageable pain with an end-of-life condition. “Being sensitive to how your pet is doing can help you make that timely decision to end their suffering. It’s the final gift that we can give them,” Quandt says.

Considering these factors will help you determine if humane euthanasia is the right decision for you and your pet: 

• Are they eating, able to control their bodily functions, and walking? 
• Do they still show interest in their favorite activities and maintain their sense of self? Or do they have a vacant look and seem disconnected from the world?
• Are they living or just alive? 

Depending on your answers, it may be appropriate to discuss humane euthanasia with your veterinarian. 

Conclusion

“If you have a hunch your cat is in pain, you’re probably right,” Dr. Silverman says. So, don’t wait until the signs of pain worsen to seek veterinary care. After all, you are your cat’s strongest advocate, he adds. While preventing our cats from experiencing pain might not always be an option, the above tips can prepare us to comfort our cats when they need it the most.

The post How to Comfort a Cat in Pain: 10 Tips appeared first on Great Pet Care.

In this article, we’ll answer the question, “Why is my cat’s poop green?” We’ll also share steps pet parents can take to determine the cause of green cat poop and\ help their feline friend feel better.  

Green Cat Poop: Color, Consistency and Other Characteristics 

Normal cat poop is light brown, soft, and well-formed. If you notice your cat is pooping green, that’s a sign something is amiss. Pet parents may notice different shades of green cat poop, which can range from light to dark green. Various consistencies including hard, soft, runny, or slimy cat poop may also be seen. Green cat poop can be well-formed or consistent with diarrhea and may contain mucus. 

Pet parents should note specific characteristics of their cats’ poop so they are able to accurately describe them to the veterinarian. If you can, snap a picture or bring a sample of the poop with you to show your veterinarian because these can support an accurate diagnosis.

Why Is My Cat’s Poop Green?

Green poop in cats has many causes, ranging from underlying diseases to toxin ingestion to parasites and more. We will discuss some of the most common causes and why this alarming color change occurs. 

Underlying Disease

Gallbladder and liver disease can result in green discoloration of a cat’s poop. The liver produces bile, which is a thin yellow-green liquid that is stored in the gallbladder. After a meal, the gallbladder releases bile into the intestines to aid in digestion. If there is a problem with bile production or storage, too much bile can be released. This typically results in loose stools that are green. Other symptoms that may indicate a problem with the liver or gallbladder include lethargy, jaundice (yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes), decreased appetite, vomiting, weight loss, and increased thirst and urination.

Toxin Ingestion

Some rodenticides contain a blue-green pigment. If a cat accidentally ingests one, their poop may turn green due to the dye in these products. Accidental ingestion of rodenticide is a medical emergency and should be treated by a veterinarian immediately. Cats who have ingested rodenticide will also have severe symptoms that may include abnormal bleeding, seizures, and labored breathing, among others. 

Intestinal Parasites

Green and smelly cat poop can be a sign of intestinal parasites. Cats can become infected with several types of parasites, such as roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, and giardia. They cause inflammation within the intestines and interfere with the normal transit time of stool. When stool moves through the intestines quicker than it should, it can be green and runny. 

Intestinal Inflammation

Cats who have inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal cancer, or a bacterial infection have higher levels of inflammation within their intestines. This can result in stool moving too quickly through the intestines, resulting in green discoloration. There may also be streaks of mucus present in the cat’s poop. Other symptoms cats may experience include weight loss, decreased appetite, and vomiting. 

Dietary Indiscretion

If a cat eats something unusual, they may develop green poop as a result. There could be complete discoloration of the poop or specks of green throughout brown stool. For example, when cats ingest a lot of grass, their poop is likely to turn green. Similarly, this may occur with any foods containing a large amount of green pigment. 

Diet Change

Abruptly changing a cat’s diet can result in food intolerance and green discoloration of the cat’s poop. Typically, once the cat adjusts to the new diet, the stool returns to normal. Some diets contain green dye as an additive, which can also have the same effect. 

What To Do If Your Cat Has Green Poop 

If you notice discolored poop inside your cat’s litter box, it’s important to know what steps to take. Sometimes it is OK to take a wait-and-see approach while other times it is important to get to the veterinarian as soon as possible. Let’s discuss the most appropriate actions for each situation. Of course, if you are ever in doubt about your cat’s well-being, seeing a veterinarian promptly is always the best option.  

Let’s start with dietary indiscretion. If you know your cat has ingested some grass and you are seeing a few grass strands in your cat’s poop but your cat is acting perfectly fine otherwise, it will probably resolve itself once all of the grass has passed. However, if during this time your cat begins vomiting or stops eating, they should be brought to the veterinarian for evaluation. 

Likewise, if you think the green cat poop is related to a recent diet change, try a bland diet for a couple days consisting of boiled chicken and cooked white rice and see if the stool returns to normal. Your veterinarian can also recommend a prescription diet that is easy on the intestines. If a bland diet does not resolve the issue, it’s time to see a veterinarian.  

If you notice that your cat’s poop has changed in color or consistency without an identifiable cause or that your cat is just not acting like themselves, bring them to the veterinarian for evaluation. Take note of when you started noticing the stool changes and other concerning symptoms. Depending on the suspected underlying cause, your veterinarian can check a stool sample to rule out inflammation and intestinal parasites. Bloodwork may also be performed to identify signs of underlying illness or toxin ingestion. 

Your veterinarian can develop the best treatment plan based on the individual cat’s health and history. This may include hospitalization for intravenous fluids and other supportive care. Medications, such as antibiotics, dewormers, and probiotics may also be recommended depending on the diagnosis. 

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Healthy Cat Poop: What Should It Look Like? 

Healthy cat poop should be brown to dark brown in color and have a segmented, sausage-shape. While the poop should be firm, it shouldn’t be overly hard or pebble-like. You should not see obvious blood or mucus in the feces. 

Normal cat poop does have an odor, but it shouldn’t smell foul, rancid, or metallic. If the smell sends you running out of the room holding your nose, your pet’s poop may be abnormal.

Healthy adult cats will usually poop in their litter box once or twice daily. A lot of cats will defecate shortly after eating. While not all cats consistently poop after a meal, it’s a normal response to eating in those that do. After all, they’re going to need to make space for what they just ate! 

Kittens may poop three or four times daily, sometimes more. Kitten poop may be softer than adult poop but should not be watery, bloody, or contain a lot of mucus.

Abnormal Cat Poop: A Sign of Potential Health Problems

Noticing changes to the color, smell, or consistency of poop, as well as how often your pet is having bowel movements, can help you detect changes to your pet’s health. 

The list of potential reasons your cat’s poop is abnormal is quite long. While it’s the veterinarian’s job to figure out why your cat’s poop is abnormal, they’re relying on you to monitor your cat’s poop at home. They won’t know about it unless you bring it up!

The litter box should be scooped daily, allowing you to monitor for changes to your pet’s bowel movements. While some self-cleaning litter boxes may make it more difficult to notice changes to bowel movements, some of these devices track how often your pet enters the litter box and how full the litter tray is, allowing you to monitor your pet’s bathroom habits. You can also pick up on changes to the color or consistency of your cat’s feces when you empty the tray.

Abnormal Cat Poop Chart

Many different types of abnormal cat poop exist. The Abnormal Cat Poop Chart below outlines types of abnormal cat poop, what they could mean, and their severity level.

Keep in mind that some changes in your cat’s poop color may be related to their diet. For example, if your cat is eating food with a green dye or color, you may notice a green tint to their feces. In this case, it’s likely not a cause for concern if they’re otherwise acting normal. If you’ve recently changed your cat’s diet and notice a slight change in their poop color, it’s likely just due to their new food.

You will note that the severity level of these abnormal cat poops ranges, sometimes all the way from mild to severe. This is because many underlying diseases can often lead to similar changes. While a cat having diarrhea due to stress has a mild condition, a cat having diarrhea due to panleukopenia virus has a more severe condition. 

When to See a Veterinarian

If your cat has one abnormal poop but is otherwise acting normal, you’re usually good to monitor at home. However, if your cat has runny poop, is regularly having abnormal bowel movements, has intermittent loose stools, has undergone a sudden change to bowel movements, or is otherwise acting abnormal (vomiting, loss of appetite, etc.), then you should follow up with your veterinarian. 

If you see worms in your cat’s stools, you should contact your veterinarian. Your veterinarian will easily be able to figure out what type of worm your cat has and how to treat the parasites. 

In most cases, blood in the stool at least warrants calling your veterinarian.

Signs to watch for which may indicate that your cat needs veterinary attention include:

• Vomiting
• Changes to your pet’s appetite
• Straining to defecate or urinate
• Weight loss
• Unkempt coat
• Lethargy
• Fecal staining on your cat’s backside
• Abdominal pain when picked up
• Hypersalivating
• Dehydration causing a prolonged skin tent (skin between shoulder blades does not return to normal position when pinched up) or a sunken appearance to eyeballs
• Excessive drinking 

Stress, treats, and dietary changes can all impact your cat’s stools. If changes are mild and your cat’s poop returns to normal over a couple days, veterinary attention is not necessary.

Keeping Your Cat’s Poop Normal

Although you cannot prevent every potential cause of abnormal poop in cats, the following steps will help you keep your cat’s digestion and poop healthy.

• Feed a regular, high-quality diet that is approved for your cat’s life stage.
• If you change your cat’s diet, do so slowly over the course of a week.
• Keep your cat on parasite prevention as recommended by your veterinarian.
• Keep your cat up to date on vaccinations as recommended by your veterinarian.
• Avoid feeding your cat foods intended for human consumption.
• Ensure you keep food scraps and other tempting objects like string put away to prevent your cat from consuming these items. 

Most cats do not need over-the-counter supplements to help with their feces and will have normal poop with a regular, healthy diet. However, some cats may benefit from supplements like probiotics or fiber. Speak with your veterinarian before adding any supplements to your cat’s daily regimen. 

The post Abnormal Cat Poop Chart: What Colors and Consistencies Mean appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Why Understanding a Cat’s Heart Rate Matters

Measuring your cat’s heart rate on a regular basis gives you an idea of your cat’s baseline. Significant changes from normal can alert you and your veterinarian to potential changes in your cat’s health. Some conditions, like hyperthyroidism or a heart arrhythmia, can cause a change in heart rate. You’re also likely to see an increase in heart rate when your cat is experiencing fear or pain. Determining what is causing the change in heart rate helps your veterinarian decide if treatment is necessary and what the treatment plan should be.

What Is a Normal Cat Heart Rate?

When we’re talking about a “normal” cat heart rate, we must consider whether we’re looking at an adult cat or a kitten. A normal cat heart rate for an adult cat is 140 to 220 beats per minute (bpm). Kittens usually have a significantly higher heart rate at rest than a mature cat, and it’s not abnormal for a kitten to be closer to 300 bpm.

Heart rates will also be higher in the veterinary clinic than at home because cats are often anxious and stressed in the clinic despite the veterinarian’s best efforts to be gentle and fear-free.

Physical activity also increases a cat’s heart rate. A cat lounging in a sunny window seat at home will usually have a lower heart rate than a cat with the zoomies or one who is vaulting cat trees.

We have created a cat heart rate chart to help you understand what’s normal, low, and high in an adult cat. You may find variation in what is listed as a normal heart rate for cats. When in doubt, we recommend you discuss concerns with your veterinarian. Your veterinarian can help you determine what is normal for your cat and if you should be concerned about your cat’s heart rate.

Adult Cat Heart Rate Chart

Keep in mind that each cat is an individual, so what’s normal for one cat may not be normal for another. If your cat’s heart rate is normally 150 bpm at rest, but you’re noticing that it’s consistently 210 bpm, then you may contact a veterinarian even though they’re still in the “normal” range.

If you feel your cat’s heart rate is abnormal, you need to determine if this can wait for a normal appointment or if it’s an emergency. If your cat is acting otherwise normal, you can likely just contact your veterinarian. If your cat is fainting, acting disoriented, repeatedly vomiting, or yowling in pain, these are signs you should see an emergency veterinarian.

Low heart rates are quite uncommon in cats. Once your cat falls below 100 beats per minute, they’re likely to experience fainting or loss of consciousness. This warrants a trip to the emergency veterinarian.

Abnormal Heart Rates in Cats

When listening to your cat’s heart rate, your veterinarian isn’t just taking a heart rate. They’re also listening for abnormal heart sounds, such as heart murmurs, or abnormalities in how the heart beats, called an arrhythmia. There is some interplay between heart murmurs, arrhythmias, and heart rate. While you as a pet owner may not be able to specifically recognize heart murmurs and arrhythmias, if you’re familiar with what’s normal for your cat, you may be able to pick up on changes.

If your cat’s heart beats with a normal rhythm but is faster than normal, this is called sinus tachycardia. Your cat may have a physiologic elevation in their heart rate. This means the heart rate is increased due to a normal stimulus. Normal situations in which your cat’s heart rate may increase include:

• Excitement
• Exercise
• Stress or anxiety
• Painful stimuli

Heart rate can also increase due to illness and disease. Pathologic causes of a high heart rate in cats could include:

• Anemia or blood loss
• Congestive heart failure
• Hyperthyroidism
• Infections
• Blood clots
• Abnormal electrical activity within the heart or arrhythmias

If your cat’s heart beats at a normal rhythm but is slower than normal, this is called sinus bradycardia. Causes of decreased heart rates in cats include:

• Unconsciousness
• Sedatives
• Anesthesia
• Seizures
• Abnormal electrical activity within the heart or arrhythmias

How to Check a Cat’s Heart Rate

Usually, it’s best to leave heart rate monitoring in cats to a veterinarian. If your cat has a significant change in their heart rate that requires medical attention, they typically have other signs that will alert you that they should see a veterinarian. Measuring your cat’s heart rate on your own can easily lead to a lot of anxiety for you. Keep in mind that veterinarians are trained not only to detect an abnormal heart rate but also abnormal heart sounds and rhythms.

If you are wanting to monitor your cat’s heart rate at home, there are two easy ways. In a lot of cats, particularly those who aren’t overweight, you can gently apply pressure with your hand on the underside of their chest between the two front legs and feel the heartbeat. You can also purchase a cheap stethoscope online that will allow you to listen to your cat’s heart. Cat hearts are easiest to hear on the left side of the chest behind and below the left armpit or in the middle of the chest between the two front legs.

Once you can feel or hear the heart, count how many times the heart beats over 15 seconds and multiply by four. This gives you the number of beats per minute.

Abnormal Cat Heart Rate: Next Steps

If you suspect that your cat’s heart rate is abnormal, but your cat is otherwise acting like their usual self, you are usually safe just to call your veterinarian. They may recommend an appointment, or they’ll simply discuss your findings with you and determine if there is a cause for concern. If you notice your cat’s heart rate seems off and they’re not acting normal, consider seeking emergency attention for your cat.

If your veterinarian detects an abnormal heart rate, there are a few tests they may recommend running.

• Chest X-rays: Chest X-rays allow your veterinarian to see the overall size of the heart and assess if the lungs look normal.
• Electrocardiogram (ECG): An ECG involves sticking electrodes on your pet. This will create a waveform that allows the veterinarian to see if your pet’s heart has normal electrical activity. ECGs help determine if an arrhythmia is present, which can affect heart rate.
• Echocardiogram: An echocardiogram is an ultrasound of the heart. This test allows the veterinarian to see the individual chambers and walls of the heart. The veterinarian can see if blood is flowing normally through the heart and rule out tumors of the heart.
• Blood work: Your veterinarian may want to run routine blood work. This can detect conditions like hyperthyroidism or infections that may affect heart rate. There are also blood tests that can detect damage to heart muscle, which your veterinarian may recommend.

If your cat has an underlying condition that is causing a change to the heart rate, such as hyperthyroidism or an infection, then treating the underlying condition should improve the change in the heart rate.

If the heart rate is abnormal due to a change in electrical activity within the heart (arrhythmia), then specific medications designed to improve arrhythmias may be recommended. Examples of medications that can be given to cats with arrhythmias include propranolol, atenolol, sotalol, and diltiazem, but it depends on your veterinarian’s specific findings. In severe cases, some medications may be given intravenously in the clinic. Rarely, a pacemaker may be recommended for a cat with an arrhythmia.

Your veterinarian is best suited to advise you on what’s normal for your cat. While it’s good to be knowledgeable about your cat’s heart health, we wouldn’t want you to get caught up in repeatedly checking your cat’s heart rate! Make sure you’re paying attention to other indicators of your cat’s health, such as their activity level, appetite, bathroom habits, and grooming behaviors. Pet parents will often notice changes in behavior that help the veterinarian figure out what’s going on and how to help our feline family members.

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Feline heart disease affects about 15 percent of cats. It is often called the “silent disease,” only making itself known when advanced.

With few exceptions, heart disease in cats is not curable. But, with careful monitoring and management, cats with heart disease can enjoy a good quality of life. 

Here’s everything you need to know about cat heart disease.

Cat Heart Anatomy

Understanding the basics of cat heart anatomy and function is a good first step to learning about cat heart disease.

Like the human heart, the cat heart is divided into four chambers: the left and right atria on top and the left and right ventricles on the bottom. A thick wall of muscle called the septa separates the ventricles. A thin, double-walled protective sac called the pericardium encloses the heart.

Heart valves ensure proper blood flow through the heart and then out to the rest of the body. This blood flow is tightly controlled by electrical signals that regulate when the heart contracts (squeezes) and relaxes.

The heart is vital to a cat’s overall health. It must work with perfect efficiency to pump oxygen-rich blood to the brain, lungs, and other organs.  

Types of Cat Heart Disease

Heart disease is defined as any disease process that affects normal heart function. The types of cat heart disease are broadly categorized as congenital or acquired.

Congenital Heart Disease in Cats

Congenital heart disease is a heart defect that develops during fetal development. Although some congenital heart diseases are apparent at birth, others may not cause symptoms until later in a cat’s life.

The most common types of congenital heart disease in cats are heart valve malformations, ventricular septal defect (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).

• Heart valve malformations: Heart valve malformations disrupt the normal blood flow through the heart. The most common heart valve malformation in cats involves the mitral valve, which separates the left atrium and left ventricle.
• Ventricular septal defect (VSD): VSD occurs when a hole develops in the septa, leading to abnormal blood flow through the heart.
• Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA): PDA occurs when a blood vessel (ductus arteriosus) that connects the aorta and pulmonary artery during fetal development remains open instead of closing soon after birth. PDA causes an overflow of blood from the heart to the lungs in newborn kittens.

Acquired Heart Disease in Cats

Acquired heart disease occurs later in a cat’s life, typically in adulthood. The most common type of acquired heart disease in cats is cardiomyopathy, a broad term that describes abnormal heart muscle. Three main cardiomyopathies affect cats:

• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM): HCM in cats occurs when the ventricle’s muscle wall becomes too thick. It is a genetic disease and the most common form of feline cardiomyopathy.
• Restrictive cardiomyopathy: Restrictive cardiomyopathy occurs when the ventricle’s inner lining becomes scarred, making it hard for the ventricle to contract and relax fully.
• Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM): DCM is rare in cats. It occurs when the ventricular muscle becomes thin and flaccid, preventing the ventricle from fully contracting and relaxing.

When heart disease becomes so advanced that the heart can no longer pump blood efficiently, congestive heart failure (CHF) develops. CHF is end-stage heart disease. It is life-threatening and requires intensive and potentially aggressive medical treatment.

Causes of Cat Heart Disease

The cause of many cases of heart disease in cats is not known. However, there are a few known causes of feline heart disease.

Congenital heart disease is caused by a heart defect during fetal development that may be genetic.

Underlying medical conditions, including hyperthyroidism, anemia, and high blood pressure, can cause acquired heart disease in cats.

In addition, a deficiency of the amino acid taurine can cause DCM. Taurine deficiencies in cats are uncommon, mainly because commercial cat diets are formulated to contain sufficient taurine for a cat’s dietary needs.

Some cat breeds are genetically predisposed to heart disease. For example, Maine Coon cats, American and British Shorthairs, and Persian cats have a high risk of developing HCM. Siamese cats are predisposed to developing PDA.

Symptoms of Heart Disease in Cats

With feline heart disease, symptoms are often absent until late in the disease process. Some of the symptoms we’ve listed below, such as lethargy and weakness, aren’t specific to heart disease but do signal that something is not quite right.

Sudden collapse and sudden hind limb paralysis warrant an immediate trip to your veterinarian or a veterinary emergency hospital.

• Lethargy
• Weakness
• Pale gums
• Weight loss
• Stunted growth
• Sudden collapse
• Decreased appetite
• Difficult, rapid breathing
• Arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm)
• Sudden hind limb paralysis (indicates a blood clot)

Unlike dogs, cats with heart disease do not cough.

Diagnosing Heart Disease in Cats

Diagnosing heart disease in cats involves a physical exam, imaging tests, and various laboratory tests.

On the physical exam, a veterinarian will pay close attention to the heart, listening for a heart murmur (abnormal heart rhythm). Heart murmurs do not always indicate heart disease but may be present with the disease.

Imaging tests include chest X-rays, an electrocardiogram (ECG), and an echocardiogram. Chest X-rays may reveal an enlarged heart, which strongly indicates heart disease. However, an X-ray will not provide information about the type of heart disease.

An ECG assesses the heart rate and rhythm. But, like the X-ray, an ECG does not help diagnose a specific type of heart disease.

An echocardiogram is an ultrasound of the heart. It is the most definitive way to diagnose heart disease. It provides a detailed picture of the heart’s dimensions and muscle wall thickness and measures how well the heart can contract.

Laboratory tests can help identify an underlying cause of the heart disease. For example, blood work may reveal hyperthyroidism or anemia.

A more specific blood test measures NT-proBNP, a protein whose presence in the blood indicates heart disease and the disease’s severity but not the type of heart disease.

Measuring blood pressure helps determine whether high blood pressure could be contributing to a cat’s heart disease.

Cat Heart Disease Treatment

Treatment for heart disease in cats depends on the type and severity of heart disease and its underlying cause.

Besides PDA, which can be treated surgically, treatment for congenital and acquired heart disease is with medication, if necessary. If a cat with heart disease has no symptoms or only mild symptoms, regular monitoring may be all that’s needed until symptoms appear or worsen.

Several types of medications are available to manage heart disease in cats. Here’s a list of those medications and how they work:

• Diuretic: Flushes out excess fluid from the lungs or abdomen
• ACE inhibitor: Relaxes blood vessels and reduces blood pressure
• Pimobendan: Improves heart function by improving contractility
• Blood pressure medication: Lowers blood pressure
• Beta blocker: Slows the heart rate, reduces blood pressure
• Calcium channel blocker: Slows the heart rate, helps the heart pump more efficiently, reduces blood pressure

Prognosis for Cats with Heart Disease

The prognosis for cats with heart disease will depend on the type and severity of heart disease. Kittens with severe congenital heart disease will have a poor prognosis. The prognosis is better with mild heart disease.

How to Prevent Heart Disease in Cats

Heart disease in cats cannot be prevented. However, regular wellness visits can help your veterinarian detect heart disease early and develop a management plan to slow disease progression and, as much as possible, maintain a good quality of life for your cat.

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What is Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

Dilated cardiomyopathy, DCM for short, is a disease of heart muscles, specifically the ventricular muscles, which are responsible for pumping blood forward and through the blood. In DCM, the heart muscles weaken over time resulting in a big, weak, floppy heart. Dilated chambers in the heart have a reduced ability to contract and push blood through the body’s blood vessels. A heart affected by DCM becomes overloaded with blood, and can result in congestive heart failure.

Thirty years ago, DCM was one of the leading causes of heart failure in cats. It was theorized that DCM in cats was due to a dietary deficiency of an essential amino acid called taurine. Most cat foods manufacturers began supplementing their foods with taurine, and now DCM is rarely seen in cats, and accounts for around 10 percent of heart disease seen in cats (1).

Causes of an Enlarged Heart in Cats

Before 1987, dilated cardiomyopathy was the most common type of heart disease diagnosed in cats. Thanks to dietary modifications in commercial cat foods, now DCM in cats is relatively rare. In the past, it was theorized that taurine deficiency was the main culprit of feline DCM. Today, the underlying cause in the majority of DCM in cats is unknown. In some families of cats, a genetic predisposition has been identified, just like in humans.

While dilated cardiomyopathy can affect any cat of any age, Asian breeds, including Persians, Burmese, Abyssinian, Siamese, seem to be disproportionately affected. DCM can also be the result of end-stage heart failure due to other heart disease in cats, including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and restrictive cardiomyopathy, both of which are more common in cats than DCM.

Symptoms of DCM in Cats

The most common signs associated with any type of heart disease in cats are rapid breathing (sometimes open-mouth), decreased appetite, and decreased energy levels. Sometimes, cats with heart disease don’t show any signs. Other times, they may hide, not want to eat, or act non-specifically sick. Other more severe symptoms of heart disease in cats include:

• Pale or bluish tinge to gums
• Weakness
• Racing heart
• Collapse
• Sudden onset of inability to move hindlimb due to paralysis and/or severe hindlimb pain (caused by a blocked blood vessel called a thromboembolism)

If you notice any of these signs in your cat, make an appointment to see your veterinarian as soon as possible. Heart disease can progress quickly in cats and become life-threatening. Remember a cat’s instinct is to hide any signs of sickness, so if your cat is showing you that they are sick, then they need to see a vet ASAP to determine what is causing the problem.

Diagnosing Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Cats

A veterinarian will use a combination of oral history from you and physical examination of the cat including taking vitals and listening to the heart and lungs with a stethoscope. Depending what the veterinarian notices on physical exam, they will recommend diagnostic testing, which can include:

• Chest radiographs (X-rays)
• Heart ultrasound (echocardiogram)
• Electrocardiogram
• Blood work (CBC, Blood Chemistry, thyroid testing, taurine testing, heart biomarkers)

Treatment for an Enlarged Heart in Cats

Cats that are suffering from congestive heart failure due to DCM are usually very sick and require hospitalization to be stabilized. They may need to be put in an oxygen cage to make it easier for them to breathe.

DCM often causes fluid buildup around the lungs that can make it hard to breathe, and using a needle and syringe to remove that fluid (in a procedure called thoracocentesis) is used to help cats breathe. Veterinarians often submit the fluid for testing as well. Even on medication, some cats will require intermittent thoracocentesis to remove fluid from their chest.

Medications for Managing DCM in Cats

Heart medication is the long term treatment of choice for managing DCM in cats. Prescribed medications can include:

• Furosemide, a diuretic that removes excess fluid from the body
• Pimobendan, to strengthen the heart muscle and dilate blood vessels so the heart can pump blood more effectively, alternatively digoxin may be prescribed
• Blood vessel dilators to reduce the work the heart has to do to move blood through the body
• Anti-arrhythmia heart medication if clinically indicated
• Taurine supplementation if clinically indicated

Caring for a Cat with DCM

Cats with DCM should be kept indoors only in a low stress environment. These cats often have a poor appetite, so ask your veterinarian for food recommendations to tempt your cat to eat. Avoid foods that are high in salt; some cats may need a low sodium diet.

Recheck Appointments

If your cat has DCM, it is very important to work closely with your veterinarian and report how your cat responds to therapy and any symptoms as soon as possible. Your veterinarian will need to see your cat back for rechecks fairly frequently to check how they are responding to treatment. Some medications, such as furosemide, must be accurately dosed, as too much will cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances and kidney issues, and too little will not be effective. During recheck appointments, your veterinarian will:

• Examine your cat
• Take their blood pressure
• Take blood samples to ensure that your cat is responding appropriately to medication and that there are no negative side effects

Prognosis for Cats with DCM

Unfortunately, DCM in cats that is not related to a taurine deficiency carries a poor prognosis, and survival even with treatment is usually weeks to months after initial diagnosis.

How to Prevent DCM in Cats

Ensure that your cat is eating a high quality cat food that contains animal protein to prevent a taurine deficiency. Do not feed cats a vegetarian or vegan diet. Have your cat’s health and heart checked by a veterinarian once a year to catch any problems early. 

Related conditions

• Congestive heart failure
• Thromboembolism
• Pleural effusion
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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Read on to learn more about seizures in cats, including what they look like and how you should respond if your cat has a seizure. 

Can Cats Have Seizures?

Just like humans, cats can have seizures. A seizure can be thought of as an electrical storm within the brain. All of the outwardly visible signs associated with a seizure are caused by abnormal electrical activity (nerve impulses) traveling throughout the brain. 

There are many potential causes of seizures in cats. Additionally, seizures can take on a variety of clinical appearances.

Types of Seizures in Cats

Seizures can be divided into two broad categories: generalized seizures and focal seizures. 

Generalized Seizures

During a generalized seizure, also known as a grand mal seizure, abnormal electrical activity occurs throughout the brain. During a generalized seizure, your cat will lose consciousness and be unaware of their surroundings. Affected cats often fall over with jerky, spasming movements throughout their entire body; over time, these movements may gradually turn to rhythmic paddling. Excessive salivation and loss of bladder or bowel control are also common features of generalized seizures. Most generalized seizures last for less than two minutes, though they can be very scary to watch. Fortunately, generalized seizures are relatively rare in cats. 

Focal Seizures

Focal seizures, in contrast, affect only a small portion of the brain. This is the most common type of seizure in cats. Focal seizures in cats do not cause a loss of consciousness. Instead, you may notice spasming of one particular limb or body part. In their most subtle forms, focal seizures may involve only a twitch of a single eyelid or ear. In more severe forms, cats with focal seizures may chew their tongue, run into walls or objects, and show other signs of distress. In some cases, a focal seizure can progress to a generalized seizure.

Cluster Seizures

Cluster seizures in cats may also occur. A cluster seizure is defined as two or more seizures occurring within a 24-hour period. These seizures may be focal or generalized. Cluster seizures warrant immediate veterinary attention. 

Cat Seizure Causes

Cat seizures can have a variety of potential causes. In general, causes of seizures may be divided into two categories: intracranial disease (occurring within the brain) and extracranial disease (occurring outside of the brain). 

The majority of seizures in cats are caused by intracranial disease. Intracranial infections that may be associated with seizures in cats include: 

• Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)
• Cryptococcus (a fungal infection)
• Toxoplasma (a protozoal disease)
• Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)
• Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
• Rabies (in unvaccinated cats)

Seizures can also be caused by inflammation with the brain, the presence of a brain tumor, or scar tissue within the brain (caused by previous infection or trauma). Young cats with seizures may have inherited epilepsy, which predisposes them to recurrent seizures despite the lack of an identifiable underlying disease. 

Extracranial diseases that may cause seizures in cats include:

• Polycythemia (a red blood cell abnormality)
• Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
• High blood pressure
• Liver disease

Rarely, toxins and medications may contribute to seizures.

What Can Trigger a Seizure in a Cat?

Low blood sugar, a high fever, or exposure to a toxin could trigger a one-time seizure in a cat. 

In many cases, however, seizures in cats are repeated. These seizures can often be directly attributed to an underlying intracranial or extracranial condition. 

Cat Seizure Symptoms

The symptoms of seizures will vary, depending on whether your cat is having a focal or generalized seizure. During a focal seizure, abnormal electrical activity is confined to one region of the brain. These cats remain conscious, responding to sight and sound. In most cases, the clinical signs associated with a focal seizure will be confined to one area of the body. 

The signs of a generalized seizure are more dramatic. These cats lose consciousness and may show signs similar to what you would expect of a human having a seizure. Generalized muscle spasms, loss of bladder and bowel control, and a period of post-seizure disorientation are common in cats with generalized seizures.

Symptoms of seizures in cats include: 

• Isolated twitching of one limb (focal)
• Isolated twitching of one or both eyelids (focal)
• Isolated twitching of one or both ears (focal)
• Sudden, abnormal behavior (focal)  
• Loss of consciousness (generalized)
• Fall over on their side (generalized)
• Generalized twitching or paddling (generalized)
• Loss of bladder or bowel control (generalized)
• Increased salivation (focal or generalized)
• Clenched, chattering jaw (focal or generalized)

What to Do if Your Cat is Having a Seizure

If your pet is having a seizure, remain calm. Most seizures will stop within a few minutes, even without veterinary treatment. 

Minimize your cat’s chance of injury. A cat that is having a generalized seizure at the top of a flight of stairs, for example, is at risk of falling down the stairs and becoming injured. If possible, move your cat to a safe, confined area. Take care not to get bit or scratched during this process, because pets that are having a seizure may be prone to bite. Use a thick towel or blanket when picking up your cat, to reduce the risk of receiving a bite. 

Do not reach into your cat’s mouth during a seizure. Cats will not swallow their tongues, and you increase your risk of being bitten by your cat by reaching into their mouth. 

Time your pet’s seizure. This information can be valuable to your veterinarian. A seizure that lasts 5 minutes or longer warrants emergency veterinary care; take your cat to your regular veterinarian or a veterinary emergency hospital. 

Once the seizure is over, reassure your cat. Your cat may be tired or antisocial after a seizure, which is normal. Offer your cat a quiet place to rest. 

Finally, contact your veterinarian. Isolated, one-time seizures may or may not require treatment, but your veterinarian will likely want to perform a physical exam to look for other signs of underlying disease.

Diagnosing Cat Seizures

Any cat with seizures should receive a thorough physical exam and screening blood tests. Your veterinarian will look for signs of neurologic disease, while also searching for extracranial disease that may cause seizures. 

If your cat has a history of repeated seizures, a more thorough workup is needed. Your veterinarian may recommend blood tests to screen for common infectious diseases. Additionally, your veterinarian may recommend X-rays of your cat’s chest to look for tumors.

In some cases, your veterinarian may refer your cat to a veterinary neurologist for a more extensive workup. A veterinary neurologist may recommend further testing, such as a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tap and advanced imaging (CT or MRI). 

Cat Seizure Treatment and Management

The treatment of feline seizures depends on their underlying cause. 

There are multiple anti-seizure medications available for use in cats, but these drugs offer their greatest benefits in cats with inherited epilepsy. If your veterinarian is able to rule out other intracranial and extracranial causes of seizures, you can expect a good response to anti-seizure medications. 

If your cat’s seizures are caused by another intracranial or extracranial disease, however, managing your cat’s seizures will require addressing the underlying cause of the condition. Fortunately, many causes of seizures in cats can be successfully treated or managed. 

There are no known, effective home remedies for cat seizures.

Cat Seizure Medications

Anti-seizure medications used in cats include phenobarbital, levetiracetam, and zonisamide. Gabapentin may also be used, especially in the case of focal seizures. These medications decrease the excitability of the cells within the brain. Therefore, side effects may include sedation, especially in the early stages of treatment. 

Depending on the underlying cause of your cat’s seizures, other medications that may be recommended include clindamycin (an anti-protozoal drug), prednisone (a steroid), or antifungal medications. 

Cost of Treatment for Cat Seizures

The cost to treat epilepsy will depend largely on the underlying cause. In general, the cost of anti-seizure medications will be $30/month or less. However, antifungal medications and treatments for brain cancer may be significantly more expensive. 

How to Prevent Seizures in Cats

Given the diverse causes of seizures in cats, there’s no single way to prevent these seizures from occurring. Keeping your cat indoors and up-to-date on recommended vaccinations, however, can protect them from some of the infectious causes of feline seizures.

References

1. Moore SA. Seizures and epilepsy in cats. Vet Med (Auckl). 2014;5:41-47. Published 2014 Jul 30. doi:10.2147/VMRR.S62077 

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Continue reading to find out what cerebellar hypoplasia in cats is and how to manage your wobbly cat at home.

What Is Cerebellar Hypoplasia?

Cerebellar hypoplasia in cats, also known as wobbly cat syndrome or CH, is a developmental condition in which a specific part of the brain, called the cerebellum, fails to develop properly. 

The cerebellum, which means “little brain” in Latin, is a part of the central nervous system within the back of the skull between the cerebrum and brainstem. Specifically, the cerebellum is responsible for coordination and balance. The word “hypoplasia” refers to underdevelopment of a particular organ or tissue, meaning the affected organ or tissue is often smaller than normal.

Although cerebellar hypoplasia is lifelong and untreatable, there’s good news for cats with CH! Wobbly cat syndrome isn’t painful, and cats with cerebellar hypoplasia typically have a great quality of life. Importantly, wobbly cat syndrome isn’t contagious between cats. CH is different from a lot of other neurological disorders in that it’s typically present at birth, doesn’t worsen over time, and has signs restricted only to the cerebellum.

Although we don’t know the true prevalence of cerebellar hypoplasia in cats and the condition is uncommon overall, CH is among the leading causes of neurological signs in kittens or young cats. It’s the most common condition affecting the cerebellum of kittens.

Causes of Cerebellar Hypoplasia in Cats

The development of cerebellar hypoplasia in a cat is truly dependent on the health of their mother. A kitten can develop wobbly cat syndrome if their mother receives a modified live virus vaccine (typically their annual FVRCP vaccine) or contracts the panleukopenia virus during pregnancy. Panleukopenia virus is a parvovirus (same family as canine parvovirus), and it usually causes diarrhea and immune system suppression in adult cats. The reason for these signs in adults is that the panleukopenia virus preferentially attacks rapidly dividing cells. In an adult cat, the cells that line their intestines and their white blood cells are some of the most rapidly dividing cells, so they are affected by the virus most severely.

So how does this lead to cerebellar hypoplasia in a kitten? During fetal development and within the first two weeks of life, the cerebellum is undergoing rapid development. If the kitten becomes infected with parvovirus either through natural infection or a live vaccination while in the uterus or within the first two weeks after birth, the virus can affect the rapidly dividing cells of their cerebellum. This will cause them to have an underdeveloped cerebellum.

Interestingly, CH may affect only one kitten in a litter, or it may affect all of them. Kittens affected by panleukopenia virus after two weeks of age are likely to have severe signs of the virus itself but are highly unlikely to develop wobbly cat syndrome.

Infection with panleukopenia virus is the most common cause of CH by far, but the condition could also theoretically develop if the pregnant mother cat is really malnourished or if the kitten suffers a head trauma that affects the cerebellum during its rapid stage of development.

Symptoms of Wobbly Cat Syndrome

Even though cerebellar hypoplasia is usually present at birth, it’s often not apparent until the kitten is trying to stand and walk on their own. This is usually around 2-3 weeks of age. Clinical signs do not worsen over time but may slightly improve as the cat adjusts to their disability.

Signs of wobbly cat syndrome include:

• Jerky, shaky, uncoordinated walking
• Appearing to sway from side to side when walking
• A high-stepping gait called hypermetria (sometimes called goose-stepping)
• Wide-based stance
• Mild head tremors at rest
• More noticeable tremors when the kitten makes an intentional movement, such as trying to play with a toy or bending over to eat or drink from a bowl (intention tremors)
• Clumsy placement of feet
• Leaning against walls for support

The uncoordinated, high-stepping walk of this condition is often referred to as “cerebellar ataxia.”

Clinical signs vary in severity depending on how developed the cerebellum was when the kitten was infected. Most cats with cerebellar hypoplasia will have an uncoordinated gait and intention tremors, but they will be able to eat on their own and use the litter box. In severe cases, the cat may struggle to get into and out of the litter box and could be at significant risk of falling and injuring themselves.

Remember that this is a developmental disorder. If your adult cat develops these clinical signs after previously having normal balance and coordination, it is extremely unlikely to be cerebellar hypoplasia. In this case, we recommend having your pet promptly evaluated by a veterinarian.

Diagnosing CH in Cats

In most cases, the veterinarian can diagnose cerebellar hypoplasia based on history and physical examination. If you have a kitten who begins to show these signs around the time they begin walking, it is extremely likely to be CH, especially if you know the mother was infected with panleukopenia virus or received a modified live vaccine while pregnant. 

The disease should not worsen in severity over time and signs should be restricted to those that can be explained by underdevelopment of the cerebellum. If your cat has other clinical signs, such as a head tilt, blindness, seizures, or inappropriate mentation, additional diagnostics would be recommended to rule out other neurological diseases.

For a more definitive diagnosis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can sometimes show a smaller than normal cerebellum. Typically, this is not necessary for diagnosis. Your veterinarian may also recommend other tests, such as blood work, to rule out other conditions. This is particularly more likely if they’re looking at an adult cat with an unknown history, such as one you have adopted from a shelter or a community cat you’ve welcomed into your home.

Treatment of Cerebellar Hypoplasia in Cats

Cerebellar hypoplasia is a developmental condition, which means we cannot treat it once it has developed. Instead, we focus on modifying the environment to keep our wobbly cats safe.

Your CH kitty must remain inside. If allowed to go outside, they’re at an increased risk of getting hit by a car or attacked by another animal due to their lack of coordination.

Lowering their head to the floor to eat or drink can worsen intention tremors. Because of this, it’s common for pet parents of CH cats to use elevated food and water dishes to reduce the trembling and make it easier for the cat to eat and drink.

Because the cat has a lack of coordination and a wide stance, it can be hard for cats to get into covered litter boxes, elevated litter boxes, litter boxes with high sides, and narrow litter boxes. In this case, we highly recommend a wide, uncovered litter box with low sides.

Cats with cerebellar hypoplasia should NEVER be declawed. Declawing can alter the way your cat walks, cause pain, and make it difficult for them to grip surfaces. Your cat with cerebellar hypoplasia will likely rely more heavily on their claws and may use them to grip if they’re losing their balance.

Keep in mind that your cat may be a fall risk. If your cat has mild CH, they may still be able to navigate cat trees and window seats, but if your cat’s cerebellar hypoplasia is moderate to severe, we recommend avoiding giving them access to heights. They will be more prone to injuries associated with falling.

Most cases of CH have a great prognosis if you adjust your home to keep them safe. Cats with cerebellar hypoplasia can still safely undergo anesthetic procedures, such as spay and neuter. More severe CH cases may require more assistance with getting into and out of litter boxes and eating and drinking. In severe cases, it may be best to restrict the cat to a safe room rather than giving them free range of the house, particularly if your home has a lot of stairs or areas the cat could fall from. Most cats with cerebellar hypoplasia will adapt to their disability and continue to be happy, healthy companions.

How to Prevent Cerebellar Hypoplasia in Cats

To prevent cerebellar hypoplasia in a cat, we need to prevent infection of their mother with panleukopenia virus. As previously mentioned, cerebellar hypoplasia can occur in kittens whose mothers become infected with panleukopenia virus or who are vaccinated with a live vaccine during pregnancy or within the first two weeks postpartum.

The best way to prevent CH is to get female cats vaccinated against panleukopenia prior to pregnancy. If your cat is already pregnant but due for her vaccines, your veterinarian may recommend holding off on vaccination until after the kittens’ first two weeks of life. Importantly, some places with a higher risk of infectious disease, such as an animal shelter or cattery, may still vaccinate pregnant cats. In these scenarios, the animal professionals have determined that the risk of infectious disease, which can be deadly, is greater than the risk of cerebellar hypoplasia.

If your cat is pregnant and has an unknown vaccination history, we recommend keeping them separate from other unvaccinated cats to prevent them from contracting panleukopenia virus. It’s extremely important that newborn kittens remain in a sanitary environment. You should avoid letting newborn kittens interact with other cats besides their mother to reduce the risk of disease transmission.

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Read on to understand what to expect for treatment after your cat is diagnosed with kidney disease.

Kidney Disease in Cats Treatment Plan: What to Expect

How a cat is treated for kidney disease depends on two important factors: is it acute or chronic? If it is chronic, what stage are they in?

Acute kidney disease is when signs come on suddenly. It can occur when a toxic substance is eaten, bacterial infections involving the kidneys, or when your cat already has underlying kidney disease and something else is wrong, like being dehydrated. Cats with acute kidney disease are usually hospitalized, staying in the hospital to get fluids through a catheter (intravenous or IV fluids), medications, and close monitoring. If your cat can be treated at home, you will likely need to give fluids under the skin (subcutaneous or SQ fluids) at least once daily, plus several other medications.

Chronic kidney disease is when the kidneys are slowly worsening and can occur over years before signs are noticed. Most times we cannot identify a cause – it could be your cat is prone to kidney disease for genetic reasons, but it also occurs with other medical issues such as urinary tract infections. Most cats are started on a special diet and supplements. Not all cats require fluids or medications, but if your cat is experiencing signs of illness, medications will help with improving quality of life by increasing appetite and decreasing vomiting.

If your cat has chronic kidney disease, your veterinarian will run a couple of blood and urine tests to determine what stage he is in:

• Stage 1: this is the earliest stage of kidney disease, often before cats have signs of illness. Unless your cat has high protein in the urine, your veterinarian is unlikely to recommend a special diet or supplements.
• Stage 2: This is the most common stage of kidney disease. If your cat has signs of illness, they are often mild. Your veterinarian is likely to recommend a special diet formulated for cats with kidney disease. Depending on electrolyte values and urine protein testing, your cat may need medication or supplements.
• Stage 3: Most cats are experiencing signs of illness at this stage. Your veterinarian will highly recommend a special diet, medications are likely, and SQ fluids are possible.
• Stage 4: This is the final and worst stage of kidney disease. Your cat is likely showing many signs of illness. Your veterinarian will recommend a special diet if your cat is willing to eat it, medications, and SQ fluids. He may be hospitalized initially to help decrease dehydration and get your cat feeling better before he goes home to continue treatments.

Kidney Disease in Cats Treatment Cost

Cats with kidney disease require routine testing to monitor their health. For chronic kidney disease, depending on stage and how well your cat is feeling, your veterinarian will recommend visits every 3-6 months. Bloodwork, urine, and blood pressure testing are frequently performed to start treatments as needed. This can cost anywhere between $200 and $500 per visit.

Ideally cats would be fed prescription canned food to increase the amount of water in their diet and regulate secondary issues associated with kidney disease. On average, this costs $125 per month. However, if your cat really loves dry food or the budget is tight, dry kidney diets will cost on average $35-$65 per month.

Medications vary widely and therapy plans are unique to each cat. Estimating cost is almost impossible, but pet parents can expect to spend anywhere from $15 to $150 per month depending on severity of disease.

Cat Kidney Disease Medications

Common medications used to manage signs of illness associated with kidney disease include:

• Aluminum hydroxide. This decreases phosphorus in cats. It comes in a powder or gel. Because the powder tastes bitter, it can be placed into gel capsules if needed.
• Calcitriol. This hormone regulates phosphorus, and low levels of calcitriol – frequent in cats with kidney disease – can lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism. It is often compounded into a liquid.
• Erythropoietin. Stimulates the formation of more red blood cells to combat anemia. This is an injectable medication given under the skin.
• Fluids such as Lactated Ringer’s Solution (LRS). This hydrates cats, flushing toxins out of the bloodstream that the kidneys can no longer process. This is given under the skin at home, or directly into the bloodstream (IV) in the hospital.
• Maropitant, commonly called Cerenia. This decreases nausea and inflammation in cats. It is a pill or an injection.
• Omeprazole. This decreases stomach acid in cats, which can accompany kidney disease. It is a pill.
• Potassium. Supplements a lack of potassium. This is a pill or powder to be mixed in food.
• Renal (kidney) supplements. These contain a combination of vitamins, amino acids, antioxidants, and holistic ingredients meant to improve the health of the kidneys. They come in powder, pill, and chew (treat) form.

Managing Kidney Disease Pain in Cats

Cats are not frequently in pain directly relating to kidney disease; however, when it does occur, pain from kidney stones, severe inflammation and infections can be severe. Most veterinarians will prescribe opioids like buprenorphine when this occurs. Gabapentin can help with forms of neuropathic pain and decreases general stress as well.

Many signs of illness that accompany kidney disease can lead to significant discomfort. Managing symptoms is the best way to decrease discomfort. Nausea or gastrointestinal pain can be treated with anti-nausea medications that are also anti-inflammatories like maropitant. Dehydration can be managed with SQ fluids.

Kidney Disease Cat Diet: What to Feed

Pet parents should feed diets made for cats with kidney disease whenever possible. These diets are specially formulated to ensure your cat has all the nutrients he may need and in an easy-to-digest way. Phosphorus, a mineral in the body, is decreased in kidney diets since it is often too high in cats with kidney disease. Protein is also decreased in kidney diets. A high protein diet is hard on the kidneys since they process protein, and can actually be a cause of kidney disease.

Homemade cat food can be useful for cats with kidney disease, but a veterinary nutritionist’s advice must be sought. When diets are not well balanced by a nutritionist, it can have serious consequences for your cat’s health above and beyond kidney disease.

Special treats are not needed for cats with kidney disease if pet parents are keeping treats to less than 10 percent of their total caloric intake. Some supplements that support kidney health are found in treat form and are a great choice for your cat.

Supplements for Cats with Kidney Disease

Many supplements support kidney health in cats. Potassium is needed when levels are too low in your cat. Phosphate binders may be needed if phosphorus is too high. Low levels of vitamin D are linked to kidney issues in humans and may be supplemented in cats. Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to decrease inflammation, reduce blood pressure, and decrease the risk of blood clots. Many supplements such as milk thistle extract, N-acetylcysteine, and melatonin are not only antioxidants but have been shown to have a positive effect on the structure of the kidneys.

Some combination commercial supplements are sold for cats with kidney disease. They typically include omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, amino acids, and natural holistic ingredients that directly support kidney health such as Astragalus root, Cordyceps spp., and Rehmannia glutinosa root. Before giving any kidney supplements to your cat, be sure to speak with your veterinarian. Many supplements are not regulated by the FDA, so a manufacturer trusted by veterinarians should be chosen.

Support your cat’s water intake by offering some water flavored with low sodium chicken broth or tuna juice. Cat water fountains can increase interest in drinking water. Canned food diets are ideal to increase water in the diet.

Kidney Disease in Cats Treatment: Tips and Advice

Once your cat starts therapy such as a prescription diet, you may not notice a difference if your cat wasn’t showing signs of illness before. However, most cats with signs of kidney disease see improvement almost right away with medications. Very ill cats may never be symptom-free, but many cats see significant improvement. Over time, a quality diet and supplements can maintain a healthy balance for your cat with minimal symptoms.

Always contact your veterinarian if signs of kidney disease do not decrease or new symptoms emerge. For example, if your cat was vomiting daily when diagnosed with kidney disease, speak with your veterinarian if after a week or two of therapy there has been no improvement. If your cat has started vomiting and wasn’t vomiting regularly before—contact your veterinarian to discuss options.

If you struggle to give medication to your cat, call your veterinarian. There are many possible solutions for getting medications into your cat. Compounding pharmacies can make medications into liquid, pills, paste, capsules, powder, or even tasty treats. Cats can be trained to (better) accept medication by using positive rewards like catnip, treats, or special toys.

The most important thing to remember: your goal is to keep your cat feeling good. It is more important that your cat eat a balanced diet than it is for your cat to eat a prescription kidney diet. Don’t focus on whether your cat’s blood kidney values have worsened as much as ensuring your cat eats, plays, and enjoys the things they always have. Be very communicative with your veterinary hospital about what your cat needs.

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When hyperthyroidism is suspected, appropriate testing is done to confirm the diagnosis so that a treatment plan can be made. Treating hyperthyroidism in cats may seem overwhelming, but with the help of a veterinarian, pet parents can better understand what to expect and feel more prepared after this diagnosis. 

Hyperthyroidism in Cats Treatment Plan: What to Expect

After a cat has been diagnosed with hyperthyroidism, treatment begins immediately to help them feel better and minimize secondary complications. Treatment may consist of medication, a diet change, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery. 

The specific type of treatment will depend on the age of the cat and any underlying health issues, the severity of the condition, and the preference of the pet parent. Some cats may not respond well to one form of treatment but do very well with another option. Pet parents can work with their veterinarians to determine the best option for their unique cat. 

Hyperthyroidism in Cats Treatment Cost

Cats who have hyperthyroidism need to see the veterinarian frequently after first receiving the diagnosis. These initial visits are generally done to ensure the cat is tolerating the treatment plan well and that their condition is well-managed. Frequency of visits will depend on what treatment option is chosen. For example, if medication is used to treat hyperthyroidism, a cat may initially need to be seen every month to assess their response and determine whether any dosing adjustments should be made. The veterinarian will guide the pet parent through the initial diagnosis and start of treatment to determine a visit frequency that is appropriate for each individual cat. 

Veterinary visits will become less frequent after the cat’s condition is managed well. However, pet parents can still expect to visit the veterinarian every six to 12 months for the remainder of the cat’s life. Initially, pet parents can expect to spend around $100 a month for veterinary visits, a special diet, blood work, and medications. Of course, radioactive iodine therapy and surgery would have greater costs overall. 

Cat Hyperthyroidism Medication and Treatment Options

Methimazole is the most common medication prescribed to cats with hyperthyroidism. It is an anti-thyroid medication that decreases the number of hormones that the thyroid gland produces and releases into the bloodstream. This drug is affordable for pet parents but it must be used for the life of the cat in order to manage their condition. It is usually given twice daily orally, but since some pet parents may find difficulty in giving medication to their cats. It is also available in a gel and cream that can be applied to the cat’s skin. Side effects may include lethargy, vomiting, and decreased appetite [1]. 

Radioactive iodine therapy is used for some cats with hyperthyroidism. The radioactive iodine is administered into the cat’s vein and then travels through the bloodstream to the thyroid gland, where it works by destroying this tissue through radiation exposure. It is typically effective within the first two weeks following treatment, and it has been shown to cure this condition within three months in approximately 95 percent of hyperthyroid cats. However, a major disadvantage is that cats are considered radioactive for a short period of time following treatment and must remain hospitalized until their radioactivity decreases [1]. 

While surgery is an option for treating cat hyperthyroidism, it is not commonly performed due to the other more favorable options available. It also requires general anesthesia, which may be unsuitable for some cats [1]. 

Hyperthyroidism in Cats Natural Treatment

Research is very limited on the use of homeopathic medicines for cat hyperthyroidism treatment. Homeopathic remedies, acupuncture, and herbal medicines are a few treatment options available. While a couple studies have demonstrated a favorable outcome using these alternative therapies, more research is needed to compare this holistic approach to conventional medicine [2, 3].  

Hyperthyroidism Cat Diet: What to Feed

A special diet can be prescribed by a veterinarian for hyperthyroid cats. Because iodine plays a role in the production of thyroid hormones, these diets are specially formulated with less iodine content. A special diet alone may not be enough to fully manage hyperthyroidism, but it can be helpful in combination with medication therapy or in pet parents who prefer this option. Cats on a low-iodine diet must not receive any other food or treats apart from this special diet in order for it to be most effective. 

Homemade food is not recommended for cats with hyperthyroidism because it is difficult to restrict the amount of iodine content if it is not commercially formulated. Ingredients may be inadvertently added, which could actually worsen the cat’s condition as well. 

Hyperthyroidism in Cats Treatment: Tips and Advice 

Once a cat with hyperthyroidism is on a treatment plan, pet parents should see an improvement in symptoms relatively soon. These may include a return to a normal appetite, less hyperactivity, and an improved hair coat. Additional signs of improvement include reduced thirst and urination and some weight gain. If the cat initially experienced vomiting or diarrhea as a result of increased thyroid hormone levels, these symptoms should disappear as these levels decrease as well. 

During treatment, pet parents should watch for extreme lethargy, low appetite, and vomiting, as this would indicate that the cat needs to be evaluated by a veterinarian. 

While there are many negative consequences to cat hyperthyroidism, such as high blood pressure and heart disease, starting treatment early can reduce the risk of these adverse effects. Cats that have been diagnosed with hyperthyroidism can live long, happy lives with the proper treatment plan and the guidance of a veterinarian. 

References

1. Chapman S. F. (2011). Homeopathic and integrative treatment for feline hyperthyroidism–four cases (2006-2010). Homeopathy : the journal of the Faculty of Homeopathy, 100(4), 270–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.homp.2011.05.004
2. Dobias, P. (2006). Homeopathic treatment of feline hyperthyroidism . Veterinary Information Network, Inc. Retrieved December 12, 2022, from https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=11223&meta=generic&catId=31450&id=3858944&ind=45&objTypeID=17
3. Hyperthyroidism in cats. Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. (2017, January). Retrieved December 10, 2022, from https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/hyperthyroidism-cats

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Cats can certainly have itchy skin, and many will also cough or sneeze from time to time. This begs the question: can cats have allergies? Let’s take a closer look.

Can Cats Have Allergies?

The short answer is yes, cats can have allergies. Allergies are an inflammatory response to a specific stimulus, and this delightful experience isn’t restricted to humans alone. That said, cats don’t necessarily experience allergies in the exact same way humans do, but many people know how uncomfortable it can be to have something seemingly innocuous (or even invisible) trigger a physical reaction like this.

According to Dr. Sarrah Hoppers, assistant professor of dermatology at the Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, allergies in cats generally first surface when the animals are young, specifically between ages 1 and 3. 

“Some studies have shown that Maine Coon, Abyssinian, Siamese, Persians, and Himalayan cats are predisposed to developing allergies,” Dr. Hoppers adds, “but we should be careful interpreting that type of information, as these might not represent a true breed predisposition but rather a regional popularity of certain breeds.”

Types of allergies in cats include:

• Food allergies
• Environmental allergies
• Allergic bronchitis (feline asthma)
• Flea allergies
• Contact allergies

What Causes Allergies in Cats? 

Many things can trigger allergies in cats. Here is a look at common triggers, broken down by allergy type. 

Food allergies

Cats can be allergic to specific ingredients in their food. “In the vast majority of cases of food allergies in cats and dogs, it is the protein source in the diet that causes the allergy,” Dr. Hoppers says.

The most common proteins that cause allergies in cats are chicken, beef, and fish, she adds. While more rare, other ingredients like wheat and corn can sometimes be the source of an allergy.

Environmental allergies

With the exception of flea allergies, most other allergies in cats are triggered by environmental factors, says Dr. Bruce Kornreich, the director of the Cornell Feline Health Center at the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. These are more commonly referred to as seasonal allergies because most of these allergens are typically prevalent during a specific time of year. 

“In the spring, it’s trees and grass growing. Molds are present in fall. And dust mites might be more prevalent in winter because the heat is turned on, and they’re in the duct work of the house, so they get stirred up into the air, and cats breathe them in,” Dr. Kornreich says. 

Allergic bronchitis

Airborne substances, such as cigarette smoke or strongly scented products like candles or even kitty litter dust, can trigger allergic bronchitis in cats, also known as feline asthma. “Feline asthma is a common problem,” says Dr. Jessica Bell, an assistant professor of community practice at Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine. Dr. Bell says smoke in the air from wildfires where she lives in the Northwest can trigger an asthmatic reaction in cats.

Flea allergies

The presence of fleas, of course, makes cats itchy, but it’s also possible that some cats are allergic to fleas, Dr. Kornreich says. More specifically, the proteins in flea saliva trigger a reaction in allergic cats when they get bit. 

If a cat is allergic to fleas, they might be allergic to other parasites, Dr. Bell says. Parasite control is one of the most important strategies for allergy management.

Contact allergies

Though it is rare compared to the other types of allergies discussed so far, cats can experience contact allergies. For example, a cat can be allergic to certain cleaning products used on countertops or other surfaces they come into contact with, Dr Kornreich says. 

Some shampoos may also cause allergic dermatitis in cats, Dr. Bell adds.

Allergy Symptoms in Cats

Symptoms of allergies in cats typically fall into three buckets: dermatological, respiratory, and gastrointestinal (GI).

The primary dermatological symptom of most types of allergies is itching, Dr. Hoppers says, but this leads to other behaviors that cause additional problems.

“Itching is usually the most prevalent symptom, and this leads to the cat over-grooming, which can look like excessive licking, chewing, and/or pulling out tufts of hair,” she says. “This self-traumatization often causes open and/or crusted skin lesions to develop, and secondary bacterial skin infections are relatively common.”

Treating secondary infections is just as important as dealing with the initial symptoms of the allergy, Dr. Kornreich says. Without doing so, your cat may end up in a cycle where the allergy is no longer bothering them, but the secondary infection causes itching that may lead to another infection, and so on.

While respiratory symptoms may not be as prevalent or common as dermatological symptoms for many types of allergies in cats, they manifest more frequently when it comes to inhaled allergens. Respiratory symptoms in cats due to allergies can include coughing and wheezing.

GI symptoms of allergies in cats include vomiting and diarrhea, says Dr. Bell. These symptoms can occur with diet-related allergens, though food allergy symptoms in cats also include itchiness that can occur anywhere on the body. Sometimes a cat’s head and neck are impacted by itchiness from food allergies in particular, Dr. Hoppers says.

Diagnosing Allergies in Cats

Diagnosing allergies in cats can be a challenging and potentially lengthy process for pet parents and medical professionals. This is because many of the symptoms associated with feline allergies are symptoms of other conditions as well. 

The process for diagnosing non-food allergies in cats starts with ruling out things like mites, ticks, fleas, and fungal skin diseases, Dr. Kornreich says.

Once these triggers are ruled out, a veterinary dermatologist can conduct an intradermal skin test on your cat. “It involves injecting very small amounts of various allergens under the skin as you watch to see if there’s an inflammatory reaction,” Dr. Kornreich says. 

There’s also a blood test that looks for a specific antibody called immunoglobulin E (IgE), which Dr. Kornreich says can be somewhat helpful for diagnosing environmental allergies in cats, but it’s not as reliable as the skin test.

If your veterinarian suspects a food allergy, the best way to confirm this is to try and eliminate the allergen from your cat’s diet. The preferred method of doing this is giving the cat a hydrolyzed diet, in which protein chains are broken into smaller pieces so that the body doesn’t recognize the protein that may be causing the allergy, Dr. Bell says. 

The cat should be on this diet for about 12 weeks to get an appropriate sense of whether it’s working, she says. During that time, no other sources of food—including treats, food that’s meant for another cat in the house, or table scraps—can be given to the cat or else the process must start over again. This includes medications, such as preventatives, that have flavorings in them. Check with your veterinarian before discontinuing any medications.

An alternative to a hydrolyzed diet that pet parents can perhaps more easily attempt on their own involves feeding a cat a protein that he has never been exposed to before (a novel protein) for a similar period of time and with the same restrictions on other types and sources of food, Dr. Bell says. However, if you wish to do this, it’s critical that you closely review the food label to ensure it’s limited in carbohydrates and doesn’t contain any fillers or other ingredients that come from other protein sources. 

For all of these reasons, it’s wise to work alongside a veterinary professional when trying to identify what’s triggering a food allergy in cats.

Treating Allergies in Cats

There are a variety of ways to treat allergy symptoms in cats with medications. The best option depends on the cat and the severity of the problem. “Allergy medications should be prescribed and monitored by a veterinarian, and home remedies are typically not effective or recommended,” Dr. Hoppers says.

Antihistamines are among the most common treatments for allergies in cats, Dr. Kornreich says. Veterinarians may also try cyclosporine for allergic dermatitis or a corticosteroid, though the latter comes with potential negative side effects.

“The biggest [side effect] is diabetes, and in some cases, if the cat has other problems like heart disease, [steroids] can worsen them,” he says. “So lifestyle changes, along with antihistamines and omega-3 fatty acids, might be worth trying first.”

Additionally, like humans, cats may undergo allergen-specific immunotherapy, Dr. Kornreich says, during which the cat is intermittently given small injections of the potentially offending allergen to desensitize them.

Preventing Allergies in Cats

If a food allergy is strongly suspected, the best method of prevention is formulating a diet for the cat that removes the offending ingredient, as outlined above. 

Keeping all pets in the home on year-round parasite prevention is the best way to prevent flea allergies.

Many other allergies in cats, including ones coming from specific environmental sources, may be more difficult to completely prevent. However, Dr. Kornreich says regularly changing the air filters in your house, cleaning out your ducts, and deep cleaning in general can all help rid your cat’s space of potentially offending allergens. 

And if prevention isn’t possible, treatment is your best course of action. The earlier you start that process, the better, Dr. Hoppers says. “The single most important thing a pet parent can do is intervene in the allergic process under the guidance of a veterinarian or veterinary dermatologist as early in life as possible,” she says. “When left undiagnosed and untreated, allergy symptoms tend to become more severe as animals age, and they can become more difficult to treat as a result. Identifying the problem and starting a treatment protocol early presents the best chance for success and improving quality of life.”

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Allergies are the outward sign of the immune system’s overreaction to an allergen (allergy-causing substance). They are common in cats and can range from mildly irritating to life-threatening.

Learning about cat allergies will help you recognize allergy symptoms in your cat and quickly get the treatment your cat needs to feel more comfortable. 

7 Common Cat Allergy Symptoms

The signs of allergies in cats are variable and can depend on the type of allergy and severity of the allergic reaction. For example, symptoms may appear suddenly when an allergic reaction is severe and immediate or take years to develop after repeated exposures to a particular allergen. 

As you read through the list of symptoms of allergies in cats below, be aware that these symptoms do not always automatically point to an allergy. Your veterinarian will need to do some diagnostic detective work to determine whether your cat’s symptoms are due to an allergy or another medical condition.

Here are seven common cat allergy symptoms to look for:

Local or generalized itchiness

Allergies can make cats feel itchy in certain spots or are all over. For example, fleas tend to bite in hard-to-reach areas, like the back of the neck, making a cat feel itchy in that spot. Environmental allergies can cause generalized itchiness.

Hair loss

Allergies can make a cat’s skin very itchy, leading to constant irritation and scratching. This scratching leads to hair breakage and hair loss. Cats with allergies often have patches of hair loss from the itching and scratching.

Red, dry, flaky skin

Along with the itchiness and hair loss, cats with allergies commonly have red, dry, and flaky skin because of the constant skin irritation and discomfort.

Digestive upset

Cats with food allergies can experience digestive symptoms when something they eat upsets their tummy. For example, if a cat is allergic to chicken, eating a chicken-based food may cause symptoms like vomiting and diarrhea.

Itchy, watery eyes

Do you get itchy, watery eyes when there’s a lot of pollen in the air? A cat’s eyes can also become itchy and watery when they’re allergic to something in the environment. Even for strictly indoor cats, dust or strong scents can trigger an allergic reaction that causes itchy, watery eyes.

Coughing

Cats with allergic bronchitis, also known as asthma, will cough in response to an allergen that irritates their lungs.

Ear infections

Interestingly, food and environmental allergies in cats can lead to ear infections. 

Other Symptoms to Watch For

Other symptoms of allergies in cats to watch for include:

• Sneezing
• Itchy ears
• Nasal discharge
• Incessant grooming
• Difficulty breathing*
• Swelling (e.g., lips, paws)
• Conjunctivitis (swollen inner lining of the eyelid)

* Difficulty breathing in cats is a medical emergency. If your cat has trouble breathing, immediately take them to your veterinarian or a veterinary emergency hospital.

Diagnosing Allergies in Cats

Diagnosing a cat allergy can be challenging, time-consuming, and expensive, depending on the type of allergy. 

Before going into the diagnostic process, let’s first describe the types of cat allergies:

• Flea allergy: Yes, cats can and do get fleas. Proteins in a flea’s saliva can cause an allergic reaction, making the skin feel very itchy.
• Food allergy: Animal proteins, such as chicken and beef, are common causes of food allergies in cats. Less common food allergens include corn and wheat.
• Atopic dermatitis (environmental allergies): Substances in the environment, like pollen and grasses, can trigger an allergic skin reaction in cats. These allergies are typically seasonal but may occur year-round, especially with indoor allergens like dust and mold.
• Contact allergy: Rarely, substances that your cat contacts, such as shampoo or wool, can cause an allergic skin reaction.
• Cutaneous drug eruptions: Drugs can sometimes trigger an allergic reaction in cats, but this is uncommon.
• Allergic bronchitis (feline asthma): Allergic bronchitis is triggered by substances in the air, such as cigarette smoke or perfume. The allergic reaction causes the airways to become inflamed and constricted, making breathing difficult.

To diagnose an allergy in your cat, your veterinarian will first take a detailed history and conduct a physical exam. The history and physical exam will give your veterinarian the initial clues as to what type of allergy your cat may have.

Your veterinarian will then conduct diagnostic tests specific to the suspected allergy type: 

Flea allergy

Diagnosis is usually based on physical exam and history. If fleas are not seen on the cat, a positive response to flea treatment will confirm the diagnosis.

Food allergy

Diagnosing a food allergy requires an 8- to 12-week food elimination trial to identify the food allergen. During the trial, a cat eats only a novel protein diet (a diet containing a protein your cat has never eaten) with no extra treats, human food, or flavored medications. These trials are conducted with veterinary supervision and can be challenging.

Atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis can be diagnosed with a blood test or intradermal skin testing. The blood test looks for levels of antibodies in the blood that are responsible for inciting the immune response to an allergen. 

The skin test is the gold standard for diagnosing atopic dermatitis. The veterinarian injects tiny amounts of suspected allergens under the skin and waits for an allergic response to occur (skin swelling) that would identify the allergen. 

Contact allergy

Diagnosing a contact allergy can be expensive and time-consuming. The veterinarian applies a tiny patch of potential allergen (e.g., wool) to a cat’s skin. The area with the patch is monitored daily for the next 1 to 2 weeks for an allergic reaction. With so many potential contact allergens, diagnosing contact allergies can be time-consuming and difficult.

Cutaneous drug eruption

Diagnosing a drug allergy relies on knowing the history of medications a cat has recently taken. Symptoms that appeared soon after a particular drug was administered and stopped after the drug was discontinued indicate a drug allergy.

Allergic bronchitis

Chest X-rays are used to diagnose allergic bronchitis. 

Treatment for Allergies in Cats

As for allergies in people, allergies in cats are usually managed, not cured. Depending on the type of allergy, your cat may require lifelong allergy management to minimize the risk of future allergic reactions and treat allergy flare-ups.  

Flea allergies are treated with year-round flea prevention, even for strictly indoor cats. 

Food allergies are treated by feeding a diet that does not contain the allergy-inducing ingredient. 

Atopic dermatitis is managed with various medications, including steroids, antihistamines, and immunosuppressive drugs. Steroids provide rapid and effective relief, while antihistamines’ effectiveness is mixed. Immunosuppressive drugs like cyclosporine tamp down the allergic reaction’s intensity but can take up to 30 days to be maximally effective.

Managing contact and drug allergies is relatively straightforward. Avoiding the offending substance or drug is typically sufficient to prevent future allergic reactions.

Allergic bronchitis can be managed with medications to decrease inflammation and relax and open the airways. Cats with severe allergic bronchitis may need to be hospitalized and receive more aggressive treatment.

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Luckily, cats are not typically allergic to humans, but we do share some common allergens. Cats can be allergic to environmental allergens like dust and pollen, certain types of food, and flea saliva. But how can you tell if your cat has an allergy, and how do you pinpoint what is causing the reaction? Here’s what you need to know.

Signs of Allergies in Cats

The most common signs of environmental and flea allergies in cats are seen in the skin and ears. “Skin and ears can become itchy. There could also be fur loss,” explains Emily Swiniarski, DVM, chief medical officer of PAWS Chicago in Chicago, Illinois. “However, cats are very secretive, so you might not see them scratching.”

Cats with allergies often get secondary skin infections or have red bumps, especially if fleas are involved. Cats can also get a rash-like skin condition called miliary dermatitis in response to allergens.

In addition to thinning fur behind the ears, allergy cats can have inflammation and hair loss on the face, neck, lower back/rump, belly, and thighs.

With food allergies in cats, the most common sign is itchy, irritated skin. That being said, there is the possibility that a food allergy could also cause gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea, vomiting, change in appetite, and weight loss.

It can be very difficult to diagnose allergies in cats. “Sometimes we joke that cats don’t read our textbooks, because there can be a wide variety of clinical presentations for different ailments, including allergies,” says Dr. Ekaterina Mendoza-Kuznetsova, V.V.Z., DECVD, assistant clinical professor in the Department of Clinical Sciences at Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine in North Grafton, Massachusetts. “On top of that, it can also be difficult to differentiate allergies from similar conditions.”

What Are Cats Allergic To? Common Allergens

As mentioned earlier, cats and people can be allergic to many of the same things. “Anything that could create allergies in a human can create allergies in a cat,” Dr. Swiniarski says. “They can be allergic to all sorts of grasses, pollen, and plants, as well as dust mites, fleas, and dogs or other pets.”

Allergies in cats can be broken down into a few general categories, including:

• Flea allergies (flea allergy dermatitis, caused by flea bites)
• Environmental allergies (e.g., pollen, grass, dust, mold)
• Food allergies
• Contact allergies (anything that comes in contact with the skin, such as shampoos, or fabrics like wool)
• Feline asthma (triggered by inhaled substances in the air like smoke or perfume)

Perhaps the most common allergen for cats is flea bites. “With a flea allergy, a single bite can cause a hypersensitive reaction that could potentially last for a couple of weeks,” Dr. Mendoza-Kuznetsova says. “And you might never see a flea. All it takes is one bite and for the flea to jump to a different host.”

What Plants Are Cats Allergic To?

In addition to common environmental allergens like dust and mold, pollen spread by plants can cause allergies in cats. Common culprits include tree pollens, grass pollens, weed pollens, and flower pollens.

If your cat is showing signs of an environmental allergy, your veterinarian may treat them without knowing exactly which allergen is to blame. “Cats can be allergic to a variety of grasses, trees, shrubs, and flowers, but it’s hard to figure out which one is causing the reaction,” Dr. Swiniarski says. There is also a lack of scientific research into which plants cats might be most allergic to. This may have to do with how difficult it is to diagnose allergies in cats.

What Foods are Cats Allergic To?

When it comes to food allergies, cats are most often allergic to proteins, such as meat and dairy. Common food allergens in cats include:

• Chicken
• Beef
• Turkey
• Egg
• Soy
• Milk

Food allergies can present suddenly, even if a cat has been eating the same food for years, Dr. Mendoza-Kuznetsova notes. “A cat may have been eating chicken for a decade without any problems. But suddenly—and no one knows why—this cat may develop an allergy to chicken. Onset is unpredictable.” 

Cats cannot be allergic to a food that they have never tried before, Dr. Mendoza-Kuznetsova adds. So, if a cat presents with a chicken allergy, a common solution is to transition that cat’s diet to a novel protein, such as lamb. 

How to Help Your Cat with Allergies

If your veterinarian determines that your cat is suffering from allergies, there are some steps you can take to help your feline companion.

For cats with flea bite allergies, the most important step is to get them on a good flea control product. “It may take a few months, but a flea control product will decrease the number of fleas around a cat, which will lead to less bites,” Dr. Mendoza-Kuznetsova says.

If your cat has a food allergy, an elimination diet is necessary to pinpoint the food that is causing the issue. “The only way to diagnose a food allergy is a diet trial, which is very strict and not easy for picky eaters like cats,” Dr. Mendoza-Kuznetsova explains. You will work with your veterinarian to systematically remove different foods from your cat’s diet until there is an improvement in symptoms. To confirm that a particular ingredient is the culprit, you add it back to the diet and see if clinical signs reappear. Any offending foods are then permanently removed from your cat’s diet. 

As for environmental allergies, there are intradermal skin tests available, but they are not generally used to make diagnoses. “They’re only used for identifying what a cat is likely allergic to once we determine that cat is suffering from an environmental allergy, and they’re only utilized after a clinical workup has been done by a veterinarian,” Dr. Mendoza-Kuznetsova says.

It’s impossible to keep your cat safe from all allergens, especially ones like pollen and dust that get into your home, no matter how clean you keep it. That means that pet parents who have cats with environmental allergies should focus on treating symptoms, rather than trying to prevent them from happening.

“Your vet may recommend an antihistamine like cetirizine—also known as Zyrtec—to help mitigate your cat’s symptoms,” Dr. Swiniarski says. “We also have medications that can help with itchiness that we prescribe relatively frequently.” Many cats with allergies usually need more than antihistamines alone—they might need cyclosporine (Atopica) or another immunomodulator. Allergy shots (allergen-specific immunotherapy/ASIT) are also used in cats to help improve their tolerance to allergens.

As with any medical issues, pet parents should work with their cat’s care team to develop a treatment plan and should not give any medication without consulting with their veterinarian first.

The post What Are Cats Allergic To? Common Allergens  appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Even though bladder cancer in cats is rare, you don’t have to face this diagnosis on your own. Here, we’ll explain the causes, symptoms, and treatment options you can expect if your feline family member is diagnosed with bladder cancer.

What Is Bladder Cancer?

Our pets can develop benign polyps in the bladder, and they can develop tumors in other parts of the urinary tract, such as the kidneys, ureters (tubes from kidneys to bladder), and urethra (tube from bladder to outside of body). When we refer to bladder cancer, we specifically mean malignant tumors of the bladder.

In both cats and dogs, the most common cancer of the urinary bladder is called transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). This tumor arises from the cells that line the bladder and part of the urethra. While this tumor is almost always found in the lower neck of the bladder in dogs, the site of a bladder tumor in cats is more variable. This means that we can’t assume a tumor isn’t a TCC just because it’s located somewhere else in the bladder.

Other types of cancer can affect the urinary bladder, such as rhabdomyosarcoma or lymphoma. While we’ll mainly focus on TCC in cats, other cancers of the bladder have similar signs and similar treatment methods (surgery vs chemotherapy vs NSAIDs).

Stages of Bladder Cancer in Cats

When a cat is diagnosed with bladder cancer, the veterinarian will want to perform staging. When staging, they will measure the primary tumor, determine if the cancer is in nearby lymph nodes, and check for spread (metastasis) to other organs. Additional areas that transitional cell carcinoma is known to spread to include the lungs, lymph nodes, abdominal wall, kidneys, pancreas, and liver, among others.

TCC in cats doesn’t currently have its own validated staging system. There is a form of staging from the World Health Organization called the TNM staging system, focused on the primary tumor (T), lymph nodes (N), and distant metastases (M). If desired, this can be used to set a specific stage for the tumor.

Staging usually involves imaging, such as X-rays of the abdomen and chest, abdominal ultrasound, and potentially a CT scan. Accessible lymph nodes may be aspirated with a needle to collect cells to study for evidence of spread, though aspiration of lymph nodes in the abdomen is not recommended when TCC is suspected.

It’s not currently known what percentage of cats have metastatic disease when they’re first diagnosed, though some estimates state approximately 20 percent of cats already have spread. 

Causes of Cat Bladder Cancer

The cause of bladder cancer in cats is not fully understood. Utilizing what we know about bladder cancer in dogs and humans, some of the potential contributing factors could include:

• Carcinogens excreted in the urine that cause changes to the cells in the bladder or urethra
• Exposure to older formulas of insecticides and pesticides for flea and ticks
• Use of a chemotherapy drug called cyclophosphamide
• Genetic predisposition
• Obesity
• Older age (median age at time of diagnosis is 15 years)

Symptoms of Bladder Cancer in Cats

The symptoms of bladder cancer in cats often mimic other more common conditions, such as a urinary tract infection, feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD), or bladder stones. It’s important not to immediately assume your cat has cancer if you note these signs, but if their clinical signs are not resolving despite treatment for infection and inflammation, bladder cancer is a potential diagnosis.

Symptoms include:

• Straining to urinate
• Blood in urine
• Frequent urination with small amounts of urine produced
• Straining while defecating
• Difficulty breathing and coughing
• Unkempt appearance
• Overgrooming of genitals or belly
• Urinating outside the litterbox
• Vocalizing, especially in the litterbox
• Abdominal pain
• Vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Lethargy
• Inability to urinate

The worst-case scenario is that the bladder tumor obstructs the urethra or a ureter. If the urethra is obstructed, your pet will be unable to urinate. This puts them at risk for bladder rupture and kidney failure. If the ureter is blocked, urine will be unable to flow from the kidney to the bladder, which would cause the kidney to enlarge and fail.

If your cat is vocalizing in the litter box but producing minimal to no urine, appears to have an enlarged abdomen, begins acting lethargic, loses their appetite, or is vomiting, this warrants a trip to an emergency veterinarian. Keep in mind that even with these symptoms, your cat is more likely to have a urinary blockage due to FLUTD than they are to have bladder cancer.

Diagnosing Bladder Cancer in Cats

Physical Exam

To diagnose bladder cancer in a cat, your veterinarian will start with a physical examination. They’ll want to perform testing to rule out the most common causes of urinary abnormalities. This could include a urinalysis with culture, blood work, abdominal radiographs, and abdominal ultrasound. If your pet appears to be blocked due to FLUTD (more common in males), your veterinarian is likely to attempt passing a urinary catheter to relieve obstruction.

If your pet has evidence of a urinary tract infection but no bladder stones, your veterinarian will typically start by treating the infection. If the signs do not improve or promptly recur, then bladder cancer should be considered as a rule-out.

Again, FLUTD in cats causes a lot of the same symptoms as both infection and a bladder tumor, but it’s more common than either of these conditions. If your veterinarian doesn’t find evidence of an infection but there is blood in the urine, your pet is much more likely to have FLUTD than they are to have bladder cancer, and they may recommend changing to a prescription urinary diet and reducing stressors in your cat’s environment.

Ultrasound

An ultrasound would be recommended to rule out the presence of a tumor or stones that were not detected on X-ray. Some veterinarians may do a special contrast study where a contrast dye that can be visualized on X-ray is injected into the bladder.

Biopsy

In cats, the most common way to get a biopsy of the tumor is through abdominal surgery. This is because they have a very small urethra, which may make cystoscopy (passing a camera through the urethra into the bladder) or the use of a catheter to collect a sample nearly impossible.

If your veterinarian sees a tumor on ultrasound, it may be tempting for them to stick a needle into the tumor to aspirate a few cells rather than doing surgery to collect a sample. For suspected transitional cell carcinomas, this isn’t recommended. TCC is known to travel along needle tracks, which may cause the tumor to “seed” to other areas of the body. This is a well-known occurrence in dogs, and there are reports of cats having their body wall affected via this presumed method as well.

Treatment for Cat Bladder Cancer

When we think of treatment for bladder cancer in cats, we typically focus on surgery, the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and chemotherapy.

Surgery

Surgery can be done if the tumor is small and confined to the body of the bladder. The ureters and urethra connect to the bladder in the neck area, often making surgery impossible if the tumor is in the neck of the bladder. Although most TCCs still recur after tumor removal, surgery currently has the most potential to extend life out of any known treatment.

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

The use of NSAIDs has been shown to prolong survival in cats with TCC. Reportedly, the use of oral piroxicam can increase survival up to 6 months. Treatment can be complicated by pre-existing conditions, especially chronic kidney disease in older cats, which may limit NSAIDs as an option for your pet.  

Chemotherapy

Multiple chemotherapy protocols exist and will typically require your cat see the oncologist for a treatment every couple of weeks for a set number of treatments. With chemotherapy, you can expect your pet to receive multiple rechecks of blood work to ensure their body is tolerating the treatment. Chemotherapy medications result in decreased white blood cell counts, which can affect your pet’s ability to fight infection, so your veterinarian will want to ensure the white blood cell counts are not falling too low before giving their next chemotherapy dose.

Importantly, chemotherapy in pets is aimed at improving quality of life for as long as possible rather than radically pursuing a cure. Because of this, our pets typically tolerate chemotherapy much better than humans. You should report any side effects to your veterinarian so that they can ensure your cat remains comfortable throughout the process. 

Radiation

Your veterinarian may recommend radiation therapy. While this can be a good option for some pets, radiation therapy requires travel to a location that performs the procedure – often a university with a veterinary medicine program – and anesthesia each time the procedure is performed. For some pet parents, it is cost-prohibitive due to the time, money, and travel required.

Radical Surgery

Radical surgeries, such as removal of the entire bladder, can theoretically be performed. With this surgery, the bladder is removed, and the ureters are attached to either the colon or vagina. Because there is no longer a bladder to store urine, the cat becomes incontinent. This altered anatomy also significantly increases the risk of infection. These pets will frequently require long-term antibiotics and frequent blood monitoring to ensure their kidneys are functioning well. Because the ureters are such small tubes, it’s not uncommon for them to become blocked by scarring, which would ultimately result in kidney failure. This surgery isn’t recommended by most veterinarians.

Stenting

The role of stenting isn’t well known but may have a place in the management of TCC in cats. In a 2020 study, 11.9 percent of cats with bladder cancer had involvement of their urethra, 11.9 percent had evidence of obstruction of a ureter, and 5.1 percent had evidence of both urethral and ureteral involvement. 

Stents in these areas could allow urine to continue passing through, preventing obstruction. The placement of stents is a highly specialized procedure, so travel would likely be required if you are able to find a veterinarian experienced in stent placement.

Home Care 

When your cat has a bladder tumor, they have a higher chance of developing a bladder infection. Your pet will require frequent monitoring of their urine to ensure they are not developing a UTI. If this occurs, your pet will need antibiotics to treat the infection.

When your pet is at home, ensure they have easy access to food, water, and litter boxes. Your pet may have increased urgency to urinate, so you can help prevent accidents by having multiple litter boxes in easily accessed locations. 

Prognosis for Cats with Bladder Cancer

Survival times for cats with bladder cancer are not as well defined as they are in dogs, but one study involving 20 cats with TCC found a median survival time of 261 days. This included cats who received no treatment, as well as cats who received a variety of treatment protocols. A 2020 study found a median survival time of 155 days.

Untreated, the estimate for survival is 1-3 months. Medical management (NSAIDS and/or chemotherapy) has an estimated survival time of 5-6 months. If tumor location allows for surgery to be performed, cats who receive both surgery and medical management have an estimated survival time of 9-10 months.

End stage bladder cancer in cats usually involves obstruction of either the urethra or a ureter, preventing the flow of urine from kidney to bladder to outside of the body. This results in kidney failure. At this point, many pet parents elect to help their feline family member pass on peacefully via humane euthanasia. 

Cost to Treat Bladder Cancer in Cats

The cost to treat feline bladder cancer depends on the selected treatment method, which can range from around $2,000 up to $10,000. More conservative management would include imaging to confirm the presence of a tumor, blood work and urinalysis, and the use of NSAIDs. In this scenario, you would be keeping your pet comfortable and then electing for euthanasia when quality of life becomes a concern.

Once you add in chemotherapy, the cost will start to increase. Each treatment with chemotherapy costs several hundred dollars, and lab work will need to be rechecked prior to each treatment.

If surgery is an option for your pet, you can expect this to add several thousand dollars to the total cost, particularly if the procedure is performed by a specialist. For a cat to receive surgery, NSAIDs, and chemotherapy, you are looking at the higher end of the estimate.

How to Prevent Bladder Cancer in Cats

Because we are still learning a lot about bladder cancer in cats, we don’t currently know how to prevent the disease. While we cannot guarantee that it will prevent TCC, a healthy lifestyle is always recommended. Keep your cat at a healthy weight, feed a healthy diet, and ensure they always have access to clean, fresh water.

The post Bladder Cancer in Cats: Symptoms and Treatment appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Although kidney infection in cats is overall rare, it can quickly become critical to a cat’s health if left untreated. Therefore, proper detection and prompt treatment are imperative at preventing severe complications, such as kidney failure. 

Pet parents should monitor their cats for the signs of a kidney infection, which can sometimes be subtle, and seek veterinary care if ever in doubt. Here is what you need to know about kidney infection in cats.

What Is a Kidney Infection?

The cat urinary tract is comprised of the lower urinary tract and upper urinary tract. The urethra (the tube connecting the bladder to outside the body to facilitate urination) and the urinary bladder make up the lower tract. The upper tract includes the ureters (the thin tubes connecting the bladder to each kidney) and two kidneys. The primary function of the kidneys, located on each side of the lower back, is to control fluid and electrolyte balance in the body, as well as to filter out blood toxins and other waste to produce urine. Urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder and then is excreted through the urethra.

Kidney infections—termed pyelitis or, more commonly, pyelonephritis, depending on the area of the kidney affected—are a type of upper urinary tract infection, also termed a deep infection of the urinary tract. The causes and symptoms of kidney infection in cats and dogs are quite similar to the same condition in humans. Only one or both kidneys may be affected. 

When infection of the kidneys occurs, kidney (aka renal) function becomes impaired. Therefore, hasty diagnosis and therapy is essential to preserve your cat’s renal health.

What Causes Kidney Infections in Cats?

Like bladder infections, nearly all kidney infections in cats and dogs are caused by bacteria from the perineal region, mainly from fecal material from the gastrointestinal tract or else bacteria on the skin that enter the urinary tract through the urethral opening. The most common bacterial strains include Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, as well as various species of Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Enterobacter, and Pseudomonas. Urinary tract infections by anaerobic bacteria, fungi, parasites, or algae are extremely rare.

When kidney infections do arise in dogs, older canines are affected more frequently. However, no age predisposition regarding kidney infections has been established in cats. As in dogs, female cats may be at increased risk of UTIs due to the closer proximity of the female urethra to the anus, which allows for increased contact with bacteria that can enter the bladder and then spread to the kidneys.

While one-off (i.e. uncomplicated) bladder infections can occur relatively commonly in otherwise healthy female dogs, urinary tract infections in cats of both sexes and male dogs tend to only arise due to an underlying complication that impairs the animal’s normal host defenses against such infection. Acute (or sudden) causes of kidney infections in cats are rare. Typically, feline kidney infections stem from an underlying chronic condition.

Risk factors for kidney infection in cats include:

Abnormal anatomy of the urinary tract, such as:

• Stones of the urinary tract (uroliths) or mucus plugs, which may cause urinary obstruction
• Cancer of the urinary tract (neoplasia)
• Abnormal positioning of the ureter and the bladder (ectopic ureters), causing abnormal draining of urine
• Abnormal development of the kidneys (renal dysplasia)

Damage to the urethral sphincter, which increases the likelihood of bacteria entering the urethra

Inability of the bladder to empty fully (for example, neurologic impairment secondary to intervertebral disc disease, or IVDD)

Immunodeficiency (decreased immune system function): can be caused by diseases such as feline leukemia virus (FeLV); may also be secondary to the use of chemotherapeutic drugs or chronic glucocorticoid steroid use

Urine flow problems: for example, disorders that cause a slowing or stoppage of urinary flow (urine stasis) or a stream of urine to abnormally backflow up into the ureters from the bladder (vesicoureteral reflux)

Impaired renal blood flow

Concurrent systemic disease, such as:

• Chronic kidney disease (CKD) or chronic renal failure (CRF): Pyelonephritis
• Diabetes mellitus: Diabetics may have excessive glucose (sugar) in urine, which can promote excessive growth of bacteria. 
• Hyperthyroidism
• Feline lower urinary tract infection (FLUTD), which can be complicated by multiple conditions, including obesity

Post-operative complications, such as suture material left in the bladder following bladder surgery (cystotomy) or due to previous urinary catheterization

While the majority of kidney infections in cats arise from ascending bacteria from a bladder infection, infection elsewhere in the body can spread through the bloodstream to travel to the kidneys. Such infections may be secondary to infection of the lining of the heart (endocarditis), infection of the spinal discs (discospondylitis), abscesses, or severe dental disease.

Cat Kidney Infection Symptoms

While lower urinary tract infections, or bladder infections (also termed cystitis), present as localized signs to the lower abdomen and bladder, kidney infections can present as systemic signs, meaning the whole body can appear ill.

Acute renal infection is very uncommon in cats but may present as the following clinical signs:

• Lethargy
• Depression
• Dehydration
• Fever
• Abdominal and renal pain

Chronic kidney infection is more common, but its symptoms are often subclinical in cats, meaning signs may be vague or confined only to recurrent lower urinary tract infection signs. Signs include:

• Weight loss
• Decreased appetite
• Vomiting
• Increased urination and water consumption (termed polyuria and polydipsia, respectively, or PU/PD)
• Recurrent lower urinary tract infection signs, such as inappropriate litter box use (i.e. urinating outside the litter box, or periuria); urinating small amounts frequently (pollakiuria) or slow urination; pain upon urinating (stranguria), which may manifest as straining or vocalizing while urinating; blood in urine (hematuria) or urine discoloration; foul-smelling urine; and urethral discharge

Without speedy diagnosis and treatment of kidney infection in cats, acute kidney injuries can lead to chronic injuries. In turn, this can lead to chronic kidney disease, in which the kidneys inevitably shut down. If detected acutely, kidney injury can be healed. However, chronic disease can only be managed and its progression slowed, yet the damage already incurred cannot be reversed. Therefore, chronic kidney disease must be properly managed for the rest of the affected cat’s life.

Additional potential consequences of kidney infection are septicemia and sepsis, in which bacteria from the kidneys or their toxins enter the bloodstream, respectively, leading to severe systemic illness. Organs such as the heart, liver, and joints may be affected. Abscessation of the kidney can also occur. Furthermore, urosepsis can arise secondary to an obstruction blocking the outflow of urine from the kidneys, thus allowing decomposed urine to enter the bloodstream, also leading to further sickness.

As eventual death is a potential consequence of unmanaged kidney infections, swift diagnosis and treatment by your veterinarian are necessary.

Diagnosing Kidney Infection in Cats

Because a cat’s symptoms of kidney infection can be so vague, diagnosis can sometimes be difficult, especially when differentiating a kidney infection from a bladder infection. Therefore, your veterinarian will implement a combination of the following to fully diagnose a kidney infection. Like puzzle pieces, the findings of these tests each reveal a bit of the picture to assist your veterinarian in diagnosing a kidney infection.

Physical examination: A thorough physical exam with a good history of your cat’s recent behavior is the best initial tool to aid your vet in reaching a diagnosis. In the face of a kidney infection, your vet will detect pain upon kidney and bladder palpation, a thickened bladder, and possible enlarged kidneys (renomegaly). A fever and dehydration may also be observed.

Urinalysis: A urine sample, ideally obtained via direct sampling from the bladder with a sterile needle passed through the skin of the lower abdomen into the bladder (cystocentesis), is imperative to diagnose any urinary tract infection. With a UTI, the following are typically encountered: blood (hematuria), bacteria (bacteriuria), white blood cells (pyuria), and possibly cells from damaged kidneys (renal casts) in the urine. Following treatment, a urinalysis should be repeated regularly to monitor urine specific gravity (USG), an indication of kidney function, to ensure long-lasting kidney damage has not occurred.

Urine culture and sensitivity: To properly diagnose a kidney infection, urine should be cultured to determine what type of bacterial species are growing and to what antibiotics they are susceptible. A urine culture should be performed ideally at the time of initial testing, 5-7 days after antibiotics are started, 7-10 days after antibiotics are finished, and then possibly 1, 3, and 6 months later.

Blood work: Depending on the severity of your cat’s clinical signs, your vet may recommend blood work, especially if kidney damage is suspected. Blood work may reveal elevation of nitrogen waste products in the blood (azotemia) due to dehydration or kidney impairment, increased potassium and phosphorus, and elevated white blood cell count secondary to infection (neutrophilia).

Infectious disease testing: Your vet may suggest testing your cat’s blood for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) or feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) to rule out these viruses, which can cause immunodeficiency and predispose a cat to other infections, such as pyelonephritis.

Abdominal radiographs: X-rays of the urinary system may be performed to observe the size and shape of the kidneys as well as check for the presence of any masses or stones. Your vet may take special X-rays via an excretory urography study, in which contrast is used to help highlight features of the renal system.

Abdominal ultrasound: Abdominal ultrasound scans the urinary tract for not only stones, signs of obstruction, and cancer, but also analyzes the structures within the kidneys. Dilation of the renal pelvis, the area of the kidney that funnels waste contents into the ureters, is a strong indication of a kidney infection.

Blood pressure measurement: If your cat has sustained chronic kidney damage, a blood pressure reading may be performed to rule out high blood pressure (hypertension). If your cat is severely ill and in shock, low blood pressure (hypotension) may occur.

The only definitive means of diagnosing kidney infection in cats is to perform invasive kidney testing—such as direct sampling of urine from the renal pelvis (pyelocentesis) or renal biopsy—which differentiate an upper urinary tract infection from one of the lower urinary tract. However, due to the high risk of potential severe complications caused by such tests, they are not recommended. Thus, diagnosis is typically made based on supportive findings of the tests discussed above.

Cat Kidney Infection Treatment

Regardless of severity, all kidney infections in cats, dogs, and humans require treatment. 

Proper treatment includes appropriate antibiotic use as determined by your veterinarian. Fortunately, the majority of cats are able to receive antibiotics as outpatient therapy. However, severe cases, such as those with septicemia, may require hospitalization with intravenous (IV) fluids and IV antibiotics (such as ampicillin).

Outpatient care includes proper compliance to your veterinarian’s instructions for antibiotic therapy in order to prevent persistent or recurrent infection and to help prevent antibiotic resistance. The most common antibiotics used in cats include oral amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (such as Clavamox) or injectable cefovecin (Convenia). Oral antibiotics such as marbofloxacin (Zeniquin) or pradofloxacin (Veraflox) are reserved for more severe infections. 

Oral antibiotics are typically prescribed to be used 2 to 3 times daily (every 8 to 12 hours) for 4 to 6 weeks. If urinary stones are present, antibiotics will be prescribed to be used until 2 weeks following the resolution of the stone. Once your veterinarian receives your cat’s urine culture and sensitivity results, initial antibiotic choice is subject to change. An appetite stimulant may also be prescribed on a short-term basis if your cat has not been eating well.

In addition to treating the kidney infection, your cat’s underlying concurrent disease predisposing him or her to such infection should be treated or else the kidney infection will not clear or will return. For instance, surgery, shock wave therapy (lithotripsy), or a prescription dissolution diet may be required for urinary stones. Surgery may also be required if your kitten has ectopic ureters. Additionally, systemic diseases such as kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, and feline lower urinary tract disease must all be appropriately managed to prevent recurrence.

For very severe cases in which kidney necrosis or abscessation has developed, surgical removal of the affected kidney (nephrectomy) may be required.

After-care for any sustained kidney damage is also required, such as a special prescription renal diet (low in phosphorus, reduced in protein quantity but of increased quality, and higher in omega-3 fatty acids). Maintaining proper hydration will also be important.

Home remedies for kidney infections in cats are not recommended, as none have been proven to be fully effective. Additionally, some can be dangerous, and delaying prescription treatment can lead to worsening disease that can progress to kidney failure and death.

The cost of diagnostics and therapy can run from several hundred dollars to over $1,000. Therefore, a pet emergency savings account and pet insurance are important to have in advance to help offset costs.

The prognosis of feline kidney infection is usually good if caught and managed early. Recurrent kidney infections in cats can be much more difficult to manage and, thus, carry a more guarded prognostic outlook. If chronic kidney damage has already occurred, the prognosis is much worse. Therefore, prompt care by your local veterinarian is vital for your cat’s outcome.

How to Prevent Cat Kidney Infections

Pet parents can help prevent kidney infections from arising in their cats by keeping in tune with their cat’s health and tracking any behavior changes that may be a harbinger of illness. Since kidney infections in cats stem from another underlying disease, treating the predisposing disorder is key to helping reduce the likelihood of kidney infection. Therefore, adhering to your vet’s advice regarding chronic disease management is key.

Additionally, aiding your cat in maintaining a healthy weight is important, as obesity has been linked to a variety of health conditions, including diabetes mellitus and feline lower urinary tract disease, which, in turn, can increase the risk of pyelonephritis upstream. 

Moreover, proper dental hygiene is also important to prevent the showering of the bloodstream with bacteria, which can migrate to the kidneys.

Safeguarding urinary health is also important for cats. This includes proper litter box maintenance, including good hygiene as well as having a sufficient number of litter boxes for the cats in your household (the 1+1 rule is recommended, in which each cat has his or her own litter box plus one extra for the group). 

Hydration is also important, so encouraging your cat to drink more with a water fountain or increasing water intake with canned wet food is recommended. Water helps keep the urinary tract happy and increases urinary voiding, which helps rid the urinary tract of bacteria and helps prevent them from colonizing the lining of the urinary tract. 

Your vet may also suggest a prescription urinary diet and can guide you on tips to keep your cat at a healthy weight. 

Finally, environmental enrichment is important by reducing stress and the risk of cystitis in your cat; such tips include play time and mental stimulation. Cranberry extract supplements may help in theory, but their efficacy has not been fully evaluated in cats.

Fortunately, kidney infections in cats are very uncommon, and hopefully, your cat will never develop one. But if it does occur, you will be well equipped to assist your vet in quickly diagnosing and treating your cat.

The post Kidney Infection in Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Let’s take a closer look at the causes and signs of cat stomach cancer and how to treat this condition.

What is Cat Stomach Cancer?

Stomach cancer refers to abnormal growth of cells or tissue within the stomach. The medical term is gastric neoplasia. The types of cancer that develop in other organs of the body can also develop in the stomach. The most common type of stomach cancer in cats is lymphoma (lymphosarcoma). It can be part of generalized (diffuse) gastrointestinal lymphoma, which is a much more common form of cancer in cats, or it can be found on its own. 

Other more rare types of gastric cancer in cats include gastric adenocarcinoma, leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, adenoma, mast cell tumor, carcinoma, extramedullary plasmacytoma, and other sarcomas. The name of the cancer has to do with the type of cells the cancer originated from.

There are no risks associated with breed or sex. There are no known genetic risk factors for gastric neoplasia in cats. The average age at diagnosis is greater than 12 years (2).

Causes of Stomach Cancer in Cats

The cause of stomach cancer in cats is generally unknown. Cats who have gastrointestinal lymphoma are more likely to develop gastric lymphoma as the disease spreads. Similarly, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can become gastric or gastrointestinal lymphoma over time. Although there are lifestyle choices including diet and exercise that are known to affect risk of gastric neoplasia in humans, similar associations have not been found in cats.

Stomach Cancer in Cats Symptoms

The symptoms of stomach cancer in cats tend to be the same group of symptoms cats exhibit for a long list of other illnesses and diseases that range from mild to severe. These include:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Not eating (anorexia or inappetence)
• Weight loss
• Lethargy
• Changes in behavior (hiding, not seeking out attention, etc.)

These are also the symptoms of inflammation or infection of the stomach or intestines, parasites, and other illnesses such as endocrine and metabolic disease. If there is ulceration of the gastric tumor, there may be blood in the vomit or the stool may be dark and tarry (melena). 

Stomach cancer in humans is painful and so it is assumed that the condition is also painful in cats. Cats may show their pain by not eating, having less energy, and being less social or hiding.

Cat Stomach Cancer Stages and Progression 

Cancer is often described in stages based on the spread of the cancer to other locations in the body and whether the pet is ill at the time of diagnosis. Cancer can also be described in grades based on the aggressiveness of the tumor on the local tissue, likelihood of spread, likelihood of recurrence after surgery or chemotherapy, and consequences of its presence. The stage and grade of a cancer are not specific to its original location, such as the stomach, but rather depend on the type of cancer it is. 

In the case of gastric lymphoma, the most common type of stomach cancer in cats, it is most often high-grade, meaning aggressive and less likely to fully respond to chemotherapy. Since risk factors for its development include other gastrointestinal inflammation or cancer, gastric lymphoma is most often late-stage by the time of diagnosis, having spread from or to other tissues in the body. 

Diagnosing Feline Stomach Cancer

The first step in diagnosing any disease in a cat is a physical exam. This involves a detailed examination of all parts of the cat’s body to assess for abnormalities. Most often the physical exam is normal or non-specific for cats with symptoms of stomach cancer. Non-specific exam findings include evidence of dehydration, weight loss, pale gums, and/or lethargy. It is rare for a veterinarian to be able to feel stomach cancer on abdominal palpation in cats.

The next important step in diagnosis is blood work. A cat with stomach cancer may have anemia, elevated blood nitrogen levels, low protein, or their blood work could be normal. Next, abdominal ultrasound can be useful in finding a tumor or abnormalities of the tissues of the stomach. Sometimes a small needle sample (aspirate) can be taken at the time of the ultrasound and analyzed under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells. Abdominal ultrasound has the advantage of assessing all of the abdominal organs for evidence of cancer spread (metastasis). Alternatively, gastroscopy can be performed where a tiny camera is inserted into the stomach to visually examine the tissue and a biopsy sample can be taken. Occasionally, exploratory abdominal surgery will be required to diagnose stomach cancer in cats. 

X-rays are not usually diagnostic for stomach cancer, although the addition of contrast material can outline a mass if there is one. They may be part of the diagnostic testing work-up for cats with gastrointestinal symptoms, so it is not wrong for your veterinarian to recommend them. While the X-rays are not likely to show cancer, they are helpful in eliminating other possible causes of your cat’s symptoms.

Cat Stomach Cancer Treatment Options

Treatment options for cats with stomach cancer include surgery and chemotherapy. Most often surgery will be performed first to remove the bulk of the mass and then chemotherapy will be used to treat any cancer left behind or any cancer that has already metastasized. Some types of cancer, such as lymphoma, may be treated with chemotherapy only. 

Cost to Treat Stomach Cancer in Cats

Specific costs depend on the types of treatment(s) recommended for your cat. Initial diagnostic tests may be in the range of $1,000-3,000, depending on which tests are performed. Abdominal ultrasound is less expensive than gastroscopy. Surgery to remove gastric neoplasia should be performed by a board-certified veterinary surgeon and will cost $4,000-$7,000, depending on the specific type of surgery required. A round of chemotherapy is in the range of $3,500 to $6,000.

Prognosis for Stomach Cancer in Cats

Without treatment, a cat will die from the cancer or its side effects within about one month. Specific prognosis with treatment depends on the type of cancer. Gastric lymphoma, for example, has a survival of 6-18 months, depending on response to chemotherapy. Stomach cancer is a very serious disease in cats and in general, the long-term prognosis is poor.

There is no way to prevent stomach cancer in cats.

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But can cats get kennel cough? If your dog is sick with kennel cough, is your cat going to get sick too? Let’s take a look.

Can Cats Get Kennel Cough? 

No, cats cannot get kennel cough. The viruses involved in kennel cough are very specific to dogs in most cases, including canine distemper virus, canine parainfluenza, and canine adenovirus type 2. Veterinarians refer to kennel cough only in dogs.

However, one bacterium that is often involved in kennel cough—Bordetella bronchiseptica, or Bordetella for short—can infect cats. So even though cats don’t catch dog viruses, cats can get infected with Bordetella if a dog is sick with kennel cough.

What Is Bordetella in Cats?

Bordetella is a bacterium that specifically sticks to the inner lining of the respiratory tract using fimbriae, or tiny fingerlike projections that reach out and grab onto specific cells. Bordetella sticks to the throat and trachea (windpipe) all the way to the bronchi (airways in the lungs).

Bordetella is a relatively common bacterium and can be found in healthy cats. Approximately 11 percent of healthy cats carry and shed the bacterium. However, in cats sick with respiratory symptoms, around 45 percent of cats have Bordetella. 

Most cats do not show symptoms, and if they do, the cats will recover after mild to moderate symptoms. In young kittens, Bordetella can cause pneumonia, or infection and inflammation of the lower airways (such as bronchi). Pneumonia with Bordetella is much more serious as it can cause cats to struggle to breathe.

Bordetella is relatively common in household dogs and dogs in animal shelters. It can spread in grooming or doggy daycare facilities, whereas pet cats are rarely exposed to Bordetella. In dogs, a lot of coughing occurs but not so much in cats. 

What Causes Bordetella in Cats?

Bordetella is caused by exposure to the bacterium by directly touching respiratory fluid, such as nose discharge or mucus that comes out while coughing. Cats can also catch Bordetella by touching items that have bacteria on it, such as food bowls or cat toys.

There are multiple risk factors for Bordetella—healthy low-stress cats in a home are unlikely to contract this disease. Young cats are more at risk of developing pneumonia due to their immature immune systems. Other risk factors include overcrowding, stress, infection with other viruses, and exposure to cats or dogs with the disease.

Cats can readily spread Bordetella to each other, and dogs can give Bordetella to cats. Cats can give it to dogs, but this is exceedingly rare. It is important to note that cats (and dogs) might be able to give the disease to humans. However, this has not been proven and, if true, it would be very rare.

Bordetella in Cats: Symptoms

Bordetella causes symptoms similar to other pathogens (i.e. viruses and bacteria) that cause upper respiratory disease, such as feline herpesvirus-1. It is almost impossible to tell them apart, and most cats with these symptoms have more than one pathogen anyway. The unique symptom for Bordetella is the cough—a loud, high-pitched cough often described as honking. However, cats cough less often than dogs, so this may not be present. 

Other signs of Bordetella in cats include:

• Discharge from the nose
• Discharge from the eyes
• Nasal congestion (nose sounds stuffed up)
• Redness to the eyes
• Sneezing
• Retching (your kitty looks like he’s ready to vomit but instead small amount of thick yellow-green mucus comes out – different from vomiting as it does not require multiple movements from the belly)
• Fast breathing rate (if you count more than 40 breaths per minute)
• Trouble breathing (using the belly to breathe in a dramatic way)
• Decreased appetite
• Decreased activity

Diagnosing Bordetella in Cats

Veterinarians examine cats but may not test for the exact cause if a cat is showing disease in the upper airway, such as the nose and throat. No matter the cause, the treatment tends to be the same. Your veterinarian will need to listen to your cat’s chest very thoroughly and may recommend X-rays if they think the lungs could be involved. X-rays will look for signs of pneumonia.

If your veterinarian does recommend testing for Bordetella, this is done either with a wash into the respiratory system or with a blood test known as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 

A wash is performed by anesthetizing your cat (giving medications to your cat to make him sleep) and putting sterile saline into the lungs, then immediately sucking the fluid out. 

PCR is a common blood test for many different pathogens; most laboratories have a specific PCR panel for all respiratory pathogens in cats and can detect the bacterium even in trace amounts. While PCR is easier to obtain and does not require anesthesia, it will provide a positive test result even if the only bacteria present are dead and not causing infection anymore.

Performing culture on samples that contain Bordetella is very useful to your veterinarian. Bordetella is notorious for being resistant to some common antibiotics, and culture will demonstrate what antibiotics will or won’t be effective against your cat’s exact Bordetella strain.

Bordetella in Cats: Treatment

Bacteria are treated with antibiotics. The most recommended antibiotic for Bordetella is doxycycline. However, antibiotics such as enrofloxacin are common and relatively effective as well. Bordetella is known for creating resistance to specific antibiotics, so a change in antibiotics may be needed if the first choice is not effective.

Some cats can heal from Bordetella without medical intervention at all. However, cats that are showing symptoms of Bordetella should be treated with antibiotics to ensure the disease does not progress into the lungs and cause difficulty breathing.

Other treatments depend on your cat’s unique symptoms. For nasal congestion or coughing, nebulizing is common. Alternatively, if a cat has a stuffy nose but is doing well otherwise, placing your cat into the bathroom and running hot water in the shower to create steam could help with the congestion. If appetite has decreased, pet parents should offer a variety of dry and canned cat foods, as well as cooked plain meat, canned tuna, and cat treats to stimulate appetite.

Cost of Treating Bordetella in Cats

If your cat experiences mild to moderate symptoms and no testing is performed, the cost of treatment and examination is likely around $150-$200. However, X-rays are often recommended and would increase costs to somewhere around $500-$800. If your cat is very ill or chronically ill and your veterinarian recommends more advanced testing such as a respiratory wash, the cost typically goes closer to $1,500-$2,000.

Preventing Bordetella in Cats

Your cat should avoid contact with cats and dogs of unknown health. There is a Bordetella vaccination, but it is only recommended in animal shelters or catteries in which Bordetella is proven to cause disease in multiple cats. The vaccine can cause mild disease itself and is not recommended for pet cats.

Related Conditions 

Any pathogen causing respiratory disease in cats, such as:

• Feline herpesvirus-1
• Feline calicivirus
• Mycoplasma spp. (a different bacterium)
• Chlamydophila felis (a different bacterium)

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Veterinarians use what’s called a fructosamine test for cats and continuous glucose monitoring to adjust the dose of insulin in order to best control the cat’s blood sugar and minimize the signs of diabetes. 

In this article, you will learn what these diabetic blood tests are, how they work, and what you can expect when it comes to monitoring blood sugar levels in diabetic cats as part of treatment.

What is a Fructosamine Test for Cats?

Serum fructosamine testing is used by veterinarians to evaluate how well a diabetic cat is responding to insulin therapy over the long term. 

Fructosamine is a protein found in blood serum that has sugar attached to it.  The level of fructosamine in blood serum samples is representative of the average blood sugar levels that a cat has had over the past 1-2 weeks. If it is too high, then that lets the veterinarian know that they need to adjust the cat’s insulin dosage, their food, or look for something else that is causing problems with the cat’s blood sugar.

In contrast to a blood glucose curve for cats, only one blood draw is required to obtain a blood sample for the fructosamine test. The fructosamine test is either run in house at the veterinary clinic or the blood sample is sent to a local laboratory for analysis.

Also unlike a glucose curve in cats, fructosamine tests do not require any special timing or fasting, however, serum fructosamine cannot detect abrupt changes in blood sugar, only long term changes. Therefore, it is important to still monitor your cat daily at home for any signs of abnormal blood sugar levels like drinking and peeing more, and call your veterinarian immediately if you see them, even if your cat has normal fructosamine levels when they are tested.

Fructosamine Test vs. Glucose Curve in Cats

Monitoring blood sugar in cats that have been diagnosed with diabetes can be tricky. A glucose curve in cats, which is the standard blood test used for diabetics, isn’t always a reliable test for our feline companions. That’s because when cats are stressed by the veterinary hospital or by having their blood drawn, their blood sugar is higher than it would be at home when they are calm. 

A fructosamine test for cats is unaffected by stress, which can make it a good test for cats that have elevated blood sugar due to stress. This is why veterinarians utilize a fructosamine blood test to check blood sugar control in diabetic cats.

A fructosamine test requires a veterinary professional trained to draw blood samples from a cat – it cannot be done by a pet parent. It is typically done in a veterinary hospital, but it can also be done by a veterinary professional who comes to your home for a house call.

How often your cat needs a fructosamine test depends on how well your cat’s diabetes is controlled. If your cat’s diabetes is well controlled, then you will likely only need a fructosamine test every 6 months. If your cat’s diabetes is not controlled, then your cat may need a fructosamine blood test every few weeks until their diabetes is under control.

Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Cats

Continuous glucose monitors (CGM) are being used more and more in veterinary medicine as an alternative way to monitor diabetic cats at home. CGM provides continual data about your cat’s blood sugar, and is a good option if your cat’s diabetes is difficult to control, your cat is newly diagnosed with diabetes, or for cats that may be approaching diabetic remission (cure). In general, if your cat is a stable diabetic that only needs blood tests every six months, then testing them with serum fructosamine is a better choice than CGM.

The FreeStyle Libre system is the most common CGM technology that is utilized in cats. It uses a small sensor disc that is placed on an area of skin (usually the neck or thorax) that has been shaved. The sensor disc communicates with a phone app or a reader device that stores data from the disc. Collected data can also be sent to your veterinarian for analysis. CGM measures interstitial glucose, which while it is different from blood glucose, still correlates fairly closely and can be used to monitor diabetic cats. 

CGM is generally well tolerated in most cats. It is easy to place, avoids multiple needle pokes, and lasts about 2 weeks in most patients. In addition, the FreeStyle device has an alarm that will alert you if glucose levels are too high or too low.

Fructosamine Test Process: What to Expect

Fortunately, if your cat needs a fructosamine test, it is a fairly easy, quick, and straightforward outpatient procedure. Sometimes, if your cat doesn’t need an examination by a veterinarian, you may only need a veterinary technician to draw your cat’s blood and submit the sample, which can save you time and money.

For well-controlled diabetic cats, it should only take 15-20 minutes to have your cat’s blood drawn at the veterinary hospital or in your home. If your cat’s diabetes isn’t controlled, then you may need to see the veterinarian and have your cat’s blood drawn, which will take longer – between 45 minutes to an hour and will require additional cost.

There are no restrictions after your cat’s blood is drawn for a fructosamine test – they can go back to their normal routine afterwards. If there is a pressure bandage placed on their arm where blood is drawn, that will need to be removed by you after 15 minutes.

If your veterinary clinic runs the tests in house, then they will likely call you later the same day with results and recommendations. If they have to send the blood sample to the local laboratory, then it will be a day or two before they call you with the results.

If you don’t hear from your veterinary clinic within two days, call them and ask for an update.

Cost of Fructosamine Test for Cats

While the cost of a fructosamine test can vary by geographical location, the average cost of the test ranges from $75-$125. If your cat requires an examination by a veterinarian at the same time as a test, that is an additional cost.

What The Results Mean

If your cat’s fructosamine test comes back normal and your cat doesn’t have any signs of high blood sugar at home, then your veterinarian will likely recommend that you don’t change anything about your cat’s routine. They’ll likely ask you to come back in 6 months to repeat the test.

If your cat’s fructosamine test comes back too high, then your veterinarian will highly increase your cat’s insulin dosage, recommend that you switch foods, or both. If your cat’s fructosamine test comes back too low, then your veterinarian will reduce the insulin dosage. In either case, you will likely be asked to authorize your cat to be retested in 3-4 weeks to check if those changes help regulate your cat’s blood sugar, which is the end goal.

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Ideally, pet parents should brush their cat’s teeth daily using a pet-safe enzymatic toothpaste, with a focus on cleaning each tooth and the gumline with a soft toothbrush or finger toothbrush for cats. Cats should also have annual professional dental cleanings.

In this article, we’ll cover many common cat dental problems, plus share helpful tips on how to avoid cat dental disease.

10 Common Cat Dental Problems

Let’s go over some of the most typical feline dental problems that could impact your cat.

Plaque

Plaque is an accumulation of bacteria across the surface of the tooth. It can harden over time to create tartar and cause bad breath (halitosis), as well as tooth decay. Oral bacteria and the toxins they release can cause inflammation in the whole body and potentially impair organs such as the heart, liver, kidneys, and brain.

Periodontal Disease

Periodontal disease is disease of the gums and structures around the teeth. Its milder form, gingivitis (gum disease), is inflammation of the gums that causes redness, swelling, bleeding, and pain. Gum recession (or wearing away of the gum line) can also occur. Gingivitis may progress to periodontitis, a more severe form of periodontal disease that affects the ligaments that attach teeth to underlying bone, causing loose teeth. 

As periodontitis progresses, it can lead to endodontic disease, which impacts the inside of the tooth itself. Tooth decay, tooth root abscesses, facial swelling, draining tracts, and fistulas that form between the roof of the mouth and nasal passage can occur in both periodontitis and endodontic disease. 

When bacteria destroy underlying bone, your cat may experience bone loss (osteomyelitis) and jaw fractures.

Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions 

As a cat’s tooth becomes infected or inflamed, their body can start to destroy and resorb (or “dissolve”) it, leading to intense discomfort. This is called a feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion (FORL). 

Though they can impact any cat, at least one FORL can be found in up to 60 percent of cats over 6 years of age. The canine teeth are most commonly affected, but any affected teeth should be extracted by your veterinarian to prevent progressive pain.

Broken (or Fractured) Teeth

Fractured teeth in cats should never be ignored. The pulp cavity, which leads to the root canal, extends far to the edge of a cat’s tooth, particularly the canine teeth. Therefore, a fracture (even at just the tip of a tooth) can expose the pulp cavity to food, other debris, and bacteria in the mouth that can lead to painful tooth root abscesses. 

Thus, your vet will need to investigate your cat’s tooth fracture more closely via dental radiographs to evaluate whether or not an extraction of the broken tooth is necessary to prevent further problems.

Feline Stomatitis Syndrome 

Approximately 0.7-4 percent of cats are affected with feline stomatitis syndrome, also known as feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS).

Due to an exaggerated immune response, the gums, teeth (especially a cat’s back premolars and molars, or cheek teeth), and tissue at the back of the throat can become intensely inflamed, causing swelling, bleeding, and painful ulceration of the mouth. 

Cats with FCGS will often drool and stop eating. This disease can be difficult to manage and may require extraction of all teeth, which seems drastic but actually alleviates unmanageable pain.

Persistent Deciduous Teeth or Retained Teeth

When deciduous teeth (AKA baby teeth) do not erupt or fall out normally, cats may develop dental issues later on. If a persistent baby tooth doesn’t fall out during kittenhood, it causes overcrowding of the mouth as the corresponding permanent tooth tries to grow in. 

Plaque accumulation is more likely to occur due to the narrower space between teeth, leading to a worse chance of periodontal disease. Additionally, because it’s fighting for space to accommodate the roots of both the persistent and permanent teeth, the tooth socket may fail to support the adult tooth.

Persistent baby teeth should be extracted by your veterinarian if they haven’t fallen out at 6-7 months of age at the latest. Earlier intervention is preferred so the emerging permanent tooth can assume its normal position without competition.

Retained teeth are those that fail to develop and erupt altogether. A dentigerous cyst can occur under the gumline, leading to pain and impaction that may affect surrounding teeth. Your vet may detect the absence of a tooth upon physical exam and proceed with dental radiographs and surgical extraction of unerupted teeth as needed.

Enamel Defects

Problems with a cat’s enamel can lead to soft spots and decay. As a kitten is developing, enamel defects may arise because of trauma to an emerging tooth, malnutrition, or an illness that causes high fevers. 

Certain medications, such as tetracyclines, can sometimes result in enamel hypoplasia (weakened enamel) in young kittens. Teeth will be weakened and prone to more decay if the enamel is damaged. 

Preventative dental care, as well as fluoride therapy and bonding agents, can help limit further enamel damage.

Tooth Malalignment (Malocclusion)

Malocclusion is abnormal positioning of the teeth that can cause improper wearing over time, as well as worsened plaque and tartar accumulation. Pain in the mouth can also arise if an offset bite causes teeth to rub on the upper palate or gums. 

Persistent deciduous teeth can also lead to malocclusion or malalignment as your kitten develops. Depending on the severity of your cat’s malocclusion, your vet may either recommend extracting the most concerning teeth or refer you to a veterinary dental specialist who may be able to perform realignment via “kitty braces.” 

Oral Tumors

Tumors of the oral cavity may be either benign or malignant. Malignant oral tumors make up 3 percent of all cancers in cats. Even if an oral tumor is benign, it can cause oral pain and lead to worsening dental disease or infection. 

Trauma or Fractures to the Mouth and Jaw

Trauma caused by blunt force or other injury can lead to jaw dislocation or fractures of the mouth, including the upper or lower jaw or teeth. Your veterinarian will often recommend stabilizing your cat’s facial fracture with surgical wire, pins, or metal plates until it heals. 

As previously mentioned, fractures to the lower jaw can also arise from deep infection and bone loss as a result of severe periodontal disease.

Risk Factors for Cat Dental Problems

While many cat dental problems can be prevented, or at least managed, some cats are genetically predisposed to more severe dental disease than others. For instance, purebred cat breeds, such as the Abyssinian, are more often plagued by periodontal disease. Purebred cats are also at increased risk for stomatitis syndrome. Brachycephalic (flat-faced) breeds, such as Persians, often have abnormal teeth positioning. 

Cats with certain diseases are also at a heightened risk for dental disease, such as those with feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), Bartonellosis (which causes cat scratch fever), and calicivirus. Cats with kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and various autoimmune disorders may also be at increased risk of gingivitis, stomatitis, and other oral diseases. 

Starting when your cat is a kitten, annual checkups with your veterinarian are important to help detect these issues and abnormalities early on and monitor for dental and other health effects.

Cat Dental Care Tips

Brush Regularly

When brushing your cat’s teeth, brush for approximately 30 seconds per side, and wash your hands thoroughly afterward. Some toothpaste intended for humans can be toxic to cats, so be sure to only use a pet-approved product. Baking soda is also dangerous to cats and should be avoided.

Pet parents should be patient and take their time when first introducing their cats to teeth brushing:

1. Start in a calm setting and just give your cat a taste of toothpaste. 
2. Gently lift the lip and touch the gum, and offer a treat to get your cat to associate the act with something positive. (You may also dip a cotton swab in tuna juice and rub it on your cat’s gum line.) 
3. Gradually work your way up to placing the toothbrush to the tooth, first without toothpaste, then with toothpaste. 

Remember, any brushing (even if it’s not daily) is better than none; if daily brushing is too difficult, aim for at least three times weekly.

Schedule Professional Teeth-Cleaning Appointments

Cat oral care does not stop at home. Just like humans, cats should have regular professional dental cleanings to scale for tartar under the gum line and between teeth, as well as detect other oral problems. 

Most cats should start an annual prophylactic dental cleaning before 3 years of age. Thereafter, most cats require an annual cleaning, while others with worse disease may need biannual cleanings. Ideally, no more than two years should pass between cat dental cleanings after age 3.

How to Help Prevent Cat Dental Disease

While daily cat tooth brushing is the most important step pet parents can take to help offset dental disease, additional preventative measures may also assist.

Diet

Feeding dry cat food can partially help crack off some tartar accumulation. Food may either be a commercial consumer or prescription diet. 

However, keep in mind that cats with severe pre-existing dental disease may have a difficult time eating dry food due to pain. Furthermore, cats with bladder or kidney issues may be better off eating canned wet diets. Please note that raw diets, which carry significant health risks, have not been scientifically proven to help prevent dental disease in pets.

Dental Treats and Water Additives

Cat dental treats can also help remove some daily plaque accumulation but are no substitute for daily brushing. These treats should be used in moderation to help maintain a healthy weight. Look for products bearing the seal of approval from the Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC).

VOHC-approved water additives for cats can also help reduce oral bacteria that would otherwise cause plaque development.

Chew toys

Certain cat chew toys can help rub off daily plaque. As with dogs, avoid hard chew toys such as deer antlers, which can cause broken teeth and other cat dental problems. Steer clear of anything with threads or string, as these can pose a linear gastrointestinal foreign body risk to cats.

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What Is Haws Syndrome?

Haws syndrome is specific to cats – dogs do not get this. It is a rare condition that tends to affect cats less than 2 years old. It is when the third eyelids stick up over part of a cat’s eyes. 

This condition is not painful and does not affect the eye, although your cat’s vision will be slightly decreased because the eyelid physically covers part of the eye.

A lack of response in sympathetic nerves – the nervous system responsible for the “fight or flight” response – allows the eyelids to stay up when they should go down. It is unknown why this occurs.

What Causes Haws Syndrome in Cats?

Haws syndrome has no known cause. The syndrome itself is not contagious. No breed appears to be more heavily affected over others.

However, many cases are associated with a recent bout of diarrhea, most of which resolve in a matter of a few days. One study found a specific gastrointestinal (i.e. stomach and/or intestines) virus called torovirus in many cats with Haws syndrome, but other studies have not had this same result. A case was reported of a cat with Giardia infection and Haws syndrome. Still, many other cats have not had diarrhea.

Haws Syndrome Cat Symptoms

Haws syndrome has only one symptom – the third eyelids are constantly raised in both eyes. 

Haws syndrome does not cause death. The eyes themselves are otherwise normal – normal vision, no inflammation or infection, and no swelling around the eyes that could cause the third eyelids to raise. 

While diarrhea is sometimes noted around the time that Haws syndrome occurs, diarrhea is not a symptom of Haws syndrome.

Diagnosing Cats with Haws Syndrome

Diagnosis is based on a physical examination by a veterinarian. Your veterinarian will need to perform a thorough ophthalmic (eye) examination to look for a potential cause of the raised eyelids. Additionally, your veterinarian may focus on the nervous system. 

Fecal testing may be performed to look for a cause of any diarrhea that may have occurred around the time of diagnosis.

An eye drop that stimulates the sympathetic nerves such as phenylephrine can be applied to the eyes once to confirm diagnosis. Within 20 minutes of applying this medication, the third eyelids will return to normal position. If this medication is not used, Haws syndrome would be diagnosed based on a physical examination, ruling out any other diseases that could have caused the raised third eyelids.

How to Treat Haws Syndrome in Cats

There is no treatment for Haws syndrome, but it often goes away on its own. Studies about Haws syndrome in cats are few and far between. In one study, 62 percent of cats’ raised eyelids resolved within 4 weeks. In another study, the average time till the syndrome resolved was 47 days.

Eye medication such as phenylephrine can be used to replace the eyelids in their original positions, but because cats do not have any discomfort or significant decrease of vision with this condition, this kind of medication would often be unnecessary.

How to Prevent Haws Syndrome in Cats

There is no way to prevent Haws syndrome. Until the syndrome is better understood, it is unlikely prevention will be possible. 

Although diarrhea is not necessarily a cause of Haws syndrome, preventing diarrhea may decrease the chance of Haws in the future. One way to do this is  to prevent your kitty from getting into the trash or eating food items other than cat food. For cats younger than 2 years old, providing your cat with regular deworming will help decrease parasites and thus lower the chances of diarrhea.

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These snuggles will also often give you a close encounter with your kitty’s breath. But contrary to what you might think, cat bad breath isn’t normal. Cat breath shouldn’t really have an odor, unless, of course, you just fed them something pungent like tuna or sardines. 

If your cat’s breath consistently stinks like garbage or something that died, or if the odor of your cat’s breath changes suddenly, it’s a sign that something isn’t right. In this article, we’ll dive into the causes of cat bad breath, how to treat it, and things you can do to prevent it. 

What Causes Bad Breath in Cats? 

If you’re noticing a distinct stink coming from your kitty’s mouth, you’re probably wondering: why does my cat have bad breath? Also known as halitosis, bad breath can affect any breed of cat and isn’t known to target certain breeds more than others. It can be caused by many different things. 

Gum Disease

By far the most common cause of bad breath in cats is periodontal (gum) disease. By only two years of age, 70% of cats will have some form of periodontal disease [1]. Just think about what your breath would smell like and the reaction you’d get from your dentist if you didn’t brush your teeth for weeks, or even years! Since cats can’t brush their own teeth, they rely on us human parents to take care of their teeth for them, and unfortunately, we aren’t always great at this task. 

Why does gum disease cause bad breath in cats? As soon as a cat eats a meal, plaque (a sticky substance containing food particles, saliva, and bacteria) starts to accumulate on the surface of their teeth. If this plaque is not removed by brushing or other methods, it will harden and turn into tartar within a few days. Tartar, which has a yellow-to-brown color, is rough and will then attract more plaque, which leads to more tartar – it’s a vicious cycle. 

Plaque and tartar accumulation first causes gingivitis, or inflammation of the gums. If this isn’t treated in time, it will eventually lead to inflammation of the deeper tissues supporting the teeth, which then causes infections below the gums and eventually tooth loss. All of this infection, inflammation, and tooth decay creates very bad cat breath.

Oral Conditions

Aside from gum disease, there are other oral conditions that lead to bad breath in cats. Diseases that cause ulcers in the mouth, such as infections with feline calicivirus and kidney failure, are all associated with halitosis. Cancerous tumors, stomatitis, broken teeth, and foreign objects lodged in the mouth or nose can also cause bad cat breath. 

Non-Mouth-Related Conditions and Disorders

Conditions aside from issues related specifically to the mouth are yet another source of bad breath in cats. However, there will almost always be other symptoms besides bad breath alone that accompany these disorders, including vomiting, diarrhea, low energy, excessive thirst, excessive urination, and a poor appetite. 

Other things that may lead to bad breath include disorders of the digestive system and liver – especially those that induce frequent vomiting. Additionally, if not well controlled, diabetes can cause your cat’s breath to smell weird, sort of like nail polish remover. 

What to Do if Your Cat Has Bad Breath 

There are many things that can be done for cats with bad breath. If you notice that your cat’s breath smells, it’s best to schedule a visit with your veterinarian. They will start with a physical exam to check your cat’s teeth/gums and the rest of their body.

If your cat has red, puffy, or receded gums, or missing or broken teeth, the next step will be to schedule them for an anesthetic dental cleaning. Most veterinarians will perform pre-anesthetic bloodwork, which will also allow them to ensure that your cat’s internal organs are functioning properly and not contributing to the bad breath. The dental cleaning should include full mouth radiographs (X-rays), which allow for a full assessment of the health of your cat’s teeth and gums and help determine if there are any severely diseased teeth that may need to be removed. 

If your veterinarian finds another cause of bad breath unrelated to the teeth and gums, such as untreated diabetes, your cat’s breath should improve once the disease is properly treated. 

Cat Bad Breath Home Remedies

After you’ve gone to your veterinarian to make sure there’s not a serious problem causing your cat’s bad breath, there are some things you can do at home to help improve the condition. 

Unsurprisingly, a tried-and-true remedy for smelly breath is brushing your cat’s teeth. Always use a toothpaste that is specially formulated for pets to ensure that it is safe. Many pet toothpastes are enzymatic. meaning that the toothpaste itself will help to remove plaque even on spots you cannot reach.

If you have never brushed your cat’s teeth before, it is important to start slowly with a finger or finger toothbrush and reward them with a tasty treat afterward. This will help your cat build a positive association with having their teeth brushed. However, some cats may not allow you to brush their teeth no matter what you do. 

The good news is that there are dental wipes, sprays, water additives, treats and prescription diets that have been proven to reduce the accumulation of odor-causing plaque. You can find the names of these products approved by the Veterinary Oral Health Council at VOHC.org. Your veterinarian can also make recommendations on additional products to address bad breath.

How to Avoid Bad Cat Breath

The best thing you can do to prevent bad breath in your cat is to institute some form of daily home dental care into their routine. Brushing your cat’s teeth once a day is the most effective way to do this. 

If daily brushing does not work for you or your cat, it is important to find the right thing or mix of things that you can do on a daily basis to promote good oral hygiene. For example, it might be more realistic for you to wipe your cat’s teeth with dental wipes twice a week and to feed her dental treats every single day. 

The next best thing you can do is to have your cat’s teeth cleaned and evaluated under anesthesia by your veterinarian on a yearly basis. The current recommendation is for cats to start receiving annual dental cleanings at one year of age [2]. 

Keeping your cat’s mouth clean and free of bad odors will not only prevent them from developing painful, diseased teeth later in life, it can also help to promote better heart, lungs, kidneys, and liver function, and improve their overall longevity. 

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Cancer in Cats Treatment Plan: What to Expect

Though a feline cancer diagnosis may seem scary and daunting, your veterinarian and veterinary team will be there to walk you through the care that your cat will need – both immediately and in the coming weeks and months.

Treatment options for cats with cancer can vary significantly. In some cases, a single surgery may be curative. For other forms of cancer, your veterinarian may refer you to a veterinary oncologist (cancer specialist) for advanced diagnostic testing and treatments. Your cat’s customized treatment plan will be based on their diagnosis, overall health, and other factors.

Your veterinarian, along with other members of your cat’s veterinary care team, will strive to answer all of your questions about cancer treatment to the best of their ability. They will recommend the best possible treatment for your cat and can also provide alternative treatment options (if necessary). They’ll also talk to you about the costs and side effects associated with recommended treatments, as well as your cat’s anticipated prognosis.

Cat Cancer Treatment Cost

Much like the available treatment options, the cost of cancer treatment for cats can vary dramatically, depending on the level of care your cat requires. There is no one-size-fits-all cat cancer treatment plan; the best treatment for your kitty will depend on a number of different factors.

If your cat’s cancer can be treated with surgery alone, the total cost may be less than $1,000. However, the costs associated with cat chemotherapy and/or radiation can be much higher. A full course of chemotherapy or radiation may cost $3,000-$6,000, and some cats require a combination of both chemotherapy and radiation in order to ensure the best possible prognosis.

Types of Cat Cancer Treatment

Feline cancer can be addressed through a variety of different treatments. Depending on the type of cancer and how far it has progressed, your cat may receive one form of treatment or a combination of treatments.

Surgery

Many cat tumors can be successfully treated with surgery. When removing a tumor surgically, your veterinarian will likely attempt to obtain wide “margins” of normal tissue around the tumor to increase the likelihood of removing the entire thing. The tumor will then be sent to a veterinary pathologist for analysis to ensure that the entire thing was removed. Even if removal is not curative, getting rid of the bulk of a tumor may help improve your cat’s prognosis. 

Chemotherapy

You are likely familiar with the use of chemotherapy in human patients. Fortunately, cat chemotherapy is often far better-tolerated than chemotherapy in humans. Some side effects are inevitable, but nausea and vomiting are relatively uncommon, and cats do not typically lose their hair. Chemotherapy for cats may be administered at home (as oral tablets) or in the veterinary hospital, depending on your cat’s particular cancer and recommended treatment protocol. 

Radiation

Radiation therapy is intended to kill off cancer cells while causing minimal damage to surrounding cells. This treatment is administered under general anesthesia in order to allow directed therapy and minimize risk to surrounding tissues. Depending on your cat’s particular cancer, radiation may be delivered with the intent to eliminate a tumor, or to shrink or control the tumor. 

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a relatively new addition to veterinary oncology. The idea behind immunotherapy is to administer an injection that directs your cat’s immune system to attack a specific type of cancer.

Cat Cancer Medications

While the above are the primary treatments used to address feline cancer, your veterinarian may also recommend a number of different medications.

Cat cancer medications may be used alone in the treatment of cancer (for palliative or hospice care) or in conjunction with more definitive treatments.

Common medications often recommended for cats with cancer include:

Pain medications. Some forms of feline cancer are painful, requiring the use of medications to alleviate discomfort.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs). These medications control both pain and inflammation, making them beneficial in cats with certain types of cancer.

Steroids. Some steroids, such as prednisone, can alleviate inflammation that may occur with cat tumors.

Antiemetics. If your cat’s cancer leads to nausea, your veterinarian may prescribe antiemetic (anti-nausea) medication.

Appetite stimulants. Cat cancer can lead to a decrease in appetite. Because a loss of appetite and a lack of adequate caloric intake may cause a worsening of your cat’s condition, your veterinarian may prescribe a stimulant to increase your cat’s appetite.

Antibiotics. Cancer and its associated treatments can weaken your cat’s immune system. Your veterinarian may recommend antibiotics to prevent or treat bacterial infections.

All of these cat cancer medications can have potential side effects. However, your veterinarian will carefully balance the risks versus benefits before recommending any meds for your cat. If you have questions about your cat’s medication, talk to your veterinarian.

Dietary Considerations for Cats With Cancer

A well-balanced diet is an essential component of cancer treatments for cats. Cancer can lead to changes in your cat’s metabolism, increasing their caloric requirements and making it difficult for them to maintain a healthy body weight. Cancer cachexia (weight loss caused by cancer) can negatively impact your cat’s prognosis.

Talk to your veterinarian about the best diet to support your cat through treatment. They may recommend a diet that is specifically formulated for cats with cancer or cachexia.

Additional Lifestyle Considerations

Cats with cancer should be kept indoors. This will reduce the risk of illness or injury, which could place additional stress on their immune system.

If your cat is receiving chemotherapy, your veterinarian will instruct you how to handle your cat’s bedding and litter box. Following these recommendations will limit your exposure to chemotherapy drugs.

Depending on your cat’s particular cancer, your veterinarian may make other recommendations regarding your cat’s lifestyle.

Prognosis for Cats Undergoing Cancer Treatment

The prognosis for cancer is highly variable. Factors to consider include what type of cancer your cat has, how aggressive your cat’s particular cancer is, and how far the cancer has spread at the time of diagnosis. In most cases, your veterinarian will be able to provide you with an estimated prognosis after performing diagnostic tests.

Early detection is key for improving feline cancer outcomes. If you suspect that your cat may have cancer, it’s important to schedule a veterinary visit as soon as possible. Early diagnosis allows for early treatment, which can help bring better results for your cat.

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In this article, we’ll go over all things cat conjunctivitis, so you’ll be able to look out for the warning signs and know what to do if your cat is infected.

What Is Conjunctivitis?

The moist tissue that lines the eyelid and eye surface is called the conjunctiva. The part directly on the eye is called the bulbar conjunctiva, and the lining inside the eyelids is called the palpebral conjunctiva. When these mucous membranes become inflamed, it’s called conjunctivitis.

Most people are familiar with conjunctivitis in humans, but you may wonder how it compares to cat conjunctivitis. For example, what causes conjunctivitis in cats? And is conjunctivitis in cats contagious?

Conjunctivitis in cats is usually infectious, so yes, in those cases it is contagious and can be passed to other kitties. The risk to non-feline family members (both dogs and humans) is low. 

Now let’s go over what can cause cat conjunctivitis.

Causes of Conjunctivitis in Cats

The three most common infectious causes of conjunctivitis in cats are:

• Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1)
• Chlamydia felis, which is a bacteria
• Feline calicivirus (FCV)

Because these causes are infectious, your cat’s risk increases when they’re around a lot of other cats. If your cat is in a confined area with unfamiliar cats, their likelihood of contracting something from one of those cats becomes greater. Higher risk situations include animal shelters, boarding facilities, catteries, veterinary clinics, or outdoor cat colonies.

Another important factor for infectious conjunctivitis, particularly herpesvirus, is that it can recur in times of stress. When a person with herpesvirus-1 gets stressed, they get cold sores. When a cat with FHV-1 gets stressed, they basically get a cold, with conjunctivitis being one of the main symptoms. A stressed cat may have a recurrence of herpesviral conjunctivitis. Stressors could include a new animal or child in the home, moving to a new home, outdoor cats harassing them through the window, recent veterinary visits, and more.

Other less common causes of conjunctivitis can include:

• Trauma
• Chemical burns
• Environmental irritants
• Foreign bodies in the eye or under the eyelids
• Eye worms (Thelazia spp.)

You can also see inflammation of the conjunctiva secondary to other diseases of the eye, such as an ulcer on the cornea, rolled-in eyelids (entropion), or glaucoma.

Symptoms of Cat Conjunctivitis

Cat conjunctivitis can occur in one or both eyes. It may be the only sign you see, or you may notice upper respiratory signs, as well.

Some of the most common symptoms of conjunctivitis in cats include:

• Excessive blinking, winking, or squinting (blepharospasm)
• Ocular discharge, which can be clear, yellow, green, tan, or brown
• Redness of the eye
• Swelling around the eye, which can appear as excessive pink tissue around the eye
• Eyes crusted shut
• Ulcers on the cornea (surface of the eye)
• Pawing at the eyes
• Upper respiratory signs: sneezing, nasal discharge, poor appetite, lethargy, ulcers in the mouth, coughing

Diagnosing Feline Conjunctivitis

A physical examination is necessary to diagnose feline conjunctivitis. A full exam of the eye can include testing the eye’s tear production (Schirmer tear test), testing the eye for ulcers (fluorescein stain), testing the pressures of the eye (intraocular pressures), and examining the eye with a light source. Usually, your veterinarian will treat your cat for a presumed infectious cause based on their findings without additional testing.

If your cat’s symptoms are not resolving or recur frequently, your veterinarian may recommend additional testing to seek a definitive cause. Examples of additional testing could include polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or virus isolation. These tests involve sending samples to a reference laboratory, which will report back if specific infectious diseases are detected. Your cat may need to be sedated for sample collection.

How to Treat Conjunctivitis in Cats 

Treatment of conjunctivitis in cats depends on the underlying cause and severity. Most herpesvirus cases resolve on their own without treatment. If the disease is severe or isn’t improving, or if you have an immunocompromised cat – such as one with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) –  your veterinarian may recommend treatment. Supportive care, such as ensuring that your cat maintains adequate hydration and nutrition, is always important.

Keep in mind that two of the most common causes of conjunctivitis – herpesvirus and calicivirus – are viral. This means antibiotics aren’t going to make the virus go away. However, both viruses can easily cause secondary bacterial infections, in which case antibiotics may be beneficial. Your veterinarian may prescribe an oral antibiotic, usually doxycycline, or topical antibiotics that are placed directly within the eye. Topical antibiotics usually come in the form of either cat eye drops or eye ointment. If your veterinarian suspects herpesvirus, they may prescribe an oral antiviral like famciclovir or a topical antiviral like idoxuridine. Currently, antivirals are not routinely used for suspect calicivirus cases.

You can help your cat by gently wiping away excessive eye discharge. If your cat’s eyes are crusted shut, you can use a warm cloth compress to try to gently tease them open; however, this must be done with caution! The conjunctiva is a delicate tissue. With severe inflammation, the conjunctiva on the inside of the eyelids (palpebral conjunctiva) can become adhered to the surface of the eye (bulbar conjunctiva). This is called symblepharon. These changes can be permanent or may require a visit to an ophthalmologist, and pulling on the eyelids may cause the tissue to tear.  To help avoid this complication, use a warm compress to keep your cat’s eyes open and seek prompt veterinary attention.

How to Prevent Conjunctivitis in Cats 

Not all cases of conjunctivitis are preventable, but there are steps you can take to reduce the risk and severity of disease.

One of the key things you can do is keep your cat up to date on vaccinations. The FVRCP vaccine, which is a core vaccination for cats, protects the cat against both herpesvirus and calicivirus. While the FVRCP vaccine doesn’t prevent all cases of herpesvirus or calicivirus, it’s thought to reduce the severity of disease. The vaccine may also decrease shedding of herpesvirus, reducing the likelihood of transmission between cats.

Importantly, it’s likely that your cat has already had or currently has herpesvirus and/or calicivirus, as both viruses are very common. In fact, according to the Cornell Feline Health Center, up to 97% of cats are exposed to feline herpesvirus in their lifetime, and up to 80% of exposed cats have a lifelong infection. Of those cats, up to 45% will occasionally shed the virus, usually following times of stress. So statistically speaking, the cat in your home very likely already has herpesvirus. 

When it comes to calicivirus, the Cornell Feline Health Center states that 10% of cats housed in small groups are affected, while up to 90% of cats in more crowded situations, like shelters, are infected. Even Chlamydia felis is common! Around 20% of cats with upper respiratory signs and 3% of healthy-looking cats carry C. felis. 

Theoretically, you could reduce your cat’s risk by keeping them indoors and away from densely populated areas, but the truth is that it’s very likely they’ve already been exposed to at least one of the main three infectious causes of conjunctivitis.

As previously mentioned, herpes can recur in times of stress. Reducing your cat’s stress by providing them with a regular routine and plenty of enrichment may help to prevent recurrence of herpes signs. When changes do occur in your home, try to slowly introduce your cat to those changes, if possible.

If you notice that your cat has red eyes or other eye problems, make sure to contact your veterinarian for further advice.

The post Conjunctivitis in Cats: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But cat ear infections can cause discomfort and pain, and it may not be obvious from the outside that your cat is suffering. Read this article to understand the inside of cat ears more thoroughly, and the typical symptoms of an ear infection.

Understanding Cat Ear Anatomy

Your cat’s ear is made of multiple parts. These include the:

• Pinnae
• Ear canal
• Tympanum (ear drum)
• Middle ear
• Tympanic bulla
• Internal ear
• Chochlea
• Vestibular system

The pinnae is the part of a cat’s ear that you can see – the cute triangles that stick out from your cat’s head. The ear canal itself is L-shaped. There is a vertical canal (the tall part of the “L”) and the horizontal canal (the flat part of the “L”). The vertical canal can be seen by looking into the opening at the base of your cat’s pinna. The horizontal canal cannot be seen without the use of an otoscope.

At the bottom of this canal is the tympanum, or ear drum. Behind it is the middle ear, a small open cavity that is typically filled with air. The bone around the middle ear is called the tympanic bulla and is the round smooth protuberance just behind and below your cat’s pinna. Next to this is the internal ear, which contains the organ for hearing (cochlea) and the system of fluid-filled canals responsible for balance (vestibular system).

Cat ear infections most commonly affect the vertical and horizontal canal, and this is known as an external ear infection or otitis externa. Infections can occur in the middle ear as well and are known as otitis media. Internal ear infections are very difficult to diagnose – essentially, veterinarians can only diagnose based on the symptoms your cat has.

Causes of Cat Ear Infections

Approximately half of all external ear infections are due to ear mites, specifically Otodectes cynotis. The next most common cause is hypersensitivity such as an allergy to food, the environment, or something your cat comes into contact with like certain medications.

Other possible causes include:

• Parasites other than ear mites such as Demodex mites
• Foreign bodies, i.e. things that shouldn’t be in the ear such as grass
• Skin disorders such as seborrhea (white scaly skin disease)
• Immune-mediated disorders such as vasculitis
• Glandular disorders such as ceruminous cystomatosis
• Proliferative necrotizing otitis of cats (rare)

Symptoms of Ear Infections in Cats

With mild ear infections, pet parents may never notice symptoms in their cats – even if it itches, cats are very discrete in their scratching and grooming habits. Most cats, however, will develop symptoms. 

Symptoms of ear infections in cats include:

• Redness in the canals
• Discharge in the canals
• Frequent head shaking
• Frequent scratching of the ears
• Fur loss and abrasions on or around the base of the ears (due to scratching)
• Swelling, crust, or redness of the pinna

If your cat also has inflammation of the inner ear, you may notice your cat stumbling and walking drunkenly, which is called ataxia. In middle ear infections, the nerve that controls one side of the face may be affected, preventing your cat from blinking on one side or making the face look like it has two different sides.

Diagnosing Cat Ear Infections

Veterinarians diagnose external ear infections by looking inside the ears for inflammation. Cytology is a common test, which involves taking a small sampling of the debris in an ear to smear on a slide, stain it, and look under the microscope. The type of medication used to treat secondary infections in the ears will depend on what infectious agents veterinarians see. Parasites, yeast, and bacteria are diagnosed this way.

To diagnose middle ear infections, veterinarians will attempt to look deep inside your cat’s ear canal with an otoscope. Looking at the eardrum can help diagnose middle ear infections but it isn’t always apparent. If the ear is very inflamed or painful, they may not be able to see the eardrum without sedation. X-rays of the bullae, or bones of the middle ear, can help with diagnosis. 

To diagnose inner ear infections, veterinarians assume it is present if your cat has ataxia and also a middle ear infection.

Treating Cat Ear Infections

Cat ear infections are treated first and foremost by cleaning out the ears. If waxy debris is trapped inside, medication cannot reach the entire ear. In severe cases, sedation may be necessary to thoroughly clean the ears. 

Next, an ear medication is chosen that targets infection and inflammation. These can be drops or ointment. Some ear medications are thick gels or creams that fill the ears and remain for a week or more.

Treating the secondary infections, or infections of bacteria and yeast that did not cause the original inflammation in the ear, is only half the battle. The most common reason for secondary infections is because ear mites are present. If parasites are found, a topical treatment is often applied to the skin on the back of the head that fights fleas as well as a variety of parasites for an entire month. If an allergy is causing ear infections, your veterinarian may prescribe a prescription diet for food allergies or medication such as antihistamines to combat environmental allergies.

Antibiotics by mouth (oral) or injection are not very useful in ear infections, as medication given these ways does not get into the ear very well. However, in cases of middle ear and inner ear infections, antibiotics are frequently used due to the severity. Steroids orally or by injection may be given if swelling or inflammation is intense.

Home Remedies for Cat Ear Infections

There are no home remedies that will eliminate infections such as bacteria, yeast, or parasites. 

Mixing a solution that is 1/4 to 1/2 white vinegar with water could be used to clean the ears if your cat has a history of yeast infections. However, vinegar and water do not dry easily, and moist environments can lead to worsening of infections. Also, it does not combat infections as well as commercial ear cleansers. 

Using commercial cat ear cleansers that have antibacterial, antifungal, and drying properties once or twice per week will decrease infection and prevent it in the future.

Many cats – around 40 percent – develop ear infections due to hypersensitivities, which is commonly linked to a food allergy. For this reason, focusing on a novel protein diet may help prevent ear infections. Novel protein diets are complete and balanced diets that contain a single type of meat that your cat has never had before. A home-cooked diet is incredibly dangerous for cats if not prescribed by a veterinary nutritionist, as finding the right balance of amino acids and minerals is critical and requires specific supplements.

How to Prevent Cat Ear Infections

For cats who live with many other cats or go outside – even if just on your porch – monthly flea topical medication that also prevents ear mites is best. If your cat develops a couple ear infections and parasites are not involved, preventing the allergy with a novel protein diet, avoiding contact with specific medications, and giving antihistamines or other therapies for reducing environmental allergies will help prevent ear infections.

Regular weekly cleanings of your cat’s ears with an ear cleanser that is antibacterial, antifungal, and has drying properties will prevent future ear infections. Squirt the solution into the ear canal until you see the canal is full, massage the base of your cat’s ear several times, then allow your cat to shake it out. You can gently wipe around the pinnae of your cat’s ear with cotton gauze to get rid of debris. 

The post Cat Ear Infection: 6 Symptoms to Watch For appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But what about our furry feline friends? Can cats get pneumonia? We’ll answer that question and many more throughout this article, so read on for everything you need to know about pneumonia in cats. 

What Is Pneumonia?

Pneumonia refers to inflammation in the lungs. The lungs have many tubes – from large (like the trachea or windpipe) to very small (like bronchioles) – that end in small sacs of air called alveolar sacs. 

In pneumonia, the lungs end up accumulating fluid inside these small alveolar sacs, preventing them from filling with air to supply oxygen to the body. Humans and any animal with lungs can develop pneumonia, but the causes vary between species.

Can Cats Get Pneumonia?

Yes, cats (and dogs) can get pneumonia. It is not a common diagnosis among our feline friends, but it is not very rare either.

Cats often demonstrate subtle signs of pneumonia, which can make it hard to detect. So how do you know if your cat has pneumonia? First, it’s important to understand the different types of pneumonia that can affect cats.

Types of Pneumonia in Cats

There are three main types of pneumonia in cats:

Aspiration pneumonia. Fluid or particulates being breathed in instead of swallowed may result in aspiration pneumonia in cats.

Infectious pneumonia. Cats can develop infectious pneumonia from many different kinds of pathogens (small organisms that cause infection), including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and protozoa.

Inhalation pneumonia. This type of pneumonia in cats occurs when foreign material (such as smoke) is breathed into the airways

Causes of Pneumonia in Cats

Aspiration Pneumonia

Approximately half of cats with pneumonia have aspiration pneumonia, which occurs when your cat accidentally breathes in fluid or particulates such as vomitus, food, medication, or stomach acid. 

The most common reasons this happens include:

• Sedation or anesthesia (when your cat is made unconscious with medications at the veterinarian)
• Disease in the esophagus (the tube leading from the mouth to the stomach)
• Neurologic issues
• Force feeding (i.e. giving food or medication your cat did not choose to take)

Most animals that are diagnosed with aspiration pneumonia had recent gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting.

Infectious Pneumonia

Infectious pneumonia usually occurs because of immunosuppression, meaning there is some reason your cat’s immune system isn’t as strong as it should be. This could be due to age (young kittens), feline leukemia and/or feline immunodeficiency virus, stress (i.e. in an animal shelter or after a surgery), certain medications, or other concurrent illness.

Infectious pneumonia can be caused by a variety of things, including:

• Viruses such as feline calicivirus, feline herpesvirus-1, and feline infectious peritonitis
• Bacteria such as Bordetella bronchiseptica, Mycoplasma spp., and Streptococcus spp.
• Fungi such as Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, and Cryptococcus spp.
• Protozoa such as Toxoplasma gondii
• Parasites such as lungworms (i.e. Aelurostrongylus abstrusus) or roundworms migrating through the lungs such as Toxocara cati

Viruses and bacteria are the most common pathogens causing pneumonia and typically work together. However, in most cases, a virus causes your cat to become ill first, allowing bacteria that are normally found in their airways to proliferate and create a bacterial infection as well. In very young kittens, bacteria can be the primary cause of pneumonia. 

Fungal pneumonia in cats is rare and accounts for approximately 15 percent of cases, while protozoal pneumonia is very rare and accounts for approximately 5 percent. Parasites like roundworms are very common, but it is uncommon for them to cause significant pneumonia.

Inhalation Pneumonia

Inhalation pneumonia is caused by either smoke or a chemical that should not be breathed in. For example, cats that are in house fires inhale a lot of smoke, which often causes pneumonia.

Symptoms of Pneumonia in Cats 

Pneumonia is harder to detect in cats, as 20 percent don’t have changes in breathing when they have pneumonia, and 40 percent do not show signs of overall illness like change in appetite. Still, pneumonia symptoms in cats may be present and can include:

• Coughing or wheezing
• Nasal discharge
• Decreased activity
• Decreased appetite
• Changes in breathing (increase in effort as seen by movement of the belly, inability to rest or be comfortable, fast breathing, or open-mouth breathing)
• Weakness
• Fever 

Diagnosing Pneumonia in Cats

In order to determine a diagnosis, your veterinarian will start by examining your cat. In milder forms of pneumonia, the lungs sound normal on examination, so X-rays are crucial. X-rays show inflammation in the lungs and certain patterns that can hint at the cause, but they alone cannot fully determine what caused the pneumonia. That’s why history is very important in helping to determine what type of pneumonia your cat has (for example, if they had been vomiting or were in a house fire).

Viruses are difficult to detect with testing but may be found by swabbing the back of your cat’s throat. To determine what type of bacteria is involved in your cat’s pneumonia, a test using a fluid sample from the lungs is often recommended (i.e. bronchoalveolar lavage). Fungi and protozoa are typically diagnosed with blood tests that detect the presence of the pathogen in the body. Parasites are diagnosed with fecal (poop) testing. 

Treating Cat Pneumonia 

Most cases of pneumonia are treated with antibiotics and supportive care. While bacteria may not be the primary cause of pneumonia when viruses are present, they frequently worsen the pneumonia, so antibiotics are crucial. Supportive care such as fluid therapy to hydrate your cat helps keep them healthy while they recover.

If your cat is very ill and having trouble breathing, hospitalization may be necessary. When cats are struggling to breathe, they cannot eat, drink, or take medicine by mouth. Veterinary hospitals can give your cat oxygen therapy to help them breathe, as well as fluids and medication through an intravenous (IV) catheter.  

Nebulization is a very important way of treating your cat’s pneumonia at home. This involves putting saline and medication into a small machine that blows concentrated air through the solution, filling a small space for your cat to breathe in the medicated air. Putting your cat in a carrier with moistened towels covering the openings while the nebulizer is running is a great way to trap the medicated air in the carrier.

Fungal, protozoal, and parasitic pneumonia require specific medication depending on the exact pathogen causing it. Fungal and protozoal pneumonia are difficult to treat, as medication must be given for several months before success is achieved.

Prognosis for Cats with Pneumonia

Cats with mild or moderate pneumonia that respond to antibiotics have a good prognosis. Cats that are very ill and struggling to breathe have a worse prognosis, although around 90 percent of these cats survive with hospitalization. 

Fungal and protozoal pneumonia can be difficult to treat, and if your cat is very ill already due to these pathogens, waiting weeks before seeing improvement may not be possible.

How to Prevent Pneumonia in Cats

If your cat develops gastrointestinal symptoms (such as vomiting) that occur more than once, they should be seen by a veterinarian right away. If your cat is being force-fed or takes large volumes of liquid medication, seek advice from your veterinarian to avoid accidentally forcing your cat to aspirate food or medication instead of swallowing it.

Preventing your cat from eating small prey like mice is ideal. Keep your cat away from cats of unknown health status, especially other cats’ feces or litter boxes. This will help avoid protozoa and parasites. 

If you work with any chemicals that are dangerous when inhaled, do not allow your cat to be anywhere near them.

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In this article, we’ll take an in-depth look at cat limping, including potential causes of lameness in cats, what to do if your cat is limping, and how to prevent the problem, if possible. 

Why Is My Cat Limping?

There are many potential causes of limping in cats. A bone, muscle, tendon, or ligament injury is the most obvious reason that a cat is limping.

Infections from bite wounds are also a very common reason why cats limp. When cats fight, they can leave behind deep puncture wounds caused by bites. These wounds become infected and abscess, causing inflammation, pain, swelling, and lameness in cats, especially outdoor cats that like to fight. Sometimes, you may see or feel the swelling, and other times, you may not notice it. 

Other reasons that a cat may limp include:

Arthritis that causes joint pain (worse in obese cats); you may not see your cat limping but you may notice your cat jumping less, grooming less, sleeping more, playing less, etc.

Cancer in the bone or nerves that causes pain; this can affect any leg

Toe pain from a torn toe nail, foreign body, burned/injured toe pads, or phantom pain from a declawing surgery; cats may also lick their paws a lot or have increased aggression due to chronic pain from declawing

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus that causes cats to have an abnormal, dropped stance in their back legs (called down in the hocks)

Hip dysplasia that causes pain or dysfunction in the hip joints of a cat’s back legs

Bone infection that causes bone pain in any leg

Bone fractures that healed abnormally, causing abnormal gaits in cats

Tick bite paralysis caused by a bite from certain species of female ticks

Spinal disc disease that causes a cat to drag their legs or be unable to get up

Pinched nerve that usually causes neck and shoulder pain and limping in front legs

Saddle thrombus/aortic thromboembolic disease caused by heart disease that causes a blood clot to block blood flow to the rear legs, resulting in rear leg lameness

Vaccine reaction that causes pain, swelling, and limping after the injection is given 

What to Do If Your Cat Is Limping

It can be tempting to take the wait-and-see approach if you notice your cat limping. However, some conditions are more serious than others and require prompt veterinary attention. You might be asking yourself, what should I do if my cat is limping but acting normal? What about a cat limping all of a sudden or a limp that comes and goes? Here is a general guide: 

Pay special attention to when the limping occurs (e.g., after sleeping, running, playing, etc.) and how long the cat has been limping—your vet will want this information. 

If your vet advises you to monitor your cat’s limping at home, here are some steps you can take to make your cat more comfortable:

• Put all food, water, bedding, and toys on the ground level
• Place a ramp for your cat to walk up
• If you have been tasked with keeping your cat “quiet,” keep your cat in a small bathroom or large dog crate to limit movement
• If you have started treatment but still notice your cat limping, call your vet

It is very important to NOT give your cat any human over-the-counter or prescription pain meds. This is especially important in regards to ibuprofen or acetaminophen—these medications are extremely toxic to cats and should never be given to a cat. 

Diagnosing Cat Limping

A veterinarian will utilize a physical examination, an oral history from you, and various tests to diagnose cat limping. A physical examination is almost always necessary and depending on the cause of limping, may be all that is required to diagnose the problem. Abscesses, for example, can be diagnosed with a physical examination.

Common tests a veterinarian may run for a limping cat include:

• Radiographs (X-rays) to look at bone and muscle
• Blood work to rule out problems like diabetes
• MRI or CT scan if the cause of limping isn’t readily apparent

How to Treat a Limping Cat

Almost all limping cats will be given pain medication but beyond that, how lameness in cats is treated depends on the underlying cause. Here are some examples:

• Arthritis is treated with weight loss if needed and pain medication. Joint supplements, laser therapy, acupuncture, and omega-3 fatty acids, as well as other adjunct treatments, are also available
• Abscesses are lanced by a veterinarian and then treated with antibiotics and pain medications
• Cancer requires surgery +/- radiation therapy
• Paw injuries are treated appropriately
• Bone infections receive antibiotics
• Spinal and nerve disease is treated with surgery, anti-inflammatories, and cage rest
• Saddle thrombus is treated with pain medication, cage rest, blood thinners, and time

Your veterinarian will tailor your cat’s treatment to their specific condition and treat it appropriately. 

How to Prevent Cat Limping

While you can’t prevent all causes of cat limping, there are several things you can do as a pet parent to minimize your cat’s risk, such as:

• Keep your cat indoors to avoid abscesses and injuries
• Keep your cat at a healthy weight to reduce problems with arthritis
• Have your cat checked by a veterinarian yearly to catch any problems early
• Give your cat omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil
• Do not declaw your cat
• Give your cat adequate scratching surfaces
• Keep your cat active with 3-4 daily play sessions every day

Related Conditions

• Abscesses
• Osteoarthritis
• Cancer
• Injuries
• Diabetes mellitus
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Saddle thrombus

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In fact, a 2016 study found that 45 percent of clinically healthy cats undergoing necropsy (the equivalent of a human autopsy) at one veterinary school showed at least some evidence of pancreatitis. Granted, these cats had other medical conditions that may have predisposed them to pancreatitis, but this was still a surprising statistic and an eye-opener for many in the veterinary community.

In this article, we’ll explain what pancreatitis is, how cats develop this condition, and what veterinarians do to treat pancreatitis in cats. 

What Is Pancreatitis?

The term “pancreatitis” means “inflammation of the pancreas.”

The pancreas is an organ within a cat’s abdomen, sitting tucked up against the stomach and small intestine. This organ has two unique functions:

• It produces insulin, which is released into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar.
• It produces digestive enzymes, which are released into the intestines to aid in digestion.

There are two different forms of pancreatitis: acute and chronic pancreatitis. In the case of acute pancreatitis, inflammation develops suddenly. Cats with acute pancreatitis may become seriously ill within a very short period of time. Chronic pancreatitis, in contrast, refers to pancreatitis that persists over months to years. Chronic pancreatitis in cats is often accompanied by low-grade inflammation, which results in chronic, subtle signs.

Causes of Pancreatitis in Cats

In most cases, we don’t know what causes pancreatitis in cats. A limited number of cat pancreatitis cases have been associated with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii and other infectious organisms. 

Toxins, dietary factors, trauma, and autoimmune disease may also play a role in this condition. However, most cases of pancreatitis are “idiopathic,” which means they do not have a known cause.

Pancreatitis is often associated with inflammation of the liver and intestines. This condition is sometimes referred to as “triaditis,” due to the triad of organs involved (pancreas, liver, and intestines.) The cause of this condition is also unknown.

Symptoms of Pancreatitis in Cats

Signs of pancreatitis in cats may vary, depending on the severity of your cat’s pancreatic inflammation. In mild, chronic cases of pancreatitis, clinical signs may be subtle and vague, such as a slight decrease in appetite or mild lethargy. 

In the case of acute pancreatitis, cats may develop sudden signs of illness, which may progress to shock and even death.

The most common sign of clinical pancreatitis is loss of appetite and vomiting. Increased salivation and teeth grinding may also occur, due to underlying nausea. Diarrhea and abdominal pain may also be observed, although these findings are less consistent.

Pancreatitis symptoms in cats may include:

• Loss of appetite or anorexia
• Lethargy
• Nausea
• Increased salivation
• Grinding teeth
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal pain
• Shock

If your cat is showing signs of pancreatitis, seek veterinary care.

Diagnosing Feline Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis can prove challenging to diagnose. Unfortunately, there is no single, definitive diagnostic test for this condition.

Your veterinarian will begin by performing a thorough physical exam. During this exam, they will assess your cat’s hydration status, listen to your cat’s heart and lungs, and palpate for signs of abdominal pain or other abnormalities. Cats with pancreatitis may be dehydrated and may show signs of weight loss and abdominal discomfort, although some cats may appear completely normal on a physical exam.

Next, your veterinarian will likely perform screening blood tests, including a complete blood cell count (CBC) and serum biochemistry profile. Abdominal X-rays may also be recommended. These tests may be normal in cats with pancreatitis, but they help your veterinarian rule out other conditions that may cause similar signs.

The best test for feline pancreatitis is a blood test called feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity or fPLI. This test can be performed in-house by some veterinary practices, or it may be sent to an outside laboratory. 

While this test is the most specific test available for feline pancreatitis, it is not a very sensitive test and it may miss some cases of pancreatitis. Therefore, a normal fPLI test does not completely rule out the possibility of pancreatitis.

Abdominal ultrasound can also be a useful diagnostic tool, especially in the case of suspected acute pancreatitis. This test can allow a veterinarian to visualize inflammation of the pancreas and surrounding tissues. However, ultrasound is often less helpful in diagnosing chronic feline pancreatitis.

Your veterinarian will recommend the best diagnostic tests for your cat, interpreting the results of these tests in light of your cat’s physical exam and other findings. In some cases, veterinarians must rely upon their experience and clinical intuition in determining whether or not to treat a cat for pancreatitis.

Treating Pancreatitis in Cats

Early treatment of pancreatitis in cats is essential for improving outcomes. This is especially true in cases of acute pancreatitis, which can quickly become life-threatening.

Treatment for pancreatitis is primarily supportive in nature. In most cases, treatment is focused on reducing nausea and abdominal pain while preventing dehydration. 

In mild cases, treatment can be provided on an outpatient basis, using anti-nausea medications, pain medications, and subcutaneous fluids (administered under the skin). In cases of acute pancreatitis or severe chronic pancreatitis, your veterinarian will likely recommend hospitalization. While hospitalized, your cat will receive injectable medications and intravenous (IV) fluids.

Rarely, antibiotics or anti-inflammatory medications may be used to treat pancreatitis in cats.

When treating pancreatitis, restoring your cat’s appetite is a primary goal. Your veterinarian may recommend a prescription diet to meet your cat’s nutritional needs while minimizing the risks of exacerbating gastrointestinal inflammation. If your cat is especially reluctant to eat, your veterinarian may prescribe appetite stimulants.

Recovery times for pancreatitis in cats may range from a few days to several weeks, depending on the severity of your cat’s pancreatic inflammation. If you have additional questions about how to treat pancreatitis in cats, talk to your veterinarian.

How to Prevent Pancreatitis in Cats

Unfortunately, there is no sure-fire way to prevent pancreatitis in your cat. However, there are some measures that may decrease your cat’s risk.

Ensure your cat eats a healthy, well-balanced diet and limit their access to fatty treats. Rich table scraps have been shown to increase the risk of pancreatitis in dogs, and some veterinarians suspect the same may be true for cats.

Limit your cat’s exposure to potential toxins, including poisonous plants and pesticides. Additionally, reduce your cat’s risk of infectious disease through appropriate vaccination and keeping your cat indoors.

Finally, work with your veterinarian to keep your cat healthy. Regular wellness visits allow the early detection of medical problems, which can result in early treatment. If your cat is showing signs of illness, even if they are subtle, contact your veterinarian to arrange for an evaluation.

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Overall, flea allergy dermatitis is the most common skin disease of dogs and cats in most countries of the world. In areas known to have fleas, flea allergy dermatitis is the first thing your veterinarian wants to rule out when you bring in your itchy cat. This can be very frustrating for you as the pet parent, who may not even know your pet has fleas. It can take just one flea bite to cause flea allergy dermatitis.

What Is Flea Allergy Dermatitis in Cats? 

Flea allergy dermatitis is more than the simple itchiness that your cat experiences from having fleas crawling around and biting them. Some cats are actually allergic to the flea’s saliva.

Not all cats are allergic to flea bites. In fact, most cats will experience only mild skin irritation as a response to fleas biting. Your typical cat may still have redness and hair loss from overgrooming, but it won’t be as severe as you’d see with flea allergy dermatitis. On the other hand, cats who are allergic to flea saliva can have a full-blown allergic response to just one flea bite! Around 2 percent of cats are allergic to flea saliva, with no specific breed predispositions known at this time.

Causes of Flea Allergies in Cats

Flea allergies in cats only happen from flea bites. The mere presence of a flea won’t cause a reaction, but it would be very rare for a flea to land on your cat and NOT try to take a bite. The warm environment of a cat’s fur is perfect for a flea to find their next meal. Fleas bite your cat to feed on blood, which is how your cat gets exposed to the flea’s saliva. 

When a flea bites them, the cat’s body has an overreaction to specific proteins in the flea’s saliva, and this exaggerated response manifests as flea allergy dermatitis. Repeated exposure to flea saliva causes the cat to develop a hypersensitivity reaction. In most cases, this hypersensitivity reaction manifests as flea allergy dermatitis.

Like how allergies can worsen in people with repeated exposure, your cat’s signs may worsen with each reinfestation.

Symptoms of Flea Allergy Dermatitis in Cats

Most signs of flea allergies in cats are related to the condition of your cat’s skin. Some pet parents may refer to this as a flea rash. The typical signs of flea allergy dermatitis in cats include:

• Itchy skin (pruritus), most notably on the rump, head, and neck
• Redness or pink tinge to skin due to inflammation (erythema)
• Symmetrical hair loss, usually affecting the sides, rump, tail-base, and thighs
• Crusts or small bumps (papules), often around the neck and lower back
• Vomiting hairballs from overgrooming
• Scratch marks from itching
• Tapeworms (your cat can get tapeworms from swallowing fleas)

While live fleas and flea dirt can certainly be present with a flea allergy in cats, keep in mind that cats are fastidious groomers. It’s common for cat parents not to even know that their flea-allergic cat has fleas!

In some cases, a condition known as eosinophilic granuloma complex (ECG) may also occur. With ECG, your cat may develop lip ulcers, raised plaques on the skin, or granulomas of the skin.

Diagnosing a Flea Allergy in Cats

In most cases, your veterinarian will be able to diagnose flea allergy dermatitis in your cat with a physical exam. If your pet has the characteristic skin allergy signs and the veterinarian finds a flea or flea dirt, a flea allergy will be their presumptive diagnosis. 

The veterinarian may use a flea comb to check for fleas or dirt. Flea dirt is the excrement of fleas, which turns red or a rusty color when wetted because it’s digested blood. If the veterinarian finds brown or black specks on your cat, they may wet the specks with a paper towel to see if they turn this characteristic rusty red color.

Typically, the veterinarian won’t need to run blood work. However, if your cat is very young or has a very high number of fleas on them, the fleas can actually feed on your cat enough to cause anemia. If the veterinarian suspects anemia based on their physical examination, the veterinarian may at least recommend checking to ensure your cat isn’t anemic from blood loss. Signs of anemia would include pale gums, weakness, and lethargy.  

In most cases, the veterinarian will recommend treating your pet intensively for flea allergy dermatitis for at least six weeks. If the fleas are gone after this time but the itchiness and red skin continues, then your veterinarian may recommend food elimination diets or skin testing for allergies. While flea allergies are the top cause of itchy skin conditions in areas with fleas, environmental allergies and food allergies can also cause skin inflammation in cats. 

Treating Flea Allergy Dermatitis in Cats

Luckily, there’s a solution to flea allergy dermatitis in cats—keep the fleas off your pet! The hard part about a flea infestation is that the environment must also be treated. While 5 percent of the fleas in an infestation are adult fleas which can jump onto your pet and bite them, the remaining 95 percent are still in earlier life stages within the environment—eggs, larvae, and pupae. You must disrupt the life cycle to halt the infestation. Most insecticides will kill fleas but preventing reinfestation is the ongoing challenge.

To treat the active infestation, your veterinarian may recommend an oral medication (nitenpyram) that can rapidly kill adult fleas on your pet within 6 hours. This medication does not have residual activity, so reinfestation is not prevented. This is why the veterinarian will also recommend a routine flea and tick preventative, such as imidacloprid, fipronil, fluralaner, or selamectin. These spot-on treatments have good efficacy, safety, and residual activity. Other prevention options can include chewable tablets, flea collars, and flea sprays. As a note, spot-on treatments must be applied directly to the skin, so make sure you’re parting the fur when you put the spot-on on your pet.

Permethrin is in many flea treatments for dogs, but this medication is very dangerous for cats. This ingredient can cause vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, seizures, and death in cats. Ensure the product you use is labeled for cats! Do not use any product that lists permethrin as an ingredient on your cat.

All that skin irritation and scratching can result in a secondary skin infection. If this is the case for your cat, your veterinarian will prescribe antibiotics to help treat the infection. If your pet’s skin allergy is moderate to severe, the veterinarian may also give a steroid injection or prescribe short-term steroids like prednisolone to give your pet more immediate relief. Steroids help reduce inflammation and can slow the immune system’s overreaction to the flea’s saliva.

Most cats continue treatment at home. Hospitalization is not typically necessary, but very young, sick, or anemic animals may need to stay in the hospital for monitoring or, rarely, a blood transfusion.

When it comes to managing the fleas in the environment, there are several steps you can take:

• Use products with residual activity (spot-on treatments) at the recommended intervals.
• Treat all in-contact animals with flea and tick prevention! This is a MUST.
• Wash your pet’s bedding, blankets, and soft toys on high heat. Repeat several times per week.
• Apply a spray that is designed to kill the flea (including younger life stages) to the surfaces in your home. You should apply the spray until the surface is damp to the touch.
• Vacuum the carpets and upholstery daily while managing the infestation. Throw out the contents of the vacuum bag or canister in a tightly sealed plastic bag after each vacuuming session. 
• Consider outdoor exposures. It’s very difficult to control exposure if your cat goes outside, so consider keeping severely allergic cats indoors. If you think your outdoor area needs treatment, consider consulting a pest specialist. 

If you can’t get in soon to see your veterinarian, it’s a good idea to bathe your cat if they’ll tolerate it. You can use a cat-friendly shampoo, but regular dish soap such as Dawn is safe in a pinch. Whether your cat allows the bath or not, you can use a flea comb to help remove more fleas. Some flea and tick preventatives are available without a prescription and can help you start getting the infestation under control. 

How to Prevent Flea Allergy Dermatitis in Cats

Remember that it can only take one flea bite to keep your flea-allergic cat itchy! While the task may seem daunting, prevention is key to keeping your pet healthy and happy. 

Keep your cat and any in-contact pets on monthly flea control year-round. Fleas can continue to live indoors during the winter months. While the warmer months of the year have typically been considered flea season (year-round in some southern and coastal areas, spring to fall in northern areas), flea season has been expanding to involve more months of the year. Year-round prevention is the best way to keep your pet from experiencing an allergic reaction. 

Wild animals, community cats, stray animals, and pets you share a fence-line with can all be flea reservoirs. Keeping your cat indoors reduces their potential exposure to new flea infestations.

Remember that a large part of a flea infestation occurs in the environment. Regular vacuuming can help catch fleas who may have hitched a ride on your dog during their afternoon walk.

If you are struggling to control a flea infestation, consider speaking with your veterinarian or a pest specialist. Once you get rid of a flea infestation, prevention of future infestations becomes easier. With patience, you can help your flea-allergic cat get back to their usual frisky self.

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Hepatic lipidosis in cats is one of the most common liver diseases and can be fatal if not treated immediately and aggressively. Fortunately, with early and effective treatment, cats can fully recover from hepatic lipidosis and not relapse.

What is Hepatic Lipidosis?

Hepatic lipidosis in cats is also known as fatty liver syndrome. It is a common feline liver disease caused by the liver being overwhelmed with body fat that is transported to the liver when a cat becomes anorexic.

Causes of Hepatic Lipidosis in Cats

Hepatic lipidosis in cats is usually caused by an underlying medical condition, including those listed below:

• Cancer
• Diabetes
• Pancreatitis
• Kidney disease
• Other liver diseases
• Nutritional deficiencies
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland)

In addition to these medical conditions, several risk factors can make cats more prone to developing hepatic lipidosis. These risk factors include obesity, stress, and a sudden change in diet. Overweight or obese cats are especially susceptible to hepatic lipidosis because of how much extra body fat they have.

The common denominator for these causes and risk factors is anorexia. When a cat stops eating for several days, the body starts using its fat stores for energy because the cat is not getting fat from their diet. The fat moves to the liver to be processed into energy.

Unfortunately, this massive movement of fat to the liver clogs the liver’s cells. The liver cannot process the fat quickly enough and stops functioning well. In severe cases, the liver stops working, leading to liver failure.

Symptoms of Feline Hepatic Lipidosis

Hepatic lipidosis can make a cat seriously ill very quickly. Here are common signs of hepatic lipidosis in cats:

• Pallor
• Lethargy
• Vomiting
• Constipation
• Muscle wasting
• Clotting problems
• Excessive salivation
• Neck bent downward
• Avoiding the food bowl
• Dramatic, rapid weight loss
• Behavioral changes (social withdrawal, depression)
• Jaundice (yellowing of the eyes, skin, gums)

The presence of jaundice indicates severe disease. A cat with jaundice from hepatic lipidosis could die from the disease and needs immediate and aggressive treatment.

Diagnosing Fatty Liver Disease in Cats

Take your cat to your veterinarian as quickly as you can if your cat has symptoms of hepatic lipidosis.

Your veterinarian will first take a history and perform a physical examination. For the history, share as much detail as possible about your cat’s symptoms and dietary and medication history.

In addition to the history and physical examination, your veterinarian will use bloodwork, abdominal ultrasound, and tissue sampling to diagnose hepatic lipidosis.

The bloodwork will reveal abnormalities that indicate liver disease, such as elevated liver enzymes. The bloodwork may also indicate anemia and abnormal levels of electrolytes like potassium and sodium.

An abdominal ultrasound will show an enlarged liver. On the ultrasound, your veterinarian will also look at other abdominal organs, like the kidney and pancreas, for evidence of underlying disease in these organs.

Tissue sampling, by biopsy or ultrasound-guided fine needle aspirate (FNA), is the best way to definitively diagnose hepatic lipidosis. Performing an FNA involves inserting a long, thin needle into the liver and removing a small piece of tissue. A biopsy would require surgery and may not be possible, depending on a cat’s health status.

Treating Hepatic Lipidosis in Cats

Treatment for hepatic lipidosis in cats must start early to maximize the chance of a full recovery and can last 6 to 12 weeks. There are several treatment goals for this condition. 

Through treatment, veterinarians try to:

• Correct dehydration
• Correct nutritional deficiencies
• Stop fat mobilization to the liver
• Restore normal electrolyte levels

Cats will need to be hospitalized for at least the early part of their treatment. Treatment includes nutritional support, medications, and intravenous fluid therapy. Nutritional support is complex and will be explained in the next section.

Medications are given to reduce symptoms, support liver function, and, if needed, manage the underlying disease that contributed to the hepatic lipidosis.

Depending on a cat’s nutritional deficiencies because of anorexia, injectable nutritional supplements may be given to correct those deficiencies.

Intravenous fluid therapy restores hydration and normal electrolyte levels. It is administered before beginning nutritional support. To prevent overhydration, obese and overweight cats with hepatic lipidosis should be given fluid therapy according to their ideal weight, not their current weight.

Nutritional Support for Cats with Hepatic Lipidosis

Nutritional support is provided to cats with hepatic lipidosis through long-term feeding tubes for at least 6 to 7 weeks. The tube is either an esophagostomy tube (placed directly into the esophagus) or a gastrostomy tube (placed directly into the stomach). For severe cases of hepatic lipidosis, cats may need to be fed intravenously before being fed through a feeding tube.

Affected cats are fed a high-protein, calorie-dense, balanced food. The goal is for cats to take in enough calories to stop fat mobilization. It is crucial to avoid forced feeding by mouth. Forced feeding can lead to food aversion syndrome, complicating and prolonging treatment.

Nutritional support through the feeding tube is gradually increased until a cat takes in their optimal daily caloric intake. Your cat will not stay in the hospital the entire time they are tube fed, so your veterinarian will instruct you on how to do the feedings at home and maintain the tube.

The tube can be removed after a cat can eat enough on their own, by mouth, to maintain their body weight.

The Cost to Treat a Cat for Fatty Liver Disease

The costs for treating fatty liver disease in cats can quickly add up, so be prepared. Here are the typical expenses for treating this condition:

• Medications
• Hospitalization
• Nutritional support
• Feeding tube placement
• Continued monitoring
• Intravenous fluid therapy

The total cost will vary, depending on disease severity and how long your cat needs to be hospitalized.

How to Prevent Hepatic Lipidosis

Hepatic lipidosis in cats is not entirely preventable, but you can reduce your cat’s likelihood of developing the disease. For example, monitor your cat’s weight and work with your veterinarian on a weight loss plan if your cat is overweight or obese.

Also, reduce your cat’s stress and stay on top of managing chronic diseases. Make changes to your cat’s diet gradually and take your cat for regular wellness visits.

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Unfortunately, cats are prone to a number of painful and uncomfortable urinary tract issues. There are so many potential issues specifically related to urinary health that an umbrella term – known as both feline urinary syndrome (FUS) and feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) – was created to capture the breadth of problems facing cats in that area.

Among the causes of FUS are urinary tract infections (UTIs). These infections are fairly common conditions in humans, particularly adult women. “The infection is not demonstrably different in felines than it is in humans,” explains Dr. Byron de la Navarre, chief of staff at Animal House of Chicago, “though symptoms will naturally present differently.”

But how can you tell if a behavior or action is a symptom of a UTI in cats, a sign of another urinary problem, or something else entirely? Read on for more info about cat urinary tract infections, plus the 5 symptoms of cat UTIs to get checked right away.

Urinary Tract Infections in Cats: An Overview

A urinary tract infection is when bacteria that does not typically live in the bladder gets to the bladder, causing irritation and inflammation, says Dr. Victoria Guillen of Pleasant Care Pet Hospital and Cat Care Clinic in Cincinnati.

“Female cats are more likely to get an infection of their urinary tract than male cats due to their anatomy,” Dr. Guillen says. Additionally, she says older cats are at a higher risk of getting a UTI as they have a higher preponderance of kidney disease than their younger counterparts. This is because the acid content and concentration of urine helps prevent UTIs, and kidney disease can alter the acidity of urine and decrease urine concentration. When that happens, infection is more likely.

Feline UTIs are a relatively rare condition. According to a 2021 study in Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, UTIs are considerably more common in dogs than in cats, with 39.3 percent of analyzed dogs showing a urine culture that was positive for UTI-causing bacteria and just 24.7 percent of cats showing the same.

Cat UTI Symptoms to Get Checked

While it can sometimes be tough to tell when your cat is fighting a UTI, here are five symptoms that shouldn’t be ignored.

Urinating in Inappropriate Places

Cats’ instinctual attraction toward using the litter box is one of nature’s miracles, and when they don’t follow through, it can be very jarring. One of the most common symptoms of many feline diseases is improper elimination, or doing their business outside of the litter box.

“What’s difficult about not using the litter box is that it can be hard to isolate what’s causing the problem,” Dr. de la Navarre says. “It could be as simple as you moving something in the room, and the cat is showing you they’re not happy about it, so they pee inappropriately.”

He adds that if you moved the litter box, and the cat is peeing where it used to be, it’s fairly likely that the cat wants it put back in its original location. But if you’re seeing repeated incidents of inappropriate urination without explanation, it’s worth discussing with your veterinarian, as a UTI or other cause of FLUTD may be present.

Blood in Urine

If you see blood in your cat’s urine, it could be a sign of a urinary tract infection. Inflammation in a cat’s urinary tract or bladder can cause discolored urine or blood-tinged urine. Pay extra attention to your cat’s litter box for signs of bloody urine and seek veterinary care if you notice any. 

Increased Frequency in Urination

When UTI-causing bacteria are present in large enough numbers, a cat’s bladder can become irritated and inflamed, Dr. de la Navarre says. “It gets uncomfortable, so they tend to pee more frequently.”

If your cat is posturing to urinate more than usual but is producing minimal to no urine, prompt veterinary attention is recommended to determine if your cat has a UTI or something more serious like a blockage.

“A urinary blockage is a medical emergency and should be addressed promptly, as it can result in death if not treated,” Dr. Guillen says.

This can happen when the urethra gets severely inflamed or if a stone forms and doesn’t pass through, Dr. de la Navarre says. “They’re much more common in male cats than female cats, and recurrence is fairly common. In that case, surgery may be recommended to prevent future blockages.”

Increased Thirst

Also known as polydipsia, increased thirst can be a product of increased frequency of urination or a cause of it; in either case, it’s worth checking with your veterinarian. If a UTI is present, drinking more water than usual may be the cat’s way of trying to flush out the urinary tract and rid themself of the bacteria causing the infection.

Your veterinarian may also test for the possibility of diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, or hyperthyroidism, as polydipsia is a symptom of these three common conditions. 

Vocalizing or Straining While Urinating

Healthy cats usually go about their “business” without calling too much attention to themselves, but in the case of a UTI, Dr. de la Navarre says a cat may yowl or vocalize while attempting to urinate. Additionally, you may observe your cat physically straining to use the bathroom when they’re dealing with a UTI.

Another potential underlying cause for straining and/or vocalizing during urination is cystitis, which is an inflammatory condition of the bladder that can lead to the formation of stones. Dr. Guillen says stress can be a cause of cystitis, and a special diet may be recommended by your veterinarian to help rebalance the acidity in urine, which can break up any potential stones and flush out unwanted bacteria.

Vocalizing and straining while attempting to urinate can also signal that your cat could have a urinary blockage. A cat who is repeatedly straining in the litter box and yowling should be examined quickly to ensure they are able to pass urine. Blockage can result in kidney failure and bladder rupture, which can be fatal.

Unusually Lethargic, Restless, or Standoffish Behavior

Does your cat just seem “off,” exhibiting unusual behavior like restlessness or lethargy? Changes like this can be a symptom of dozens of diseases and conditions, including UTIs. 

Guillen says that because of cats’ sometimes subtle nature, behavior that’s abnormal for them – especially if it lasts for more than a day or so – is worth discussing with your veterinarian. “A full medical workup is always recommended before assuming it is a behavior issue,” she explains. 

Next Steps if You Suspect a Cat UTI

If you suspect a cat urinary tract infection, or any other urinary issue, call your veterinarian and discuss your observations.

If it seems like a blockage is possible (and especially if your cat is male), Dr. de la Navarre says you should make sure to seek out immediate care. “If nothing or very little is coming out, that can become toxic to the cat within hours,” he explains.

Dr. Guillen says cats who are eating and behaving otherwise normally can schedule an appointment. The vet will take a urine sample, which may be cultured at a lab to test for UTI-causing bacteria or examined under the microscope for evidence of infection. X-rays of the abdomen and/or blood work may also be ordered, she says, depending on the age, overall health, and symptom profile of the cat.

“If the cat has a true UTI, then antibiotics are typically prescribed,” she notes. “If there is a urinary stone in the bladder, a special prescription diet may be prescribed to dissolve it.” Some stones will not dissolve with a prescription diet and need to be surgically removed.

To prevent recurrence, Dr. Guillen recommends having plenty of clean water available to drink, especially from cat fountains. Some vets, she says, will want the cat to stay on a special urinary diet for an extended period, potentially lifelong. 

She also advises following the rule of “plus one” when it comes to litter boxes in the house: “One cat should have two, two cats should have three, etc.” Having options, and especially giving a cat its own box that no other cat in the house uses, makes them feel more comfortable and confident.

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What is Glaucoma in Cats?

Glaucoma is a disease in which the intraocular pressure (IOP), or pressure within the eye, is abnormally high. This occurs when fluid in the eye, known as aqueous humor, is unable to drain effectively. The eye is constantly producing aqueous humor; if it cannot drain, the pressure in the eye will increase like a water balloon that is being overfilled.  

Fortunately, glaucoma is relatively rare in cats. Siamese and Burmese cats are predisposed to this condition, however, and therefore are more likely to develop glaucoma.

Glaucoma should not be confused with cataracts. Cataracts are caused by changes within the lens of the eye, while glaucoma is caused by increased quantities of the fluid that surrounds the lens. While both conditions can cause blindness in cats, they are separate diseases.   

Glaucoma in Cats Symptoms

Glaucoma can affect one or both eyes. Clinical signs may vary, depending on the severity of the condition. Without effective treatment (and sometimes despite effective treatment), glaucoma in cats will progress and symptoms may become more pronounced over time. 

In the early stages of glaucoma, you may notice a slight redness of your cat’s eye(s). Your cat may also squint or show other signs of discomfort. The surface of your cat’s eye (the cornea) may also become cloudy, due to inflammation. As glaucoma progresses, your cat will likely become blind in the affected eye(s). In severe cases, the eye may be visibly enlarged and bulge from the eye socket. 

Symptoms of glaucoma in cats include: 

• Redness of the eye(s)
• Squinting
• Pawing at the eye(s) as if uncomfortable
• Cloudy appearance of the cornea
• Blindness
• Bulging of the eye(s)

What Causes Glaucoma in Cats?

Glaucoma in cats can be divided into two broad categories: primary glaucoma and secondary glaucoma. 

Primary glaucoma is caused by an anatomical defect of the eye that blocks fluid drainage within the eye. This form of glaucoma is relatively uncommon in cats. It primarily affects Siamese and Burmese cats, though it has been uncommonly reported in other breeds, including Russian Blue and Domestic Shorthair cats. 

Secondary glaucoma, in contrast, occurs secondary to another condition. Most cases of feline glaucoma are secondary to another disorder of the eye that interferes with fluid drainage. Potential triggers of secondary glaucoma include eye inflammation, head trauma, tumors within the eye, damage to the lens, luxation (displacement) of the lens, and other conditions. 

Diagnosing Glaucoma in Cats

Your veterinarian will use a tool called a tonometer to measure your cat’s IOP (eye pressure). In most cases, this test can be done without anesthesia or sedation. Your veterinarian will administer numbing eye drops, then touch the tonometer to the surface of the eye. You may be familiar with these procedures from your own optometry appointments. 

In addition to assessing your cat’s IOP, your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical examination. Your veterinarian will also perform an ophthalmic examination, looking for other ocular conditions that may be associated with your cat’s glaucoma. 

Cat Glaucoma Treatment

Glaucoma in cats requires treatment, for a number of reasons. First, this condition is painful for a cat with glaucoma. Treating your cat’s glaucoma is essential, in order to keep your cat comfortable and maintain their quality of life. Additionally, untreated glaucoma will progress, causing damage within the eye and leading to blindness. This blindness is usually permanent, once it occurs. 

Glaucoma is often managed with eye drops, such as dorzolamide and timolol. These drops slow the production of aqueous humor and/or promote the drainage of aqueous humor. Your veterinarian may also prescribe medications to treat an underlying eye disease contributing to your cat’s glaucoma. It is important to give all medications consistently, as directed by your veterinarian. 

If your cat’s glaucoma does not respond to medical treatment, your veterinarian may recommend surgery. Rarely, surgery may be attempted to restore drainage of aqueous humor in an effort to preserve your cat’s vision. In most cases, however, surgical treatment involves enucleation or removal of the eye. If your cat’s eye is causing pain and has already lost vision, removing the eye may be the most humane option for your cat. 

Managing Glaucoma in Cats

Cats with glaucoma will typically remain on medication for the rest of their lives. Therefore, it’s helpful to make medication time as pleasant and low-stress as possible. Experiment with different locations for medication administration—are you and your cat more comfortable with your cat on the floor, on a countertop, or even sitting in your lap? Give your cat lots of affection before administering eye drops, and follow eye drops with a tasty treat to create a positive association. 

If your cat becomes blind due to glaucoma, they will likely adapt surprisingly quickly to their loss of vision. You can help your cat acclimate by not rearranging furniture or other items within your home, so they can learn their way around your home without sight. Within a few weeks, most cats are getting around so well that they may not even realize they are blind. For more information on coping with feline blindness, see our Guide to Life with a Blind Cat.

How to Prevent Glaucoma in Cats

There’s no surefire way to prevent glaucoma in cats. However, there are ways you can decrease your cat’s risk. 

Ensure that your cat receives regular veterinary care. Siamese and Burmese cats, in particular, should receive regular eye exams. Early diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma will maximize your cat’s wellbeing and minimize their risk of blindness. 

If your cat is showing signs of an eye issue, have them seen by your veterinarian as soon as possible. Even if their ocular issues don’t indicate glaucoma, many eye conditions can cause glaucoma if they are left untreated. Early diagnosis and treatment of eye issues can play a key role in preserving your cat’s vision.

Finally, minimize your cat’s risk of secondary glaucoma by reducing their risk of eye disease or injury. Keeping your cat indoors will not only reduce their risk of trauma, it can also reduce the risk of infectious and inflammatory diseases that may contribute to glaucoma. 

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This article will cover what to expect during chemotherapy for cats to help you feel prepared and confident, including the treatment process, costs, and recovery, along with how to keep your cat comfortable during the process.

What is Chemotherapy?

Cat chemotherapy describes medications that are used to treat cancer. Whether used by itself or in conjunction with other cat cancer treatments such as surgery and radiation therapy, chemotherapy can shrink tumors, kill or slow the growth of cancer cells throughout the body, reduce inflammation, and manage symptoms associated with cancer (such as pain or nausea).

Chemotherapy can be helpful for many types of cancer in cats. However, it is most commonly used in cancer that can’t be treated with surgery (such as lymphoma) or when cancer metastasizes (spreads). 

Depending on the situation, it may be one single drug or a combination of drugs, and it can be administered several ways, including injection, intravenous, and pill form. The good news is that the side effects of cat chemotherapy are minimal compared to the side effects that humans experience.

Chemotherapy for Cats: Step by Step

If your cat is receiving a single injection of chemotherapy or receiving it in pill form, your veterinary provider will administer the injection and/or send you home with detailed instructions that include how to give pills and monitor for side effects.

Since the process for intravenous chemotherapy is a bit more involved, we’ll go over it step by step.

Step 1. Pre-Treatment Appointment

First, your veterinarian will have an appointment with you before starting therapy to discuss what drug(s) will be administered and how often, how long treatment will last (it can vary), and any associated costs.

Step 2. Treatment Prep

When your cat goes in for treatment, the support staff will check their vitals, such as weight, temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate. If everything looks ok, your cat will be prepped for treatment by a veterinary technician. This includes shaving and sterilizing their arm and placing an intravenous catheter. 

Because chemotherapy can cause bone marrow suppression in some cats, blood may be drawn from the catheter to check your cat’s blood cells before treatment. Your cat might also receive pre-treatment with medications to reduce nausea or allergic reactions to chemotherapy drugs.

Step 3. Chemotherapy Infusion

Once the catheter is secured, your cat will receive an IV infusion of fluids and chemotherapy drugs. Infusions can take 45 minutes to several hours to complete. Most treatment centers will allow you to stay with your cat while they are receiving treatment.

Step 4. Post-Treatment Care

After treatment, the veterinarian or veterinary technician will go over any side effects to look out for (pain, nausea, appetite loss, etc.) and schedule your cat for their next treatment, if appropriate. This is the best time to ask your provider any questions for home treatment.

Step 5. At-Home Care

During chemo treatment, you should be able to continue your at-home relationship with your cat without interruption. It is safe for most people to pet, hug, and kiss cats who are undergoing chemotherapy, with the exception of pregnant or nursing mothers, who should avoid contact with the cat for 3 days after treatment. If you are pregnant or nursing, be sure to let your veterinary provider know.

Extra care should be taken with litter boxes, as chemotherapy drugs are excreted via urine and feces. Use gloves for 3-5 days after chemotherapy treatments when cleaning your cat’s litter box. It is safe for cats in multi-cat households to continue sharing boxes.

If you are giving chemotherapy drugs at home, follow all instructions from your veterinarian, including safe handling practices.

Cat Chemotherapy Side Effects

Chemotherapy targets fast-growing cells, causing adverse side effects for some cats. In general, side effects of chemotherapy in cats are milder and less prevalent than in humans and can be easily controlled with medication. The most common side effects include:

• Diarrhea
• Loss of appetite
• Drooling
• Excessive tiredness after treatment
• Bone marrow suppression
• Increased thirst and urination in cats treated with steroids
• Whisker thinning
• Shaved hair that grows back more slowly

If your cat is receiving chemotherapy, it is important to provide them with a quiet, warm place to rest. In addition, you should also:

Monitor appetite. Decreased appetite is common after treatment for the first day, but if your cat’s appetite remains poor for longer than 48 hours, or if they’re vomiting, contact your vet. You can entice cats to eat by feeding canned food that has been slightly warmed in the microwave or by adding chicken broth or toppers to their food.

Monitor the litter box. If you notice diarrhea, or if your cat is straining in the litter box without producing feces or urine, call your veterinarian.

Monitor energy level. It is normal for cats to have lower energy immediately following treatment, but if it lasts longer than 24 hours, contact your vet.

Monitor hydration. Provide ample fresh water and ask your veterinarian how to check your cat’s hydration status and temperature. Give your vet a call if you notice signs of dehydration or a fever.

Is Chemotherapy for Cats Worth It?

The decision to pursue chemotherapy is a highly individualized choice, and no matter what your veterinarian thinks, it’s entirely up to you. Choosing to go with chemo depends on several factors, including:

• If the type of cancer your cat has will respond well to chemotherapy
• Whether you are treating to cure (remission), slow cancer growth, or provide palliative care (manage symptoms when a cure is not possible)
• Your cat’s age, overall health, and quality of life with and without treatment
• Your financial situation

If your cat has been diagnosed with cancer and chemotherapy has been recommended, first make sure that you are working with a veterinarian you trust and is receptive to questions from you. If you aren’t comfortable, you have the right to get a second opinion. Be sure to ask your provider about the following:

• Prognosis with chemotherapy and without
• Possible risks and side effects of treatment
• Other treatment options
• If a local veterinary oncologist is available to administer treatment (oncologists have access to the latest treatments, research, and drugs)
• Overall cost, including follow-up care (examinations and lab tests)
• What is best for your cat

Cat Chemotherapy Cost

Depending on the treatment, the cost of chemotherapy varies. Intravenous drug therapy is the most expensive treatment, and you will pay more to work with a board certified oncologist vs. a local veterinarian. 

In general, chemotherapy for cats costs $1,000-$5,000.

Cat Chemotherapy Success Rate

The success rate of chemotherapy depends on what type of cancer your cat has been diagnosed with, how far the cancer has spread, and the overall health of your cat. 

Some cancers have an excellent success rate of treatment with chemotherapy, but with others, all chemotherapy can do is slow the progression of the disease or help your cat feel better. The variability of success underscores how important it is to ask your veterinarian questions before starting therapy.

Cats and Chemotherapy: Other Tips and Advice

In addition to educating yourself about the type of cancer your cat has and the options for treatment, it’s also very helpful to enlist support from your community. A cancer diagnosis is hard, no matter if it’s a pet or a human. Having a supportive group of humans beside you as you walk through this journey can be incredibly helpful. 

Many pet parents have found utilizing an online service like CareCorrals can help create a circle of support, empathy, and love. If you find that you are struggling mentally or emotionally, don’t hesitate to reach out to a mental health professional or join a support group.

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While cats see fewer colors than humans, they have extra visual abilities that we lack. For instance, cats can see quite well in the dark!

So what colors can cats see? To understand cat color perception, it’s helpful to know how their eyes are structured. Here’s what you need to know about cat vision.

Cat Vision: Understanding Feline Eye Anatomy

There are many similarities between human eyes and cat eyes, at least in the anatomical sense, says Dr. Kelli Ramey, a veterinary ophthalmologist and owner of Calgary Animal Eye Care in Calgary, Canada.

“We have all the same basic structures: the cornea, the clear windshield of the eye; the iris, the colored part of the eye; a lens; and a retina,” says Ramey. “Probably the predominant anatomic difference between our eyes and cats’ eyes is the shape of the pupil. So that cat eye has that vertical slit-shaped pupil, which actually helps them with more of their distance vision, and it can improve their visual acuity at a distance.”

A critical difference between humans’ and cats’ eyes lies in the composition of the retina—namely, the photoreceptor cells known as cones and rods. Human eyes have more cones, enabling broad color vision. Cat eyes mainly consist of rods that allow for black-and-white vision in dim light. While cats do have cones that allow them to see color, their visual abilities focus more on seeing in the dark rather than distinguishing a range of colors.

“Cats can see better in the dark than we can largely because they have more rods than cones and a greater density of rods than we have,” says Dr. Riley Aronson, an ophthalmology specialty intern at Tuft University’s Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine. “This helps them hunt in darker lighting, since cats are technically crepuscular (most active at dawn and dusk). Another reason they see better in the dark is because cats (excluding blue-eyed cats) have another layer in the back of their eye called a tapetum lucidum—or tapetum for short. This helps reflect light back through the retina, meaning the photoreceptors (rods and cones) receive more light.”

While cats are known to have two types of cones in their retinas, some recent studies have suggested that cats could have a third cone, allowing them to see a broader spectrum of color (2). But this idea is controversial since these cones cannot be consistently detected in anatomic or behavioral studies of vision in cats (3).

What Colors Can Cats See?

There is still a lot to learn about feline vision, but most experts agree that cats see shades of blue-violet and yellow-green. On the other hand, cats cannot see red, orange, and brown hues.

So does that mean cats can’t see the laser pointer’s red dot? Aronson says cats can see the laser, just not the color.

“It is the movement of the dot that they see, rather than the color,” says Aronson. “Cats are similar to people with red-green colorblindness and are thought to perceive red objects as green.”

Cats may respond more favorably to objects within their color range, says Ramey.

“If we want to play to the strengths of cats’ color vision, buying them toys and beds … that are in that blue to yellow-green color range just means that they’re going to potentially find things more easily,” says Ramey. “If you’re throwing a ball and it’s red, it’s going to be harder for them to find and track compared to a blue ball.”

Do Cats See Color the Same Way as Dogs?

Cats see color in a similar way to dogs, but there are some crucial differences between cat and dog vision.

“Dogs are a little bit more toward that blue and strong yellow, whereas cats [see] a little bit more blue and greenish-yellow,” says Ramey. “It’s not a huge difference, but it’s small enough that it’s noted in the research.”

Another distinction is that dogs have better visual acuity than cats. “Things will actually look a bit more blurry to cats,” Ramey explains.

Cat vision might be more “blurry,” but they have excellent motion detection – better than dogs do. And cats can see well in the near dark. However, cats are more near-sighted than dogs, and can only see about 20 feet in front of them.

“Evolutionarily, this makes sense for them,” says Aronson. “They hunt when it’s darker and hunt close up. The vertical pupil helps them hunt from trees and higher distances.” They are experts at tracking moving prey. 

Color Blindness in Cats

Is it possible that some cats are colorblind? Ramey says it’s impossible to know.

“Since individual cats can’t communicate exactly what they see from cat to cat,” says Ramey, “I don’t think we know for sure. We know more generalities.”

Aronson takes a similar view: “I think colorblindness would be hard to diagnose in cats since we can’t see that they’re struggling with crayons in elementary school, for example.”

That said, Aronson says some medical issues could impact a cat’s vision as a whole. “Anything that degrades the retina itself,” says Aronson. “For cats, these diseases include retinal degeneration, PRA (progressive retinal atrophy), taurine deficiency in the diet, fluoroquinolone (an antibiotic class) toxicity, and retinal detachment.”

While color blindness hasn’t been recognized in cats, experts say cats see color in a comparable way to humans with red-green color blindness.

“Probably the closest we can perceive to what cats see in color would be for like a colorblind person,” says Ramey.

Conclusion

In summary, cats can see color, but not in the same way as humans, or even dogs. Most experts believe their vision is limited to shades of blue-violet and yellow-green, and that they’re unable to see hues of red, orange, and brown.

What cats lack in color vision, however, they gain in night vision and motion detection. In other words, don’t underestimate what your cats can see.

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Down syndrome is a relatively common diagnosis in the human population. But if you’re a feline parent, you may be wondering: can cats have down syndrome? 

Here, we answer that question, plus provide insights into what may be at the center of your cat’s unique characteristics. As always, it’s best to contact your veterinarian if your cat is displaying any unusual signs.

What is Down Syndrome?

Down syndrome is a chromosomal condition that most often occurs when there’s an error during cell division. The medical term for this prevalent form of Down syndrome is called Trisomy 21 (or nondisjunction).

Each cell in the human body typically contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Most children born with Down syndrome, however, have three copies of Chromosome 21.

“The fetus gets three of these chromosomes when the egg is fertilized, rather than one from the egg and one from the sperm. The upshot is that either the egg or the sperm carried an extra Chromosome 21,” explains Dr. Liz Stelow, a board-certified veterinary behaviorist and chief of service of clinical behavior service at the University of California, Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital.

Instead of the typical 46 chromosomes, the cells of people with Down syndrome contain 47. Scientists theorize that the extra genes on Chromosome 21 disrupt how genetic information is decoded.

People with Down syndrome vary in their abilities and personalities, just as you’d expect in the general population. Common characteristics of the condition – which are present in varying degrees – include learning challenges, slower speech, a flattened face, slanted eyes, a short neck, small ears, low muscle tone, and a shorter stature.

Can Cats Have Down Syndrome?

The short answer is that Down syndrome in cats doesn’t exist. In humans, the condition is most commonly the result of an extra copy of Chromosome 21. Given that cats have just 19 pairs of chromosomes, they can’t have Trisomy 21.

There are, however, genetic mutations that can cause traits similar to those found in people with Down syndrome, says Dr. Sasha Gibbons, an associate veterinarian at Just Cats Veterinary Hospital in Stamford, Connecticut.  “But the etiology (cause) of these changes are slightly different than that of people.”

An example is the mutation linked to the UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase (UGDH gene), which results in the shortened legs in the Munchkin cat breed.  

Can Other Animals Have Down Syndrome?

Even if cats and other animal species could acquire three copies of Chromosome 21, their genes are structured differently than ours. This means that any condition or disease, if present, would be expressed uniquely.    

Though Down syndrome is a human condition, there are interesting genetic similarities to Trisomy 21 found in the animal kingdom.  

Mice

Mice have 20 chromosomes and are unable to develop Trisomy 21, but there are similarities between human Chromosome 21 and mouse Chromosome 16. Mice with Trisomy 16 exhibit learning difficulties.

More recently, mice who received an inserted copy of human Chromosome 21 have displayed characteristics consistent with Down syndrome in humans – including learning challenges, a greater risk for heart defects, and a marked facial structure.  

Chimpanzees

Chromosome 22 (of 24 pairs) in chimpanzees is structurally similar to human Chromosome 21. To date, scientists have identified two chimpanzees with Trisomy 22, including one with a shorter stature and a prevalence for heart disease, and who developed cataracts at a young age.

Cat Conditions That May Be Confused With Down Syndrome

While there’s no such phenomenon as a Down syndrome cat, some felines exhibit traits and behaviors – like a broad face, short stature, and poor muscle tone – that mimic those in people with the condition.

So, if Down syndrome in cats doesn’t exist, then what’s behind these traits? The following conditions may help explain what’s going on with your kitty. Always contact your veterinarian if you suspect something is amiss.

Cerebellar Hypoplasia

Cerebellar hypoplasia is a condition where the brain’s cerebellum fails to fully develop. It’s often brought on by the distemper virus infection (panleukopenia) that occurs during pregnancy, says Dr. Drew Weigner, past president of EveryCat Health Foundation. It “causes incoordination and tremors in affected kittens who appear otherwise normal.”

Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus is a birth defect that causes liquid in the brain to accumulate, says Dr. Weigner, who says that it results in “an enlarged head and neurologic symptoms.” Cats with hydrocephalus may also have a larger skull, a downward gaze, seizures, blindness, and a propensity to walk in circles. 

Seizures

According to Dr. Gibbons, seizure disorders that result in brain damage could cause symptoms similar to Down syndrome, such as “slower-than-normal nerve reflexes, and the appearance of lower-than-average intelligence.”

Head and Facial Trauma

A cat who’s had an accident at a very young age can develop head or face trauma, which Dr. Weigner says “can affect their appearance and coordination.”

Toxins

What seems like a cat with Down syndrome may actually be signs of exposure to lead and insecticides. Dr. Weigner notes that this can result in neurologic symptoms in cats. Certain flowers like lilies and foods like grapes and chocolate can also cause a range of unwanted symptoms, including lethargy and weakness.

Dysautonomia

Dysautonomia – the degeneration of nerve cells – presents signs similar to Down syndrome, says Dr. Weigner. Signs of feline dysautonomia include mental dullness and unresponsive pupils.

Eyelid Agenesis

Eyelid agenesis is a birth defect that can result in a flattened face or almond-shaped eyes, according to Dr. Gibbons. “That would give an appearance to cats that could resemble a human with Down syndrome.”

Strabismus

Cats with strabismus have eyes that appear crossed. “While they’re otherwise normal, they can be somewhat clumsy because, well, they’re cross-eyed,”  says Dr. Weigner. 

Chromosomal Abnormalities in Cats

It’s important to note that not every cat who looks or behaves differently has a chromosomal abnormality. “More commonly, certain behavioral abnormalities, such as wool sucking, or compulsive ingestion of wool in clothing, is associated with certain breeds, in this case in Siamese cats. But that doesn’t mean their genes are abnormal,” says Dr. Weigner.

Gene mutations do occur in cats, however, and they can cause health issues. One breed-specific genetic mutation called Burmese head defect causes a malformed skull and face. “Unfortunately, it’s usually fatal and these kittens don’t survive long after birth. There’s now a genetic test that detects carriers of this abnormality so they’re not used for breeding,” Dr. Weigner explains.

Though any form of trisomy (a third copy of a chromosome) in cats is considered rare, Dr. Stelow notes the exception is XXY trisomy, which results in a sterile male. “This is the feline equivalent of human Klinefelter syndrome and is the explanation for calico or tortoiseshell male cats.”

Female cats can acquire a rare single X chromosome that’s similar to Turner’s syndrome in humans, which Dr. Stelow says can lead to aggression issues.

Feline Genetic Research

Though Down syndrome in cats may not be a recognized condition in the veterinary community, scientists have been studying how gene abnormalities contribute to other conditions and diseases.     

One of these efforts is the Feline Genome Project at the Feline Genetics and Comparative Medicine Laboratory, University of Missouri in Columbia. The Project consists of scientists working to compile DNA sequencing in the cat genome, similar in scope to the Human Genome Project. Identifying gene mutations that cause disease can ultimately aid in improving cat health. If you’d like to participate, the Feline Genome accepts volunteer samples of cat DNA from the public.

In another recent large-scale study of more than 11,000 cats, researchers sought to identify genetic variants that cause diseases, as well as their frequency in both pedigreed and non-pedigreed cats. They’ve been able to identify 13 new gene variants linked to diseases in 47 breeds and found that three of these are unique to non-pedigreed cats. As with the Feline Genome Project, these types of studies provide information that can ultimately benefit the health and welfare of cats.

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However, many cats don’t receive an early diagnosis or prompt treatment. The symptoms of hyperthyroidism in cats can be subtle and often mistaken for normal age-related changes, leading to unnecessary delays in diagnosis and treatment.

If you share your home with an older feline, take a few minutes to familiarize yourself with these five signs of hyperthyroidism in cats. Also, learn what to do if you notice signs of hyperthyroidism in your feline companion.  

Cat Hyperthyroidism: A Common Condition

Feline hyperthyroidism is a common condition in middle-aged and older cats. In fact, it’s estimated that approximately 10 percent of cats over 10 years of age are affected by hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism is the most common endocrine (hormonal) disease in cats.

We don’t know exactly what causes hyperthyroidism in cats. Most cases are associated with a benign tumor of the thyroid gland. Many potential causes of these tumors have been considered, including dietary factors and environmental contaminants, but the truth is that we really don’t know why it’s such a common condition.  

5 Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism in Cats

Hyperthyroidism causes abnormally high levels of thyroid hormone in the bloodstream. The symptoms of hyperthyroidism are all caused by an excess of circulating thyroid hormone.

In most cases, symptoms of hyperthyroidism come on relatively gradually, over a period of weeks to months. However, given their subtle nature, it’s not uncommon for these signs to go unnoticed for a long period of time, until they become far more obvious and difficult to ignore. In this case, it can appear as though the signs of hyperthyroidism have come on relatively suddenly.

Common symptoms of hyperthyroidism in cats include the following:

Weight Loss

This is often the first sign of hyperthyroidism that owners notice, and it’s also the most common sign of hyperthyroidism. Because thyroid hormone regulates your cat’s metabolism, an increase in thyroid hormone will increase your cat’s metabolism and lead to weight loss.

Many older cats are overweight, and a cat with hyperthyroidism may first lose some of their excess body weight. Your normally-chunky cat may begin to slim down and look healthier, leading you to think that their weight loss is a positive change. However, weight loss that isn’t accompanied by calorie restriction suggests a possibility of hyperthyroidism (or other medical conditions). If left untreated, cats with hyperthyroidism will eventually begin to burn muscle, leading them to become excessively skinny.

Increased Appetite

In addition to burning fat and muscle, cats with hyperthyroidism will eat more to fuel their increased metabolism. If your cat is fed free choice, you may notice that you are needing to refill the food bowl more often than usual. If you feed your cat carefully-measured meals, you may notice that your cat is eating more quickly than usual and always begging for more food.

Even as you increase their food intake, however, cats with hyperthyroidism will continue to lose weight. Increased food intake accompanied by weight loss is a big red flag that suggests hyperthyroidism.

Increased Thirst and Urination

If your cat is drinking more water than usual and visiting the litter box more often than usual, this could be a sign of hyperthyroidism. (It could also be a sign of many other medical conditions!) Approximately 50 percent of cats with hyperthyroidism demonstrate increased thirst and urination.

Thyroid hormone can act on the brain to trigger an increase in thirst. Additionally, hyperthyroidism affects how blood flows through your cat’s kidneys, resulting in increased urine production. Your cat will drink more water to compensate for this increased urine output.

Changes in activity level

An increase in your cat’s metabolism can lead to behavioral changes. Your cat may become more active than usual, as if they’re full of “nervous energy. You might notice your cat pacing or acting restless. Muscle twitches and hyperreactivity can also occur.

Cats with hyperthyroidism also tend to become more talkative. They may be more likely to yowl (a loud, drawn-out meow), especially during the overnight hours, often appearing confused or restless.

Gastrointestinal upset

Vomiting, regurgitation, and diarrhea are relatively common symptoms of hyperthyroidism in cats.

An increased level of thyroid hormones may act on the chemoreceptor trigger zone, a part of the brain that recognizes and responds to abnormalities in the bloodstream. This causes nausea and vomiting.  

Gastrointestinal issues in cats may also be associated with increased food intake. Cats with hyperthyroidism tend to quickly scarf down large quantities of food, especially in multi-cat homes. This overindulgence can lead to regurgitation, vomiting, and diarrhea.

What to Do If You Notice Symptoms

Signs of hyperthyroidism, especially in a middle-aged or older cat, warrant a visit to your veterinarian.

Your veterinarian will begin by performing a thorough physical exam. They will look for signs of hyperthyroidism, as well as signs of other medical conditions that may cause similar symptoms. Your veterinarian may be able to palpate an enlarged thyroid gland. This finding is strongly suggestive of hyperthyroidism as the cause of your cat’s signs.

Next, your veterinarian will recommend laboratory testing. Blood tests will be used to evaluate your cat’s thyroid hormone (T4) level,  as well as your cat’s overall health and organ function. A urinalysis may be performed, to assess your cat’s kidney function and rule out other potential causes of urinary changes. Cats can have hyperthyroidism in combination with other conditions, such as feline diabetes and chronic kidney disease, so your veterinarian will perform a thorough workup before attributing your cat’s signs solely to hyperthyroidism.

If your cat is diagnosed with hyperthyroidism, there are several available treatment options. Most cats are treated with methimazole, an oral medication that is given twice daily for the remainder of your cat’s life. Alternatives include radioactive iodine therapy and dietary iodine restriction (with the use of a prescription diet). 

Your cat will be closely monitored during the early stages of treatment, with frequent physical examinations and blood tests. Once your cat’s hyperthyroidism has stabilized, recheck visits will decrease in frequency to once every 6-12 months.

With prompt and effective treatment, most cats with hyperthyroidism experience a complete resolution of clinical signs. With appropriate monitoring and treatment, these cats typically go on to live long, healthy lives.

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Even more troubling is when your cat doesn’t even know that they’ve urinated. This is called urinary incontinence in cats. If your cat is urinating outside of the litter box, how will your veterinarian determine if your cat is incontinent? How does it differ from cats who know they are urinating? Read on for an overview, including symptoms, causes, and treatments.

What Is Incontinence?

Urinary incontinence is when urine leaks from the bladder, and a cat is unaware that it has happened. Incontinence in cats is rare. Only 4 percent of cats with urinary issues are incontinent, but it can occur at any age.

Urine leakage while your cat is sleeping or resting is common. If your cat is excited or extra stimulated from something like active play, leakage may occur then, too. Cats with urinary problems that are not incontinent choose where they urinate, including outside of the litter box. When this occurs, you may catch your cat squatting in the usual position for urination or standing with their tail straight up, spraying urine directly behind them. 

Incontinence Symptoms in Cats

Determining if your cat is incontinent versus choosing to urinate outside the litter box can be difficult. Incontinent cats have variable symptoms. They may urinate a small or large amount, dribble (i.e. drip) or not dribble urine, and be incontinent sometimes while continent other times. If you feel like your cat is leaking urine, is always wet around the butt and genitalia, or has urine scalding (skin irritation from urine in that area), they are more likely to be incontinent. Also, incontinent cats tend to urinate smaller amounts than the average cat.

Possible symptoms of incontinence in cats  include:

• Fecal incontinence (i.e. cannot control pooping)
• Stumbling or walking drunk
• Weakness when trying to stand or move around
• Increased drinking
• Tail cannot move and hangs limply down
• Redness and moisture to skin around butt and genital area

Urinary signs include:

• Straining to urinate
• Dribbling urine
• Urinating small amounts
• Bloody (red-tinged) urine
• Vocalizing in the litter box
• Urinating outside the litter box
• Licking genitalia frequently
• Urinating while sleeping or lying down to rest

Causes of Feline Incontinence

There are many possible causes of incontinence in cats. 40 percent of cats will have issues with the spinal cord. Following closely are problems with the urethra, the tube leading urine out of the body from the bladder. Other problems with the bladder or problems with anatomy make up the remaining causes.

Cat incontinence causes may include:

Problems with the spine

• Inflammation of the lumbar vertebrae (lower back bones of the spine) keep urethra from staying closed
• Trauma
• Intervertebral disk disease (soft disks that cushion between each bone of the spine can become inflamed and pinch the spine)
• Cancer
• Spinal stroke, i.e. embolism

Problems with the urethra

• Weak muscle in the urethra. A weak muscle cannot keep the urethra closed, leading to urine leakage.
• Urethral sphincter incompetence (urethra cannot stay closed for reasons other than muscle). One cause is a congenital condition, meaning a cat was born with the issue due to genetics
• Inflammation or cancer of the urethra
• Urinary tract infections (temporary incontinence)
• Partial blockage

Problems with the bladder

• Overactive muscle (constantly squeezing the bladder)
• Inflammation of the bladder (temporary incontinence) 
• Cancer of the bladder
• Bladder infection or stones
• Cerebellar disease (inflammation in the tail-end of the brain that controls movement and balance)
• Bladder muscle instability due to feline leukemia virus infection
• Bladder atony (muscle is stretched and non-responsive after being unusually full)

Problems with anatomy 

• Ectopic ureters (tubes from kidneys that lead to the bladder connect to the bladder at abnormal places)
• Underdeveloped urethra
• Malformations of the spine

Diagnosing Cats with Incontinence

Urinary incontinence is diagnosed by physical examination and extensive history from pet parents. A history of recent trauma would hint to the issue, but most of the time, questions are asked about how much urine is produced and where, if your cat is peeing while lying down or sleeping, and how your cat feels otherwise (if there are any changes in appetite, activity, etc.).

Medical causes need to be ruled out right away. Usually, veterinarians will focus on confirming the urinary system – kidneys and bladder – are working well. Some cats will have urinary tract infections or other inflammation in the bladder or urethra that show up on their urinalysis (urine testing). To confirm the presence of bacteria, a urine culture should be performed as well. 

Bloodwork ensures the kidneys are functioning well and should include a feline leukemia virus test, even if one had been performed in the past. X-rays can look for stones in the bladder or kidneys, although not all stones show up on X-ray. An ultrasound may be performed to more closely evaluate the bladder and kidneys. Contrast imaging, which involves putting dye into the urinary system and taking X-rays to look for anatomic reasons for incontinence, may be suggested. Proving that the urethral sphincter is unable to stay closed is very challenging and rarely can be diagnosed with tests.

If your cat is incontinent, looking at issues in the spine is also important. X-rays can hint to certain things, but more advanced imaging is needed to know if the spine is normal. An MRI could be helpful and can also evaluate the brain.

Treatment for Cat Incontinence

Around 40 percent of cats with incontinence will regain continence without lifelong treatment or surgery. 

Most Treatable Causes

The most treatable causes are urinary tract infections, which can be cured with antibiotics, or inflammation of the bladder, which can be managed with anti-inflammatory and sometimes anti-anxiety medications. 

If your cat is diagnosed with chronic bladder inflammation, known as feline idiopathic cystitis, other changes will be recommended, such as encouraging water intake with canned food and water fountains.

Treating Partial Urethra Blockage

Partial blockages of the urethra usually result in regaining continence after treatment in about 66 percent of cats. Treatment may include physically unblocking your cat with a catheter under anesthesia, surgery, or medical management to allow your cat to more comfortably pass the stones themselves.

Treating Urethra Issues

If the urethra has weak muscles or sphincter incompetence and urine leaks for these reasons, there are medications that can help strengthen this muscle, such as phenylpropanolamine. Keep in mind that the medications may not work or may only help a little – each cat responds differently. These same medications may help cats with feline leukemia virus who are incontinent. 

Treating Anatomic Problems

In order to improve continence in cats with anatomic problems, surgery is necessary. Whether surgery is successful or what type of surgery is necessary varies and depends on the exact anatomic issue. In most cases, continence is improved but may not completely resolve. 

Cats with spinal cord disease or trauma causing incontinence do not regain continence as often, and there is rarely any treatment available.

Managing Incontinence in Cats

In many cases, your cat will remain incontinent to some degree. How you manage it depends on your comfort with your cat’s accidents, and where the accidents happen. If your cat urinates every time they’re sleeping, consider washable cat beds left in their favorite spots to encourage use. 

Put waterproof covers, potty pads, or towels over furniture or other surfaces that frequently experience accidents. In case your cat has some continence, and their urges are frequent, provide litter boxes on every floor or in each area of your home so there is a better chance they make it. Keep all litter boxes clean daily. If your cat has neurologic or spine issues, they may have trouble getting in the litter box. Choose a litter box with high sides that has a very low opening so it’s easy to get in and out.

Incontinent cat diapers can be placed on your cat, especially if they dribble frequently. However, these diapers should be changed at minimum every four hours or more frequently depending on volume. If your cat has inflamed skin due to urine leaking out, diapers are not a good idea until the skin has been treated.

How to Prevent Incontinence in Cats

Most causes of incontinence cannot be prevented, but some can, including:

Trauma. If your cat goes outdoors, consider cat-proof fencing for your yard or taking them for walks on a harness and leash instead of allowing them to roam freely. Ensure your home is both entertaining and safe for your cat.

Inflammation of the bladder. While cats tend to have feline idiopathic cystitis no matter what you do, flare-ups that could lead to incontinence can be prevented. Feed canned food, increase water intake, decrease stress when possible, and consider a prescription diet based on your veterinarian’s recommendations.

Stones. Stones can cause partial blockage of the urethra and are often associated with chronic inflammation of the bladder. If your cat has cystitis and develops stones, exclusively feeding a prescription diet is the best way to prevent creation of more stones.

In any case, as soon as you notice a change in behavior in your cat, they should be seen by a veterinarian. Catching issues early will make treatment easier and quicker, and treating issues early can prevent incontinence or decrease it substantially.

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Not many cats will experience Horner’s syndrome. It involves a very specific set of symptoms in the eye due to a variety of medical conditions, injuries, or surgeries. Many cats will eventually resolve the syndrome and have a good quality of life, but it’s normal to wonder: what is Horner’s syndrome? And what causes it?

What Is Horner’s Syndrome?

First things first. Horner’s syndrome is when an animal has distinct changes in the eye, and it typically occurs in only one eye. While it is a rare condition, it affects many species, including humans, dogs, and cats. 

A cat has Horner’s syndrome when they have at least three out of these four signs:

• Constricted, small pupil, also known as miosis
• Droopy upper eyelid, also known as ptosis
• Sunken eye, also known as enophthalmos
• Third eyelid elevation (pink flesh that comes from the inner corner of the eye but stays up instead of moving up and down when blinking)

Francois Pourfour du Petit wrote about this syndrome in 1727 after experimenting with the nerves running along the outside of the chest in animals. In future centuries, physicians attempted to understand the syndrome further, and a thorough explanation of what causes it was given by ophthalmologist Johann Friedrich Horner in the mid-19^th century.

What Causes Horner’s Syndrome in Cats?

The cause of Horner’s syndrome is the disruption of the sympathetic nerves to the eye. The sympathetic nervous system maintains the body’s involuntary processes, or things that an animal cannot control. For example, the pupil dilates in dim light and gets smaller in bright light. A person or animal does not think about this process – it just happens.

The sympathetic nerves that reach many components of the eye travel from the brain stem down through both the neck and chest spinal cords. The nerves then leave the spinal cords to go back toward the head through the chest, into the neck, past the base of the ear, and up to the structures of the eye.

Causes of Horner’s syndrome involve parts of the body in which the sympathetic nerves pass:

• Inflammatory conditions of the brain, especially the brainstem
• Trauma to the head, neck, chest, or spinal cord near those areas
• Issues inside the chest such as tumors or blood
• Ear issues such as middle ear infections
• Cancer in the neck, spinal cord, nerves under the armpit (brachial plexus), or lungs
• Medical care such as surgery of the jaw, ear, or neck
• Vascular (blood vessel) disease such as blood clots (rare)
• Inflammation of nerves (also rare)

About 40 percent of all cases of Horner’s syndrome in cats are considered idiopathic, meaning a cause cannot be identified.

Horner’s Syndrome Symptoms in Cats

As previously mentioned, cats with Horner’s syndrome must have three of the four signs outlined above in at least one eye. 

Since most cases have an underlying cause, other symptoms may include:

• Inability of blood vessels to constrict locally, causing redness in the eye
• Neurologic issues such as changes in behavior, limb weakness, or stumbling
• Pain, especially of the front legs or head/neck
• Decreased ability to breathe well (i.e. fast breathing rate)
• Regurgitation (passive ejection of food from the gastrointestinal system) or trouble eating
• Head-shaking
• Debris or redness in the ears

Diagnosing Cats with Horner’s Syndrome

Cats are diagnosed with Horner’s syndrome through physical examination by a veterinarian; no special tests are needed. To find the cause of Horner’s syndrome, a more in-depth physical examination, thorough history from pet parents, and testing are all required. 

During the physical examination, your veterinarian will look deep into your cat’s ear canals to see the eardrum and attempt to look for signs of middle ear disease. Evaluation of your cat’s gait (walk) and a more thorough neurologic examination are necessary.

When it comes to finding the actual cause, a complete understanding of your cat’s recent health and activities is needed to solve the puzzle that is Horner’s syndrome. Consider if there is any chance for trauma – did your cat leave the house for a little while? Did you notice any wounds or limping? Has there been any head-shaking? Has he undergone surgery recently?

Testing will be done to find the cause of cat Horner’s syndrome. X-rays are important to look for issues in the chest, like tumors or evidence of trauma. Sometimes x-rays are done on the skull to look for evidence of middle ear disease. Advanced imaging may be recommended via a specialist, like a CT scan of the skull and chest, or an MRI of the brain, spinal cord, and other nerves. In rare cases, if the cause is in the brain, a spinal tap to look at the fluid surrounding the spinal cord and brain may be performed.

When finding the exact cause proves to be challenging, a test can be performed at the veterinary clinic using an eye medication called phenylephrine at a very low concentration that stimulates the sympathetic response. When the medication is applied, it should dilate the pupil after 30 minutes – but only in cats with damage to the sympathetic nerves leading to the eye at the level of the skull. If the nerves were damaged elsewhere, such as the spinal cord or chest, the test won’t work. In short, this test determines where the damage is to identify the cause.

Keep in mind that nearly half of cats never have a cause identified, but it’s important to run tests to look for a cause – especially if your cat has symptoms other than the signs in the eye itself.

Horner’s Syndrome Treatments

There are currently no treatments for Horner’s syndrome. If there is an underlying cause, the cause should be treated, and Horner’s syndrome may eventually go away. 

In some cats, Horner’s syndrome never goes away or only does so partially. If cat Horner’s syndrome was caused by inner ear surgery, about 25 percent of felines will have it permanently. If no cause was identified, Horner’s syndrome usually resolves on its own, but it takes at least two months.

How to Prevent Horner’s Syndrome in Cats

While some of the causes of Horner’s syndrome in cats are preventable, most are not. Avoiding trauma is best done by keeping your cat indoors and away from situations in which they could become hurt, like not letting them onto a balcony where they could fall or jump.

If you notice debris or redness in your cat’s ears, scratching at their ears, or head-shaking, bring them to your veterinarian as soon as possible to treat the ear infection before it gets worse and causes Horner’s syndrome. 

If you notice any changes in your cat’s behavior, such as how they walk, their appetite, or their activity level, bring them to your veterinarian for a full evaluation. A medical condition could be found before it results in Horner’s syndrome.

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Do male cats have nipples? 

Dr. Mahmoud Mansour, a professor of veterinary anatomy at Auburn University, says nipples on male mammals are somewhat of an “evolutionary quirk”— and one with little to no real function. This article will explain whether male cats have nipples, where to find them, and how to spot if something is amiss.

Cat Nipple Anatomy: Understanding the Basics

Almost all mammals have nipples, and cats are no exception. The nipple itself is a tubular structure of thick skin and special ducts (which are collapsed in male and young female cats). Below the exposed nipple are the mammary glands, which you probably won’t notice unless your healthy cat is pregnant or nursing.

According to Dr. Rafael Senos, professor of Veterinary Anatomy at Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts, this basic structure “is similar across the species and sexes.”

The mammary glands of cats, and therefore their nipples, are typically found in two parallel rows. They run along a cat’s underside, starting at the chest (thoracic region) to the belly (abdomen region) and ending near the groin (inguinal region). 

Do Male Cats Have Nipples?

Yes, male cats have nipples. Most cats, male or female, have anywhere from four to ten nipples. However, on male cats, they can be difficult to see, Dr. Mansour says. 

In fact, when female cats are spayed at a young age, their nipples won’t fully develop like the nipples of a queen (sexually mature intact female cat) would. So, a boy cat’s nipples might look a lot like the nipples of a spayed female — small and difficult to find.

But there are some big differences between male and female nipples in cats. Namely, healthy male cats cannot produce milk (more on this later). “The nipples and mammary glands remain rudimentary throughout the life of a male cat,” Dr. Senos says. 

In other words, the nipples and mammary glands of male cats aren’t fully developed. They stop developing because male cats don’t produce prolactin, the female hormone required to mature the mammary glands and produce milk.  

Cats can have two pairs (four nipples) in the thoracic region, two pairs (four nipples) in the abdominal region, and one pair (two nipples) in the inguinal region, totaling ten nipples. However, the average for cats – both male and female – is six to eight nipples. Some male cats may have fewer nipples than females.

Although most cats have an even number of nipples, it’s not uncommon for them to have an odd number. In this case, the nipples in each parallel row aren’t symmetrical with each other.

Why Do Male Cats Have Nipples?

According to Dr. Mansour, the nipples of a cat develop before anatomical sex is determined.

Specifically, adds Dr. Senos, “the fetus develops a mammary ridge by the 25th day of gestation and five days later, the ridge differentiates into four or five pairs of nipples.” 

After this, sex-determining genes kick in and your fuzzy furball continues to develop as a boy or a girl. The nipples just happen to be there, whether the now-gendered cat needs them or not.

The bottom line is that, like our appendix, the nipples of male cats serve no known biological function.

Can Male Cats Produce Milk?

A healthy male cat shouldn’t produce milk. But in rare cases, male cats can produce milk. The condition is called galactorrhea, and it’s so rare in cats, records of the condition are sparse. But, it is documented in a 2017 study titled “A Rare Case of Galactorrhoea in a Domestic Tom Cat” [1].

According to the study, “milk secretion in male mammals is induced by a surge in prolactin and can occur spontaneously.” As for the tomcat in the study, excessively grooming his underside caused overstimulation of his nipples, which in turn, resulted in a surge of hormones. He was treated with oral medication and by day five, most of his symptoms cleared with full recovery by day 14.

Some male cats are purposely treated with female hormones to reduce behavioral issues, like urine marking. While lactation isn’t mentioned as a side effect of these drugs, they are linked to other nipple problems in male cats [2] [3].

Possible Nipple Problems for Male Cats

If you haven’t already, it’s a good idea to gently feel around for your cat’s nipples. Recognizing what’s normal means having the ability to quickly act when something doesn’t look or feel quite right.

Here’s a brief description of conditions that can affect a cat’s nipples and mammary glands, according to Dr. Douglas Mader, a triple board-certified veterinarian and author volunteering his services throughout Florida:

Mammary Gland Cancer 

“Mammary tumors are rare in male cats,” Dr. Mader says. “But both intact and neutered [male cats], have been identified with malignant mammary gland tumors.”

Because of its high occurrence in female cats, mammary gland cancer remains the third most common cancer type in cats.

It’s most prevalent in domestic shorthair, Persian, and Siamese cats.  And in males, one-third of the cats diagnosed with mammary gland cancer were treated with female hormones at some point in their lives.

“Sadly, the course of disease progression in affected males is similar to that seen in female cats, with the prognosis usually less than one year after diagnosis,” Dr. Mader shares. 

Feline Mammary Hyperplasia

Also called mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia or MFH for short, this is a non-cancerous growth of the mammary glands typically caused by hormonal stimulation [4]. Although a 2018 described an occurrence of MFH in a male cat, this condition overwhelmingly occurs in female cats.

“It can be uncomfortable for the cat,” Dr. Mader says. Plus, the enlarged mammary glands might be accompanied by discharge from the nipples, such as milk, serum, blood, or pus — although milk secretions are rare.

Without treatment, secondary underlying infections could set in, and surgery of the mammary glands may be required. But, Dr. Mader adds, when treated promptly (sometimes with a spay, neuter, or discontinuing female hormone-based therapy), the condition typically reverses without the need for invasive surgery.

Mastitis

Mastitis is inflammation of a mammary gland, often due to ascending infection or excessive milk accumulation.  “One or more glands become inflamed due to bacteria residing inside the gland,” Dr. Mader explains. The underside of your cat might be swollen, sore, and there may be secretions [5]. “When caught early and identified, mastitis can be treated,” he adds. Most cases of mastitis occur in postpartum female cats if their kittens are weaned suddenly.

Of course, your veterinarian is the only one who can give a proper diagnosis. So, “if you see anything abnormal about your cat’s nipples – male or female – such as thickening, discharge, lumps and bumps, or bleeding, take your cat to the veterinarian immediately for diagnosis and treatment,” Dr. Mader says.

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Cat Skin Cancer: Prevalence and Types

Cancer in cats is significantly less common than in dogs, with dogs diagnosed with cancer six times more often. That doesn’t mean it’s super rare, though! Unfortunately, 1 in 5 cats will develop cancer in their lifetime. 

While lymphoma is the most common type of cancer in our feline friends, skin is the second most common site for tumor development. 20 percent of all tumors in cats occur in the skin.

Although skin tumors are less common in cats than in dogs, a tumor in a cat’s skin is more likely to be malignant than one on a dog. When we say “skin cancer,” we are specifically referring to malignant tumors of the skin. Unfortunately, it can be difficult to differentiate between benign and malignant skin tumors in cats, so any change to a cat’s skin warrants a check-up. 

The most common types of skin tumors in cats include:

• Basal cell tumors (around 10 percent are malignant)
• Squamous cell carcinoma (malignant)
• Mast cell tumors (malignant)
• Fibrosarcomas (malignant, including injection-site sarcomas)

When we think of skin cancer, a lot of us imagine melanoma as the big bad one. Melanoma is not a common skin cancer in cats, making up less than 3 percent of all skin tumors. Around 42-65 percent of melanomas in cats are malignant.

In most cases, cats are diagnosed with skin cancer when they’re older, with the median age at diagnosis being 12 years old. 

The breeds with the highest incidence of skin cancer are Siamese and Persian cats. Cancers that can be caused by sun exposure, such as squamous cell carcinoma, are more common in lightly pigmented cats and less common in Siamese cats.

Stages of Skin Cancer in Cats

Various staging systems for cancers exist in cats. For skin cancers, such as squamous cell carcinoma, we can use a staging system known as the World Health Organization TNM classification system for feline tumors of epidermal (outer layer of skin) origin [1]. You will typically hear reference to the specific T stages, which are as follows:

• T₀ = No evidence of tumor
• T_is = Tumor in situ, meaning abnormal cells are present but have not spread. These lesions are sometimes called pre-cancerous.
• T₁ = Tumor <2 cm diameter
• T₂ = Tumor 2-5 cm or minimally invasive
• T₃ = Tumor >5 cm or with invasion of subcutis (the bottom layer of skin tissue)
• T₄ = Tumor invading other structures such as fascia, muscle, or bone

The N stage is related to whether there is metastasis to lymph nodes while the M stage refers to whether there are distant metastases. Because a lot of skin cancers are locally invasive and don’t metastasize, for a lot of tumors, we refer primarily to the T stage.

Causes of Cat Skin Cancer

Skin cancer in cats is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. 

Genetics: When specific breeds are prone to developing cancer, such as Siamese and Persian cats for skin tumors, we can assume that genetics play a role. 

Sun Exposure: Sun exposure can also lead to the development of skin tumors, particularly basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. These tumors are more common in lightly colored or hairless breeds because they have increased sun exposure. These tumors are also more common in cats who are outdoor only or indoor/outdoor in comparison to indoor only cats. Cats who spend a lot of time lying in windows and cats who live at higher altitudes may also be more likely to develop cancers related to sun exposure, as well as cats who live in countries with lower ozone coverage (such as New Zealand).

Mutations: The majority of mast cell tumors in cats show mutations that affect the replication and division of cells. In particular, one mutation in a specific proto-oncogene (a gene involved in normal cell growth) is observed in cats. However, not all mast cell tumors have this mutation, so we cannot assume this is the sole cause of mast cell tumor development in cats.

Vaccines: The relationship between vaccination and injection-site sarcomas (a type of fibrosarcoma) isn’t well-established. Currently, the theory is that genetically susceptible cats may develop this tumor in the site of a previous vaccination. In this scenario, it’s believed that the vaccination causes local inflammation, which results in cell proliferation, eventually causing tumor development. 

However, reports exist of these tumors developing at the sites of other injections, including medications, subcutaneous fluids, and possibly microchips. 

It’s not uncommon for cats to develop a small, firm lump where they received a vaccine in the weeks after getting their shots. This lump shouldn’t be getting larger 3-4 weeks after vaccination and should be gone within 3 months. An actual vaccine-associated sarcoma is rare, with an incidence somewhere between 1/1,000 and 1/10,000. 

Because infectious diseases pose a great risk to our cats while injection-site sarcomas are rare, the American Veterinary Medical Association emphasizes that this risk is not a reason to forego vaccination [2].

Skin Cancer Symptoms in Cats

Skin cancer in cats has a wide range of signs, so it’s important to get any change to your cat’s skin examined. 

Symptoms of skin cancer in cats may include:

• Solitary lumps in the skin, which can feel soft or firm
• Multiple nodules in the skin
• Loss of hair in the region of the tumor
• Sores that are crusty or scabby
• Wounds or ulcerated areas that may ooze clear fluid or blood
• Skin lesions with irregular borders
• Changes to skin pigmentation
• Red, bluish, or blackish plaques or nodules

Although a tumor can develop anywhere on a cat, these tumors do often have more common areas where they’re found.

• Basal cell carcinoma is often on the head, neck, shoulders, or chest.
• Squamous cell carcinoma commonly forms around the lips, nose, eyelids, and ear tips.
• Mast cell tumors commonly form on the head and neck but can be anywhere.
• Fibrosarcoma, especially injection-site sarcomas, are often on the limbs, tail, or between the shoulder blades in the areas of previous injections.

Sores, ulcerations, wounds, and hair loss in cats can have a wide range of causes which are more common than skin cancer, such as allergies, eosinophilic granuloma complex, bites from another animal, or ringworm. Most of these conditions will still require veterinary care, and some may be contagious to humans. Always get cat skin changes examined by a veterinarian.

Cat Skin Cancer Diagnosis

A cat skin cancer diagnosis will begin with a thorough examination. For most skin cancers, it will be impossible to differentiate a benign skin tumor from a malignant tumor without a biopsy. 

If there is a lump present, your veterinarian may stick a needle into the tumor to collect cells that can be examined under a microscope. This is called a fine needle aspirate or FNA. In some cases, such as a mast cell tumor, this can give a definitive diagnosis. In other cases, FNA can confirm the presence of a tumor but may not indicate if the tumor is cancerous (malignant) or benign or how aggressive the tumor is. 

In this scenario, or in cases where the lesion is more of a plaque or wound that cannot be aspirated, your veterinarian will recommend a biopsy. Biopsies must occur under sedation or anesthesia, depending on how extensive the procedure will be.

Staging may occur once a diagnosis is achieved. Your veterinarian will palpate the lymph nodes and may collect a sample from the lymph node with a needle. Staging can also involve X-rays of the chest or the area of the tumor, as well as abdominal ultrasonography. Advanced diagnostics, such as a CT scan or MRI, may be recommended to fully evaluate the extent of the tumor prior to treatment planning.

Cat Skin Cancer Treatment

For most cancers of the skin, the preferred treatment is radical excision of the tumor, meaning the tumor is removed surgically, along with a margin of normal skin around the tumor, and normal tissue deep to the tumor. 

In some cases where the cancer is located on your cat’s limb, amputation of the limb may be the best course of treatment. Luckily for our pets, they do very well as tripods! 

If the tumor is incompletely removed or has spread to other areas of the body, radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be recommended. Chemotherapy can be performed by the oncologist at a specialty center, but radiation therapy may require more extensive travel, such as to a university. Chemotherapy may include intravenous injections or direct injection into the tumor. 

Some veterinarians recommend cryotherapy for small lesions, in which the lesion is destroyed by freezing it. It should be noted that with this treatment, you will not know if the microscopic areas of the tumor have been successfully destroyed. Photodynamic therapy, in which the tumor is sensitized to light, is another treatment that may be performed at some specialty centers. 

The treatment options will depend on the type of tumor present and the extent of tumor invasion and spread.

In any case of cat skin cancer, long-term monitoring is recommended. For some tumors, such as fibrosarcomas, recurrence is common even with complete excision.

Cost to Treat Skin Cancer in Cats

Initial diagnostics and surgical removal of a tumor will likely add up to around $1,000-$2,000 for skin cancer in an easily excisable area if procedures are performed by your family veterinarian. 

However, this estimate rises significantly if the surgery is performed at a specialty center, if surgery is extensive or requires open wound management, and if chemotherapy or radiation therapy is needed. In this scenario, you’re looking at $5,000-$10,000.

If you are concerned about the cost of your cat’s cancer treatment, talk to your veterinarian or veterinary oncologist about payment plans or special financial assistance programs that may be available. Pet insurance can also help cover unexpected cancer-related costs. 

Cat Skin Cancer Prognosis

Prognosis for skin cancer will depend on the type of tumor, how large it is, whether it has spread, and the location on the body. 

For basal cell carcinomas and mast cell tumors, surgical excision is very often curative. Fibrosarcomas have a more guarded prognosis, with high risk of recurrence. If the fibrosarcoma develops in an area not amenable to surgery, such as between the shoulder blades, prognosis is poor. 

Location has a strong impact on the prognosis for squamous cell carcinoma, with ear tip squamous cell carcinoma being much easier to remove than carcinoma of the nose or eyelid. Some squamous cell carcinomas of the lip may be removable, but the tumor does often extend into the oral cavity. 

Generally, cats with skin cancer have a better prognosis if the tumor is caught early while it is small and more easily removed.

How to Prevent Skin Cancer in Cats

Not all cases of skin cancer in cats are preventable, but there are some steps you can take to reduce your cat’s risk.

If your pet is light-haired or hairless, consider limiting their sun exposure. This may include keeping them indoors or using clothing to prevent direct sunlight. 

It’s recommended to avoid smoking around your pet, as secondhand smoke may be linked to the development of cancers. 

When you take your pet in for vaccination, ask if your veterinarian can vaccinate low on the limb or on the tail. These areas allow for amputation in the rare event that a vaccine-associated sarcoma develops.

The post Cat Skin Cancer: Types, Signs, and Treatment appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But various health problems can lead to your cat pooping blood, which will understandably make you concerned, and perhaps a bit grossed out.

Blood in a cat’s stool is not always an emergency, but it does point to an underlying cause that needs to be diagnosed and treated by your veterinarian.

Blood in Cat Stool: What Does It Look Like?

Looking closely at your cat’s poop is probably not your idea of fun. But being able to describe what the blood in the poop looks like will help your veterinarian determine how the blood got there and how to treat it.

Let’s go through a few things to observe about blood in your cat’s poop.

Color

The color of the blood indicates where the bleeding is occurring in your cat’s gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

Dark and tarry blood – called melena – resembles coffee grounds and indicates a problem in the upper GI tract (stomach and small intestine). Melena’s appearance is due to the blood being partially digested.

Bright red, fresh blood – called hematochezia – is a sign of problems in the lower GI tract (colon, rectum, or anus).

Consistency

Clots of blood in the stool resemble clumps of jelly and point to a problem in the lower GI tract.

Volume

The blood may be mixed throughout the stool, present on one end of the stool, or take up almost the entirety of the stool.

Take note of the stool’s appearance as well. Extremely hard stool is a sign of constipation, while loose, watery poop indicates diarrhea.

11 Common Causes of Blood in Cat Poop

The list of causes of blood in cat poop can run a mile long. Here’s a list of the most common causes:

Constipation: Straining to poop can rupture blood vessels around the anus, causing bleeding. Prolonged constipation can damage the colon.

Diarrhea: Diarrhea can irritate the lining of the GI tract as the loose poop passes through, causing bleeding. Long-term diarrhea can lead to severe dehydration and should be treated promptly.

Parasites: Intestinal worms, such as hookworms, can attach to the intestinal lining, leading to bleeding. Intestinal parasites steal nutrients from their host, causing such problems as malnutrition and poor coat condition.

Inflammation: Inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, irritate the GI tract lining, causing bleeding. Although not life-threatening, inflammatory diseases are chronic and require consistent management.

Cancer: Cancerous growths in the GI tract can cause bleeding. Cancers range in severity and aggression.

Polyps: Polyps are benign growths but can still damage the GI tract lining and cause bleeding.

Stress: Stress in cats can cause a condition called stress colitis (inflammation of the colon). An inflamed colon can leak blood into the poop.

Infection: Disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and fungi can cause GI upset and bleeding.

Foreign bodies: A sharp-edged foreign body may lacerate the GI tract lining and cause bleeding after ingestion.

Dietary indiscretion: Cats that sift through the garbage may eat something that causes GI illness and bleeding. Dietary indiscretion can be severe if your cat eats toxic food like garlic.

Rat poison ingestion: Rodenticides contain an anticoagulant and are toxic to cats. A cat that eats rat poison or a rat that ate the poison will be unable to clot blood, leading to significant GI bleeding.

Each of these causes requires veterinary attention. Rat poison ingestion is an emergency and must be treated immediately.

Getting a Diagnosis for Blood in a Cat’s Stool

Schedule an appointment with your veterinarian if your cat has blood in its stool. Your veterinarian will first take a history from you and perform a complete physical examination. 

Be ready to answer questions from your vet, such as those listed below:

• When did you first notice the blood?
• What does the blood in the poop look like?
• What other symptoms is your cat experiencing (e.g., lethargy, vomiting)?
• Has your cat experienced recent stressors (e.g., new pet, baby, recent move)?

Your veterinarian may also perform various diagnostic tests, listed below, to determine the cause of the blood in your cat’s stool.

• Blood work
• Fecal exam
• X-rays
• Abdominal ultrasound

Your vet may also want to perform an endoscopy of the GI tract, for which your cat would be sedated. An endoscope consists of thin tubing and a camera, along with small pinchers to take tissue samples, if necessary. An endoscopy would allow your vet to see evidence of inflammation, cancerous growths or polyps, and foreign bodies.

How to Treat Blood in Cat Poop

Treating blood in cat stool depends on the underlying cause. For example, a deworming medication kills intestinal worms. Constipation can be treated with stool softeners. Inflammatory bowel disease is typically managed with dietary changes to reduce inflammation and irritation in the GI tract.

Surgery may be the best option to remove a foreign body, polyp, or cancerous growth.

Home remedies are generally not recommended to treat blood in cat poop. The only safe and appropriate home remedy is dietary management, which may involve feeding a hypoallergenic diet and adjusting your cat’s fiber intake.

How to Prevent Blood in Your Cat’s Stool

With so many causes of blood in cat poop, prevention is not always possible or practical.

Fortunately, there are a few things you can do to reduce the likelihood of blood appearing in your cat’s stool:

Eliminate stress. Reduce your cat’s stress by providing plenty of environmental enrichment, such as toys and cat perches.

Don’t let your cat dumpster dive. Block your cat’s access to rat poison and garbage.

Keep regular veterinary appointments. Take your cat for wellness visits according to your veterinarian’s recommended schedule.

The post Blood in Cat Stool: 11 Common Causes appeared first on Great Pet Care.

The symptoms of arthritis in cats can vary from subtle to severe, depending on your cat’s joint changes and their pain sensitivity. However, even mild arthritis warrants treatment. Arthritis is a chronic, progressive disease, and early intervention plays a valuable role in maintaining your cat’s quality of life. 

Here is what you can expect when it comes to managing feline osteoarthritis, including cat arthritis treatment plan steps and tips for keeping your pet comfortable.

Cat Arthritis Treatment Plan: What to Expect

Once your cat has an official diagnosis of osteoarthritis, your veterinarian will recommend a treatment plan for your cat. This treatment plan will reflect the severity and location of your cat’s arthritis, other medical conditions your cat is dealing with, and your family’s lifestyle and financial considerations. 

Arthritis treatment for cats typically involves a combination of the following: 

• Medication
• Dietary changes
• Nutritional supplements
• Lifestyle changes

In rare cases, your veterinarian may recommend surgery for severe arthritis. The goal of surgery is to alleviate instability or correct misalignments in joints. 

Feline Arthritis Treatment Cost

The cost of arthritis treatment for cats can vary, depending on the severity of your cat’s condition and how your cat responds to therapy. In general, you can expect that your cat will see your veterinarian every three to six months for arthritis monitoring. Additionally, your cat may require a number of different medications and/or supplements. 

In general, you can expect to spend $200-$500 per year on arthritis treatments for your cat. If your cat needs surgery or other advanced treatments, this cost will be higher. 

Cat Arthritis Medications

Medications play a key role in the management of arthritis in cats. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) control pain and inflammation. For this reason, they are a commonly-used arthritis medicine for cats. However, there are risks associated with long-term NSAID use in cats. Your veterinarian will carefully weigh the expected benefits of NSAIDs against the potential risks for your cat when making treatment recommendations. 

There are two NSAIDs labeled for use in cats—meloxicam (Metacam oral liquid) and robenacoxib (Onsior tablets)—but neither is specifically approved for the treatment of chronic pain associated with arthritis (they are indicated for postoperative pain). 

Other pain medications can also be valuable in cats. These medications may be prescribed in addition to an NSAID or in place of an NSAID:

• Amantadine: This medication has multiple uses, one of which is to decrease the brain’s sensation of pain. 
• Gabapentin: This anti-seizure medication can alleviate the sensation of pain, especially nerve pain. 
• Tramadol: This pain medication has variable results in cats, but some studies have demonstrated that it may help relieve arthritis pain when combined with an NSAID (3).

Finding the best cat arthritis medicine may require some trial and error, because each cat responds differently to medication. Your veterinarian will work closely with you to develop an effective pain management plan for your cat’s arthritis. 

Finally, there is a new drug that has recently become available for the treatment of osteoarthritis in cats. Frunevetmab (Solensia) is an antibody injection that veterinarians give once monthly for the treatment of arthritis. This medication blocks the effects of certain chemicals involved in joint inflammation. 

Tips for Managing Arthritis Pain in Cats

Simple changes at home can keep a cat with arthritis more comfortable. Consider the following: 

• Be sure your cat’s litter box is easy to access. If your litter box has high sides, cut a low opening in the front so your cat can easily step in and out of the litter box. 
• Use a large litter box to provide plenty of room for your cat to maneuver.
• Elevate your cat’s food and water bowls to a comfortable height. 
• Place steps or ramps to allow your cat to access elevated surfaces, such as your bed, sofa, etc. 
• Use heating pads, set on a low setting, under cat beds to provide a comfy resting spot for your cat. Turn off heating pads when unattended. 

These simple steps can make your home environment more comfortable for a cat with arthritis. 

Dietary Considerations for Cats With Arthritis

One of the most valuable things you can do for your arthritic cat is to control their body weight. Excess weight puts extra pressure on your cat’s joints. Additionally, fat itself releases chemicals that promote inflammation, worsening your cat’s arthritis. In general, cats with arthritis should be kept at the low end of their healthy weight range. Talk to your veterinarian about your cat’s body weight and, if needed, work with your veterinarian to formulate a weight loss plan. 

Prescription diets are also available specifically to support joint health in cats. These diets are low in calories, but also contain supplements to promote joint health and control inflammation.

Arthritis Supplements for Cats

Cat arthritis supplements can play a valuable role in combating feline arthritis. 

Glucosamine and chondroitin are available in many over-the-counter and prescription cat joint supplements. These compounds work together to promote cartilage healing within the joints, while also improving the quantity and quality of your cat’s joint fluid. 

Omega-3 fatty acids, especially EHA and DHA, play a valuable role in combating inflammation within the body. Fish oil supplements are the best source of omega-3 fatty acids, as these fatty acids are more easily absorbed from fish sources than from plant-based sources. 

Nutritional supplements can vary significantly in quality, and they are not well-regulated. For this reason, it’s best to only purchase supplements from a trusted provider. Talk to your veterinarian to determine the best supplements for your cat’s arthritis treatment. 

Arthritic Cat Exercise Plan

Exercise can play a valuable role in the treatment of feline arthritis. Keeping your cat active and moving not only promotes weight loss, but it can also help strengthen muscles that provide support for your cat’s joints. 

Ideally, a cat with arthritis should receive low-impact exercise. Intense or prolonged exercise, such as an hours-long session of chasing a laser pointer, could lead to a worsening of your cat’s arthritis pain. 

Instead, increase your cat’s activity level in subtle, gradual ways. Consider using a hunting feeder for your cat, which is a small toy that dispenses food as your cat plays with it. Alternatively, you could hide your cat’s daily meals in multiple areas throughout your home. Find toys that your cat enjoys playing with and encourage short play sessions throughout the day. 

If you’re looking to be a bit more proactive in your cat’s exercise, purchase a harness and attempt taking your cat for leash walks. Swimming is also an excellent exercise for cats with arthritis, if your cat will tolerate it! 

Arthritis in Cats Treatment: Tips and Advice

Arthritis is a chronic condition, and it is likely to progress over time. Treatment for arthritis in cats is intended to reduce the discomfort associated with arthritis and slow its progression, not to completely cure the arthritis. Your cat will require lifelong treatment. 

With effective pain medication, you should see a significant improvement in your cat’s pain level. Limping may resolve (or at least lessen) and your cat’s overall activity level is likely to increase. Your cat may not become completely pain-free with treatment, but you should see an improvement in your cat’s signs of arthritis. 

Monitor your cat for any side effects associated with their medication or supplements. Side effects such as vomiting, diarrhea, decreased appetite, and lethargy warrant a call to your veterinarian. If your cat experiences side effects with a particular medication, your veterinarian can recommend measures to decrease side effects or prescribe an alternative treatment.

You may also want to consider alternative therapies for your cat’s arthritis. Acupuncture, laser therapy, and physical therapy have all been shown to be beneficial in managing feline arthritis. Stem cell treatments have also shown promising results in dogs, horses, and humans, but these treatments have not yet been studied in cats. 

Finally, remain in touch with your veterinarian. Managing arthritis is a long-term commitment, and it’s important to keep the lines of communication open. If you have any questions or concerns about your cat, reach out to your veterinary team. Your cat’s veterinarian is the best person to provide you with information about treatment for cat arthritis. 

The post Cat Arthritis Treatment Plan: Steps and What to Expect appeared first on Great Pet Care.

This is why there are no early signs of cancer in cats – cats don’t tell you there is a problem until their symptoms are too severe to hide.

However, being able to recognize possible symptoms of cancer in cats can help you get your cat treatment as soon as possible. In this article, we’ll outline general signs pet parents should look out for and also provide the symptoms associated with different types of cat cancer. 

9 General Signs of Cancer in Cats

When a cat doesn’t feel well, the first few signs are often the same for many types of illnesses and nearly all types of cancer: they don’t eat and they hide. 

Other common symptoms of cancer in cats include: 

• Weight loss
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Lethargy (decreased energy)
• Increased thirst
• Urinating outside the litterbox
• New lumps

Keep in mind that many of these symptoms can also be signs of other health problems or diseases. It’s important to have your veterinarian evaluate your cat before jumping to any conclusions. 

7 Types of Cat Cancer: Signs and Symptoms

There are many different types of cancer that can impact cats and each has their own signs and symptoms. 

Lymphoma

What it is: Cancer of the lymph nodes (immune system)

The most common type of lymphoma in cats is gastrointestinal (GI). It comes in two forms: small cell lymphoma and large cell lymphoma. 

Small cell lymphoma acts like a chronic disease in cats and causes vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. 

Large cell lymphoma includes acute signs like severe lethargy and anorexia (full loss of appetite) as well as vomiting and diarrhea.

There are many other types of lymphoma in cats that are not as common as GI lymphoma. These types include:

• Renal (kidneys)
• Hepatic (liver)
• Multicentric (lymph nodes)
• Cutaneous (skin) 

Symptoms of renal and hepatic lymphoma include lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, and inappetence. In multicentric lymphoma, a cat may have swollen lymph nodes under the chin, on the neck, behind the knees, in the armpits, or in the groin. Cutaneous lymphoma signs are similar to a skin infection, such as itchiness and visible skin wounds. Lymphoma can even occur in the eyes, in which case you may notice a change in the shape of the iris or pupil. 

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)

What it is: Cancer of the skin

Squamous cell carcinoma grows quickly and aggressively, meaning that invades other tissue in the area such as bone.. Signs may include ulcerated (bloody) growth that is most often on the face or in the mouth. Signs of mouth cancer in cats include difficulty eating, hesitancy to eat, or excessive drool. Cats with SCC may have bad breath or a foul odor around their face.

Often complete surgical excision for SCC is difficult, if not impossible, and so treatment of this type of cancer in cats is aimed at maintaining good quality of life.

White cats, cats who spend a lot of time in the sun, and cats exposed to tobacco smoke in the home are more likely to develop squamous cell tumors.

Mast Cell Tumors

What it is: Cancer of the skin

Mast cell tumors are often less aggressive than squamous cell carcinomas and can be more easily removed. They look like raised nodules on the skin that may be itchy or bleed and can be found anywhere on the body.

Sarcoma

What is is: Cancer of the muscle, connective tissue, and other soft tissue structures of the body

A sarcoma is cancer of the muscle or soft tissue and general symptoms of sarcomas in cats include a lump or mass that is slow growing, and lameness if the sarcoma is affecting a cat’s limb. 

One type of sarcoma, called an injection site fibrosarcoma, is an uncommon but aggressive form associated with locations where cats have received injections of medications, including vaccines. When found on a limb, recommended treatment often includes amputation. In other places on the body, complete surgical excision is unlikely and the cancer is expected to return within several months.

Mammary (Adenocarcinoma)

What it is: Cancer of the mammary glands

Unfortunately, about 90 percent of masses found in the mammary glands of cats are cancerous. These tumors are hormonally driven, so they are more common in cats who have not been spayed or those who were spayed at a later age.

These feel like hard beads near a cat’s nipple. They can become very large and form one mass between teats.

Intraocular Sarcoma

What it is: Cancer of the eye

Older cats with a history of trauma or disease of their eye can develop a type of cancer called post traumatic intraocular sarcoma.

Signs of eye cancer in cats can include visible changes to one eye, such as changes in their iris or pupil shape or new cloudiness. Cats may rub the eye if it is painful. Sometimes cancer of the eye in cats can cause discharge from the eye.

Treatment is surgical removal of the eye. Although this sounds scary, there are many cats who live long happy lives with just one eye. If the eye is painful or they cannot use it to see, then it should be removed.

Osteosarcoma

What it is: Bone cancer

Osteosarcoma is cancer of the bone. It is rare in cats. Signs of bone cancer include limping, decreased activity, resistance to playing, and not jumping on furniture or other objects they used to enjoy perching on. Some cats will also have a decreased appetite. Bone cancer sometimes causes bones to fracture.

There is increased risk for bone cancer among large breed cats, such as Maine Coons and Norwegian Forest Cats.

Other Types of Cat Cancer and Their Signs

There are many additional types of cancers that have more vague symptoms. For example, cancers of the stomach, intestines, or liver can look like intestinal upset with signs like nausea, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and vomiting. 

Cancer of the blood or bone marrow may cause tiredness that is mistaken for normal aging.

Lung cancer in cats is more often due to spread (metastasis) of other types of cancers. These are called secondary or metastatic tumors. Primary lung tumors are rare in cats. Signs of tumors in the lung include coughing, decreased energy, difficulty breathing, decreased appetite, and weight loss.

What to Do if You Notice These Symptoms

If you notice concerning changes in your cat, the first thing to do is not to panic. Remember that many things besides cancer can cause cats to feel sick. Think about whether there might be any changes that could relate to your cat’s symptoms. For example, diarrhea after changing her food or sneezing on a heavy pollen day in spring.

Since anything can be a sign of cancer, the most important thing you can do is pay attention to changes in your cat. If your cat is just not acting like herself in any way, make an appointment with your veterinarian for a few days out (3-5 days or when your veterinarian has availability). 

If your cat is still showing signs at that point, take her in. If not, cancel the appointment at least 24 hours beforehand. It’s easier than trying to be squeezed in at the last minute and your veterinarian will appreciate it. Of course, if your cat worsens before the appointment, try to get an immediate appointment or go to the emergency clinic.

Any lump that is bigger than 1cm (1/2 inch), is there for more than a month, grows, changes, bleeds, or doesn’t look/feel like the other lumps on your cat should be examined. It is always easier (safer, less painful, less expensive) to remove a small mass than a big one especially on the limbs and face. Any growth that suddenly changes should be examined.

If your cat does something that concerns you or you notice a new lump, it is best to let a veterinarian examine your cat. Some types of cancers, such as mammary nodules, can be found on a physical exam. Others require blood work, X-rays, or an ultrasound to pinpoint. These are also important tests in assessing your pet’s overall health. 

After locating an abnormality that is suspected to be cancer, the first step is taking a small sample of the cells to look at under a microscope. This is called an aspirate. Often a diagnosis of cancer versus just a benign lump can be made based on this initial sample but sometimes it cannot be. If a diagnosis cannot be made, then your veterinarian may recommend something called an “excisional biopsy” where the suspicious mass is surgically removed as both diagnostic test and treatment. However, it is ideal to know whether the mass is cancer before removing so that your veterinarian can take appropriate margins (healthy tissue around the mass) and no cancer is left behind.

While surgery is recommended for many types of cancers, there are some cancers that are treated only with chemotherapy or radiation therapy, such as lymphoma.

In Conclusion

Because the signs of cancer in cats are broad and can mimic those of other diseases and health problems, it’s important to discuss any concerns you may have with your veterinarian. 

Your veterinarian will be able to run appropriate diagnostic tests or conduct imaging procedures that can identify whether your cat’s symptoms are cancer or being caused by something else. 

And if your cat does have cancer, don’t lose heart. Many feline cancers can be effectively treated or managed, offering your cat a good quality of life despite a cancer diagnosis.

The post Signs of Cancer in Cats: Symptoms to Watch For appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Even for veterinarians, examining cat’s joints is difficult because cats don’t cooperate. All of that together means that arthritis in cats is severely under-diagnosed and therefore not effectively treated.

Defining Arthritis in Cats: What Exactly Is It?

When we say arthritis we generally mean osteoarthritis which is painful inflammation of the joints. This is a degenerative disease meaning that it occurs over time and is most likely to be found in older cats. In fact it is estimated that 90 percent of cats over 10 years of age have osteoarthritis in at least one joint.

The way arthritis develops in cats is similar to how it develops in humans and in dogs. Over time, normal wear and tear on the joint surfaces of bones causes inflammation which further degrades the joint surfaces. The body responds by trying to replace injured or damaged bone but this replacement is not as smooth as the original joint surface and creates more inflammation.

Causes of Arthritis in Cats

Osteoarthritis in cats is divided into two categories: primary and secondary. Primary arthritis is due to normal wear and tear over a lifetime. Secondary arthritis is the result of joint degeneration following trauma, injury, or poor conformation. Secondary arthritis can occur at any age. 

Munchkin cats, Scottish Folds, and other cats with abnormal physical conformation are at increased risk for developing arthritis.

Cats who are overweight are at increased risk for developing arthritis and at a younger age. This is because excess weight puts excess strain on joints and that speeds the normal wear and tear processes. Excess fat also causes inflammation which is the source of pain in arthritis. 

Diseases that cause loss of muscle mass such as diabetes, hyperthyroid disease, and kidney disease can also cause arthritis. Muscles keep weight off of joints which is why exercise is important in preventing arthritis.

Cat Arthritis Symptoms

Symptoms of arthritis in cats are generally less obvious than arthritis in dogs. They involve loss of mobility such as eating or drinking less because it is painful to walk to the food bowl. Cats may no longer be able to reach their favorite napping spots on top of furniture or they may be reluctant to follow you up and down the stairs. 

Some cats may groom themselves less or stop grooming all together which is noticeable as a greasy or flaky coat. Usually the first places this becomes noticeable are the lower back and around the anus. 

Not using the litter box can be a sign of arthritis because cats with arthritis may have difficulty stepping in or out of the box or posturing to urinate and defecate.

Cat arthritis symptoms to watch for include:

• Stiffness, especially after sleeping or resting
• Decreased activity
• Not jumping to places they used to be able to reach
• Not playing with their favorite toys
• Changes in litter box use or going outside the litter box
• Decreased grooming
• Decreased eating and drinking
• Limping
• Increased hiding or sleeping
• Less interaction

Diagnosing Cat Arthritis

Veterinarians diagnose cat arthritis through the information you provide, a physical examination, and sometimes X-ray images. 

The information you provide about changes in your cat’s behavior is important in diagnosing arthritis in cats because cats do not always acknowledge their pain on a physical exam or may not cooperate for a thorough exam. 

During the physical exam your veterinarian will feel along the spine and along the cat’s arms and legs. Your veterinarian will move the joints through their normal ranges of motion to detect any decreases or abnormal movements that may indicate arthritis. 

To confirm arthritis your veterinarian may take X-rays (radiographs) of any joints that seem painful or are not able to move well. X-rays are useful to eliminate other causes of pain such as tumors or a bone infection.

Cat Arthritis Treatment

Unfortunately, there are limited available treatments for cats with arthritis which is why prevention is the best medicine. There is no cure for arthritis, only management. 

One of the most important components of management is weight loss for overweight cats diagnosed with arthritis. Your veterinarian can help you design a healthy diet to help your cat slowly lose excess weight that contributes to the development and progression of arthritis.

For cats who do have arthritis, a multi-modal management plan is most effective. This includes pain medication, adaptations to the home, and adjunctive or complementary therapies such as physical therapy and acupuncture.

Pain Control

Pain control is an important component of managing arthritis in cats, but it is important to remember that pain control does not treat arthritis, it only reduces its symptoms. There are two categories of pain control that can be useful: non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) and pain relievers. 

NSAIDs minimize inflammation. Inflammation is painful. These are often most effective in the early stages of arthritis. NSAIDs for cats include Onsior and Meloxicam but neither is specifically approved to treat arthritis in cats. 

The other category of pain control includes medications that reduce the perception of pain. These include gabapentin and buprenorphine but again neither one is specifically labeled for use in arthritis treatment.

Adaptations at Home

Making changes at home can help your cat be more comfortable and can go a long way to reducing symptoms. These include giving your cat a soft, padded or orthopedic bed that is easy to get in and out of, providing a ramp or short steps to places she likes to rest, and making other simple changes to help your cat get around better. 

A litter box with one low side helps arthritic cats get in and out easier. You can reduce the need for your cat to use the stairs by keeping everything she needs on one floor of your house where your cat prefers to spend the most time.

Arthritis can reduce a cat’s desire or ability to groom herself. You can help by grooming her frequently with a soft brush, trimming her nails if she is not keen on using the scratching post, and wiping her anus with baby wipes if she is unable to clean it herself. Cats enjoy being clean, so don’t underestimate the value of these changes to her comfort.

Physical Therapy and Other Treatments

Physical therapy is available for cats to help restore muscle mass and address any limping caused by injury or arthritis. Of course, cats have to be willing participants to benefit from most structured types of physical therapy. But even modified exercises at home can be effective. So even if you don’t think your cat will tolerate going to the veterinary physical therapist, the tools and exercises they offer can be useful at home.

Other tools to manage the pain of arthritis include acupuncture and cold laser therapy. Adequan is an injectable supplement that may help rebuild joint cartilage. Stem cell therapy is still in his initial phases but may prove effective in restoring joint health. These can be performed in your veterinarian’s office and many cats tolerate the treatments well.

In rare situations surgery can be beneficial for cats severely impacted by arthritis pain. Surgery may involve removing scar tissue due to a previous injury, may address poor joint positioning, or may require amputation of a very arthritic limb. Surgery is the treatment of last resort for arthritis in cats.

Cost to Treat Arthritis in Cats

The cost to treat arthritis in cats varies depending on which options you and your veterinarian decide are right for your cat. Medications and supplements may each cost between $30 and $100 per month. Adjunctive treatments or therapy may cost $50-$100 per session.

Generally treatments are continued for the rest of the cat’s life since arthritis is a progressive disease.

How to Prevent Arthritis in Cats

Arthritis in cats cannot be fully prevented but there are steps you can take to reduce your feline’s risk and minimize the impact that arthritis has on their quality of life. 

The first and most important things are to keep your cat at a healthy weight her whole life and encourage exercise through play. 

Regular check-ups with a veterinarian including both physical exams and routine blood work can help prevent arthritis by addressing any diseases that increase arthritis risk. Your veterinarian is trained to notice changes in your cat before you do and she may detect decreased mobility before it becomes painful arthritis.

Many cat joint supplements are best used to slow the development or progression of arthritis. The chondroprotective (joint cartilage support) supplements are slow-acting and can take several weeks to build up to effective levels in the body. These include glucosamine and chondroitin as well as anti-inflammatory supplements such as omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil). 

Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate (with MSM – methyl sulfonyl methane) may take 4-6 weeks to see effect and is not effective for late stage disease. Similarly, omega-3 fatty acids are anti-inflammatory and are best used to reduce arthritis risk or slow its progression. It may take 4 weeks to see the effect. Omega-3 fatty acids have other beneficial effects including heart and skin support and is one of the most well studied supplements available.

Cats are very sensitive, so it is not recommended to use supplements unless you have discussed them with your veterinarian. Just because something is safe and effective for people does not mean it is safe or effective for cats.

The post Arthritis in Cats: Signs, Causes, and Management appeared first on Great Pet Care.

It can be done. You can give your cat a pill! In fact, cats can learn to willingly take their medications. Even if they require pilling, it can be done in a way that keeps them coming back for more rather than running under the bed. Medicating cats can even be fun and positive (it’s true!). 

Before You Give a Cat a Pill: What You’ll Need

Before giving your cat a pill, make sure you have everything you need within arm’s reach, including: 

• An oral syringe
• A favorite wet food reserved for special treat time
• Your cat’s medication
• Pill popper for cats (optional)
• A towel or blanket (optional)

You might be wondering why you’d need a syringe if you’re giving a cat a pill. If your cat’s medication can be given with food, a syringe filled with an irresistible treat can help your cat swallow the pill more easily and serve as a reward for a job well done! 

How to Give a Cat a Pill: The Cheekbone Technique

Tools like cat pill poppers can be helpful for medicating a cat. You can also gently wrap your cat in a towel before giving a pill if it makes them feel more secure. But if you have the cat positioned correctly, all you may need is the pill, your fingers, and some yummy food (if allowed). 

The Cheekbone Technique allows you to control your cat’s top and bottom jaw simultaneously, which decreases your chances of being bitten. Here’s how to give cats pills using this technique:

Step 1: Position your cat on a tabletop or your lap so that they are facing away from you. Their backside and spine should be up against your belly. 

Step 2: Use your non-dominant hand to find your cat’s cheekbones with your thumb and index finger. These two fingers should create a crescent shape in front of your cat’s ears. The remaining fingers should fan out and cradle the back of the head.

Step 3: Tilt your cat’s head back so their nose points toward the ceiling. In most cases, their lower jaw will drop/fall loose. 

Step 4: Hold the pill between the thumb and index finger of your dominant hand. Then use your middle finger to pry your cat’s bottom jaw down, placing your finger on the incisor teeth between the lower canines. 

Step 5: Place the pill at the very back of your cat’s throat where you can appreciate the center groove of the tongue. Poke the pill down. (Your finger should be wet with saliva from the back of the throat if you have done this correctly.)

Step 6: Use your dominant hand to squeeze some food from the syringe into your cat’s mouth to chase the pill. If your cat prefers, allow them to simply lap the food from the syringe, eat a dollop of food from a plate, or eat some tasty treats. (If food is not allowed, ask your veterinarian whether it’s OK to give your cat a drink of water after.)

Important note: DO NOT use hairball remedies to chase medications. These products are designed to bind and escort and will affect the absorption of the medications!

How to Get a Cat to Take a Pill on Their Own

Some cats can be trained (or rather guided) to take a pill on their own with a little blob of delicious food on top. Here are a few particulars to keep in mind to ensure success:

1. Start with a textured surface. You MUST use a bathmat, towel, washcloth, rug, carpet, cat condo pile, etc., or this will not work in most cases. 
2. Place the pill/capsule on the textured surface.
3. Squirt high-value, yummy food on the pill/capsule as if you were putting ketchup on a hot dog.
4. Your cats will go to eat it, get it stuck on the barbs on their tongue, and swallow the pill. 
5. If they spit out the pill/capsule, quickly repeat the steps above until they take it.

If you need to give your cat more than one type of pill, ask your veterinarian if they dispense empty gel capsules that can fit multiple medications inside of them. A capsule can help disguise the bitter taste as well as the jagged cut edges of a yucky pill. 

If Your Cat Still Won’t Eat a Pill

If need be, speak with your veterinarian or look for a qualified behaviorist or trainer to help you with training your cat. Some cats can even be clicker trained to accept the handling required for medicating and many other procedures. 

Your cat is depending on you to help them live their best life, and that often includes giving medication to help them stay healthy and treat any chronic medical conditions that may arise in their life.

If you have tried these medicating tips and still find it difficult to give a pill to your cat, there are alternative dose forms made by compounding pharmacies that you might find helpful. Compounded medications are unique forms of medications that your veterinarian may prescribe when no commercially available form of medication can meet the unique dosing needs of your pet, or if your cat needs a special form of medication to help you be more successful administering. For example, if you cannot administer a pill to your cat, your veterinarian may prescribe a liquid version or seafood flavored soft chew—both of which are pet-friendly dose forms to make medication time a stress-free experience.  

Another dose form that some pharmacies may carry are Mini-Melt tablets. They are easy to pill because they don’t taste bad, easy to mix in food because they are dissolvable, and easy to dissolve in water, tuna juice, clam juice, chicken broth, etc., and turn into a liquid medication. It is nice to have one pill with so many options and versatility!

Because all cats are different, your veterinarian will recommend a customized dose form that works best for your pet. Some pharmacies may offer a variety of different personalized and pet-friendly dose forms and flavors, so speak with your veterinarian if you feel there might be a better option for your cat.   

Giving a Cat a Pill: Troubleshooting Tips

If your cat is one of those pets who run under the bed when they hear the pills in the bottle, it’s time to change up the routine. We have conditioned (trained) our cats to come when they hear the crinkle of a treat bag or the pop of a can of food, and we can use similar tactics with medications. 

Here are a few useful tips:

• Change the vessel where you store the meds. Put the pills in a sandwich baggie, for example, so your cats no longer hear the sound they have come to associate with a hideous medicating experience.
• Store medications and food rewards in a convenient and safe location where you often spend time with your cat. This way, they are convenient and available whenever your cat comes to hang out with you, and you can lessen the “production.” 
• Change the location or time of day you usually medicate. 
• If your cat has developed a negative association with the sound of meds time, counter-conditioning training can be used to build their trust back up. Pair the sound they fear, very far away and at a low volume, with something they cannot resist. Slowly, over time, increase the volume of the noise and bring it closer to them, all the while constantly rewarding them for not running away or seeming scared. The goal would be for them to hear the pills rattling in the vial and come running as if it were that crinkly bag of treats!

Remember that prevention is the best medicine. Even if your cat does not need any medications right now, start training them immediately so you are ready when the time comes!

References

1. Leib, M.S., DVM, MS, DACVIM. Doxycyline esophagitis/stricture in cats. North American Veterinary conference, 2005 proceedings, Virginia Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA.

Ingrid Johnson is a certified cat behavior consultant for Fundamentally Feline in Atlanta, Ga. 

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What Are Lipomas in Cats?

Lipomas are benign tumors, meaning they do not spread to other parts of the body (i.e., do not metastasize). While lipomas are very common in dogs, they are not that common in cats. Lipomas are made of adipocytes, also known as fat cells. For this reason, they feel like…well, fat. Lipomas are a little soft and a bit squishy. The difference between general fat and lipomas though is lipomas are fat cells inside of a round capsule. This makes the lipomas discrete from surrounding fat.

There are three types of lipomas in cats to know about:

Simple lipomas. Simple lipomas are small tumors that live in the fat layer found just beneath the skin. They tend to be pretty easy to feel on the outside of your cat. Simple lipomas are usually found on your cat’s trunk (his sides, belly, or back) or on his legs. In some cases, cats can have a lipoma inside the chest or inside the belly.

Myelolipoma. A rare form of lipoma is myelolipoma, which is a tumor of both fat cells and hematopoietic cells, or the cells that form the components of blood similar to what is inside bone marrow. These are benign tumors.

Infiltrative lipoma. In incredibly rare circumstances, cats develop what is known as an infiltrative lipoma. Instead of a round distinct capsule of fat cells, this tumor infiltrates—or invades—tissues around it. These are most commonly located on the thigh (upper muscles of the back leg). Sometimes the leg appears bulky and there is no distinct tumor. The muscles of the thigh feel harder than otherwise expected.

What Causes a Cat Lipoma?

There is no known cause of lipomas. The average age of cats diagnosed with a lipoma is 9.6 years old. Domestic shorthaired cats are the most common breed affected. Siamese cats may be more prone to having lipomas.

If lipomas are tumors of fat cells, it is a natural assumption that being overweight must cause lipomas. At this time, there is no firm evidence to suggest that your cat’s weight is directly linked to his risk of lipomas. Over half of pet cats in the United States are overweight or obese, so it’s no surprise the majority of cats who have lipomas are overweight. However, a 2018 study on lipomas in dogs noted that dogs over average weight were 2 times more likely to have a lipoma (1). More research is needed on this subject.

Lipoma in Cats Symptoms

The majority of cats with lipomas have no symptoms. Some lipomas can become very large and affect movement, but this is uncommon. If a lipoma is present inside the chest, increased effort to breathe, fast breathing rate, decreased activity level, and decreased appetite can occur. If a lipoma is present inside the belly, symptoms may include vomiting and decreased appetite. In rare cases, a myelolipoma of the spleen can rupture causing uncontrolled bleeding. Fast shallow breathing, increased size of the belly, and collapse are symptoms of internal bleeding.

For infiltrative lipomas, a back leg is often affected. As the lipoma grows in between muscles, it often causes changes in the way your cat walks, a change in behavior, i.e., less or no jumping, decreased activity, and limping.

Cat Lipoma Diagnosis

Simple lipomas can be poked with a small needle and the needle contents examined under a microscope. Individual cells are examined in a test called cytology, which reveals fat cells. Sometimes, if a veterinarian is unsure whether the tumor is truly a lipoma, she will recommend a biopsy. After a short surgical procedure under anesthesia, during which a piece (or all) of the tumor is taken, a pathologist will look at the tissue in sections and provide a certain (definitive) diagnosis. For infiltrative lipomas, a surgical biopsy is necessary—a needle cannot diagnose this tumor.

For the uncommon cases involving lipomas inside the chest or abdomen, X-rays are a good place to start to identify the mass and its general location. Ultrasound is an ideal way to better evaluate the density of the mass, and possibly place a needle through your cat’s skin into the mass to get a very small sample. A biopsy can be done especially on tumors in the belly.

Treatment for Lipomas in Cats

Simple lipomas rarely need to be treated. Unless it grows very large and affects how your cat walks, these lipomas are almost always harmless. Pet parents should monitor for sudden increase in size or other changes such as ulceration to the skin (top layer of skin is gone, leaving raw tissue exposed). If this occurs, the tumor should be re-evaluated. While uncommon, a tumor that appears to be just a lipoma can have another type of tumor present.

Lipomas in the chest or belly can be monitored, but if a cat develops symptoms, surgical removal is necessary. Infiltrative lipomas require treatment. Pain medication will help keep your cat comfortable. Surgical removal is ideal but is very difficult, requiring extensive surgery to remove the entirety of the tumor. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy have not been used routinely in the treatment of cat lipomas. 

Cost to Treat Lipomas in Cats

For most lipomas, pet parents will pay for cytology from a needle biopsy, approximately $50-$200, but no treatment is needed. If surgery of the belly is required to remove a tumor, the cost may be anywhere from $1,500 to $5,000, depending on how complex the surgery and care afterward is (such as if internal bleeding occurred). Surgery to remove infiltrative lipomas is approximately the same cost, depending on how large and severe the tumor is.

How to Prevent a Cat Lipoma

There are no known prevention methods for lipomas. While there is no strong evidence that maintaining a healthy body weight will prevent lipomas, there may be a connection. Avoid free-feeding your cat—measure how much he eats every day. Encourage exercise with a variety of toys and actively play with your cat at least twice daily. Ask your veterinarian to assess his weight. If your cat is overweight, your vet can give you advice on how much and what to feed your cat to ensure safe weight loss. 

References

1. O’Neill DG, Corah CH, Church DB, Brodbelt DC, Rutherford L. Lipoma in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK: prevalence and breed associations. Canine Genet Epidemiol. 2018;5:9. Published 2018 Sep 27. doi:10.1186/s40575-018-0065-9

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Early stages of dental disease, such as gingivitis, are reversible with appropriate medical care and a professional dental cleaning. However, late-stage tooth decay often requires tooth extraction for full resolution of pain and inflammation.

Poor dental health can negatively affect a cat’s overall well-being and put them at risk for other medical conditions. Fortunately, routine veterinary care and vigilance by pet parents can help reduce the likelihood of unhealthy cat teeth and help keep the mouths of our furry felines clean and pain-free.

What Do Unhealthy Cat Teeth Look Like?

It is much easier for pet parents to spot signs of unhealthy teeth if they are aware of what healthy cat teeth should look like. Healthy teeth are white and free of plaque and tartar. Healthy gums are light pink with no signs of inflammation. Breath should be free of odor. 

In cats with dental disease, their mouths are quite the opposite. Unhealthy cat teeth are typically yellow to gray in appearance and covered partly or fully by thick tartar. Unhealthy gums are bright red and appear inflamed. They may bleed frequently as well. Cats with unhealthy teeth typically have bad breath.

Signs of Unhealthy Cat Teeth

There are a variety of signs pet parents should watch for that may indicate an underlying dental condition in their cats. These signs include the following:

Bad breath. Because there is active inflammation and bacteria present with dental disease, cats with unhealthy teeth often have very bad breath. 

Food falling out of the mouth while eating. Cats with unhealthy teeth often experience pain when trying to eat. They may be unable to chew hard pieces of food or avoid closing the affected part of the mouth fully to avoid discomfort. This leads to food falling out on the side that is affected by dental disease. 

Not eating due to pain. Cats may choose to forgo their meal because their mouths are painful. They may skip meals, only eat a small portion of their meal, or begin to prefer soft or wet cat food only. This may lead to noticeable weight loss as well.

Pawing at the face or rubbing the mouth. Cats experiencing discomfort in their mouths will often paw at their face or rub the affected side against the ground or other objects to try to get some relief from the pain. 

Drooling excessively. Cats with unhealthy teeth often drool excessively. Saliva may pool in the mouth and around the lips, or puddles may be seen on the ground where the cat rests. Saliva may also be blood tinged. 

Loose or missing teeth. Cats with periodontal disease often have teeth that are loose or missing. Sometimes pet parents find a lost tooth around the house, which can signify a dental problem. 

Sometimes, it is not obvious to pet parents that there are issues present in their cats’ mouths. This is where routine veterinary care is beneficial to detect these health issues early. 

What Causes Unhealthy Cat Teeth?

There are a variety of reasons that cats may develop unhealthy teeth and gums. Lack of routine veterinary care can predispose cats to developing dental disease since tooth issues are not detected early, and they tend to progress quickly without appropriate intervention. Some cats are simply predisposed due to their genetics. 

Certain diseases may contribute to greater accumulation of plaque on the teeth and subsequent gingivitis. Viruses, such as feline leukemia virus, calicivirus, and feline immunodeficiency virus may play an important role in the development of dental issues in cats. In addition, kidney disease and diabetes may also contribute [1]. 

Age may be a contributing factor in tooth decay. This is because dental calculus continues to build up over a cat’s lifetime if routine dental cleanings and at-home dental care are not done regularly. 

The Dangers of Unhealthy Cat Teeth

Unhealthy teeth can cause a variety of issues for your cat. Dental issues can contribute to a poor quality of life for cats since problematic teeth are incredibly painful. Cats may lose a significant amount of weight because it is too uncomfortable to eat when their mouths are so inflamed. It is important for decaying cat teeth to be removed to prevent this pain and suffering in cats. 

As mentioned, unhealthy teeth can lead to gum infections due to the significant number of bacteria collecting in the mouth. These bacteria can spread from the mouth to the heart valves through the bloodstream, which can lead to heart disease. The liver and kidneys can also be negatively impacted by poor oral health.  

What to Do If Your Cat Has Unhealthy Teeth

If you suspect your cat has unhealthy teeth, bring him to the veterinarian as soon as you can. Your veterinarian will perform a thorough exam to detect any problematic areas in your cat’s mouth. If there are any concerning areas, a professional dental cleaning and dental X-rays may be recommended in order to better assess the extent of disease. 

If necessary, some teeth may be extracted during the dental cleaning. This procedure is done under general anesthesia, and it involves using special instruments to remove calculus from teeth that are healthy enough to stay and removing the crown and root of teeth that are too diseased to keep. Appropriate medications to reduce infection and inflammation may be prescribed following the procedure. 

Cats who have had a large number of teeth extracted may be unable to chew a dry diet and may need to switch to a wet food.

How to Prevent Tooth Decay in Cats

Pet parents can brush their cats’ teeth daily and provide dental treats to prevent as much plaque buildup as possible. Tooth brushing should only be done with a cat-specific toothbrush and toothpaste. 

If your cat is currently eating wet food only, switching to a dry diet can help scrape the teeth clean while he eats. There are diets specifically formulated for dental health that your veterinarian can recommend or prescribe as well. 

If tooth issues are arising from underlying health conditions, such as FeLV or FIV, it is important to manage those diseases first. Your veterinarian can provide the best treatment plan to address any underlying conditions as well as any concerns surrounding oral health. 

Annual to semi-annual veterinary check ups can help identify any tooth issues early and prevent the progression to advanced periodontal disease. Yearly professional dental cleanings are the best way to prevent dental disease. Regular veterinary care coupled with diligent home care is essential in keeping a cat’s teeth as healthy as they can be. 

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Dental disease in cats often goes unnoticed because cats rarely show obvious symptoms of dental disease until the problem is severe. That’s why good home dental care is essential to protect your cat’s teeth and gums.

What is Dental Disease in Cats?

Dental disease is a naturally occurring process that happens in both domestic and feral cats. The problem starts with plaque – a slime of bacteria that forms on the teeth and under the gingival (gum) tissue. 

When plaque isn’t removed through regular brushing it hardens into tartar. Tartar has a rough surface which harbors more bacteria, allowing new plaque to form more readily. The same process occurs in humans, which is why your dentist recommends brushing your teeth after you eat to remove plaque before it hardens into tartar – a process which occurs within about 24-48 hours. Imagine if you didn’t brush your teeth for months or years, and you can begin to imagine what is happening inside your cat’s mouth!

Cats, unlike humans, rarely get dental cavities. However, cats do develop gingivitis and periodontitis similar to humans. Cats can also develop resorptive lesions, a unique condition where tooth material is progressively broken down over time. 

Cats of any age can develop dental disease, but your cat is less likely to experience these problems if you practice a good oral hygiene routine at home.

Causes of Dental Disease in Cats

The primary cause of dental disease is a lack of good oral hygiene. The best way to prevent dental disease in your cat is to brush your cat’s teeth daily with a toothbrush, finger brush, or dental wipes and a pet-friendly toothpaste. This removes plaque from the teeth before it can harden into tartar. 

Cat Dental Disease Symptoms

The first symptom of dental disease most pet owners notice is bad breath. While you may think that stinky breath is natural for animals, it’s not! A cat’s breath should not have a disagreeable odor. If it does, that is a sure sign of a problem and a good reason to schedule an examination with your veterinarian. 

Other signs of dental disease in your cat can include:

• Drooling
• Red, inflamed gums
• Bleeding gums
• Difficulty chewing
• Reluctance to eat hard foods
• Pawing at the mouth
• Teeth chattering
• Dropping food
• Discolored teeth

If you notice signs of dental disease in your cat, see your veterinarian for an examination and a treatment plan. 

While brushing your cat’s teeth regularly can prevent tartar formation, it cannot remove existing tartar or reverse dental disease once it starts. A professional dental treatment from your veterinarian will be necessary to address your cat’s dental disease.

Types of Dental Disease in Cats

The three most common types of dental disease in cats are gingivitis, periodontitis, and tooth resorption. These conditions can occur simultaneously with varying degrees of severity. 

Gingitivitis is inflammation of the gingiva (gums). The gums become red, swollen, and painful due to the buildup of plaque on the teeth and underneath the gums. As bacteria buildup on and under the gums, they release substances that damage the healthy gum tissue. The body also mounts an immune response against the invading bacteria, resulting in inflammation. Gingivitis is characterized by red, swollen, and painful gums. In some cases, the gums may bleed when touched. Gingivitis can be reversed with thorough professional dental cleaning performed under general anesthesia to address the bacterial buildup both above and below the gum line.

Peridontitis is inflammation of the structures that attach the tooth to the underlying gums and bone. The periodontium includes the gums, the cementum (the covering of the tooth root), the periodontal ligament (which attaches the tooth root to the bone), and the alveolar bone. Damage to these structures is irreversible and causes loss of support to the tooth. This can lead to loose teeth and tooth loss. Peridontitis is typically the result of untreated gingivitis, so addressing the problem early is essential. Peridontitis is irreversible, and extraction of the affected tooth or teeth under general anesthesia will be required.

Tooth resorption is the most common cause of tooth loss in cats, and it is not known why this process occurs. With tooth resorption, the crown and/or the root of the tooth is slowly destroyed. The process can begin either internally or externally. The result is slowly progressive holes in the affected teeth that are often painful and may also cause inflammation of the surrounding soft tissues. This process is irreversible and extraction of the affected teeth under general anesthesia is required. 

Cat Dental Disease Stages

Dental disease is typically staged when your pet is under general anesthesia. The veterinarian uses a dental probe and intraoral radiographs (X-rays) to assess the degree of disease present in your pet’s mouth. The disease is then categorized in stages as follows:

Stage 1: Gingitivitis. In this stage, there is only inflammation of the gingival tissue (gums) and no loss of support to the teeth. 

Stage 2: Early Periodontitis. In the second stage, less than 25% of the tooth’s support structure has been lost. 

Stage 3: Moderate Periodontitis. In this stage, 25-50% of the tooth’s support has been lost.

Stage 4: Advanced Periodontitis. In the final stage of dental disease, more than 50% of support loss has been experienced.

Gingivitis is the only reversible stage, and it can be fixed with professional dental treatment from your veterinarian. Catching your cat’s dental disease early is essential to ensure a good outcome and to save your pet’s teeth. 

Once dental disease progresses to periodontitis, the resulting damage is not reversible. With moderate and advanced periodontitis, extraction of the affected tooth or teeth is recommended to treat the source of pain and infection.

Diagnosing Dental Disease in Cats

The first step to diagnosing dental disease is a thorough physical examination with your veterinarian. Your veterinarian may recommend sedating your cat to enable a thorough examination of the oral cavity, which may be scary or uncomfortable for your cat while he or she is awake. Sedation allows your veterinarian to fully open your pet’s mouth and carefully examine all of the tooth surfaces, so that potential problems like gingivitis and resorptive lesions can be identified.

If dental disease is diagnosed on routine physical examination, the next step will be a thorough dental examination under general anesthesia. This allows your veterinarian and the veterinary team to perform dental probing, dental radiographs (X-rays), and dental charting to document the health of each of your pet’s teeth. 

Cat Dental Disease Treatment

If any diseased teeth are identified, your veterinarian will discuss your treatment options with you. This may include surgery to extract the diseased tooth or teeth. Your cat’s teeth will also be cleaned and polished to remove plaque and tartar both above and below the gum line.

Cost to Treat Dental Disease in Cats

The cost to treat dental disease in cats depends on the severity of the disease and the available treatment options. However, pet owners should expect to spend $1,000 to $2,000 on a dental cleaning procedure, with the cost varying depending on whether dental surgery is also necessary.

How to Prevent Dental Disease in Cats

The best way to prevent dental disease is through a good home dental care regimen. This should include daily tooth brushing. Use a pet-specific toothpaste and a toothbrush, finger brush, or dental wipes to gently clean your pet’s teeth and along the gum line. This reduces plaque buildup and prevents dental disease. 

Other home dental care options include the use of prescription veterinary dental diets, water additives, and dental treats. To ensure you’re getting a product that has been tested and proven to reduce plaque buildup, look for products labeled with the Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC) seal.

Dental Disease in Cats Infographic

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We’ll go over Cushing’s disease in cats so you can keep an eye out for this rare condition.

What Is Cushing’s Disease?

Cushing’s disease is properly called hyperadrenocorticism. Let’s break that down: hyper (too much), adreno (adrenal gland), and corticism (cortisol hormone). In other words, Cushing’s disease in cats occurs when the adrenal glands are producing too much cortisol, a naturally-occurring steroid. This steroid is essential for life, and having an under-production is extremely serious. But having an overproduction causes the symptoms of Cushing’s disease.

While Cushing’s disease is rare in felines, there are some trends appearing that help us to identify affected cats. It’s more common in older cats, averaging 10 years old at diagnosis (2). In addition, 80 percent of cats with Cushing’s will also have diabetes (3), which complicates diagnosis and treatment. It’s also thought that females are more likely to develop Cushing’s syndrome than males (4). There is no breed association with Cushing’s in cats.

What Causes Cushing’s Disease in Cats?

So why does Cushing’s disease happen? The adrenal glands—two small glands near the kidneys—are responsible for producing cortisol. Usually, the amount of cortisol in the body is carefully controlled by the pituitary gland, a small gland at the base of the brain. If there’s too much, the pituitary gland signals the adrenals to stop producing cortisol. If there’s too little, the glands get the message to produce more. This messaging is done with a hormone called adrenocorticotropic hormone, or ACTH. When a cat has Cushing’s, this feedback mechanism breaks down.

There are three categories of Cushing’s with different causes:

Pituitary-dependent: In most cats, Cushing’s is caused by a small (benign) tumor on the pituitary gland, which secretes ACTH, stimulating the adrenals to produce cortisol. This tumor doesn’t recognize that there is too much cortisol and therefore doesn’t send feedback to the adrenals to stop production. 

Adrenal-dependent: Around a quarter of cats will have a tumor on their adrenal gland instead. The tumor is made of cells that produce cortisol. Again, the tumor doesn’t listen to feedback from the body—no matter the feedback it’s receiving, the tumor cells continue to produce cortisol.

Iatrogenic: There is one more cause of Cushing’s you might come across. It is called Iatrogenic Cushing’s and it happens when an animal is given too much steroid drug for too long. When we give steroids for a long time—especially if they are high doses—the pituitary gland and adrenals will be responding as best they can, but we continue to overdose the body on cortisol.

Regardless of which category your cat falls into, the result is too much cortisol in the body. This hormone is known as the chronic stress hormone, and too much of it is bad for health, causing a range of symptoms.

Cat Cushing’s Disease Symptoms

The symptoms of Cushing’s disease in cats are all related to having too much cortisol in the body. In over 75 percent of cases (1), the symptoms will be thirst, hunger, and urinating more often. The problem is that these symptoms are also symptoms for two much more common diseases in cats—diabetes mellitus and hyperthyroidism—both of which also affect older cats. This is further complicated by the fact that the majority of cats with Cushing’s also have diabetes, which is usually diagnosed first. It’s only when the cat isn’t responding to insulin treatment that Cushing’s is considered.

Unlike dogs, cats with Cushing’s get extremely fragile skin. They may have severe wounds or get wounds during routine investigations that heal poorly. Hair loss and skin infections are also common in Cushingoid cats.

Other symptoms of Cushing’s in cats include:

• Excessive thirst
• Excessive urination
• Excessive hunger
• Enlarged abdomen (pot belly)
• Muscle wasting
• Weakness and lethargy
• Fragile, thin skin
• Hair loss or poor coat
• Skin and urine infections

All of these symptoms can be caused by other diseases, so it can be difficult to diagnose Cushing’s in cats, especially given how rare it is.

Diagnosing Cushing’s Disease in Cats

Diagnosing Cushing’s disease in cats can be difficult, and there’s no perfect test that gives a clear answer.  First, your veterinarian will do a clinical exam. This will need to be thorough, as they will want to see if there are any other explanations for your cat’s symptoms. 

Next, your vet will conduct screening tests. If evidence points to Cushing’s, they will then perform diagnostic tests.  

Screening Tests for Cushing’s Disease

Routine screening blood test. A routine screening blood test (biochemistry and hematology) will allow your vet to look for evidence of diabetes (which is much more common in cats and causes similar symptoms), liver disease, kidney disease, and other complicating conditions. Unlike dogs, however, cats don’t have many clues on this minimum database test—it’s more about ruling out other, more common, causes of problems.

Urine screen. A urine screen will often also be undertaken. Not only can this help diagnose or rule out diabetes, but urine infections are a common complication of Cushing’s in cats, so testing for a UTI is sensible. Cortisol in the urine may also be measured, but isn’t a perfect test. Although it increases suspicion of Cushing’s in cats if it’s high, it’s not a definite answer. However, a low result does rule Cushing’s out, so it’s a non-invasive way to rule out Cushing’s in some diabetic cats.

If at this point your vet has diagnosed diabetes, they’ll usually start treatment for diabetes, only returning to the possible Cushing’s diagnosis if the diabetes becomes difficult to manage. Although 80 percent of Cushing’s cats have diabetes, very few diabetic cats will have Cushing’s (as it’s so rare), so it makes sense to treat your cat for diabetes first. 

Diagnostic Tests for Cushing’s Disease

If your vet still strongly suspects Cushing’s as a cause, they’ll likely undertake one of the following tests:

Dexamethasone suppression test. This involves taking blood then injecting a large amount of dexamethasone, a steroid. A second blood sample is then taken. The cortisol levels in the samples are compared to see whether the feedback loop is working. If the body’s cortisol level drops once the body recognizes the dexamethasone, the feedback loop is working and Cushing’s is unlikely. On the other hand, if the cortisol stays the same, your cat’s body is producing cortisol regardless of the feedback loop—which makes it likely your cat has Cushing’s. 

ACTH stimulation test. Another common test is called the ACTH stimulation test, but it’s less accurate than the dexamethasone suppression test in cats (3). This test also requires two blood samples, but ACTH is injected instead of dexamethasone. If your cat’s cortisol is high before the ACTH and extremely high after the ACTH, it suggests Cushing’s.

Differentiating Tests

Lastly, your cat might need imaging, usually ultrasound, to diagnose whether it’s the adrenal glands or the pituitary glands that are involved. Although this is rarely done, it can help with treatment options.

Cushing’s Disease in Cats Treatment

Cushing’s disease in cats is so rare, we’re still working out the best treatment. No drugs are currently licensed for Cushing’s in cats, so all medication is used off-label. A medication called trilostane, which is usually used in dogs with Cushing’s, is most often used. This drug needs to be given once or twice daily, for life. Regular blood tests will be needed to make sure the dose is correct, as overdosing is dangerous. Once the dose is stable, it can still take a long time for symptoms of Cushing’s disease in cats to reduce, especially the thin skin.

Surgery is sometimes indicated for cats with a one-sided adrenal tumor, as the other gland should respond normally to feedback and continue to function. Even if surgery is an option for your cat, they will still need medication first to get their cortisol levels down to normal, as cats with Cushing’s have poor wound healing, making surgery a bad idea.

Cushing’s Disease in Cats Life Expectancy

Cushing’s disease in cats is serious. It’s harder to diagnose than Cushing’s in dogs, meaning cats are often extremely ill when diagnosed. The thin skin can make handling a problem, and cats are often humanely euthanized for wounds before treatment has a chance to work. Since most cats with Cushing’s also have diabetes, this makes euthanasia even more likely. 

However, if cats respond to the recommended treatment, and don’t have any major wounds that refuse to heal, then they can theoretically live a relatively normal life for several years. 

For the minority of cats who have a malignant tumor, the prognosis is unfortunately guarded. 

Cost to Treat Cushing’s Disease in Cats

Cushing’s disease in cats is expensive to treat. The trilostane itself is moderately pricey, but the regular check-ups and blood tests to ensure a safe and effective dose can make treatment costly. Since most cats will also have diabetes, owners should factor in the cost of insulin for their diabetic cat, as well as further monitoring and testing for the diabetes. Wound complications and urine infections will also add to the cost. Although surgery (for those cats who are eligible) may be expensive, it does provide a cure, and may be more affordable in the long run.

How to Prevent Cushing’s Disease in Cats

Unfortunately, there are no known ways to prevent Cushing’s disease in cats. Early diagnosis makes it more likely that your cat will survive, so keeping an eye on your cat’s water intake and talking to your vet early if you suspect a problem is the best measure you can take to protect your cat from Cushing’s.

Related Conditions

• Diabetes mellitus

References

1. Hoenig M. Feline hyperadrenocorticism–where are we now?. J Feline Med Surg. 2002;4(3):171-174. doi:10.1053/jfms.2002.0178
2. Boland LA, Barrs VR. Peculiarities of feline hyperadrenocorticism: Update on diagnosis and treatment [published correction appears in J Feline Med Surg. 2018 Aug;20(8):NP5]. J Feline Med Surg. 2017;19(9):933-947. doi:10.1177/1098612X17723245
3. Delventhal, V. Feline Cushing’s Syndrome – clinical case and review. Kleintierpraxis. 2019;64(2):75-89.
4. Wooten, S. DVM 360. The feline facets of Cushing’s disease. March 2018. Retrieved from https://www.dvm360.com/view/feline-facets-cushings-disease.

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A healthy mouth is just as important for pets as it is for humans—especially since an estimated 50-90 percent of cats older than 4 have some degree of dental disease (1). Dental disease is not only painful but also leads to bacteria from the mouth entering the bloodstream, causing systemic chronic inflammation and showering the body’s organs with bacteria. 

Dental disease worsens with time and is more prevalent in older cats. Therefore, it’s important to establish a home dental care routine for your cat from an early age and have their teeth cleaned regularly by a veterinary professional. 

Let’s take a closer look at signs you should schedule a cat dental cleaning, plus what to expect before, during, and after this procedure.

Signs You Should Schedule a Cat Dental Cleaning

Preventing dental disease in cats before it arises is key. You can accomplish this by regularly brushing your cat’s teeth at home and by scheduling regular veterinary cleanings. An annual physical examination by your veterinarian is also central to catching emerging dental issues in cats as early on as possible.

Signs that your cat may have dental disease and likely requires a dental exam with X-rays and a professional cleaning include:

• Bad breath (halitosis)
• Visible tartar buildup or red gums
• Drooling
• Bleeding from the mouth
• Pawing at the face, shaking the head, or teeth chattering
• Facial swelling or nasal discharge
• Dropping food or changes in appetite
• Difficulty swallowing
• Weight loss
• Behavior changes (lethargy, hiding, irritability, or aggression)

It’s important to note that even cats with severe dental disease may not necessarily stop eating. The drive to eat and survive is a strong instinct in cats, and cats often hide signs of pain. Dental disease occurs in the wild, too, but wild animals hide their pain and eat to survive, struggling through their discomfort. Our domestic cats are much the same. So even if your cat is eating well, regular oral checkups are still necessary. However, if you do observe reductions in your cat’s appetite, if he is avoiding dry food, or if he is dropping more food than normal, these signs of oral pain need to be addressed by your vet.

If you have a senior cat, old age is not a reason to avoid dental cleanings. Dental pain is a welfare issue that affects your cat’s quality of life. Therefore, speak with your vet about the benefits versus risks of anesthesia and dental care regarding your senior kitty.

Cat Dental Cleaning Procedure: Step by Step

Your veterinarian will let you know if your cat requires a professional dental cleaning or further treatments. Here are some of the steps you can expect as part of your cat’s dental cleaning procedure.

Physical Exam

The first step is a physical exam, during which your vet will examine your cat’s mouth. If severe infections are noted, your vet may prescribe an oral antibiotic to be completed before your cat’s dental procedure. Your vet may also perform blood work to determine your pet’s health status, to ensure they are a good candidate for anesthesia.

General Anesthesia

Cat dental cleanings closely resemble those for humans. However, your cat will be under general anesthesia for their dental cleaning. Anesthesia is necessary because unlike us, your kitty will not willingly hold their mouth open on their own, and they may otherwise bite. Moreover, placing a tube down the windpipe while your cat is under anesthesia keeps the airway safe from water used during the cleaning. Additionally, since dental disease can be painful, working on your cat’s mouth awake would lead to unnecessary discomfort. When your cat is unconscious and asleep, they will be largely oblivious to any oral pain. Therefore, anesthesia keeps both your cat and veterinary staff safe during the dental procedure. 

While anesthesia can carry some risks, the advantages of a thorough dental cleaning in the face of dental disease often outweigh these risks. A good pre-anesthetic physical exam and blood work screening can help catch pre-existing health issues that would deem your cat unsafe to undergo anesthesia. Pet parents should note that anesthesia-free cleanings, such as those advertised at some grooming facilities, are cosmetic only, as they do not address problems under the gum line; thus, they are not recommended by veterinarians.

IV Catheter 

While your cat is under general anesthesia, an IV catheter will be placed to deliver IV fluids and sometimes IV antibiotics. Just like in human anesthesia, your cat will be closely monitored to ensure their heart rate and rhythm, respiratory rate, and blood pressure remain stable. Special measures will also be made to ensure your kitty is kept warm during anesthesia.

Dental Radiographs (X-Rays)

Next, dental radiographs (or X-rays) are taken. X-rays are necessary to help your vet determine what is occurring underneath your cat’s gum line. Large roots of the tooth lie under the gum line where they’re not visible to the naked eye, much like the tip of an iceberg. Roughly 42 percent of cats appear to have normal teeth above the surface of the gum yet actually harbor dental disease below (2). Therefore, dental X-rays are imperative to look for evidence of issues like resorptive lesions, tooth decay, bone loss, oral cysts, and retained baby teeth. This radiographic evidence can guide your veterinarian on whether or not a tooth needs to be pulled (extracted). 

Dental Scaling and Polishing 

For the cat teeth cleaning procedure, forceps are used to remove big chunks of tartar and hand-scaler tools and an ultrasonic scaling device are used to remove smaller particles, just like at a human dentist office. Metal curettes clean under the gum line. Following the removal of debris, the gum around each tooth is gently probed to find any deep pockets that may point to a receding gum and indicate that the nearby tooth should be pulled. The teeth are then rinsed and polished. An anti-plaque product may also be applied.

Tooth Extractions

A topical anesthetic (such as lidocaine) is injected around any teeth that may need to be extracted in order to numb the area and provide additional pain control for your cat. A tool called an elevator is used to help break the ligaments that hold the tooth to the underlying bone. Occasionally, an incision with a scalpel blade may be required to aid in an extraction. Once a tooth is pulled with forceps, sutures may be used to close the hole.

Additional X-Rays

X-rays will be taken again following an extraction to ensure the entire tooth root was removed, as pain or infection can occur if a fragment is left behind. Further X-rays may be taken after a dental procedure for a cat with severe periodontitis and bone loss to ensure a fracture of the already weakened jaw bone (mandible) did not occur if extractions were made.

Cat Dental Cleaning Costs

The cost of veterinary dental services for cats varies depending on your geographic location, the specific practices of your veterinarian, and the severity of your cat’s dental and overall health. 

The average overall cost of a feline dental cleaning at a vet clinic is $300-$750. This fee typically incorporates the $50-$60 physical exam fee from the veterinarian, the $100-$200 cost of pre-anesthetic blood work screening, as well as the cost of anesthesia, dental X-rays, and the cleaning procedure. Costs may exceed $1,000 if extractions are required. 

Veterinary dentist specialists, trained via the American Veterinary Dental College (AVDC), perform more advanced procedures (such as root canals and other specialty surgeries) and are typically more costly than a general practitioner vet.

Pet insurance may cover routine and preventative dental care. For a variety of factors, pet parents should look into pet insurance coverage as soon as a new pet joins their family. Additionally, your vet’s office may have reduced dental fees due to specials offered in February, which is Pet Dental Health Month, so be sure to inquire and book in advance to ensure savings.

What to Expect After a Cat Dental Cleaning

When your cat has recovered from anesthesia following a dental procedure, your vet may either discharge your cat that same day or recommend keeping them in hospital overnight for observation. If your cat goes home the same day, be sure to monitor them closely at home. They may still be wobbly from anesthesia and be at risk of falling. Keep your cat confined to a small safe space, such as a carrier (if they are comfortable in it) or a small bathroom until they are steady on their feet again. You don’t want them to fall down any stairs or off a sofa or bed.

Following any anesthetic event, your cat may be a bit nauseous for a few hours or may develop constipation for a few days. If they are vomiting, not eating after 24 hours, or do not have a bowel movement after five days, seek veterinary advice from your vet.

Depending on the severity of dental problems detected during your cat’s dental procedure, especially if any extractions were performed, your cat may go home with pain medication and/or oral antibiotics. If extractions or other surgery was performed, the removed tooth site and surrounding gum may be sutured closed with dissolvable stitches or else left open. If left open, your vet may recommend you gently flush or rinse the area to prevent food debris accumulation. Your vet may also recommend that your cat be fed a soft diet of wet canned food for two weeks while the mouth heals, and then schedule a recheck visit to ensure everything is healing well.

At-home dental care for cats (i.e., tooth brushing) can be resumed within a few days following a dental cleaning without extractions or about two weeks following extractions once your vet gives final approval. 

Daily tooth brushing and regular veterinary cleanings are the best way to keep your cat’s chompers healthy and looking pearly white for longer while keeping pain away.

REFERENCES

1. Cornell Feline Health Center . Feline Dental Disease. Retrieved from: https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-dental-disease
2. Verstraete FJ, Kass PH, Terpak CH. Diagnostic value of full-mouth radiography in cats. Am J Vet Res. 1998;59(6):692-695.

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Is this normal? And when does heavy breathing in cats become a true concern? Let’s explore the topic further.

Understanding Normal Cat Respiration

Cats typically take around 15 to 30 breaths per minute when resting. Kittens and adults both breathe at about the same rate, but many things affect how fast a cat is breathing. During exercise or stress, like veterinary visits, this rate increases. 

It is normal for a cat to increase their breathing rate for a short time, but if it persists even when your cat is resting for at least an hour, it could be a sign of an issue.

Panting is frequently seen in dogs due to stress, exercise, and to decrease heat. Panting in cats is uncommon but can be seen in cats who have just exercised intensively and are living in warmer climates. However, if a cat is panting and has been inactive for the past hour, panting is abnormal especially if your cat is in a cool environment.

While breathing in, your cat’s belly moves out and the ribs move out and toward the head (inspiration). When breathing out (expiration), the opposite occurs. It is abnormal for a cat’s belly to move dramatically as if helping your cat to breathe. 

If your cat is in respiratory distress – meaning they cannot maintain enough oxygen and are struggling to breathe – he will often breathe fast (tachypnea) as well as breathe hard. Many cats will intermittently breathe with an open mouth, pant, and their nostrils will flare outward to get more air.

Why Is My Cat Breathing Heavy?

Very warm conditions, periods of intense stress, or times of strenuous activity levels for prolonged periods of time will cause your cat to temporarily breathe heavier. 

However, cats that are breathing heavy for over an hour without those potential causes are likely to have a serious medical concern. The five most common reasons for heavy breathing in cats are:

Heart Disease 

The most common cause of respiratory distress in hospitals. The most common kind of heart disease is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Heart disease can involve any portion of the heart and eventually result in the heart not being able to pump out enough blood. With left-sided heart failure, blood cannot efficiently return to the heart from the lungs, so fluid builds up inside the lungs causing respiratory distress. Heart disease tends to occur in older cats.

Chronic Bronchitis or Asthma

Respiratory conditions are the second most common cause of respiratory distress in hospitals. Chronic bronchitis and asthma result from long-standing inflammation in the smaller airways in the lungs. Eventually, the inflamed and damaged lung tissue cannot process air as it used to. This coupled with a sudden narrowing of the airways leads to respiratory distress. These conditions are typically diagnosed in middle-aged cats.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia means inflammation of the lungs. There are many different causes of pneumonia including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. The inflamed lungs cannot process air as usual. Sometimes fluid builds up outside of the lungs, squishing the lungs and preventing them from completely filling with air. Pneumonia is more common in younger cats.

Cancer

Tumors in the lungs or other places in the chest (such as lymph nodes) can compress airways, making it difficult to breathe. About 1/3 of lung cancers in cats cause a build-up of fluid as well. Lymphoma is the most common cancer identified in the chest.

Trauma 

Trauma is the least common cause of heavy breathing in cats. Typically pet parents are aware when trauma occurs. Cats who are hit by a car – or experience other trauma – develop rib fractures (breaks) or bruising (contusions) of the lungs. The pain as well as squishing of lungs or airways results in respiratory distress.

Heavy Breathing Cat: When to Worry

When a cat is breathing heavy, ask yourself: did my cat just finish running around like crazy? If you don’t have air conditioning, that could contribute to heavy breathing – even after light exercise. However, if your cat did not just exercise and it is cool in your house, you should consider it abnormal. Most cats that exercise will cool off over the next hour, and should stop breathing heavily.

Other symptoms that accompany respiratory distress can hint that something is truly wrong. If your cat has a low appetite, no longer wants to be active, and has a change in behavior like hiding then something is definitely wrong.

Sometimes pet parents see reverse sneezing and are afraid their cat is in distress. Reverse sneezing is when something is tickling your cat’s throat, and instead of sneezing outward, he sneezes inward. Reverse sneezing is a strong and sudden spasm of the throat and windpipe and can sound very alarming as if the cat is choking (but he isn’t). Cats pause what they are doing and stretch their neck in order to take in air. As long as this stops after a couple minutes, you shouldn’t worry – but take a video at home and call your veterinarian to ensure it is just reverse sneezing.

What to Do If Your Cat Is Breathing Heavy or Panting

If your cat was not just running around exercising, count how many breaths your cat is taking per minute. Count each time your cat’s chest and belly expand. If the breaths are too fast to count or are higher than 50 breaths per minute, call your veterinarian immediately. 

If you notice heavy breathing when your veterinarian is not available, call a local emergency clinic. Take a video of the breathing at home on your phone. This way, you can show the veterinarian what you are seeing.

Signs that you should drive to an emergency hospital right away include if your cat is open mouth breathing (without having just exercised), not wanting to get up or move around, laying on his side, or is not responding to your touch.

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Most pets – including cats – sneeze once in a while and it’s usually nothing to worry about. But if you’ve noticed your cat achooing more than usual, you may be wondering: why is my cat sneezing?

Sometimes sneezing in cats is a cause for concern. It might occur very frequently or come with other symptoms like being really stuffed up and not eating well. Read this article to determine why your cat may be sneezing so much, and what you can do about it.

Why Do Cats Sneeze?

Cats sneeze when the nasal mucosa, or lining of the passageways inside the nose, gets irritated. This area is very sensitive, and any physical irritant like a piece of grass or mucus, allergic irritant like pollen or dust, or infection such as feline herpesvirus (a common cause of “colds” in cats) can cause a sneeze. 

This irritation triggers the inspiratory center, a bundle of nerves that stimulates muscles of the body to pull a lot of air into the lungs. Once enough air has filled the lungs, the pressure suddenly pushes open the connection from the airways to the nose, called the nasopharynx. This sudden change causes a large push of air to be forced out through the nose, and some through the mouth.

Causes of Cat Sneezing

A cat may sneeze for a variety of reasons, including:

Basic irritation. Most cats sneeze a couple or few times simply because something has irritated the inside of their nose. It is a normal reaction to expel foreign material or irritating things from the nasal passageway. Food or fluid from the esophagus (tube leading to the stomach) during stomach upset can also cause sneezing.

Rhinitis. Cats develop different kinds of rhinitis, or chronic inflammation of the nose, for unknown reasons. This is one of the most common reasons for chronic sneezing.

Dental disease. When a tooth has a severe infection, it can rupture into the nose (fistula) or cause significant swelling in the mouth that affects the nose. The roof of the mouth (the palate) and the nasal passageways are extremely close to one another and are interconnected.

Viral infection. Upper respiratory infections (aka kitty colds) are very common in cats and are almost always caused by feline herpesvirus-1 or feline calicivirus.

Allergies. Allergies cause the immune system of your cat to overreact to certain things. This overreaction leads to nasal inflammation and sneezing.

Polyps. If a cat has inflammation or an infection in the nose (or ear) for a long period of time, the body can overreact to the inflammation and creates small non-cancerous masses that extend outward from the site of inflammation.

Foreign bodies. Anything that gets lodged in the nose that shouldn’t be there will definitely cause sneezing! Little pieces of plants are common foreign bodies.

Bacterial infection. While antibiotics are frequently given to cats with sneezing and congestion, the primary cause of sneezing is rarely bacteria. If bacteria are present, this is usually because of a virus or other issue.

Fungal infection. Fungi such as Cryptococcus spp. can invade the nose, creating significant inflammation.

Cancer. Lymphoma and adenocarcinoma are the types of cancer that most commonly afflict the nasal passageways.

Congenital conditions. Cleft palate occurs in some kittens, which means there is a hole in the hard palate on the roof of the mouth, allowing food and liquids to enter the nose.

Sneezing in Cats: Other Symptoms to Watch For

There are many symptoms that commonly occur with sneezing, including:

• Runny nose, or discharge from the nose
• Watery eyes
• Blood in the discharge from the nose after sneezing

Sneezing indicates that the lining of the nose is irritated and probably inflamed. When the nose is inflamed, the body naturally develops mucus (snot) that gets sneezed out. Clear, runny discharge is more common, but green or yellow mucus occurs too. The eyes and nose are connected, so if the nose is stuffy, the eyes will have a back-up of tears that cannot drain through the nose making the eyes watery. After a few days of inflammation in the nose and sneezing, a little blood is common due to the nasal passageways being irritated.

Other symptoms that can occur in sneezing cats include:

• Being less active
• Changes in behavior, i.e. hiding more
• Lower appetite
• Gagging or retching that can result in vomiting
• Loud breathing
• Breathing with the mouth open
• Coughing
• Wheezing

What is Reverse Sneezing in Cats?

Reverse sneezing occurs either when the mucosa of the nose or the pharynx (the back of the throat) is irritated. Reverse sneezing is a strong and sudden spasm of the throat and windpipe and can sound very alarming as if the cat is choking (but he isn’t). 

The spasm causes the windpipe, or trachea, to narrow so inhaling air is more challenging for a brief moment. Instead of air being forced out of the nose, a very strong rush of air comes in that causes cats to pause what they are doing and stretch their neck in order to take in air. 

Since cats typically breathe through their nose, and they are usually stuffed up when reverse sneezing occurs, it creates a loud noise.

What to Do if Your Cat Is Sneezing

If your cat has just sneezed a few times or sporadically, it should not cause immediate concern. Watch for changes in activity and appetite. 

Allergies and herpesvirus infections come and go, and can cause a cat to sneeze, be a little stuffed up, and have watery eyes for a couple weeks before fading away on their own. No vet visit is needed as long as your cat is otherwise acting like himself and eating well. Keep a mental note of when this episode occurs, which will be useful information to your veterinarian if it gets worse or happens repeatedly.

If your cat is less active, eating less, or is coughing or wheezing, he should go to the veterinarian right away. It does not necessarily mean your cat needs emergency care, but he needs extra support like hydration. Testing commonly includes X-rays of the chest to ensure the symptoms are only related to the upper part of the airway such as the nose and throat. On occasion, sneezing goes along with more serious conditions like pneumonia (infection in the lungs) and needs advanced treatment.

If your cat is very stuffed up, place him in a small bathroom and turn the shower on hot. Allow your cat to sit in a steamy bathroom for 15 to 20 minutes 2 or 3 times per day – the steam can help with congestion and get rid of some mucus. If the air in your home is pretty dry, consider a humidifier in whichever room your cat spends most of his time. Gently wipe your cat’s face with a damp cloth if there is a lot of discharge. Offer multiple food options, both dry and canned food, including different brands, textures, and flavors if your cat is not eating well. You can even try plain cooked meat like tuna from a can or plain chicken.

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The sad reality of raising kittens from early days, however, is that approximately 15 percent of kittens won’t make it. This means 85 percent will make it though, and treatment is possible if your kitten is in trouble. 

It’s important to become familiar with fading kitten syndrome. If any kitten begins to show symptoms of illness, they need treatment right away.

What is Fading Kitten Syndrome?

Fading kitten syndrome is a general term that describes illness and death in feline neonates. Any kitten from newborn to 4 weeks old is called a neonate. Fading kitten syndrome refers to neonates that become sick and – over hours to days – decline in health until death.

People mistakenly use the phrase fading kitten syndrome to indicate an ill kitten but not necessarily one that dies. Illnesses that can cause fading kitten syndrome have treatment if provided early on.

What Causes Fading Kitten Syndrome?

There are many potential causes of fading kitten syndrome:

Maternal causes. Many issues with the queen will lead to the death of her kittens. Difficulty giving birth, illness, malnutrition, parasites, trauma, or a lack of milk production can cause fading kittens.

Congenital abnormalities. These are conditions that the kitten was born with. Congenital issues account for up to 20 percent of all deaths in neonates and are caused by genetics, or sometimes trauma or illness that occurred in the mother cat while she was pregnant. Examples include cleft palate, when a hole is present in the roof of the mouth, and heart defects.

Low birth weight. Kittens born with a low weight at birth do not have as many reserves to survive illness or rough environmental conditions and may be weak. On average, kittens should weigh 90-110 grams at birth, but kittens that weigh less than 75 grams at birth have a higher chance of passing away.

Neonatal isoerythrolysis. Kittens that are born with type A blood to a queen with a different blood type (type B) have an immune system issue. The queen passes antibodies when nursing that destroy the kitten’s red blood cells.

Infectious diseases. Bacteria can cause life-threatening infections that are introduced by the birthing process or by many illnesses that affect the guts or the lungs. Viruses are common in kittens, especially herpesvirus and calicivirus that cause upper respiratory disease. Protozoal infections also occur such as toxoplasmosis.

Parasites. Parasites found inside the body are common, including roundworms, hookworms, and coccidia. Parasites like fleas or ticks can cause significant blood loss in tiny kittens.

Environmental issues. An ideal environment for a mother and her kittens should be around 70-75 degrees Fahrenheit, but very cold or very hot environments can cause a kitten to fade. A dirty environment or toxins would affect the kitten as well.

Fading Kitten Syndrome Symptoms

The symptoms of fading kitten syndrome are vague. Since the syndrome can be due to a wide variety of issues, it is not easy to tell which symptoms each kitten will experience. However, general weakness, low appetite, decreased activity, and/or feeling cool to the touch are common symptoms. 

Other symptoms may include:

• Weight loss or lack of weight gain
• Excessive crying
• Sleeping separately from the other kittens
• Cannot right herself if placed upside down (3 days of age and older)
• Pale gums (i.e. appear white instead of pink)
• Distended belly
• Difficulty breathing (open mouth, blue-tinged gums and/or tongue, gurgling sounds)
• Icterus (yellow discoloration to the skin and mouth)
• Blood in the urine
• Eye or nose discharge
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Seizures

Diagnosing Fading Kitten Syndrome

Veterinarians diagnose fading kitten syndrome when a kitten less than 4 weeks old passes away. To determine the cause, it is important to examine the kitten thoroughly for any abnormalities. Symptoms like vomiting or diarrhea would lead to testing the feces for parasites. A small amount of blood may be used to test for low red blood cells (anemia) and low blood sugar, a common finding in sick kittens.

The queen should be thoroughly examined as well when a kitten is not doing well. Veterinarians may perform additional testing on the queen such as a fecal test for parasites.

How to Treat Fading Kitten Syndrome

There are 3 types of therapy required to stabilize a kitten that is fading:

Warmth. Many fading kittens are too cold. At home, be sure to provide a safe heat source approved for kittens such as a microwaveable heating disc under a towel. Always provide space without a heat source for the queen or kittens to cool off.

Sugar. Any kitten that is fading should have either corn syrup or maple syrup applied to their gums immediately. Do not use light syrup – the more sugar, the better. The goal is not for the kitten to swallow the syrup but to rub it across the gums. Water with sugar added will not work as most kittens cannot absorb anything in their guts when they are cold and sick.

Fluids. Kittens have a higher need for fluids and are more easily dehydrated than adults. While kittens that are fairly healthy may do well when given fluids by mouth, sicker kittens require fluids under the skin or through the veins (i.e. through a catheter).

If your kitten is fading, immediately call your veterinarian after providing warmth and sugar. She will be able to provide advice for treatment at home or determine if the kitten needs to be seen by the veterinarian. Causes of fading kitten syndrome can worsen quickly, and many conditions require medical treatments.

Attempting to force-feed kittens is NOT recommended without veterinary guidance. Not only is there a chance that the kitten will accidentally breathe in the liquid and develop pneumonia, but also, cold kittens cannot absorb fluids or nutrients through the guts. If neonates are fed formula when cold, it will rot in their guts and not much will be absorbed.

Once your veterinarian has examined and performed some testing on the kitten, treatment may be provided. Serum may be injected from a donor cat to replace the antibodies, or immune system protection, needed in the first day of life. Oxygen may be provided if respiratory issues like pneumonia occur. Antibiotics may be useful, as well as medications that kill parasites. If blood loss from parasites or neonatal isoerythrolysis is severe, a blood transfusion may be recommended.

Prognosis for Fading Kitten Syndrome Cure

Technically fading kitten syndrome is deadly, as the syndrome is defined as kittens that have passed away. However, many kittens that are becoming ill respond well to treatment. 

Fading kittens become progressively more ill over mere hours or days. Prognosis is better the sooner that treatment is sought. Prognosis is worse if the kitten had a low weight at birth (<75 grams) or has congenital abnormalities.

Most deaths in neonates occur in the very first week of life, so if your kitten is older than 1 week, chances are higher she will survive.

How to Prevent Fading Kitten Syndrome

There are several things that can be done to prevent this syndrome:

Veterinary check-up for the queen. Provide veterinary care to the queen prior to giving birth or have her examined as soon as possible. Parasites can be treated, and other issues would be detected that prevent the queen from caring for her kittens.

Monitor kittens daily. Weigh each kitten daily and record the weight in grams. If a kitten has not gained any weight in 24 hours, watch very closely for symptoms. If another 24 hours passes without weight gain, the kitten should be examined by a veterinarian. If any symptoms are noted in any kitten, seek veterinary advice right away. Oftentimes, illness is very subtle in the beginning but kittens need fast treatment to pull through.

Deworm kittens every 2 weeks. Starting at 2 weeks of age, liquid dewormer can be given by mouth every 2 weeks to rid the kitten of parasites.

Ensure the queen has received her preventives. Flea preventive on the queen, deworming, and vaccination will keep the queen and thus the kittens healthy.

Maintain a clean, controlled environment. Ability to control temperature is ideal. Keep other cats, dogs, and other animals away from the queen and kittens. Ensure no toxins are present, and that the kittens do not have the ability to fall off a surface.

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Unfortunately, the symptoms of diabetes in cats can mimic those of many other feline diseases. If you notice these signs, it’s important to get your cat checked out by a vet. Your vet can help you determine whether your cat’s signs are caused by diabetes or some other medical condition.

Here are some signs that your cat may have diabetes. 

5 Signs of Diabetes in Cats

Frequent Urination

Cat diabetes, also known as feline diabetes, is caused by the body’s inability to move sugar (glucose), from the bloodstream into cells where it is needed for fuel. This leads to increased blood sugar, also known as hyperglycemia. 

The kidneys detect increased blood sugar levels and release excessive sugar into the urine. “Excessive sugar in the urine pulls body water with it, leading to excessive urine production and more frequent trips to the litter box,” says Dr. Sarah Wooten, a veterinarian based in Colorado. You may see that your litter box gets full faster or that the clumps of pee (if you use clumping litter) are significantly larger. Cats with diabetes may also suddenly have trouble making it to the litter box. 

Other possible reasons for changes in urinary habits include kidney problems, urinary tract infections, bladder inflammation due to stress, other hormonal conditions, or simple aging. If you notice that your cat is urinating more than usual, schedule an appointment with your veterinarian.

Increased Thirst

As cats produce more urine to rid their system of excess glucose, they become dehydrated and will drink more than usual. One common sign of diabetes in cats is that they are constantly thirsty and you have to refill your cat’s water bowl more often than normal. Your cat may also seek other places to get a drink, such as the toilet bowl, sink, or saucers under houseplants, when they weren’t doing this before.

“if your cat is drinking excessive amounts of water, or urinating more frequently than normal, there could be a deeper health issue to look into,” says Dr. Chris Roth, resident veterinarian at Pets Best Pet Health Insurance. 

Increased Appetite

Diabetic cats’ inability to use the glucose in their system sends signals to the brain that they need to eat more. This often looks like having to fill up the food bowl more frequently. If your cat has always been a big eater, that may just be part of their personality. However, cats who have sudden changes in appetite, on the other hand, may need to be tested for diabetes.

Unexplained Weight Loss

While carrying excess weight can be a risk factor for developing diabetes, one of the signs that your cat may be suffering from diabetes is that they lose weight despite eating more. This is due to their body being unable to use glucose from their food. Instead, their body uses up fat and muscle to provide energy. This means that they actually lose weight because their body is burning fat and muscle rather than glucose from their food.

Taking your cat to the veterinarian for periodic checkups is a great way to monitor their weight over time. If they are at higher risk for diabetes due to being overweight, your care team can help you keep your cat’s weight in check and watch out for feline diabetes symptoms. If your cat develops weight loss that cannot be explained by other changes, such as dietary changes or increased physical activity, it may be a sign of diabetes.

Unusual Gait

Diabetes can lead to a loss of muscle mass and decreased nerve function. Therefore, diabetic cats may have trouble getting around. Cats with advanced diabetes may have weakness in their legs and look odd as they walk. They may also miss steps and stumble. Not only can this result in an injury, it also may mean that their diabetes is causing major problems and needs to be managed.

What to Do If You Suspect Your Cat Has Diabetes

The first thing to do is record in detail the cat diabetes symptoms that you see. This information will help your veterinarian determine what further testing may be needed. “You know your cat best, and as soon as the pet shows signs outside of their ‘normal routine,’ it’s worth looking into it with your veterinarian,” says Dr. Roth.

If your cat shows signs of diabetes, your veterinarian will do a blood test to see how much glucose is in your cat’s blood. Because healthy cats can experienced brief periods of high blood sugar in response to stress (after car travel or during a vet visit), your veterinarian may also run a serum fructosamine blood test to provide a longer-range look at your cat’s blood sugar levels. This test can help determine whether your cat is truly diabetic or just stressed, according to Dr. Wooten. Your vet may also run routine blood work that can test for kidney problems, hyperthyroidism, and urinary tract infection, which can have signs similar to feline diabetes.

If your cat is diagnosed with diabetes, your veterinarian will probably prescribe insulin injections. They will teach you how to administer injections at home as well as what dosage and insulin are right for your cat. Most pet owners find that they learn quickly, and their diabetic cat tolerates the small needle injections easily. Giving insulin is by far the best way to manage diabetes in cats, which is why it is typically the preferred method of treatment.

Diabetes in cats is often categorized as Type 2 diabetes, associated with obesity. This type of diabetes can sometimes be reversed over time, with appropriate treatment and weight loss. Signs of diabetic remission in cats include the return of normal levels of thirst and urination, as well as a stable weight and appetite. Because these cats can change their response to insulin over time, it is very important to monitor their health at home and take your cat to the veterinarian for check-ups to adjust insulin dosage and response to therapy.

Along with insulin, your veterinarian may recommend dietary changes to keep your cat’s blood sugar under control. Diabetic cats often benefit from a diet that is higher in protein and fiber and lower in carbohydrates. Veterinarians will typically prescribe a therapeutic food that is available by prescription only and is designed to keep blood sugar levels within normal limits and facilitate weight loss if needed.

Fortunately, if your cat has been diagnosed with diabetes, there are good treatments available. By working with a veterinarian you trust, you can still help your cat live a long and even healthier life.

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What is Scabies?

Scabies is a catch-all term for the itchy skin disease caused by burrowing microscopic skin parasites called mites. Scabies can also be called sarcoptic mange. Dogs and cats are both susceptible to scabies. The parasite species that most often targets dogs (Sarcoptes scabei canis) is different from the species that tends to target cats (Notoedres cati). However, both species come from the same family of Sarcoptic mites.  

In cats, Notoedres mites cause intense itching, hair loss, and redness. These mites are considered highly contagious — if one cat contracts scabies mites, usually all cats in the household are affected. 

Unfortunately, Notoedres mites can pose a risk to other members of the household, too. Humans who come into close contact with a mite-infested cat can develop an itchy, bumpy rash, typically on their arms, chest, or belly. Humans that are bitten by Notoedres mites are not considered contagious, however. And human symptoms usually resolve once the cat is treated. 

What Causes Scabies in Cats?

Scabies mites are transmitted from cat to cat when the cats are in direct contact with each other, and all cats in contact with Notoedres mites typically develop symptoms. Cats usually start to display symptoms of scabies a few weeks to a month after they become infested with mites. The mites cause itching and other skin problems when they burrow through the skin between hair follicles. Female mites lay 3-4 eggs per day in the burrows they create. The eggs hatch after 4-5 days, then the larvae crawl to the surface of the skin and dig their own burrow. The mites then molt, grow, dig more burrows in the skin, and become reproducing adults within 15 days. 

Scabies is common in large feral cat populations. And while Notoedres mites only reproduce on cats, they have also been known to bite dogs, lynx, tigers, ocelots, foxes, rabbits, raccoons, coatis, bobcats, and humans. 

Scabies mites are only considered contagious when they are on a cat because they die very quickly when deprived of their feline host. So there’s not much risk of environmental contamination since they can’t go from one host species to another, like some other parasites can. 

However, a scabies mite could transfer from your cat to you accidentally and bite you before it dies. So, if your cat is infested, it is still a good idea to wash all their bedding and avoid handling them.

Symptoms of Scabies in Cats

Scabies is a very itchy, non-seasonal skin disease. After a cat has direct contact with another cat that has scabies mites, they may initially experience only mild itchiness. But, generally, itching becomes more intense the longer a cat is infested. 

Cats that are infested for a long period of time develop hypersensitivity to the mites, which is what makes the itching worse. Some cats can become infected without developing itchy skin, but this is rare. 

Additional signs of scabies in cats to look for include:

• Itching, crusting, and bumps that first appear along the margin of the ear and spread to the eyelids, face, and neck
• Itching, crusting, and bumps on the  legs, feet, and perineum (spread through self-grooming)
• Intense scratching; some cats scratch themselves raw to relieve the itchiness of scabies
• Long-term mite infestations can lead to thickened, rough skin covered with gray-yellow crust
• Widespread hair loss
• Enlarged peripheral lymph nodes, as the cat’s immune system tries to fight off severe infestations
• Lethargy, weight loss, fever, and debilitation in severe cases

How to Diagnose Scabies and Mange in Cats

Fortunately, feline scabies is easy to diagnose and treat once your cat undergoes a veterinary examination. Your veterinarian will conduct a physical exam and most likely use a skin scraping to confirm the diagnosis. In this case, your veterinarian may collect a sample from the skin and put it under the microscope to confirm the presence of mites. 

Some veterinarians may request a fecal sample, since cats often ingest mites while self-grooming, which then can be detected in their waste. 

Cat Scabies and Mange Treatment 

Notoedres mites, once diagnosed on a cat, are easy to treat, and there are several products available that can rid your cat of mites. It is important to treat your cat for scabies if they ever become infested, as the disease is highly contagious among cats, will usually get worse if untreated, and can cause serious pain and suffering in your cat. 

Different treatment options that may be prescribed by veterinarians for cats with scabies include:

• Ivermectin injected under the skin every other week for two to three treatments
• Off-label use of selamectin (present in a product called Revolution) applied every two weeks for three applications
• Fipronil (present in several veterinarian-prescribed products, including Frontline Plus for cats)
• Imidacloprid/moxidectin (Advantage Multi)
• Lime sulfur rinses once a week for six to eight weeks (less commonly used because it’s very smelly, stains, and requires a cat to be shaved)
• Amitraz rinses weekly for three weeks (less commonly used due to negative side effects)
• For cats with secondary bacterial infections and intense itching, antibiotics and steroids or Apoquel may also be prescribed

All cats in the household, regardless of whether they are showing symptoms or not, should be treated for scabies mites. 

General Cost of Scabies Treatment for Cats 

The general cost of a veterinary appointment for scabies including a physical examination and skin scraping test can range from $50-$100. The general cost of treatment depends on which medication is prescribed and can range from $35-$150. 

How to Prevent Scabies in Cats

The good news is that feline scabies can typically be prevented by simply using a monthly flea and tick prevention that also protects against mites. Several of the products listed above to treat mites, including Revolution, Advantage Multi, and Frontline for Cats, are also used for flea and tick prevention. So you can protect your cat against several parasites, including mites, with one product. 

In addition to flea and tick prevention, one surefire way to protect your cat against mites is to keep your cat indoors only, or only let your cat outside while supervised or in an enclosure like a Catio. This ensures that your cat will not come into contact with any roaming cats that might be infested with scabies mites. 

Related Conditions: 

• Pyoderma
• Bacterial folliculitis
• Miliary dermatitis

This disease can also be confused with:

• Cutaneous adverse reactions to food (food allergies)
• Ringworm
• Demodex
• Malassezia dermatitis
• Chiggers (trombiculosis)
• Cheyletiellosis
• Otodectic dermatitis
• Autoimmune disorders (pemphigus)

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If you’ve been paying attention to your cat’s eyes, you might have seen them dilate every now and again. Read on to find out why your cat’s eyes are dilated and when it’s a cause for concern.

Cat Pupils: How Do They Work?

Your cat’s eyes have the same basic components that yours do – the visible areas of the eyeball are the sclera (the white bit), the iris (the colored area) and the pupil (the black center). 

Feline eyes have vertical slit-shaped pupils – this shape of pupil is common to predators that hunt in the low light levels of dusk and dawn, so it’s thought to be perfectly adapted to help see in low light.  

The pupil lets light into the back of the eye, where receptors ‘read’ the light and form nerve pulses. Your cat’s brain, when it receives these signals, turns these nerve pulses into a picture. The pupil can change in shape and size due to the muscles inside the eye. This allows more or less light to be let in, meaning the eye can adapt to different levels of light. 

In bright light, the pupil closes tight, preventing too much light getting in. Too much light can lead to temporary (or, in extreme cases, permanent) blindness and pain – like when you’re in a dark room and somebody turns a light on without warning. In low lights, the pupil opens wide (it dilates) letting as much light as possible in to help with vision. We call this wide-open pupil ‘mydriasis’.

Cat Eye Dilation: What Does it Look Like?

When your cat’s eyes are dilated, their pupils are larger than normal. At this size, the pupil is almost round, rather than slit-shaped. If you look closely, you’ll notice the ring of the iris (the colored portion of the eye) is much thinner than usual. 

You might notice the pupil being dilated temporarily while in low light, or adjusting to bright light, and this usually lasts only while they’re in low light, or for just a second or two as they transition into bright light. However, sometimes you’ll notice dilated pupils in cats even when they aren’t in low light. This can be a cause for concern, especially if the dilation is persistent.

Why Are My Cat’s Eyes Dilated?

Cat eyes can dilate for a number of reasons, ranging from normal to serious. The common causes of cat eye dilation are:

Response to Low Light

The normal response of a cat’s eyes to low light is to make the pupils big, therefore allowing plenty of light to see by. If you’re looking at a cat on a night-vision camera, or your cat wakes you up in the early hours, you might notice their pupils are really big. This is normal! This is a reflex action that cannot be controlled intentionally.

Excitement and Fear

Your cat’s eye muscles are also under the control of the sympathetic nervous system. This is the ‘fight or flight’ response. When your cat is stressed or excited – anything that might result in a release of adrenaline – this system dilates the eye, as if to prepare for fight or flight. This usually lasts for a short time, no more than a few minutes, and should fade as the cat calms down.

Pain

Related to the fight and flight response, pain can also trigger the sympathetic nervous system and cause dilated cat eyes. This usually only lasts for seconds (up to a minute) and then their pupils return to a normal size as their body adapts.

Catnip

Catnip contains nepetalactone, which is well known for giving cats a ‘high’. While we aren’t sure exactly why cats respond to catnip this way, one of the symptoms of a cat on catnip is dilated eyes. They are usually back to themselves after around 10 minutes and won’t respond again for a couple of hours. Many cat toys contain catnip. If you’ve just given your cat a new toy and they’ve got dilated eyes, this is the likely cause!

Toxins

Some toxins — including human drugs, illegal drugs, and some mushroom species — can cause your cat’s pupils to dilate. This is usually due to activation of the nervous system. 

Medication

Some medications can cause cat dilated eyes. One example is atropine, an eye drop that might be applied by your vet during investigations, or may be prescribed to help with an eye problem. Other medications that commonly cause eye dilation in cats include pain relief medications (especially opioids) and anti-anxiety drugs.

Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a painful eye condition where the pressure in the eye is too high. It can cause many symptoms, one of which is cat dilated pupils. This might happen to one eye or both at the same time. 

High Blood Pressure

High blood pressure is a relatively common condition in cats, particularly senior and geriatric cats, especially if they have kidney disease or hyperthyroidism. High blood pressure causes damage to the eyes, and the eyes dilate in response. Sometimes this dilation from high blood pressure is treatable, but sometimes it isn’t. However, it’s still worth trying treatment as high blood pressure is damaging to many other organs, too.

Eye Dilation in Cats: Should You Worry?

If your cat’s eyes dilate but then return quickly to normal, you don’t usually need to worry. This is especially true if you have a good explanation for why it happened (such as a dark room, a loud noise, a sprinkle of catnip, or in the middle of a game of chase). 

If your cat’s eyes stay dilated, it’s more of a cause for concern and it’s a good idea to get an appointment scheduled with your veterinarian as soon as possible. 

As discussed above, high blood pressure (which often goes hand-in-hand with kidney disease, heart disease, or hyperthyroidism) can cause dilated pupils in cats. You might notice other signs of disease in these cats including changes in appetite or thirst, lethargy, or panting with the mouth open. If just a single pupil is dilated (termed ‘anisocoria’, this is also a concern, and again this should be investigated. 

Lastly, you should contact your vet if toxicity is a possibility – especially if your cat may have eaten any drugs, including recreational drugs. Your vet won’t judge or call law enforcement, they just want to treat your cat.

Diagnosing and Treating Abnormal Eye Dilation in Cats

Your veterinarian will start by taking a thorough history. Sometimes the cause of dilation will be known, such as if a toxin has been eaten (or breathed in). If that doesn’t identify the cause, your vet will examine your cat. 

Don’t be alarmed if your vet doesn’t immediately look in your cat’s eyes – there may be clues to what’s going on in their full clinical exam. Expect your vet to listen to your cat’s heart, feel your cat’s abdomen, and even check your cat’s gums. They will likely look in your cat’s eyes, and do some reflex tests with lights. If glaucoma is suspected, they may test your cat’s eye pressure.

Next up, blood tests and blood pressure measuring may identify the cause of the problem. In some cases, your vet’s examination will identify a neurological problem or an eye problem, in which case they may refer you to a specialist. This may also be necessary if your vet doesn’t have the specialized equipment necessary to make a full diagnosis.

Treating Eye Dilation in Cats

There is no specific treatment for eye dilation in cats. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Your vet might recommend pain relief (eye drops or oral meds), medication to control the blood pressure (usually pills), a diet change (for kidney disease), or even an operation (in some cases of hyperthyroidism). If you have any questions, you can always ask your vet to explain what they’re treating, and why. 

Conclusion

There are lots of reasons a cat’s eyes dilate. If you notice your cat’s eyes are dilated and they aren’t returning to normal, or if one eye is dilated when the other is not, it’s time to contact a veterinarian for a check-up.

The post Why Are My Cat’s Eyes Dilated? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Yet even with this meticulous grooming, it’s a natural fact of life that cats shed. Shedding gets rid of old hair, allowing room for new hair to come in. But sometimes, cats shed too much, which can signal a potential behavioral or health problem.

If your cat is shedding like crazy and you’re not sure why, you’ve come to the right place. Keep reading to learn more about shedding in cats and what you can do to manage it.

Do Cats Shed?

Yep, all cats shed. Shedding is normal for cats and is part of the natural life cycle of their hair growth. Without shedding, old hair would pile up on a cat’s coat, increasing the risk of painful mats that are difficult to remove.

Several factors influence cat shedding:

• Breed
• Season 
• Overall health
• Coat characteristics (long hair, short hair)
• Living environment (indoor vs. outdoor)

Cat breeds that shed a lot include long-haired breeds, such as the Maine Coon and Persian. Russian Blue and American Shorthair cats also shed a lot of hair.

And if you’re wondering if cats shed as much as dogs, the answer is that it depends. The factors that influence cat shedding also influence dog shedding. So, depending on the circumstances, some cats may shed more than dogs, while some dogs may shed more than cats.

Do Kittens Shed?

Despite their tiny size, kittens shed as well. However, the shedding will be minimal until they mature into adults. At that time, a kitten sheds its soft kitten coat for their adult coat.

Understanding Cat Shedding Season

A cat’s living environment plays a role in when shedding occurs. An indoor cat will shed throughout the year because they are not exposed to the normal fluctuations in seasonal temperatures.  

On the other hand, outdoor cats shed twice a year: in the spring and fall. Shedding in the spring removes the thick winter coat to prepare for warmer temperatures. Shedding in the fall removes the lighter spring coat to make room for the heavier winter coat.

Why is My Cat Shedding So Much?

Although all cats shed, excessing shedding may indicate an underlying health or behavioral problem. If you’ve noticed that your cat is shedding more than usual, take them to your veterinarian for an examination. 

A history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests (e.g., bloodwork) will help your veterinarian determine the cause of your cat’s excessive shedding. 

Here are some reasons why cats may experience excessive shedding:

Allergies

Cats can develop skin, food, and environmental allergies that cause skin itchiness. Scratching the skin damages the hair and causes it to fall out more than usual. 

Skin Infection

Bacterial or fungal skin infections can also make the skin feel itchy and cause abnormalities, such as rashes. Skin infections can eventually lead to excessive shedding.

Metabolic Disease

Hyperthyroidism and kidney disease can disrupt the body’s normal metabolism, including the hair’s lifecycle, causing an increase in shedding. 

Fleas

Fleas are usually more problematic in dogs than cats. However, cats can get fleas. A flea infestation can cause intense itching and scratching, leading to more shedding than normal.

Stress

Cats can also shed more in stressful situations, such as moving or fighting for resources with another cat. This stress may cause a condition called ‘psychogenic alopecia,’ which occurs when a cat overgrooms in response to stress.

Poor Diet

A high-quality diet that is nutritionally complete and balanced promotes a healthy coat. On the flip side, a poor diet can lead to nutritional deficiencies, resulting in an unhealthy coat and shedding.

Old Age

Older cats sometimes struggle to groom themselves, which can result in matted fur and increased shedding. 

How to Stop Cat Shedding

Because shedding is normal in cats, you won’t be able to fully stop your cat from shedding. The best you can do is minimize it.

Minimizing shedding is important because a cat that sheds excessively may ingest a lot of hair, raising the risk of intestinal blockage from a big hairball.

After your veterinarian has determined why your cat is shedding so much, they can help you devise a plan to decrease it. Here are some potential strategies:

Treat health issues. Treating or managing your cat’s underlying health issues can help get their shedding under control. For example, kidney disease can be managed with medication and dietary changes, and a year-round flea preventative would avoid an itchy flea infestation.

Reduce stress. Removing stressors in your cat’s environment will reduce their stress. Environmental enrichment (toys, scratchers, cat trees, etc.), interactive playtime, and plenty of resources for a multi-cat household are great ways to reduce stress.

 Improve your cat’s diet. A high-quality cat food with appropriate amounts of meat-based protein and healthy fat can improve coat quality and reduce shedding. Ask your veterinarian for diet recommendations if you’re unsure which diet would be best for your cat. 

In addition to these strategies, daily grooming can minimize shedding and promote a healthy coat. There are many cat grooming tools available, such as deshedding gloves, to help keep your cat’s coat in great shape. Consider talking with your veterinarian or a local groomer if you need guidance on selecting the right grooming tools for your cat. 

Cat Shedding FAQs

To recap and help you understand the ins and outs of cat shedding, we’ve rounded up some of the most frequently asked questions on the subject.

Do all cats shed? 

Yes. Shedding is a normal occurrence in cats to get rid of old hair and replace it with new, healthy hair.

When do cats shed the most? 

It depends. Indoor cats shed year-round. Outdoor cats shed the most in the spring (to get rid of their winter coat) and the fall (to make room for their winter coat).

Do long-haired cats shed more? 

Long-haired breeds, such as the Maine Coon and Persian, shed more than short-haired breeds. However, the American Shorthair can shed quite a bit.

Do cats shed more than dogs? 

Not necessarily. A long-haired cat may shed more than a short-haired dog. But a long-haired dog like the Golden Retriever will shed much more than a cat.

Do cats shed more when stressed? 

Yes, stress can cause increased shedding in cats and result in ‘psychogenic alopecia,’ which is hair loss due to excessive grooming as an attempt to relieve stress.

How to Reduce Cat Hair in Your Home

Your cat’s shedding doesn’t have to be a nuisance for you. There are several ways in which you can reduce cat hair in your home without going to extreme measures.

Vacuum. A vacuum designed to clean up pet hair will help you keep your home from being overrun with cat hair. Follow the vacuum’s care and maintenance instructions to ensure that it remains effective at picking up the hair.

Remove cat hair from upholstery and clothing. Cat hair tends to end up everywhere. Using a brush designed to pick up cat hair, or even a simple roll of lint remover sheets, can get rid of hair from upholstery. You can use similar methods to help get cat hair off of clothing. 

Sweep up cat hair. A regular broom isn’t necessarily the best choice for sweeping up your cat’s hair. Consider using a wet mop or a dry mop designed specifically to remove pet hair.

Dust regularly. Dusting helps remove cat hair from surfaces such as coffee tables, desks, and kitchen counters.

Putting it All Together

Cat shedding is a fact of life for both cats and their owners, and knowing your cat’s normal shedding behavior can help you recognize when it’s happening more than usual. In talking to your veterinarian, you can figure out why and plan the best course of action to get things back on track.

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Keep reading to find out why you should never lift your cat by the scruff of the neck. You’ll also find a better way to hold your cat. 

What is Scruffing a Cat?

A cat’s scruff is the loose skin located at the back of the neck. Scruffing refers to picking up a cat by this loose skin. The behavior may have originated upon “watching [mother cats] use their mouths to move their kittens around”. says Dr. Andrew Koch, director of operations for Heart + Paw. “The kittens seem to freeze while being transported in this way,” Koch adds. 

Scruffing is also used among adult cats during copulation and for showing dominance during a fight. 

When humans do it, however, scruffing is an act of dominance that the cats don’t like. Restraining a cat in this way takes away her sense of control and could make her scared, stressed, or aggressive.  

Historically, scruffing was mainly used in veterinary clinics during examinations, nail trimming and medicine administration. While this might be an easy option for restraining a cat, Dr. Carley Faughn, animal behaviorist at Best Friends Animal Society, says it can result in fear of the veterinarian. And if cat parents do this at home, it can create mistrust between the pet parent and the cat. 

Scruffing could also be painful and harmful to the cat. Since the pet is lifted off the ground or table entirely by the skin off her neck, it could be extremely uncomfortable for the feline, causing her to act out due to stress and fear. This could lead to injuries. 

6 Reasons You Should Never Grab a Cat by the Scruff

Scruffing is an outdated method that has no place during handling a cat. Here are 6 reasons why you should never scruff a cat.  

Scruffing is painful: “A firm grasp of skin at the base of the neck is undoubtedly uncomfortable for cats,” says Dr. Koch. Moreover, suspending their weight by the nape of their neck can cause pain.

It causes fear and stress: Scruffing can activate the sympathetic (fight or flight) response that increases feelings of fear and stress, explains Dr. Koch. A visit to the veterinary clinic can be stressful for cats already (due to being in a carrier, going for a car ride and being surrounded by barking dogs), and there’s no need to create more anxiety for our feline friends. It’s best to implement fear-free handling to cause as little stress as possible for the cat. 

It leads to negative associations: According to Dr. Faughn, being held in an uncomfortable position and not being able to move, can lead to the cat “associating that environment, person/people, and situation with fear.” This will make any future visits to the veterinarian even more difficult. 

It can lead to aggressive behavior: Scruffing can cause fear in a cat. When that fear crosses a certain threshold, says Dr. Koch, the feline is likely to defend herself by biting or scratching.  

Cats can get injured during scruffing: In addition to scruffing being painful, it can result in injuries if the handler is not careful. Cats may react with fear or aggression and this may cause a person to accidentally drop a cat. Further, in rare cases, some cats have skin fragility syndrome, where “their skin can rip right off the underlying fat layer,” says Dr. Koch. 

It can hurt your relationship with your cat: Scruffing essentially immobilizes a cat and it is not a pleasant experience at all. This makes felines develop negative feelings for the person doing the scruffing. “Cats learn best through positive reinforcement, and this is the opposite of that,” says Dr. Faughn.

How to Properly Pick Up or Restrain a Cat

If you are wondering how to hold a cat without scruffing, there is a right way to do it. The best way, says Dr. Faughn, is to call the cat to you or approach her slowly, and pick her up with your arms and hands underneath her front and back legs, fully supporting her weight. 

To lightly restrain a cat at home, Dr. Koch recommends having the cat in between your legs when “sitting cross-legged and using your hands to gently hold the cat still while you either look at something or perform nail trims or another at home procedure.”

Another good way to humanely restrain a cat is to use the towel method, which some people refer to as the “kitty burrito.” This method has been adopted by many veterinary clinics. You wrap a towel loosely around a cat, and gently restrain her, leaving her head out of the towel. 

“Once the cat is wrapped, you can safely and calmly manipulate the cat to continue with your procedure,” says Dr. Faughn. 

In a situation where your cat is really stressed out, Dr. Koch says anti-anxiety medications, pheromone sprays, or calming treats can help facilitate the restraint. Pheromone sprays can be used inside a cat carrier or on a towel to help a cat remain calm during veterinary appointments. Sometimes, a veterinarian may send home an oral medication to administer before bringing the cat to the appointment. If the cat gets stressed upon arriving at the clinic, injectable medications can be used to subdue the cat without scruffing. 

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In fact, 15 percent of cats over 12 years old have a low body condition, meaning they do not have enough muscle or weigh less than they should. 

But how do you know if your older cat losing weight is normal? What does weight loss look like in senior cats and when should you discuss your cat’s weight with your veterinarian? Let’s explore senior cat weight loss in more detail.

Senior Cat Weight Loss: Is It Common?

Senior cat weight loss is very common. Senior cats have a decreased ability to absorb fat and protein. They lose about 1/3 of their lean body mass, meaning the weight your cat would be without any fat. 

After cats reach 11 years old, they require more nutrition just to maintain their resting body weight. This can result in weight loss, particularly if a health condition causes your cat to not eat well.

While some weight loss is common for senior cats, it is not necessarily normal. Many health conditions that cause your cat to need even more nutrients occur more frequently in senior cats. Many times, older cats hide their illness until they feel very sick, and too much weight loss occurs rapidly. 

As soon as any weight loss, changes in behavior, decreased appetite, or decreased activity level occurs, speak with your veterinarian. Catching health concerns early will make them much easier to treat and keep your cat comfortable.

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What Does Senior Cat Weight Loss Look Like?

Many senior cats lose weight gradually, so it is difficult to notice the weight loss when you see your cat every day. However, if a senior cat is ill, it is possible that weight loss can be quick and dramatic. If you can’t recall when your cat started to lose weight, and the changes in appearance are subtle, the weight loss has likely been a gradual process.

There are two types of weight loss: total body mass and lean body mass, or muscle. When a cat loses weight, the body tries to prevent the loss of lean body mass, so fat is eliminated first. However, in some nutritional issues or medical conditions, muscle is lost instead. This is coupled with the natural loss of muscle in senior cats.

Loss of total body mass is easier to spot – your cat has less fat under the stomach and around the waist, and the midsection looks smaller. 

Muscle loss is tougher to identify but is easiest to tell when running your hand down the spine of your cat. The spine, a row of bones, have bony pieces that stick up. Typically, good amounts of muscle cause the spine to feel fairly flat. However, when muscle loss occurs, the bones protrude more and are much easier to feel firm bumps down your cat’s back. Other muscles are affected as well, including the legs which will look skinnier, especially the back legs.

Any weight loss in senior cats should be investigated especially if it goes along with other concerns like vomiting or decreased appetite. Again, since cats hide their illness until very sick, even mild weight loss should be brought up to your veterinarian. 

Why Is My Older Cat Losing Weight? 8 Common Causes

In order to treat your cat’s weight loss, it’s important for veterinarians to identify the cause of the weight loss. These are common reasons that older cats lose weight:

Dental disease. Issues with the teeth or inflammation in the gums can make chewing and eating quite painful. Infection can occur which makes cats feel ill.

Inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is when a cat’s intestines and/or stomach is inflamed. It could be allergies to food or just inflammation in general with no known cause. Chronic diarrhea or just inflammation in the intestines can lead to loss of protein, which causes general weight loss and higher loss of muscle.

Chronic kidney disease. Kidney issues in cats are very common. Kidney disease often leads to nausea, which results in decreased appetite, and increased loss of protein. This causes muscle loss in cats.

Hyperthyroidism. Thyroid hormone is produced in higher amounts, leading to much higher nutrient needs. Often, cats with hyperthyroidism experience gastrointestinal (GI) side effects such as vomiting, which further decreases their ability to get enough nutrition.

Diabetes mellitus. When cats have diabetes, their insulin production is decreased. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar. Diabetes results in many hormonal changes that cause cats to lose weight, including breaking down muscle. Diabetic cats have very specific nutritional needs, and their weight will not return until their blood sugar is regulated.

Cancer. Cancer of any part of the body could be to blame for weight loss and can be very hard to detect until it is in advanced stages in cats.

Degenerative joint disease (arthritis). While arthritis will not cause weight loss in cats directly, it often causes cats to be less active which causes decreased muscle due to not using it as much. Arthritis can make walking or retrieving food quite painful and decrease the amount of nutrition that your cat gets.

Normal aging. It is a normal aging process to lose muscle as well as a little body weight overall. Just keep in mind that this would be very gradual and in very small amounts. Pet parents should never assume weight loss in a senior cat is normal until they have spoken with their veterinarian.

Other Symptoms to Note

Symptoms that may go along with an older cat losing weight include:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Decreased activity
• Changes in behavior, like vocalizing at night
• Changes in your cat’s habit of jumping (i.e. not jumping onto surfaces the cat used to)
• Not eliminating in the litter box
• Increased urine
• Increased drinking

Some pet parents report fur loss, or a different appearance to the fur, when they discover their cat lost weight. This can be due to pain or discomfort that your cat is feeling due to an underlying illness like arthritis. Cats may remove their fur in times of mental stress, but this is rare.

If you notice these symptoms in conjunction with weight loss, you should make an appointment to see your veterinarian.

Cats can lose weight without displaying other symptoms and while having a good appetite. This may happen due to hormone differences or imbalances or the diet they are eating is no longer supporting their nutritional needs. Talk to your veterinarian if you have concerns about your senior cat’s weight loss. 

What to Do If You Notice Weight Loss

If you notice your older cat losing weight, speak with your veterinarian right away and make an appointment for a health assessment. A thorough examination will be performed, paying close attention to your cat’s teeth and if the weight loss noted is muscle loss or overall weight loss. 

Most veterinarians will recommend bloodwork and urine testing to evaluate how well your cat’s organs are functioning. This bloodwork will likely include a thyroid test. If these are normal, depending on what your veterinarian saw during examination, she is likely to make further recommendations, which may include X-rays to look for arthritis and to get a better look at your cat’s organs.

Helping Senior Cats Gain Weight

It is very important that senior cats gain weight until they have reached (or slightly exceed) their ideal weight. Veterinarians determine ideal weight by using a chart comparing different body conditions. 

Here are some things that can help older cats gain weight:

Medications: Most of the diseases that cause weight loss can be treated or managed with medications. Antinausea medications often increase appetite, which can help support weight gain in older cats.

Appetite stimulants: Appetite stimulants are medications that increase a cat’s appetite. If your cat is being picky about eating or doesn’t seem to be eating as much as they should, an appetite stimulant may be helpful.

Nutritional supplements: Nutritional supplements can help support healthy aging and decrease weight loss in cats. Glucosamine, chondroitin, and omega fatty acids support joint health. Coenzyme Q10 helps the body recycle and reuse vitamin E, which eliminates free radicals. Speak with your veterinarian about what supplements are best for your cat

Dietary changes: Diet is key to preventing weight loss. First and foremost, it must be palatable to your cat – meaning your cat likes the taste, smell, and texture of the food and eats it well. Cats’ taste can change as they age, and as pet parents we need to search for a nutritious diet made for senior cats that they enjoy. If a medical condition exists, prescription diets are ideal since they are specially designed to provide the exact nutrition your cat needs. Feeding high protein and low carbohydrate food is best for senior cats.

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Untreated pain, though, will eventually take a noticeable toll on a cat’s health and well-being.

Keep reading to learn more about identifying when your cat is in pain and doing what you can to relieve your cat’s discomfort. Trust us — your cat will thank you!

How to Tell if a Cat Is in Pain

In the wild, showing signs of pain makes a cat vulnerable. Domesticated cats have not lost that tendency to hide their pain. Fortunately, cats give clues, sometimes subtle, that indicate they’re in pain. Here’s what to look for:

Behavioral Changes

• Decreased energy
• Bathroom accidents
• Increased vocalizations
• Eating and drinking less
• Social isolation/withdrawal
• Changes in sleeping and grooming habits
• Increased aggression, especially if touched in painful spots

Physical or Postural Signs

• Hunched posture
• Front paws folded under
• Legs tucked underneath the body

Facial Expressions

• Grimacing
• Flattened ears
• Enlarged pupils

Because these clues can be subtle, knowing your cat’s normal behavior, routines, and physical appearance will help you recognize when something is a little off with your cat. Also, be aware that some of these clues, such as eating and drinking less, are not specific to pain. 

If you do notice any of these clues, schedule an appointment with your veterinarian to have your cat’s pain evaluated.

Diagnosing Cat Pain

Cats don’t just hide their pain around their owners. The veterinary office can be scary for cats, causing them to go into ‘fight, flight, or freeze’ mode and hide their pain even more.

Therefore, your veterinarian will need detailed information from you about your cat’s pain, such as what signs of pain you noticed and when.

Your veterinarian will conduct a complete physical exam, paying particular attention to signs of pain. One particularly helpful tool veterinarians use to assess cat pain is the Feline Grimace Scale.

Once your veterinarian determines why your cat is in pain, they will recommend a pain management plan.

What Can I Give My Cat for Pain?

We’ll say this first: Do not give your cat any pain medicine before seeing your veterinarian and learning why your cat is in pain. Certain human pain medicines can be toxic to cats, so you should not give your cat any pain medicine without your veterinarian’s approval and supervision.

Veterinary-Prescribed Pain Relief for Cats

Prescription pain medications are often the go-to method to provide pain relief for cats. Several categories of pain medications are available for cats. These include:

Opioids: Opioids, such as buprenorphine and the fentanyl skin patch, are prescribed for moderate to severe pain in cats. They can be given for a few days or long-term to manage chronic pain. 

Steroids: Steroids, such as prednisone, reduce inflammation and pain. Because steroids can produce adverse side effects like diabetes and delayed healing, they are given for only a short period.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): NSAIDs, such as meloxicam, are effective for treating mild to moderate pain. However, NSAIDs increase the risks of gastrointestinal bleeding and liver and kidney damage. Veterinarians use extreme caution when prescribing NSAIDs for cat pain.

In addition to these drug categories, other prescription pain medications for cats include gabapentin and maropitant.

Other Pain Management Methods for Cats

There are also non-prescription methods for managing pain in cats. 

For example, joint supplements for cats that contain chondroitin and glucosamine can relieve arthritis-related pain by supporting joint health. Omega-3 fatty acid supplements decrease inflammation and can also help relieve pain from arthritis.

CBD has become increasingly popular in veterinary medicine. Although studies have reported CBD’s ability to relieve osteoarthritis-related pain in dogs, CBD has not yet been extensively studied in cats. Thus, we cannot recommend CBD supplementation as a pain relief method for cats. 

Therapies such as acupuncture (yes, cats can have acupuncture!), physical therapy, and massage are all effective at relieving a cat’s pain. They can be used as complements to prescription pain medications to make your cat even more comfortable.

In addition to these non-prescription therapies, you can also make your cat’s physical environment more comfortable:

Keep your cat’s essentials close. Move your cat’s food bowl, water bowl, and litter box closer to your cat’s sleeping area. Keeping these items closer to your cat will make it easier for your cat to eat, drink, and go to the bathroom.

Try an orthopedic bed. Provide your cat with an orthopedic bed if they have arthritis. Orthopedic pet beds provide extra cushioning at common pain points, like the hips.

Reduce slippery surfaces. Use more rugs. Rugs will give your cat more traction as they walk, unlike a slippery floor. 

Can Cats Have Tylenol, Advil, or Other NSAIDs for Pain?

The short answer is no. Over-the-counter (OTC) human pain relievers are toxic and fatal to cats. Under no circumstance should you give your cat an OTC pain medicine. 

Three Ways to Prevent Pain in Cats

With cats living longer, it is more likely that they will experience painful health challenges in their golden years. These health challenges are not always preventable.

Although you may not be able to prevent all pain for your cat, there are some things you can do to keep your cat as healthy, happy, and pain-free as you can:

Keep your cat at a healthy weight. Excess weight puts extra, painful pressure on the joints. A proper diet and daily physical activity will help keep your cat at their ideal weight.

Take your cat for wellness exams. Wellness exams help your veterinarian detect potential health problems that could cause your cat pain and discomfort. The earlier an illness is detected, the earlier it can be treated.

Keep your cat indoors. The outdoors includes risks for your cat, such as cars, wildlife, and feral cats. Your home will protect your cat from outdoor dangers that could result in injury and pain.

Cats are master disguisers of pain, but they still need our help in relieving that pain. Pay close attention to your cat and take them to the vet if they start to show any signs of pain.

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Not only can being overweight negatively affect various organs, it can also shorten a cat’s lifespan. Any cat can be affected by this condition, but a recent study found that male cats were more likely to be overweight compared to female cats [2].

Pet parents can ensure their cats remain at an ideal weight throughout their lives through vigilance and regular veterinary care.

Find out how to tell if your cat is overweight—and what to do if your cat needs to shed some pounds.

Overweight Cat: Risks to Know

Several risk factors may increase the likelihood that a cat becomes overweight. These include a poor diet, inactivity, or underlying health issues. Free feeding and feeding a dry diet can cause obesity in cats due to an increased intake of calories over time. Lack of exercise and sedentary lifestyles may also contribute since less calories are being expended.

Cats who are overweight are at an increased risk of many health conditions, which may include: 

• Arthritis 
• Heart disease
• Respiratory problems
• Diabetes 
• Urinary tract diseases
• Skin issues or hair loss
• High blood pressure
• Cancer

Is My Cat Overweight? 7 Ways to Tell

There are several ways pet parents can tell if their cat is overweight. Let’s discuss some of the most common signs to watch for and why these may be problematic for your cat.

Less Energy or Less Willingness to Play

If you notice your cat has slowed down or isn’t interested in playing anymore, weight gain may be to blame. Obesity can cause joint and muscle issues over time, which can limit a cat’s mobility and even cause pain. This inactivity can unfortunately lead to further weight gain.

Skin or Coat Issues 

Overweight cats often have bellies that touch the floor, which can lead to a bald patch due to friction. Sometimes these cats can have other skin issues, like barbering or hair loss, as a stress response to being overweight. Skin and coat problems can be extremely uncomfortable for cats. 

Urinary Tract Issues

Overweight cats are more likely to develop urinary tract disorders, such as infections or blockages. If you notice your cat straining to urinate, excessively grooming the genital area, or passing blood when urinating, you should schedule an appointment with the veterinarian. Urinary tract issues are very uncomfortable and can be very serious for cats if not dealt with promptly. 

Inability to Jump 

Cats who are overweight may have more difficulty jumping up onto furniture or other objects in the home. You may notice them resting in unusual areas or vocalizing below objects they previously were able to jump up on. This can happen due to joint problems that have developed from being overweight or simply due to the extra weight that the cat is carrying.

Poor Body Condition

As part of an exam, veterinarians assess a cat’s weight using a 9-point scale. Optimal body weight is considered a 5, while anything over that is considered overweight. A score of 6 would be considered a mildly overweight cat, while a score of 9 would be considered a severely obese cat. 

Pet parents can assess their cat’s weight at home by gently sliding their hands across the cat’s ribs. The ribs should be easy to feel underneath the skin. Additionally, cats should have an hourglass shape. Pet parents can look at the cat from above to identify whether or not there is slimming near the hind end. If you can’t feel your cat’s ribs or see an hourglass shape, then the cat is likely overweight to some degree. 

Grooming Issues 

Extra weight can make it difficult for cats to properly groom themselves. Pet parents may notice matted fur on the hind end or a lack of cleanliness in the genital regions. While this can be uncomfortable for cats, it can also lead to urinary tract infections or coat problems over time.

Heavy or Raspy Breathing

Cats who are overweight tend to exert more energy performing simple tasks throughout the day. They may tire more easily or have difficulty breathing due to the extra stress of carrying a heavy load. Raspy breathing can also result from extra fat gathering along the windpipe. This may lead to chronic heart and lung problems if a weight loss program is not implemented.  

What to Do if Your Cat Is Overweight

Overweight cats can greatly benefit from seeing a veterinarian so pet parents can receive guidance on weight loss. Weight management plans, including exercise and diet modifications, may be recommended. A veterinarian can also detect any underlying health issues that are causing your cat to retain excess weight despite an ideal diet and exercise routine. 

Encouraging regular exercise is beneficial in helping cats maintain a healthy weight. Cats are naturally playful so offering plenty of toys is a great way to incorporate physical activity into each day. Adding cat trees or vertical space to the house can also help cats explore and burn calories. 

Limiting treats is an easy way to prevent weight gain in cats. These extra calories can quickly add up, so it is important to be mindful and only give them sparingly. Likewise, many pet parents overfeed their cats because they allow free feeding. This means a cat’s bowl is continuously refilled throughout the day as the cat grazes. Free feeding increases the risk of obesity in your cat. By giving distinct, measured meals during the day, pet parents can promote an ideal weight in their cats. 

Switching to a diet of wet food can help your cat to lose weight since there are less calories and fillers compared to a dry diet. Wet food is higher in protein and lower in carbohydrates which is also beneficial for cats who need to lose weight. There are a variety of diets specifically formulated for weight loss that may be helpful.

If your cat is overweight, it is critical to work together with your veterinarian to develop a weight management program that works for your cat. Weight loss should occur gradually over time rather than abruptly. Regular check-ins with your veterinarian can ensure your cat is staying on track with weight loss, and it is a great time to get any questions answered that should arise along the way.

It should come as no surprise that cats who are at an optimal weight benefit from a greater quality of life and overall well-being. Ensuring our feline friends are happy and healthy is essential.

Cat Obesity Infographic

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Diabetes in Cats Treatment Plan: What to Expect

Cat diabetes can seem overwhelming at first because there is a lot to learn, but it gets easier over time. If your cat has been diagnosed with diabetes, your veterinarian will create a treatment plan that involves medication, diet, exercise, and treatment of any other conditions, such as weight reduction for obesity or antibiotics for urinary tract infections. 

If your cat needs insulin treatment, your veterinarian will prescribe an initial insulin dose, show you how to administer the insulin and give you detailed instructions for home care, including food recommendations, weight loss recommendations if applicable, and exercise recommendations. 

Next, they will ask you to return for a recheck in one week. During this recheck, your cat will be weighed and the veterinarian will conduct a full physical examination. They may recheck blood and urine tests as well. Your vet may adjust the insulin or oral medication dose based on what they find, and further rechecks will depend on how well your cat’s blood sugar is controlled. 

How to Give a Cat Insulin in 10 Steps

Since giving your cat insulin shots will likely be part of a veterinarian-recommended treatment plan, here are the steps you can take to ensure you do it safely:

Step 1: Take the insulin out of the fridge and roll it a couple of times to mix the contents. Do not shake the bottle.

Step 2: Use an alcohol wipe on the top of the bottle. Turn the bottle upside down, and insert the needle into the rubber top.

Step 3: Use the syringe to draw up the correct amount of insulin. Remove any air bubbles by lightly flicking the syringe. Double-check check the amount that you are giving is correct.

Step 4: Use an alcohol wipe to disinfect the injection area on your cat. 

Step 5: Using your non-dominant hand, gently pick up the loose skin in between your cat’s shoulder blades.

Step 6: In the area of lifted skin, insert the needle at a 45-degree angle and gently pull back on the syringe. If there is no blood, inject the insulin, and then withdraw the needle. If there is blood, withdraw the needle and try again. Enlist help if you need it. 

Step 7: Check the injection site to make sure there is no insulin on the skin (wetness).

Step 8: Each time you inject insulin, try to slightly vary the site of injection to avoid scarring.

Step 9: Place the used syringe in a safe disposal container. 

Step 10: It can help to have the veterinary staff shave a patch of fur where you are giving the injections so you can better visualize the skin. 

Treating Diabetes in Cats Without Insulin

Cats that have uncomplicated Type II diabetes mellitus may be able to be managed without insulin. A newer alternative to insulin for treating feline diabetes is called Bexacat (bexagliflozin), a once-daily flavored tablet. It lowers blood sugar by increasing urine excretion of glucose through the inhibition of a membrane protein called SGLT2, which is found in the kidney. However, cats who have previously been treated with insulin, who are currently receiving insulin, or who have insulin-dependent diabetes should not use Bexacat.

Another alternative to insulin for cats with uncomplicated Type II diabetes mellitus is a drug called glipizide. Glipizide is a medication that works by stimulating the pancreas to release more insulin. It comes in tablets, oral flavored liquid, or a lotion that is rubbed on their skin. 

In addition to medication, weight loss is necessary to treat overweight or obese cats with Type II diabetes mellitus. In fact, some cats may be ‘cured’ of Type II diabetes mellitus with weight loss and medication alone, and may not need to continue on medication for the rest of their life. It is always important to work closely with a veterinarian in order to monitor your cat’s clinical signs and blood sugar.

Diabetic Cat Diet: What to Feed

Nutrition is an important facet of cat diabetes treatment. Factors like food type and the way you feed a diabetic cat are important to success. Here are a few best practices to help:

Keep feeding times the same. The goal of feeding a diabetic cat is to match the blood sugar-lowering effect of insulin or glipizide with the blood sugar-raising effects of a meal. Most insulins are at their highest effect in a cat’s body 2-4 hours after injection. Most food is absorbed and blood sugar goes up about 1 hour after eating. Therefore, the best chance at controlling blood sugar is to give insulin first and feed the cat 1 hour later. Most diabetic cats do well with twice daily feedings, however, if your cat is a ‘grazer’, then you can free-feed a measured amount of kibble each day and add in a small meal of canned food morning and night in conjunction with insulin injections. If you can only inject insulin once a day, feed the day’s total calories in 2-3 meals within 6-8 hours of giving insulin. If you treat your cat with glipizide, then give glipizide at the same time you feed your cat in the morning and evening. 

Keep everything consistent. The type of food, the amount, and the time you feed your cat should be the same every day, as much as possible. Pet owners often fail to achieve control of their cat’s diabetes because they are not disciplined with timed feeding. This can be very frustrating, so set yourself up for success with a consistent routine.

Follow your vet’s recommendation for food. When it comes to the type of food to feed a diabetic cat, pet parents should follow their veterinarian’s recommendations. Diabetic cats should eat a diet that is ultra-low in carbohydrates because carbs cause elevated blood sugar. In fact, low-carb canned foods may reverse diabetes in some newly diagnosed diabetic cats. 

Diabetic diets for cats are low in carbohydrates and contain fiber to help cats feel full and promote intestinal health. Avoid soft-moist foods because they cause severe elevations in blood sugar. 

For cats with food allergies or if you want to make a home-cooked diet for your cat, it is recommended to consult with a board-certified veterinary nutritionist so they can formulate a diet recipe for you that is complete and balanced.

Follow feeding recommendations for weight loss. Healthy weight loss is an important part of therapy in overweight diabetic cats and will lower the amount of medication required in most cats. Therefore, your veterinarian will prescribe restricted caloric intake until your cat achieves their ideal weight. This can usually be achieved within 2-4 months using a low-carb weight loss food.

Keep treats at a minimum. Diabetic cats should not be provided snacks or treats unless the treats have very low calories and no carbs. Providing 3-5 tiny pieces of white meat chicken or turkey can make a nice daily treat. Alternatively, you can hand-feed your cat’s kibble as a treat.

Have fresh water handy. Diabetic cats become dehydrated quickly if their blood sugar levels are too high. Keep fresh water available at all times, and if you notice they suddenly start drinking more, that could indicate that their blood sugar levels are too high. Call your veterinarian for a follow-up.

Diabetic Cat Exercise Plan

Having a regular exercise plan for your cat is another way to help regulate blood sugar levels and keep your feline happy and healthy. As with feeding, try to keep the exercise sessions at the same time each day. High-intensity exercise is not recommended, as it can cause abrupt changes in blood sugar levels. A stroll around the block on a harness or two moderate-intensity 15-minute play sessions at the same time each day are recommended. 

In the event that your cat does experience low blood sugar while exercising, (which will look like weakness or collapse) you will need to raise your cat’s blood sugar quickly. The best way to do this is to rub a small amount of sugar on their gums, so always keep a small container of honey or corn syrup handy. It is also a good idea to ask your veterinarian for exercise recommendations for your cat, especially if your cat has any other health challenges. 

Cat Diabetes Cost

How often a diabetic cat needs to see a vet depends on how well the cat is responding to therapy and if there are any other health complications, such as hyperthyroidism or kidney disease. Cats with uncontrolled diabetes or other disease conditions have higher veterinary bills than cats with uncomplicated diabetes.

Cats with uncomplicated diabetes that are well controlled with therapy should see the veterinarian every 3-6 months for a check-up and a laboratory test called fructosamine, which measures how well blood sugar is controlled over time. Glucose curve tests are unreliable in cats because stress can make a cat’s blood sugar go up. 

Costs associated with cat diabetes include:

• Physical examinations cost $50-$100, every 3-6 months
• Fructosamine tests cost $60-$90 
• At home urine glucose strips cost $15-$20/50 count 
• A bottle of lente insulin costs $60-$70 and will last 2-3 months. You may be able to purchase insulin for less at big box retailer pharmacies or online 
• Glipizidine costs $0.10/day to treat most cats 
• A large bag of diabetic cat food costs $70-90, but should last you quite a while 
• A case of canned diabetic cat food costs $50-$60

Diabetes in Cats Treatment: More Tips and Advice

When you are managing diabetes in cats, it is important to maintain a good relationship with your veterinarian and communicate on a regular basis. Additionally, here are some other things to consider as part of your cat’s treatment plan. 

Keep detailed notes. Keep a journal of relevant information about your cat, including how much water they drink daily, weekly body weight, current insulin or glipizide dose, and how much food is eaten each day.

Watch for early signs of blood sugar issues. The early signs that blood sugar is not regulated included increased drinking and urination. If you notice this, call your veterinarian.

Pay attention to your cat’s urinary health. If your cat shows any signs of urinary tract infections (straining to urinate, increased urge to urinate, accidents in the house, bloody urine) or skin infections (pimples, red, flaky skin), call your veterinarian. If your female cat isn’t spayed, have her spayed.

Don’t use steroids. Avoiding using steroids, including hydrocortisone, on your cat. These can make diabetes worse. If your cat has skin allergies, ask your vet about alternative treatments that are safe for cats with diabetes.

Try at-home urine testing. Check for sugar in your cat’s urine at home with over-the-counter urine glucose strips. While they can’t tell you how high the sugar is, they can let you know that there is sugar so you can inform your vet.

The good news is that a consistent routine of properly timed feeding and medication creates an excellent prognosis for cats with diabetes.

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So how can you determine if your cat is overweight? Or perhaps you are worried your cat is actually too thin? If you’ve ever asked yourself how heavy should my cat be, read on to learn how to identify a healthy weight for your feline companion so you can better manage their overall health and longevity.  

Average Cat Weight: What the Scales Say

The average domestic cat should weigh roughly 10 pounds or 4.5 kilograms, although this can vary greatly. Factors such as breed, sex, spay/neuter status, and age can all affect a cat’s ideal weight range. For example, a male Maine Coone can be 25 pounds and considered ideal, while a female Persian cat can weigh 8 pounds at a healthy weight. Many cats are mixed breeds these days, which can make it even harder to determine an ideal range for “all cats.” 

Another issue with using the “average” cat weight to help you determine if your individual cat is within their ideal range is the fact that more than 60 percent of cats in the United States are now overweight or obese. This skews the average toward a heavier number than is actually ideal for most cats.  

We make it easy to track your pet’s weight using our FREE weight tracker. Sign up today!

How Heavy Should My Cat Be?

Cats, like humans, are individually unique and special. Therefore, there is no “one size fits all” weight recommendation. Instead, owners and veterinarians can rely on specific indicators to determine whether or not a cat is over or under their ideal weight.  

The best way to determine if your pet is at a healthy cat weight is to ask your veterinarian. While your veterinarian will weigh your cat, they will also evaluate their frame size and lean muscle mass to determine a healthy weight for your cat. Most veterinarians are trained using the Body Condition Scoring method, which you can also learn to use yourself to help manage your cat’s weight.  

Body Condition Scoring is the act of physically and visually assessing an animal to determine their Body Condition Score (BCS). BCS is measured on a scale of 1-9, with 1 being very thin and 9 being severely obese. A BCS of 4-5 is considered ideal. 

The three main places used to determine a cat’s BCS are their ribs, waist, and lower abdomen.  An ideal cat with a BCS of 4-5 will have a distinct waist where their ribs end and their abdomen begins, and it should be visible from their topline and profile. You should be able to easily count their ribs by gently applying pressure with your fingers and they have minimal abdominal fat under their belly.  

Underweight cats with a BCS of 3 or less will have visible ribs and vertebrae that can be counted without touching, a very sharp waist, and no abdominal fat.

Obese or overweight cats with a BCS of 6 or more will have a belly that hangs down when viewed from the side, their abdomen will often be wider than their ribcage when viewed from the topline or profile, and you will not be able to count their ribs using gentle pressure with your fingers.  

Purina has created an easy-to-follow cat body condition chart that all cat parents can print out and hang up next to their pet’s food container for reference. It can be used as a daily reminder of what your cat should look like, so you can more easily notice if they have strayed out of a normal body condition score and take steps sooner to correct the issue. 

Why Maintaining a Healthy Cat Weight is Important

As mentioned, feline obesity is not a benign disease, meaning that it isn’t wise to turn a blind eye to your cat’s pudgy waistline. Cats carrying around extra body weight have extra stress and strain on their body. Overweight or obese cats are more likely to develop serious health conditions such as diabetes mellitus, painful arthritis, high blood pressure, pancreatitis, kidney disease, and more. Cats suffering from obesity do not live as long as their lean companions.  

On the flip side, it is also important to ensure that your cat is not underweight. Unintentional weight loss in cats can be a sign of serious health conditions such as hyperthyroidism, kidney disease, or diabetes mellitus.  

By maintaining a healthy cat weight, you increase their chances of living a longer, more comfortable life. 

Obesity complications in felines can reduce a cat’s lifespan by an average of two years. Therefore, weight management is important for cats of all ages, especially older cats. Obesity in cats has been linked to various types of cancer, diabetes mellitus, and urinary disorders. Furthermore, carrying around excessive weight can worsen osteoarthritis, heart disease, and respiratory disorders in cats.

Maintaining a healthy weight for your senior kitty is imperative. Gentle exercise that’s easy on the joints (and without excessive jumping or sharp turns) is ideal for senior kitties; using a feather toy or wand can be inviting. On the other hand, sudden or gradual weight loss that has been non-purposeful can indicate an underlying health condition in a senior cat. Therefore, speak with your veterinarian if your once plump older feline is suddenly looking a lot more frail than previously.

How to Help a Cat Lose Weight or Gain Weight

The easiest way to treat excess weight in cats is to avoid it to begin with. It is much harder to lose weight than it is to simply take proactive steps to maintain a healthy cat weight, which are outlined in the next section. 

If you notice that your cat is looking more round than they should or used to, or if your veterinarian recommended that your cat lose weight, here are some easy weight loss tips for cats:

• Switch to a weight management cat food
• Measure out portioned meals to ensure your cat is not taking in excess calories
• Make sure to limit treats and only offer low calorie treats throughout the day
• Separate cats on a diet from their housemates during mealtimes to prevent them from stealing extra food
• Encourage your cat to exercise by feeding them with food puzzles, playing with them for 10 minutes at least three times daily, having them chase a laser pointer, or purchasing interactive toys
• Consider forage feeding to increase both mental and physical stimulation.  

If you suspect your cat is underweight or if you’ve noticed your cat is losing weight, it’s highly recommended that you first schedule a veterinary visit to rule out serious medical causes of weight loss. Even if you have taken in a stray that is underweight but otherwise seems healthy, they could need medical intervention for internal or external parasites that are leaching critical nutrients from them.  

Once your veterinarian has ruled out medical causes of cat weight loss, helping your cat gain weight is simple. Start by increasing portion sizes of meals or consider switching to a higher calorie cat food. While it’s tempting to spoil a skinny cat with treats, do not go overboard. Treats lack essential nutrients and can result in your cat putting on more fat than muscle, instead of a steady amount of both. Once your cat has reached an ideal weight, transition them to a weight management diet to prevent them from gaining too much. 

How to Maintain a Healthy Cat Weight

Maintaining a healthy weight for cats starts with the basics. Rather than “free feeding” your cat or cats by leaving food out all day, measure out their meals so you can control their calorie intake.  Make sure you are feeding a quality, complete and balanced diet so they aren’t missing any essential nutrients, and ensure they have access to fresh, clean drinking water all day. 

Weighing your cat regularly is another key in maintaining a healthy weight. Baby scales work well for this, or you can simply weigh yourself with and without your cat and then subtract the difference. By checking your cat’s weight regularly, you’ll be able to notice changes in weight before you can visibly see them. It’s a good idea to weigh cats at least once a month if not more. 

Most importantly, do not underestimate the importance of exercise for cats. Encourage cats to chase toys or climb, and consider leash and harness training them so they can get those steps in. Building lean muscle mass will not only help boost your cat’s metabolism, but it helps cushion and protect their joints.  

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The presence of blood in a cat’s urine can be quite concerning for pet parents. There are a few different causes of blood-tinged urine in cats. We’ll look more closely at those causes and explain what steps you should take towards receiving a diagnosis and treatment plan.

Blood in a Cat’s Urine: What it Looks Like

Blood in cat urine is usually relatively easy to identify, but its appearance can vary. The majority of the time pet parents will notice a pink tinge to their cat’s urine. Small drops of bright red urine, urine with blood clots, or rarely, very dark urine may also be seen.

While it is relatively easy to identify blood in the litterbox, there are brands of litter that are made specifically to help pet parents detect urinary problems so they can seek appropriate veterinary care.

Causes of Blood in Cat Urine

There are several reasons why cats may have blood in their urine, ranging from mild to more serious conditions. Here are some common causes:

Cystitis. Cystitis in cats is inflammation in the bladder. This is often idiopathic, meaning that the cause of the inflammation is unknown. Oftentimes, changes within a cat’s environment can cause stress, which can manifest in bladder inflammation and blood-tinged urine. This often starts out as a mild issue, however it does have the potential to cause significant problems if left untreated. 

Bladder stones. Bladder stones in cats begin as crystals, which develop in urine due to diets high in minerals, such as calcium or phosphorus, or due to highly concentrated urine. Crystals clump together and solidify, resulting in the formation of stones. If left untreated, bladder stones can cause significant pain and irritation to the bladder lining, which can result in blood in the cat’s urine. Depending on the size and number, stones can also prevent urine from emptying from the bladder, which is a serious medical concern and should be treated immediately. 

Urinary blockages. Male cats are predisposed to urinary blockages due to their anatomy. Small crystals, blood clots, protein, or mucus can become lodged in the urethra, which is the narrow tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. This can result in either a partial or full blockage of this tube and prevent the bladder from emptying. With this condition, pet parents may notice small drops of blood-tinged urine or no urine at all. A urethral obstruction is considered extremely serious as it can lead to severe kidney damage and death if left untreated.

Urinary tract infection (UTI). Another cause of blood in a cat’s urine is an infection. While urinary tract infections only affect around 5 percent of younger cats, they are common in cats over 10 years of age. They occur when bacteria gain access to the urinary tract. As a result, the bladder becomes inflamed as red and white blood cells move in to fight the infection. This usually manifests with blood-tinged urine and frequent, inappropriate urination. It is a very serious and uncomfortable condition.

Bladder tumors. Less commonly, bladder tumors can cause inflammation and subsequent bleeding which can discolor a cat’s urine. Bladder tumors are a serious condition and can potentially lead to urinary obstruction depending on the tumor’s location in the bladder.

Abdominal trauma. If cats experience trauma within their abdomen, they may pee bright red urine. Typically, these cats will have various other symptoms apart from just urinating blood, but they are important issues to be aware of.

Underlying disease. Rarely, an underlying disease, such as a clotting disorder can cause blood in cat urine. This can be from toxin ingestion or from an autoimmune condition. 

Other Symptoms to Watch For

While they are very good at hiding their illnesses, most cats with blood in their urine understandably do not feel very well. Pet parents may notice behavioral changes in their cats, such as hiding or refusing affection. Cats who are usually warm and friendly may suddenly seem agitated or aggressive due to their discomfort. They may not want to eat, drink, or play like normal.

Pet parents may also notice changes specific to urination. Cats will often cry out in pain or strain while urinating. They may also exhibit inappropriate urination, which means pet parents may find puddles on the floor, on rugs, or on bedding materials. Urinating small amounts frequently is also a common sign to watch for. 

Male cats with bladder inflammation may only pass very small amounts of urine or none at all. Pet parents may also notice their male cats straining to pee, which is a medical emergency that requires immediate veterinary attention.

Diagnosing the Cause of a Cat Peeing Blood

To diagnose the cause of blood in a cat’s urine, a veterinarian will gather history about your cat and perform a thorough physical exam to identify any abnormalities. They will also collect a urine sample for testing. 

Through this testing, your veterinarian can look for the presence of red blood cells, white blood cells, crystals, or bacteria, all of which can signify underlying urinary issues, such as inflammation or an infection. If bacteria and inflammatory cells are identified, a urine culture can also be done. This helps the veterinarian identify which bacteria is present and what antibiotic treatment will be most effective for your cat. 

In some cases, the veterinarian may choose to perform an X-ray or an ultrasound to get a closer look at your cat’s bladder. These tests can be helpful in detecting bladder tumors and bladder stones. Bloodwork may also be done to check for other underlying diseases, which can cause stress in cats and lead to urinary issues. 

How to Treat Blood in Cat Urine

Depending on the cause of the blood in a cat’s urine, several treatments are available. For example, if the bladder is inflamed, a veterinarian will provide pain relievers to keep your cat comfortable while the bladder heals. If an infection is present, an antibiotic will be necessary to fully resolve the issue. 

Urinary catheterization, which is a procedure during which a tiny tube is placed into the urethra to help urine exit the body, may be helpful in cats who have blockages or a large amount of bladder stones. For either of these conditions, surgery may also be necessary.

How to Prevent Blood in a Cat’s Urine

While not all urinary problems in cats can be prevented, here are some ways to stay on top of your cat’s health. 

Decrease your cat’s stress. Because most urinary issues in cats are caused by stress, creating a calm and relaxing environment is essential in preventing these conditions. Using Products, such as sprays or diffusers, can be helpful because they release calming pheromones into the environment. 

When there are multiple cats in one household, there is potential for stress and conflict. It is important to provide each cat a safe, private space that he can retreat to freely. Likewise, if two feline housemates do not get along well, it is best to keep them separated at all times. Cats need plenty of opportunities for vertical play as a form of enrichment, and cat trees are a great way to meet this need. 

Keep your cat’s litter box clean and private. Litter boxes should be cleaned daily and placed in quieter areas of the house for added privacy. A good rule of thumb is to have one more litter box than the number of cats in the household. This decreases stress and competition which reduces the risk of urinary issues.

Provide fresh water. Offering your cat plenty of fresh, clean water and encouraging frequent drinking can dilute the urine so that crystals are less likely to form and lead to inflammation or stone formation as we previously discussed. Considering using a water fountain for your cat’s bowl can entice them to drink more. 

Consider a dietary change. Cats who have a history of urinary tract conditions may also benefit from a diet change. Many commercial brands have created specialized formulas to dissolve bladder stones or prevent crystals from forming in the urine. Feeding wet cat food instead of dry food can also increase water intake and further dilute the urine.

Keep regular veterinary appointments. Lastly, regular visits to the veterinarian for preventative care can help detect abnormalities within your cat’s urine before they cause a problem. For example, if crystals are detected during routine urine testing, the veterinarian can prescribe a medication or special diet to dissolve them before they form into stones and cause a urinary tract issue.

The post Blood in Cat Urine: 7 Common Causes appeared first on Great Pet Care.

If your cat is pooping yellow, our guide may be able to answer your most pressing questions. Of course, only your veterinarian can offer a proper diagnosis. 

Yellow Cat Poop: Deciphering Color and Consistency

Any yellow cat poop, whether it’s bright yellow cat poop, mustard-colored, or brownish-yellow, can indicate a potential health problem, veterinarians say. Color alone, however, doesn’t provide as much information as consistency does. Cat poop that is soft and yellow can mean something very different than cat poop that’s firm and yellow.

“If a cat is having yellow diarrhea, we would be more concerned with bacterial or parasitic infections,” says Amber LaRock, a licensed veterinary technician for Emergency Vets USA, with locations across the country. “If a cat is having firm, yellow stool, we may be more concerned with liver or autoimmune conditions.”

Softer or mucus-coated poop can also be a sign of digestive issues, says Dr. Cathy Lund, a veterinarian with City Kitty Veterinary Care for Cats in Providence, Rhode Island. “Or changes associated with intestine irritation caused by allergies or inflammatory bowel problems.”  

Why It’s Important to Notice Changes in Cat Poop

Learning to identify changes in the color and consistency of cat poop isn’t anyone’s favorite pastime, but it serves an important purpose. 

“Sometimes change in stool color or texture can be the first indicator, or sometimes the only indicator, of disease,” says Dr. Sasha Gibbons, an associate veterinarian at Just Cats Veterinary Hospital in Stamford, Connecticut. Therefore, it is very important to notify your veterinarian of any changes in stool color or consistency.

It can also aid in discussions you have with your veterinarian. “The appearance of a cat’s poop can’t offer us a concrete diagnosis, but it can certainly offer a few clues,” says LaRock.

Causes of Yellow Cat Poop

A cat pooping yellow may have an infection, a disease affecting an organ, or simply be reacting to a new diet – so it’s essential to touch base with your veterinarian. Though we can’t offer a diagnosis, we’ve  outlined some of the most common causes of yellow poop in cats. 

Digestive Issues

One common cause of a cat pooping yellow is digestive issues and poor nutrient absorption, veterinarians say. Here’s a look at some of what may be happening in your cat’s digestive tract. 

The gallbladder secretes bile and bilirubin (which creates the yellow pigment) into the intestines, Lund explains. “Bile aids in the digestion of fats, and as it is metabolized, the fluid’s color changes from yellow-greenish to more brown,” she says. “If there isn’t a lot of bile getting secreted, or lots of fat in the diet, stool may be more yellowish in color because higher-fat diets typically move through the intestines much faster than is normal, and the stool doesn’t stay put long enough to turn that brownish color.”  

Poor absorption of nutrients in the intestine from parasites, viral infections, bacterial infections, and inflammation is also a common cause of yellow cat poop, says Gibbons. 

Liver and Gallbladder Issues

Cat poop that’s yellow and oily may be associated with liver problems or gallbladder blockages, says Lund. (The gallbladder is an organ within the liver.) 

One of the most common types of liver disease in cats is caused by inflammation, which scientists theorize may be a result of bacteria traveling from the gastrointestinal system to the bile ducts, then permeating the gallbladder. 

Cat diarrhea, weight loss, decreased appetite, and jaundice are some other signs associated with liver disease to watch for.

Chronic Pancreatitis (Inflamed Pancreas)

“In cats, chronic pancreatitis is another frequent reason for changes in the stool color since bile ducts can block, or the flow of bile can slow down with long-term disease,” says Lund.

Pancreatitis is the most common pancreatic disorder in cats and can be either acute or chronic. Signs of severe pancreatitis include abdominal pain, weight loss, vomiting, and jaundice. Pancreatitis can also cause cat poop to smell raunchy.

The Color of Foods Your Cat Has Eaten

Have you recently introduced your cat to a new diet or treat? A sudden and dramatic change in hue or consistency of your cat’s stool could simply be the result of a certain food your cat has just eaten, says Lund. “Classic causes are sweet potatoes and carrots, which some cats love to eat!” 

What to Do if Your Cat is Pooping Yellow

“Changes in cat feces should be investigated if it persists or is accompanied by vomiting, not eating, and/or lethargy,” recommends Dr. Lisa Goin, a partner doctor with Heart + Paw in Glen Mills, Pennsylvania.

Depending on the cat’s age, medical history, and current symptoms, your veterinarian’s recommendations may vary, says Gibbons. 

Here are some things you should consider and discuss with your veterinarian if your cat is pooping yellow:

Search for Important Clues

Doing some detective work can help your veterinarian form a diagnosis. LaRock recommends first determining if the poop is firm or soft. “If they are experiencing loose stool or diarrhea, we always suggest having them seen by a vet.”

If the poop is firm, LaRock says the next step is to answer the following: “Are there any changes in their appetite? Are there any changes in behavior? Have you changed their diet in the last week? Does the cat go outside? Are they over 10 years of age, and if so, have they had any blood work performed recently?”

With answers in hand, call your veterinarian, LaRock says. “If they are not concerned, they may offer you some guidance on home care.”

See if a Bland Diet Makes a Difference

If your cat appears fine and is eating normally, Lund suggests feeding a bland diet that’s lower in fats to see if it has any effect on color. “If they are consistent regardless of what is being fed, a veterinary exam is always a good idea.”

A bland diet may include a prescription diet designed for low-fat and GI symptoms that is recommended by your vet or an at-home diet of boiled chicken and rice. If the color and consistency of your cat’s poop does not improve after a few days of feeding a bland diet, talk to your veterinarian. 

Cat Digestive Products to Consider

A variety of products and ingredients on the market are formulated to restore gut health, help reduce cat diarrhea, and lessen other symptoms.

One category of digestive products for cats is probiotics. “Probiotics are a wonderful way to inoculate the intestines with ‘good’ bacteria that aid in digestion,” says Lund. “They can be enormously useful in treating inflammatory bowel disease and chronic diarrhea.”

Though studies examining the benefits of probiotics for companion animals have been somewhat limited, those that have been performed show promise. One study found that shelter cats fed enterococcus faecium had fewer episodes of diarrhea than cats in the control group. Another study showed that Lactobacillus acidophilus seemed to improve the quality of poop in healthy adult cats by increasing the number of ‘good’ bacteria (lactobacilli) and decreasing the number of coliforms.

Another digestive supplement category to consider are gastrointestinal (GI) diets. “GI diets are also a great choice for easily-digestible, lower-fat diets in cats who have digestion issues,” says Lund.

Whichever product you do decide to use, we recommend reading the label carefully prior to use. And before giving your cat any supplement, check with a professional. “Probiotics and prescription diets formulated for diarrhea or constipation can be very helpful in controlling symptoms, but should be discussed first with a veterinarian,” says Goin.

The post Yellow Cat Poop: What Does It Mean? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Cats seem to love heat, but is it possible to have too much warmth? How hot is too hot for cats? 

While overheating in cats is uncommon, it is a very serious condition and all pet parents should know what to watch for, and how to prevent it.

What Temperature is Too Hot for Cats?

There is no simple answer to this question! Each cat will have a temperature that is too hot for him or her as an individual – depending on their age, health, fur coat, or what environment they are used to. 

Cats naturally relieve heat from their body through changes to their blood vessels during high temperatures, choosing a cool surface to lie on, avoiding direct sunlight, and seeking air flow like a gentle breeze.

However, as environmental temperatures reach close to their body’s natural temperature, cats become too hot. Normal body temperature for a cat older than 4 weeks old is 99.5 to 102.5 degrees. Temperatures around 90 degrees and above tend to make cats uncomfortable and lead to the need for additional heat loss through panting.

Humidity is the measure of how much water is in the air. As humidity increases, it decreases the amount of heat that can leave the surface of the body. If humidity is high, the temperature does not need to be very hot outside before it is too hot for cats.

The American Veterinary Medical Association recommends maintaining places where cats and dogs live to under 80 degrees, and 30 to 70 percent relative humidity [1]. Federal Animal Welfare Regulations, maintained by the United States Department of Agriculture, require no more than 4 hours of exposure to temperatures over 85 degrees for cats and dogs [2]. Both of these organizations set limits that should maintain the comfort of most animals, but keep in mind that some animals will not be comfortable even when following these guidelines.

Do Cats Get Hot?

Cats definitely get hot. Their comfort level tends to be higher than it is for humans, as most people do not appreciate 90-degree weather. Cats that are uncomfortable with the temperature seek a cooler surface to lay on, avoid direct sunlight or sources of heat, and avoid exercise. 

When cats become very uncomfortable, you will notice panting which is otherwise uncommon in cats. Your cat may not wish to eat as much and will be much less active. If this occurs, you should provide plenty of fresh water and shelter from the heat immediately.

Short exposure to high temperatures is easier to handle. The higher the temperature gets, the shorter your cat can withstand the heat. If temperatures are around 85 to 90 degrees, your cat may be comfortable for a couple hours if there is an opportunity to cool herself and get plenty of water. If temperatures are well above 90 degrees, it’s a good guess that your cat will be hot within a matter of minutes as opposed to hours – even if water and shade are available.

What Temperature Do Cats Like?

In general, cats are most comfortable above 60 degrees and below 80 degrees. However, this depends heavily on the individual cat, the humidity in the air, the ability to rest on a cool surface, and how well ventilated a space is.

Humidity under 70 percent is most comfortable. The higher the humidity, the quicker your cat becomes uncomfortable in any temperature. Air conditioning decreases humidity, but dehumidifiers can be used as well.

Most homes can easily provide cool surfaces. These are not surfaces that are cooled purposefully – cold surfaces are rarely comfortable for cats – but are areas of the home where sunlight is blocked, and the material does not easily absorb heat. Most types of flooring inside a home stay cool, especially hard surfaces like tile.

Ventilation is important when heat rises. Any flow of air will help cats dispel heat from the body such as a fan or opening windows or screen doors to catch a breeze. (Always ensure intact screens cover the openings to keep your cat from getting out!) If cats are trapped in a small room without any fresh flow of air such as an attic space, the heat rises quickly and can cause your cat to overheat.

Can Cats Overheat?

Cats can overheat, but it is rare. For this reason, it is not well studied in cats. In contrast, overheating is fairly common in dogs. One study in the United Kingdom showed that all cats with heat-related illness became ill due to high environmental temperatures, and not from too much exercise, which was common in dogs [3]. Cats are known to climb into clothes dryers and may develop heat stroke if they remain in the dryer after it is turned on [4].

When cats overheat, it causes heat stroke. Heat stroke is life-threatening and is caused by high body temperatures leading to damage to multiple organs in the body. 

There are several reasons an individual cat may be more likely to overheat such as:

• Obesity
• Heart disease
• Old age
• Dark-colored coat
• Brachycephalic breed (ex. Persians)
• Hyperthyroidism (producing too much thyroid hormone)
• History of seizures
• Medications such as furosemide or beta blockers (ex. atenolol)
• Recently gave birth and has low calcium levels

Cats need to acclimatize or get used to the environmental temperatures. This process takes 60 days and occurs naturally as seasons change and temperatures rise. Physiologic properties within your cat’s body change, like how much water and salt the body holds on to (as opposed to letting it leave through urine) and how much blood the heart pumps out. For this reason, cats that move from a cooler climate to a hot climate and cats who are exposed to sudden high temperatures when spring turns to summer are more at risk of overheating.

Outdoor and indoor cats are both at risk of overheating. Outdoor cats that are not confined are likely to have acclimatized to the outdoor temperatures and have favored spots to keep cool. However, if water becomes scarce and temperatures soar, outdoor cats can overheat. Indoor cats tend to get overheated when they are confined in a small hot space like an attic, small unventilated room, or clothes dryer.

Signs a Cat is Overheating

If your cat appears to be overheating, she should be seen by an emergency veterinarian immediately. 

Symptoms of heat stroke in cats include:

• Fast breathing
• Continuous panting
• Struggling to breathe
• Excessive saliva
• Vomiting with blood
• Diarrhea with blood
• Inactive, unwilling to hardly walk
• Collapse (i.e. suddenly drops to the ground, not moving or not completely aware of her surroundings)
• Disorientation (i.e. does not appear to know where she is, spaced out, stumbling)
• Seizures

How to Cool a Cat Down

If pet parents note their cat is overheating, they should immediately use a cloth soaked in room temperature water, gently wipe the cat down with it, and place the cat in front of a fan. If the cat was on a warm or hot surface, place her on a surface that is not in direct sunlight and is cool to the touch. Call your veterinarian right after this.

If any symptoms of heat stroke appear, transport your cat to the emergency hospital right away. In the car on the way to the hospital, pet parents should turn the air conditioning on or roll the windows down for a breeze.

Pet parents should NOT use cold water on their cat, use ice packs or ice baths, cover their cat in wet towels, or place rubbing alcohol on the paws. All of these actions will either cause too fast of a drop in temperature which will worsen the cat’s condition or will actually decrease the ability of the body to get rid of excess heat.

Summer Tips for Keeping Cats Cool

If you’re trying to get through the dog days of summer with your feline friend, here are some tips to keep your cat cool and comfortable when temps heat up.

Try Frozen Treats

While frozen treats will not help cats who are overheating – or prevent them from doing so in very high temperatures – it is a great kitty enrichment tool and will cool them slightly on a warm day. 

Some lickable treats can be frozen, or pet parents can purchase an ice cube tray and fill it with either low-sodium chicken broth, tuna juice, or plain water as an interesting frozen treat.

Keep Fresh Water Flowing

Keeping fresh water available to cats at all times is critical to preventing overheating. While cats do not typically drink a lot of water, high temperatures will cause them to drink more. Cat water fountains are a great way to encourage cats to stay hydrated. 

During travel or any time pet parents are on-the-go, bringing a portable water bowl is a must to offer their cat something to drink at least every 4 hours in air conditioning or every hour in warm temperatures or high humidity.

Try a Cooling Mat or Bed

As mentioned, cats can rid their bodies of excess heat by lying on a cool surface. A gel-based cooling mat or bed may help to keep your cat comfortable during heat waves. Make sure to avoid products with ice packs or frozen water, as these are not ideal for regulating your cat’s body temperature. 

The post How Hot Is Too Hot for Cats? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

If you want to know what to watch for and possible treatment if your veterinarian finds cat kidney stones, read below.

What Are Kidney Stones? 

Kidneys are important filters for your bloodstream, removing toxins by putting them into urine. Vitamins, blood sugar (glucose), hormones, and many other important components are re-circulated into the body after filtering. The kidneys flow urine into the bladder through tubes called ureters. Once urine fills the bladder, it flows out of the body through a single tube called the urethra.

When a cat has more minerals or salts in the body than usual, like calcium, they build up and form into small stones in the kidneys. This is a very similar process to humans. The most common type of kidney stone in humans and cats is calcium oxalate, and kidney stones are frequently associated with high blood levels of calcium (hypercalcemia). Magnesium ammonium phosphate stones, also known as struvite stones, are the next most frequent stone in cats and are associated with ongoing bacterial infections.

How Often Do Cats Get Kidney Stones?

Kidney stones occur in cats but aren’t that common. Knowing exactly how often they occur is difficult, since many cats that have kidney stones don’t experience symptoms and the stones may never be found. 

Siamese cats are more prone to kidney stones than other breeds. It’s believed long-haired cats may be more prone to them as well.  

Cat Bladder Stones Vs. Kidney Stones

Bladder stones and kidney stones are made of the same minerals and occur for the same reasons. However, these two types of stones do not necessarily occur together. Only 15 percent of cats with stones in the kidneys have bladder stones. Bladder stones are much more common, composing over 90 percent of all stones found in the urinary system.

The symptoms of bladder stones and kidney stones are usually similar, although symptoms can vary. Common symptoms include increased urination, increased drinking, blood in the urine, and changes in behavior like being less active or urinating outside of the litter box. For kidney stones, most cats don’t have symptoms. If symptoms are present, kidney stones often cause pain in the lower back which can cause a cat to arch his back and tuck his belly.

Symptoms of Kidney Stones in Cats

Kidney stones do not often cause symptoms in cats. When symptoms occur, it is usually because a kidney stone is trying to pass out of the kidney down the ureter—which in humans is described as excruciatingly painful. 

Your cat may experience symptoms because he has kidney disease, and just happens to have stones as well. Kidney stones can cause:

• Increased urination and drinking
• Vomiting
• Decreased appetite
• Weight loss
• Abdominal pain – your cat may not want to be picked up, or he may keep his back arched and tuck his belly up
• Blood in the urine
• Behavior changes – like hiding more, less playful, urinating outside the litter box, etc.

Diagnosing Kidney Stones in Cats

Most of the time, kidney stones are diagnosed when cats aren’t even experiencing symptoms. X-ray is the most common way, but ultrasound can also detect kidney stones. 

Physical examination is important to look for symptoms of kidney stones, or other medical conditions that could explain symptoms. Baseline blood work is necessary to check for kidney disease—some studies have shown a correlation between kidney disease and having kidney stones. 

Also, checking your cat’s calcium levels is important to prevent calcium oxalate stones. A urinalysis and urine culture are best practice since some kidney stones occur due to chronic infection. Crystals in the urine may indicate which kind of stone is present.

How to Treat Kidney Stones in Cats

There are a few main ways to handle kidney stones in cats:

No treatment. Most kidney stones do not cause symptoms in cats. If the stones remain the same size and quantity, and your cat does not have symptoms, there is no need to treat. However, no treatment does not mean ignoring the issue. Routine, yearly monitoring is important. Speak with your veterinarian about how much monitoring is needed for your cat based on their age and other health conditions.

Medical therapy. Cats with kidney disease should be treated symptomatically, such as treating nausea and dehydration. Pain medications should be given if any discomfort is noted. Antibiotics are needed if urine testing demonstrates infection.

Change of diet. Some types of stones can be dissolved by feeding particular diets. Unfortunately, calcium oxalate stones—the most common one in cats—cannot be dissolved medically. Struvite stones can be dissolved by feeding a diet low in magnesium and phosphorus. 

Home-cooked diets without oversight from a veterinary nutritionist are not recommended, as minerals are not often balanced and can make matters worse. 

Surgical or procedural therapy. Newer surgery techniques have been developed that are safer, less invasive, performed by specialists, and have relatively good success rates. One example is percutaneous nephrolithotomy during which a specialized needle is passed through the side into a specific area of the kidney. The surgeon then carefully breaks up and removes stones. If a stone becomes lodged in the ureter (flow of urine out from the kidney), a stent can be placed that widens the ureter and allows urine to flow around the stone. A procedure involving shock waves to break down kidney stones into smaller pieces is commonly used in dogs but is not very effective in cats and can result in significant kidney damage.

Homeopathic therapy. Increasing the amount of water your cat drinks should prevent crystals forming and may help stones pass through the ureter. This can be attempted by feeding a cat canned food, offering a water fountain, and adding safe, tasty liquids to water such as low-sodium chicken broth or tuna juice. Homeopathic veterinarians prescribe herbal remedies that have been shown to decrease some symptoms and may even help treat kidney stones.

How to Prevent Kidney Stones in Cats 

Cat kidney stones largely cannot be prevented, especially since veterinarians do not fully understand why cats form them. Once your cat is diagnosed with kidney stones, most cats will develop more stones even if the stones are all dissolved or removed at one point.

If your cat is diagnosed with kidney stones, a few things pet parents can do to prevent more kidney stones include:

• Feed a prescription diet that dissolves and/or prevents your cat’s particular type of stone
• Encourage increased water consumption (see homeopathic therapy above)
• Get routine blood work 2-4 times per year to screen for kidney disease or other concerns such as high calcium levels
• Supplement potassium citrate (a salt prescribed by your veterinarian) if diagnosed with calcium oxalate stones (not well studied in cats yet)
• Supplement Vitamin B6, since kittens without enough vitamin B6 may form calcium oxalate stones. Speak with your veterinarian first before using new supplements.

The post Kidney Stones in Cats: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment appeared first on Great Pet Care.

What is Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Cats?

Feline inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) occurs when a cat’s GI tract becomes chronically irritated or inflamed. 

According to Dr. Sarah Machell, lead veterinarian and medical director of the online vet service Vetster, IBD is an abnormal increase of inflammatory white blood cells within the linings of the small bowel that disrupts digestion. Cats with IBD may experience a host of GI issues and can develop IBD at any age, but it tends to appear less frequently in very young or very old cats, Machell says.

Some cat breeds, like Siamese cats, may be genetically predisposed to IBD, says Dr. Michelle Crosier, president of the Delaware Veterinary Medical Association. That said, it can and does show up in any breed or mixed breed of cat.

Types of IBD in Cats

IBD can take different forms in cats, depending on which part of the GI tract is affected. These are the different types:

• Gastritis: when the stomach is inflamed
• Enteritis: when the small intestine is inflamed
• Colitis: when the colon (also known as the large intestine) is inflamed
• Lymphocytic Plasmacytic Enteritis: the most common form of IBD, named for the specific type of inflammatory white blood cells present in the small intestine
• Eosinophilic: the second most common form of IBD in cats, also named for the type of inflammatory cells invading the small intestine

Causes of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Cats

No one has discovered a definite cause of IBD in cats yet. Because it’s likely related to inappropriate immune system response, there can be multiple factors that come together, Machell says. These include:

• Bacterial or parasitic infections in the gut, such as giardia, E. coli, salmonella or tritrichomonas
• Diet, including food allergies or intolerances
• Genetic abnormalities
• Immune system issues
• Environmental factors

Symptoms of IBD in Cats 

Machell says a common misconception among pet parents is that vomiting is normal for cats. It isn’t—and in fact, she says, it’s one of the most common symptoms of IBD in cats. Other signs may include:

• Chronic or intermittent diarrhea
• Constipation
• Weight loss
• Decreased appetite
• Poor coat quality
• Gas 

According to Crosier, there is no progression of stages for IBD in cats. Some may have mild symptoms for a long time. Others may have severe symptoms that get worse quickly. Machell adds that a cat’s IBD symptoms can even wax and wane over time, tilting between mild to more severe, especially in times of stress.

Diagnosing Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Cats

In cats, “IBD is often a ‘disease of exclusion,’” Crosier says. Many of its symptoms can appear due to other diseases, making diagnosis difficult. Your veterinarian will first have to rule out other conditions—including endocrine disease, food intolerances, feline leukemia, a bacterial or viral infection, cancer, or parasites.

Bloodwork may also be done to look for abnormal blood protein levels or other marks of inflammation, Machell says, but not every cat with IBD has irregularities in their bloodwork. 

Abdominal ultrasounds may also be given, and if that shows any indication of IBD, a biopsy of the intestine or the stomach will provide definitive proof. In fact, a gastrointestinal biopsy is the only way to know for sure that a cat has IBD, but Machell says some cats may start treatment before taking that invasive step.

“If the pet starts feeling better—vomiting less, gaining weight, less diarrhea—then it’s a diagnosis by response treatment,” she adds.

Life Expectancy for Cats with IBD

“Mild to moderate forms can be successfully managed for years with dietary changes and medications,” Crosier says. “But more severe forms may be more difficult to manage.”

Machell says that if a cat is vomiting often and losing weight quickly due to IBD, that could shorten their lifespan and affect their quality of life. Uncontrolled IBD in cats can also progress to secondary pancreatitis or certain cancers, which would further affect life expectancy.

“Some cats with intermittent, mild symptoms can hover there for their entire lives,” Machell says.

Treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Cats

Treatment depends on how severe a cat’s IBD is, and there is no single best treatment. Crosier says that some cats may only require a diet change and added probiotics to manage their IBD, while others may need anti-inflammatory medications, vitamin injections, or immunosuppressive medications.

Machell often recommends hypoallergenic prescription diets for cats with IBD since they cause less irritation and inflammation in the gut, and they help rule out adverse food reactions if symptoms resolve with the food change. 

Medications for IBD in Cats

• Metronidazole: an oral antibiotic that is often the first-line medical treatment for cats with IBD. 

• Corticosteroids: these medications, including the well-known Prednisone, are anti-inflammatory and immune-suppressing.

• Fiber in cats with colitis.
• Omega 3 fatty acids to reduce gut inflammation. 
• Stronger immunosuppressants: may be used if nothing else is working.
• Folate and/or B12 supplements: IBD can affect cats’ absorption of these critical vitamins.

General Cost for Cat IBD Treatment 

Costs to treat your cat’s IBD will range significantly depending on where you live and the types of treatment required, but Machell estimates it will take a few thousand dollars to get a definitive IBD diagnosis, plus the ongoing costs of prescription food and/or medication.

How to Prevent Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Cats

Just as there is no known cause of IBD in cats, there is no known way to prevent it. That said, seeking help at the first signs of GI disease is crucial. And daily probiotics from an early age may help keep your cat’s GI tract healthy and happy, Machell says.

Related Conditions 

Cats with uncontrolled IBD may be at risk of developing:

• Secondary pancreatitis
• Intestinal, colon or stomach cancer

The post Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) in Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

While pet parents love their cats dearly, this habit of allowing everyone to get a whiff of cat poop is not preferable. And if your cat’s poop is particularly stinky, it can be unbearable! You might be wondering: “Why does my cat’s poop smell so bad?”

Here we cover what cat poop should be like, and what could be causing particularly foul litter box odors.

Healthy Cat Poop: What Does it Smell Like?

Healthy cat poop does have a smell, and it doesn’t smell great, but it shouldn’t stink up your whole house. The wafting smell typically decreases after a few minutes. 

Healthy cat poop should be formed in logs 1 inch or longer that stay formed when picked up. The poop may leave a light amount of residue on the litter scoop but shouldn’t look wet or stick to the scoop. 

Healthy, low-stress cats also get their poop into the litter box.

Terrible Cat Poop Smell: Getting a Whiff

While we can all agree that cat poop doesn’t smell good, it shouldn’t smell like rotten eggs, death, iron (metallic), or be so potent that you cannot stand to be in the room. A lot of times, foul smelling cat poop can be detected from anywhere in the house—at least on the same level. 

The smell lingers until it is scooped and cleaned up. If your cat did not cover the poop with litter (or it’s not in the litter box), this will be especially stinky! If your cat’s poop is this foul, it’s likely her farts are pretty bad, too.

Cats are fastidious groomers—they clean themselves immediately if dirty. If they are not grooming poop off themselves, something is wrong. Your cat should definitely not smell like poop.

Why Does My Cat’s Poop Smell So Bad?

There are some reasons your cat’s poop may smell particularly bad:

Diet. If your cat’s diet is not well-balanced or it is hard to digest, she may have foul smelling poop.

Inflammatory bowel disease. This is often caused by allergies to food. The most common allergies are to beef, fish, and chicken [1]. Sometimes cats have inflammation in their guts without an allergy which would also cause foul poop.

Parasites. There are many parasites common to kittens and adult cats that live outside, including roundworms and coccidia. The parasites that tend to upset a cat’s gut the most are Giardia spp. and Tritrichomonas spp. Special testing and long courses of treatment are required to get rid of these parasites.

Liver or gallbladder disease. The liver is a part of the digestive system, creating bile and nutrients as well as filtering toxins. The gallbladder is essential to aiding digestion of fat in foods. Liver disease or gallbladder disease can cause a cat’s poop to smell bad.

Pancreatic disease. The pancreas is a part of the digestive system, providing enzymes needed to break down food and get nutrients. Some cats experience pancreatitis, or an inflamed pancreas, that can last a long time. In rare cases, a cat may lose so much pancreas to scarring that it doesn’t function at all.

Medications. Some medications, like antibiotics, will disrupt normal gut bacteria. When normal bacteria are killed, abnormal bacteria take over and affect gut health in cats. This can lead to stinky cat poop. 

Stress. Stress can cause gut upset due to hormones that change when a cat is stressed. Whether it is a one-time event (like a move to a new home) or chronic stress (like being picked on by another cat), stress can change a cat’s gut health.

Any other illness. Cats with any disease become stressed due to pain or discomfort. Even though some illnesses are not related directly to cat gut health, being sick in general can affect the gut.

How to Stop Your Cat’s Poop from Smelling Really Bad

The first thing to do would be to discuss the issue with your veterinarian. Your vet will need to run some quick tests and examine your cat to ensure she doesn’t have parasites or other illnesses that show up on bloodwork. Inflammatory bowel disease is a common issue in cats and requires surgery to test for it—so most of the time, your veterinarian will recommend therapy first.

Here are some common ways that veterinarians recommend treating cat poop that smells bad:

Diet Change 

If your cat has diarrhea (stool that is not well formed) or your cat is constipated (strains to poop and it takes at least 2 days to poop), a high-fiber diet may be best for your cat. These diets are meant to increase multiple kinds of fiber in the food and are super digestible, meaning it is easy for the guts to break down the food. 

On the other hand, the best choice for your cat could be a novel protein or hypoallergenic diet. These diets are intended to avoid food allergies and provide high quality nutrition. Results may not be seen for up to 2 months, and these diets must be the only thing fed—no treats and no other foods.

Probiotics

Probiotics contain live bacteria that survive and thrive inside a cat’s acidic stomach. These “good” bacteria can do wonders for balancing the gut and aiding in better digestion.

Medications

If your cat is diagnosed with an illness, she may require medications either short-term or long-term. Sometimes cats with diarrhea will be given medication like metronidazole.

Decrease Stress 

If your cat is experiencing stress in the home, work on decreasing those stressful situations. For example, if you have more than one cat and there is aggression between them, separating them at certain times and giving medications to both may be useful. Increase enrichment for your cat by providing new toys, puzzle feeders, places to climb, and things to scratch. Try cat pheromones in stressful zones of the home. Medications or natural supplements such as hydrolyzed milk protein may help as well.

Homeopathic Remedies 

Cats can benefit from an increase in fiber in their food. The best way to do this is to add psyllium powder. A good dose is ¼ teaspoon per meal. With cats experiencing diarrhea, plain cooked chicken (without skin or bones) can be fed to your cat for less than 1 week. This may help by decreasing carbohydrates, which are harder to digest when the guts are inflamed. (Keep in mind that this is NOT balanced and feeding for more than a week is detrimental to your cat.)

How to Get Rid of Cat Poop Smell

If you are looking to get rid of that stinky cat poop smell, here are some tips to beat unpleasant odors:

Always keep the litter box clean. Allowing cat poop to linger in the box will increase the smell of your home. Scoop the litter box at least once per day, and twice daily if possible (or whenever the poop is present!). Completely empty the litter box and clean the box with dish soap and water at least monthly, but more frequently if able. 

Make sure you have enough litter boxes. Each cat in your house should have 1 litter box, and it’s recommended to add one additional one. So, if you have 2 cats, you should have 3 litter boxes. Place them in different locations (and on different levels) in your home.

Consider switching cat litter. If your cat is not burying her poop, she probably doesn’t like the type of litter you have bought. If you are using a pelleted litter, try a softer clay litter. Clay litter is easier to bury poop and thus better masks the smell. Make sure the litter is 2-3 inches deep as well.

Use cat-safe air fresheners. The use of odor-absorbing air fresheners is a great way to contain smells before you can get to cleaning the litter box. Place one near each litter box. Just make sure the air freshener is completely contained in a container that cannot be accessed by your cat. Avoid sprays and air fresheners that mask instead of absorb smells, as these can be harmful or—at the very least—annoying to your cat.

Clean accidents quickly. If your cat poops outside of the litter box, immediately clean it up with a gentle cleanser. Avoid any cleaners with phenols or pine oil, as these are toxic to cats. If your cat pooped on a carpet, choose an enzymatic cleaner specially designed for pet odors.

Stinky Cat Poop: When to See a Veterinarian 

Call your veterinarian if you notice that your cat’s appetite or activity has decreased. If your cat has diarrhea for more than 3 days, it contains blood or mucus, or it is severe and/or frequent, dehydration is likely and veterinary care is needed. Any vomiting, apparent weight loss, or changes in behavior associated with feeling ill should be addressed right away.

If your attempts at home have not resolved the foul smells in a month, you should call your veterinarian. Sometimes bad-smelling cat poop is a symptom of something more serious and should be investigated.

Cat poop that smells really bad is not an emergency. However, if you notice your cat having no appetite, being very lethargic (not wanting to move much), or vomiting multiple times over 24-48 hours, you should seek emergency care for your cat. 

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Cat eye infections are often uncomfortable and painful. A veterinarian must promptly diagnose and treat eye infections to restore good eye health and prevent more serious eye problems.

What is a Cat Eye Infection?

A cat eye infection is an eye problem that can be caused by infectious agents, such as viruses and bacteria. It can affect one or both eyes.

The symptoms of a cat eye infection, which we’ll discuss later in the article, resemble those of other eye diseases, such as conjunctivitis (inflammation of the lining of the eye). Therefore, it can be difficult for a pet parent to know whether their cat has an eye infection or another eye problem.

By performing a comprehensive eye exam, veterinarians can distinguish between an eye infection and other eye diseases. 

Causes of Eye Infections in Cats

Regardless of age or breed, all cats can get an eye infection. Causes of feline eye infections are often viral (like feline calicivirus or feline herpesvirus) but can also be bacterial.

Non-infectious eye conditions in cats that may present similar symptoms to eye infections include:

• Trauma
• Allergies
• An eye tumor 
• Conjunctivitis
• A foreign body stuck in the eye
• Corneal abnormalities, such as corneal ulcers

Cat Eye Infection Symptoms

Cats prefer to hide symptoms of illness if they can, but eye infection symptoms are hard to hide. If you notice any of the following symptoms, take your cat to your veterinarian for further examination. 

• Squinting 
• Cloudy eyes
• Light sensitivity
• Excessive blinking
• Rubbing at the eyes
• Excessive eye watering
• Redness in the whites of the eye
• Discharge from the eye that is thick or discolored (yellow, green)
• Swollen third eyelid (located in the inner corner of the eye)

You may also notice some behavioral changes in your cat. For example, your cat may be less playful and isolate itself from you. Your cat may also become quite moody because their eyes are so uncomfortable.

Diagnosing Cat Eye Infections

Eye infections are bothersome to cats, so don’t delay scheduling an appointment with your veterinarian to have your cat’s eyes examined if they are showing symptoms of an infection.

Your veterinarian will want to know the history of your cat’s eye problem. Provide as much information as you can, such as when you first noticed something wrong with your cat’s eyes and what symptoms you have observed.

Your veterinarian will then perform a physical exam and comprehensive eye exam. For the eye exam, they will use an instrument called an ophthalmoscope to examine all parts of your cat’s eyes. They will also perform a few eye diagnostic tests to determine the potential cause of the eye infection.

A fluorescein stain test is typically used to detect damage to the cornea, the clear protective covering of the eye. Your veterinarian will apply the stain to your cat’s cornea, turn off the light and look for a fluorescent green stain. A green stain indicates corneal damage, which could be causing an eye infection. 

Your veterinarian will also take a few small samples from the affected eye (skin and discharge) to look for signs of infection with a microscope.

Cat Eye Infection Treatment

You’ll want to start treating your cat’s eye infection as quickly as possible, but don’t start any treatment before going to your veterinarian.  

Over-the-counter medications and home remedies for cat eye infections are not always effective and may cause more harm than good. For example, you should never use Neosporin in a cat’s eyes. It is toxic to cats and causes life-threatening allergic reactions.

Your veterinarian will prescribe the most appropriate eye medicine for your cat, according to what has caused the eye infection. Many treatments for eye infections are applied directly to the eye as either an eye drop or ointment. 

Antibiotics are given to treat bacterial eye infections, and antiviral medications will treat viral eye infections.

Surgery is recommended if a foreign body is lodged in the eye or if serious damage to the cornea is present. 

Regardless of an eye infection’s cause, anti-inflammatory eye drops help to relieve pain and discomfort by reducing inflammation. These drops may delay the healing of corneal damage, though, so your veterinarian will examine your cat’s cornea before prescribing eye medicines.

If your cat has a lot of eye discharge, your veterinarian will recommend gently wiping away the discharge with a warm, damp cloth. Fortunately, most eye infections in cats heal well and quickly.

The cost of treating eye infections in cats can vary widely and depends on the cause and severity of the infection. With diagnosis and treatment, the cost of treating an eye infection in cats can cost several hundred dollars.

How to Prevent Cat Eye Infections

There are a few relatively easy things you can do to lessen your cat’s risk of eye infections.

Vaccination can prevent viral eye infections. The FVRCP vaccine, a core vaccine for cats, protects against feline herpesvirus type 1 and feline calicivirus, among other common cat viruses.

Keeping your cat’s nails trimmed is also helpful. Cats’ nails are sharp, so keeping them trimmed will lessen the likelihood of your cat scratching its eyes with its nails.

Conclusion

Eye infections in cats are serious and require prompt veterinary care. If your cat has symptoms of an eye infection, don’t delay in scheduling an appointment for your cat. The sooner your veterinarian can diagnose the infection, the sooner your cat can get the treatment they need for much-needed eye relief.

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How much water is too much? What causes your cat to drink so much water? And, more importantly, what should you do about it? Read on for answers.

Why Is My Cat Drinking a Lot of Water? Common Causes

There are many health-related reasons cats will drink too much water. Polydipsia, the name of the condition for excessive water consumption, has three common causes:

Chronic Kidney Disease

Around 1-3% of all cats have chronic kidney disease. Over time kidneys become more and more damaged. Kidneys are partly responsible for maintaining your cat’s balance of water. When kidneys are damaged, they cannot hold onto water like they should. Instead, all of the water goes into the urine. This makes your cat increasingly thirsty.

Hyperthyroidism

Up to 11% of older cats live with hyperthyroidism. The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormone, which is responsible for growth, metabolism, and impacts the brain. When the gland produces too much hormone, metabolism becomes really high and the effect on the brain can cause changes in behavior. When metabolism increases, so does thirst. Also, thyroid hormone blocks antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from interacting with the kidneys. This hormone allows the kidneys to keep water in the body and not put water into the urine. If ADH cannot interact with the kidneys, a lot of urine and thirst occur.

Diabetes Mellitus 

Around 0.5% of all cats have diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus occurs when your cat does not have enough insulin. Insulin allows blood sugar (glucose) to enter the liver, muscle, and fat and provide energy. If there is not enough insulin, glucose gets increasingly high with nowhere to go. The kidneys push glucose into the urine, and through osmosis, water follows glucose to dilute the urine. Since your cat produces too much urine to rid the body of glucose, she becomes very thirsty.

If your cat is diagnosed with diabetes, their treatment plan may include insulin injections. However, some cats may be candidates for a needle-free alternative to insulin called Bexacat, a once-daily flavored tablet.

Less Common Causes

Liver disease. Problems with the liver can occur for several reasons, including viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic, inflammatory, or cancerous reasons. With severe liver disease, your liver struggles to function normally, which can affect water intake. For example, the liver stops making urea which normally allows the kidneys to retain water.

Medications. Many medications affect thirst and urination. Common medications include steroids (such as prednisolone), phenobarbital (used for seizures), or diuretics (used to decrease body water for conditions like congestive heart failure).

Hypercalcemia. Many conditions can cause too high of calcium in a cat’s body such as chronic kidney disease, vitamin D toxicity, and cancer. When calcium is very high, it prevents ADH from interacting with the kidneys. This prevents the kidneys from keeping water in the body, so a lot of urine and thirst occurs.

Cancer. The reason cancer affects thirst depends on where the cancer is, such as liver cancer for reasons above or if cancer causes hypercalcemia. 

Pyometra. This condition is an infection of the uterus. If your cat is not spayed, she may develop this common condition (which does not always result in polydipsia). Pus fills the uterus and often leaks outside of the body through the vulva. The reason pyometra causes polydipsia (due to polyuria) is uncertain.

How Much Water Should a Cat Drink?

Cats typically drink 18 to 27 mL of water per pound of body weight per day. An average 10-pound cat drinks approximately 180 to 270 mL of water per day, which is equivalent to around ¾ to 1 cup of water each day. 

Each individual cat will vary in how much water they need to drink, and what is normal for your cat may fall a little outside this range. 

Factors that could alter how much water is required include:

Diet. Canned cat food has water content already, so your cat will drink a little less if they eat a wet food. Also, diets high in sodium require more water.

Environment. Warmer months or higher humidity require more water to stay hydrated, especially if your cat is active.

Age. Very young cats drink more than adults. Young kittens under 8 weeks of age require as much as 80 mL of water per pound of body weight! 

Health. If your cat has a medical condition, she may need to drink more water to stay hydrated.

Medications. Certain medications increase thirst and/or urine output in cats.

If you are reading this article because you are concerned with how much your cat is drinking, try measuring out the amount of water you put in the bowl each morning. The next morning, measure how much is left (wait until 24 hours have passed). Be sure to never limit the amount of water your cat wishes to drink! She must always have access to as much water as she wants.

How Much Water Is Too Much? 

Polydipsia is the condition of a cat drinking too much water. It is usually caused by polyuria, meaning your cat’s body is producing more urine and needs more water to do so. Shorthand for these two cat health conditions is PU/PD.

Cats vary in how much water they drink day to day. If your kitty is particularly thirsty one day (maybe due to running around on a hot summer day), the next day her drinking would be less. This would be normal variation and no reason to worry. 

But if your cat is consistently (each day) drinking more than 45 mL per pound of body weight per day, she likely has polydipsia. A 10-pound cat would need to drink more than 450 mL of water per day to have polydipsia, or about 2 cups.

You may not notice a subtle increase in your cat’s water drinking, but look for signs like:

• An empty water bowl more frequently
• Waiting by the water bowl for more, meowing until it’s refilled
• Drinking an entire water bowl or most of one in one sitting
• Larger volume of urine in the cat litter box (bigger clumps and/or higher number of them)
• Urine outside of the cat litter box

What to Do When Your Cat Is Drinking Too Much Water

If you suspect your cat is drinking too much water, measure it out as described earlier in this article and keep a log of how much water your cat is drinking. 

On your log record any changes in your cat’s behavior or health. Ask, has your cat’s:

• Activity decreased?
• Appetite changed?
• Weight changed?
• Urine color changed?
• Amount of urine changed?
• Diet changed lately?
• Medication regimen changed?
• Behavior changed?

If your cat is consistently drinking more than 45 mL of water per pound of body weight each day, or if you notice any other signs such as decreased activity, increased appetite, and decreased weight you should bring your cat to the veterinarian as soon as possible.

What to Expect at the Vet

Your veterinarian will examine your cat and ask many questions. Before you go, make sure you have answers to the questions above and record how much water your cat is drinking. This will help your vet get a more complete view of the situation.

Without running tests, your veterinarian is unlikely to be able to diagnose the exact cause of your cat’s excessive drinking. Bloodwork is a standard first step along with testing the urine, including a culture to look for infection. Oftentimes your veterinarian will recommend thyroid testing on the bloodwork as well.

These initial tests will almost always diagnose the issue. But if the tests don’t reveal an answer, your vet may recommend X-rays to look for pyometra (if your cat is an un-spayed female) or cancer. Your vet may perform other specific blood tests such as bile acids to assess liver function, fructosamine levels to evaluate for diabetes, leptospirosis testing, and various other hormone tests to help reach a conclusion.

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What Is Miliary Dermatitis in Cats?

Miliary dermatitis is a type of skin inflammation specific to cats that can be caused by many different things. It is common, and most cats with miliary dermatitis are easily treated. 

What Does Miliary Dermatitis Look Like?

The specific appearance of miliary dermatitis is a lot of small pink bumps on the skin, called papules, that are typically about one to two millimeters in diameter. If scratched, these papules develop a small crust.

Causes of Miliary Dermatitis in Cats

There are many potential causes of miliary dermatitis. The condition itself is not contagious, but the cause of miliary dermatitis in your cat might be.

Parasitic Causes of Miliary Dermatitis

• Flea or mosquito bite hypersensitivity. Even a single bite from a flea or mosquito can cause miliary dermatitis in your cat. 

• Demodex mites. Infestation with this mite can lead to itching, fur loss and redness of the skin. This mite is contagious between cats. Cheyletiella mites can also cause miliary dermatitis.

• Ear mites. These small mites, known as Otodectes cynotis, commonly cause ear infections but occasionally infest cats on other areas of the body.

• Scabies. Mites called Notoedres cati can bite cats and cause them to be very itchy. Scabies in cats is rare, but certain areas of the country, like southern California, can see this infection more often. 

Immune System Causes of Miliary Dermatitis

• Environmental allergies. An allergy to dust or pollen can cause itching and miliary dermatitis in cats.

• Food allergies. Some cats are allergic to foods that cause skin conditions like miliary dermatitis. Most cats are allergic to specific meat proteins, like chicken or beef.

• Pemphigus foliaceus. This autoimmune skin disorder causes a cat’s immune system to attack the skin, causing inflammation and yellow to brown crusts.

Infections that Cause Miliary Dermatitis

• Bacterial infections. Staphylococci infections (known as “staph infections”) cause papules and miliary dermatitis. These infections only occur when some underlying problem is causing inflammation in your cat’s skin.

• Ringworm (fungus). Microsporum canis infects individual hair roots, causing each hair follicle to become inflamed, resulting in ringworm.

Finally, while not technically a cause of miliary dermatitis, mast cell tumors can look just like it. Mast cell tumors are small growths on the skin caused by mast cells and require veterinary diagnosis and possibly surgery to treat.

Signs of Miliary Dermatitis in Cats

Miliary dermatitis is small bumps on your cat’s body in either one or many areas. Some cats with severe miliary dermatitis can have papules covering their whole body. Many times, cats will develop small crusts over each papule, which pet parents can feel when they pet their cats. Other common signs of miliary dermatitis include:

• Hair loss
• Itchiness
• Small superficial wounds due to intense scratching
• Scaliness to the skin
• Redness to the skin
• Redness and/or brown to black debris in the ears

Diagnosing Miliary Dermatitis in Cats

Physical examination by a veterinarian is required to diagnose miliary dermatitis. However, finding the cause is more complex. Several tests that may identify the cause include:

Skin scrape. Your veterinarian will gently scrape the very top layer of the skin on affected areas and look for mites under a microscope.

Cytology. Your veterinarian may use a swab to obtain a sample of what is found on the skin. After looking under a microscope, bacterial infections may be found.

Fungal culture. A sample for culture is obtained using a toothbrush to brush your cat’s entire body vigorously. Typically, it takes at least five to seven days for any fungus to grow, so you will have to wait for results.

Biopsy. If the dermatitis is severe and treatments are not helping, your cat will undergo anesthesia to have a small piece of skin removed. The skin is sent to a pathologist who examines the skin to diagnose the issue.

Allergy testing. If allergies are suspected, testing can be performed to identify what your cat is allergic to.

If no tests reveal the cause of your cat’s miliary dermatitis, your veterinarian may recommend trying multiple things to attempt to treat the underlying cause of the dermatitis, including a prescription diet to help with food allergies or pest control to prevent fleas and mosquitoes in your home and on your cat’s body.

Treatment of Miliary Dermatitis in Cats

Treatment of miliary dermatitis involves treating the cause of the issue. Common ways of treating miliary dermatitis include:

• Antibiotics
• Antifungals
• External parasite treatment
• Antihistamines
• Prescription diet for food allergies
• Steroids

Homeopathic Treatment Options

Omega-3 fatty acids are an essential part of skin health and are found in oils such as flaxseed or fish oil. These are highly unlikely to treat your cat’s miliary dermatitis, but may decrease the severity. Speak with your veterinarian before giving supplements to ensure you are giving your cat the correct dose.

Coconut oil is another source of omega-3 fatty acids and can decrease inflammation on your cat’s skin. A small amount may be rubbed between your hands then massaged onto your cat’s skin to create a very thin layer of coconut oil. Your cat can also drink a very small amount (think 1/8 to 1/4 of a teaspoon) by mouth once daily. However, coconut oil is high in fat and can upset your cat’s stomach. Speak to your veterinarian before giving your cat coconut oil.

General Cost of Treatment

The cost of treatment is fairly low for most cats and involves a veterinary examination, flea preventives, minor skin testing and some medications by mouth such as antibiotics. Typically, you can expect to spend between $200 to $400 treating miliary dermatitis.

In some cats, chronic issues that cause miliary dermatitis, such as allergies, will cost more over time and vary significantly based on what medications and prescription food are required to get the issue under control.

How to Prevent Miliary Dermatitis in Cats

Miliary dermatitis that is caused by parasites can be prevented by keeping cats indoors and applying flea preventives year-round. 

Choosing a preventive that kills mites as well is best. Ringworm and mites can be prevented by not allowing your cat to interact with other cats who may be infected. Otherwise, the rest of the causes of miliary dermatitis are not preventable.

Related Conditions 

• Cheyletiellosis (walking dandruff)
• Demodectic mange
• Allergies (environmental and food)
• Flea-bite hypersensitivity
• Mast cell tumor
• Mosquito-bite hypersensitivity
• Otodectic mange
• Pemphigus foliaceus
• Pyoderma (bacterial skin infection)
• Ringworm (fungal skin infection)
• Scabies (sarcoptic mange)

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Let’s take a closer look at what causes this syndrome in cats, signs to watch for, and how to treat it.

What is Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome?

“Hyperesthesia” means an increase in sensitivity. When a stimulus that does not normally cause pain is perceived as painful, this is referred to as “allodynia.” This term may more precisely describe Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome.

FHS is also known by many other descriptive terms: rolling skin disease, rolling skin syndrome, apparent neuritis, atypical neurodermatitis, psychomotor epilepsy, and twitchy cat disease. No matter the name, it describes episodes in which a cat obsessively licks, scratches, or chews at herself. Sometimes this is in response to a person or another animal touching the cat. In more severely affected cats, these episodes can occur spontaneously.  

FHS in cats can emerge anytime during adulthood but most often appears between the time of physical maturity and 1 year of age. 

Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome Causes

The cause of FHS in cats is not well understood. Some veterinary researchers speculate it is a behavioral disorder along the lines of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) that leads to excessive grooming. Others suggest it is related to seizure disorders or due to injury. The true cause is likely multifactorial, meaning cats have multiple risk factors before becoming clinically affected by the syndrome. Part of the confusion is due to the variability in response to treatments. Some cats respond best to anxiety medications, while others respond better to pain and seizure control medication. Other cats may require both types of medication.

Certain breeds, such as Abyssinian, Burmese, Persian, and Himalayan cats, are at higher risk for developing FHS. This means there is likely at least some heritable genetic component to the syndrome. 

Signs of Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome

Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome occurs in short episodes and usually involves the area right in front of a cat’s tail (lumbar spine). These episodes may last only 1 to 2 minutes. During an episode, signs of FHS in cats may include:

• Excessive grooming, especially of the lower back
• Skin along the back rippling or rolling
• Tail chasing
• Vocalization
• Salivation
• Dilated pupils
• Aggression

Cats may attack their own tails or lower back, or they may take out their aggression on nearby people or animals.

Episodes of FHS are transient, meaning the cat can be normal and feel comfortable most of the time and then suddenly have a moment of pain. This is especially noticeable if you are petting or playing with your cat when the episode occurs. The frequency of episodes varies, as does the severity of hyperesthesia. Episodes can occur rarely (once a month) or very frequently (multiple times per day).

Diagnosing Hyperesthesia Syndrome in Cats

There is no single test for FHS. To diagnose Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome, your veterinarian will need to rule out other possible causes of your cat’s symptoms first. Skin irritation, such as from fleas, skin allergies, dry skin, or skin infection, can cause similar signs in cats. Spinal problems, such as arthritis, injury, disc herniation, and cancer, can also present as similar episodes of pain. 

In addition to a thorough physical exam, your veterinarian will conduct complete orthopedic and neurological exams to diagnose FHS in cats. Your veterinarian may also recommend diagnostic testing, such as:

Blood work and urinalysis. These will be used to evaluate your cat for a metabolic or endocrine cause of symptoms.

Radiographs. X-rays of your cat’s spine and tail will help determine whether there is a specific cause of the episodes. 

MRI. An MRI (magnetic resonance image) enables a veterinarian to evaluate the physical health of the muscles and ligaments around your cat’s spine, spinal cord, and close details of the vertebral bones of the spine. This is the gold standard of evaluation for FHS. 

Depending on the presentation of your cat’s symptoms, a consultation with a veterinary behaviorist may be helpful as well. 

How to Treat Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome

There is no cure for FHS in cats. If episodes can be avoided by not touching your cat in a particular location on her body, avoidance of the area is a more appropriate treatment than medicine. Similarly, if the cat’s symptoms are mild and she only grooms intently for a short moment, no medication is needed. However, if episodes of Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome cause your cat to potentially hurt herself or others, then medication is required. 

The first part of treatment of FHS is behavioral and environmental modification. This is aimed at reducing stress, anxiety, and triggers your cat has for FHS. Supplements such as coenzymes, omega-3 fatty acids, and a prescription skin support diet may also reduce the frequency and severity of FHS in cats.

For mild to moderate cases of FHS in cats, a medication called gabapentin can be very helpful in reducing the severity and/or frequency of episodes. Gabapentin reduces nerve pain and can also be helpful in reducing seizures, which may be related to FHS. Gabapentin is also useful to reduce stress in cats. For some cats, FHS is better managed with anti-anxiety medication, such as fluoxetine (Prozac) or Clomipramine. Gabapentin and fluoxetine both cost approximately $10-$30/month. 

Cats with severe FHS may require multiple medications as well as periodic epidural injections (injections into the spinal column) with pain medication and steroids, costing about $100 each. 

While the prognosis for FHS in cats is generally good and the syndrome can be well-managed with medication, some cats who suffer from severe cases may self-mutilate, or injure themselves, worsening pain and causing infection. Some may also become very aggressive, especially when another animal or a person touches them. These are indicators of a poor prognosis due to poor welfare for the cat. 

How to Prevent Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome

FHS in cats cannot be prevented. You can reduce the frequency or severity of episodes by reducing your cat’s anxiety and stress. Some important considerations are effective flea control (to reduce itching), regular brushing and grooming to keep your cat’s coat healthy, and stopping interacting with your cat if she shows any signs of stress.

Since there may be a strong behavioral component to FHS, providing a safe, comfortable home with plenty of regular exercise and interaction may reduce your cat’s risk.

Related Conditions

• Seizures
• Obsessive compulsive disorder
• Anxiety
• Over-grooming

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Stressful though it may be, regular veterinary care is vital to your cat’s health, and there are ways to make the experience better for the both of you. Here’s how often you should take your cat to the vet and why regular cat checkups are so important.

How Often Should Cats Go to the Vet?

Pet owners often ask when and how often their cat should go to the vet, and there are multiple variables that contribute to the answer to this question. Age, health status and lifestyle will all play a role in your cat’s vet schedule. That said, the American Animal Hospital Association recommends taking your adult cat in for a checkup at least once a year.

Why It’s Important to Take Your Cat to the Vet

Regular veterinary care throughout your cat’s life is valuable for many reasons. Every veterinary visit will include a physical examination which can help your vet detect issues including skin conditions, dental disease, and even masses found in or on your cat. External parasites, such as fleas, ticks or ear mites can also be found and treated at vet visits.

And even if your cat remains an indoor companion, it is still important to keep them up to date on vaccines and annual wellness testing (which includes a physical exam, blood work and a fecal test). Routine diagnostics like these will help your veterinarian catch any abnormalities readily and early so appropriate medications or treatments can be started. Regular vaccines will also keep your cat protected and immunized from life-threatening illnesses, like rabies. And don’t forget about those monthly flea, tick, heartworm and parasite preventives!

How Often Do Cats Get Shots?

Different life stages will require different levels of veterinary care. Kittens will see the vet more often, as vaccine boosters are required quite frequently until sufficient immunity is achieved. Beginning at 6 to 8 weeks of age, a kitten will receive their first FVRCP (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis Calicivirus Panleukopenia) vaccine. This is a combination vaccine often referred to as a feline distemper vaccine. It will need to be boostered three to four weeks later, then three to four weeks after that, for a total of three vaccines. Once the final round is given, these vaccines are good for one year’s time. Kittens will also receive their first rabies vaccine between 13 and 16 weeks of age.

If your kitten is going to spend any amount of time outdoors, it may be recommended by your veterinarian that they also receive the feline leukemia vaccine. Feline leukemia is spread from cat to cat (not transmissible to humans) via bodily fluids, so it is possible for an outside cat to encounter another cat carrying the disease at some point.

After your kitten gets all of its shots, they will be spayed or neutered (around 6 months of age). Vet visits during this time will also include fecal tests to check for intestinal parasites and a monthly flea, tick and parasite preventive should begin to be given. Once your cat is spayed or neutered and has all of its shots, they should be all set with veterinary visits until their annual cat checkup. 

After your cat receives their initial FVRCP and rabies vaccines, it is possible that your veterinarian will recommend a three-year version of these vaccines. That said, adult cats should still be brought in for an annual checkup to screen for any underlying health issues. A stool sample should be checked annually, as well, even if your cat does not go outside. 

Once your cat hits 7 years of age, it is recommended to increase veterinary visits to every 6 months. Just like aging humans, medical conditions in senior cats can arise quickly and without notice, making regular wellness exams very important. Annual routine blood work should be run to screen for any metabolic issues and overall organ function. 

If your cat is diagnosed with any illness or chronic condition throughout their lifetime, your veterinarian may recommend a different annual examination or vaccination schedule for them.

Tips for Bringing Your Cat to the Vet

Bringing a cat to the vet may not be the easiest task in the world, but there are a few things you can do to help get them there safely and happily:

Make sure your cat has a comfortable carrier. It should be large enough so that they fit comfortably, but not too large where they will feel vulnerable or jostled around in the car ride. It is helpful to leave the crate open at home for a couple of weeks before the appointment so that your cat becomes familiar with the equipment. You can put their favorite toy or an article of clothing that smells like you in the carrier with them or encourage them into the carrier with a little catnip or treats. There are also pheromone sprays that can be used as a calming agent. In addition, secure your cat’s crate on the floor between the front and back seat or strap it in so that your cat does not get jostled around.

Consider medicating your cat ahead of time. If your pet is a scaredy cat, share your concerns with your veterinarian before making your appointment, as there are medications that can help calm them down prior to the whole experience.

Make an appointment for a quiet time of day. Try to schedule your cat’s appointment for a quiet time of day at the veterinary hospital or clinic, such as mid morning or early afternoon. You can also ask for the quietest time of day or for a quiet exam room.

Try a Fear Free or cats-only clinic. There are some veterinary clinics that deal solely with cats, which may be an option depending on where you are located. And you may be interested to find out if your veterinary clinic is Fear Free Certified or uses low-stress handling techniques. This means they take every precaution to provide a calm environment for cats, as well as use minimal restraint during examinations and procedures.

The post How Often Do You Take a Cat to the Vet? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

With insights from four veterinarians (including a board-certified veterinary dermatologist), we’ve unpacked what you need to know about cat chin acne, including treatment and prevention options. 

Since acne may be a symptom of an underlying problem—or may not even be true acne—it’s always a good idea to get in touch with your veterinarian if you’re concerned.

Can Cats Get Acne?

Yes, cats can get acne. In fact, it resembles the type that people often get. It usually takes the form of blackheads and whiteheads under the chin, but can also extend to the lips and muzzle. 

Though it’s not as common, acne can sometimes emerge on other parts of a cat’s body. “Cats can have other dermatologic conditions elsewhere on the body which may look similar, or be from the same cause,” says Dr. Sasha Gibbons, associate veterinarian at Just Cats Veterinary Hospital in Stamford, Connecticut. 

Cats of any age can develop acne, but some veterinarians say it’s most prevalent during middle age. And while acne can become aggressive in any breed, Persians and Himalayans are at an increased risk of idiopathic facial dermatitis and primary seborrhea, which are considered extreme forms.

The veterinary community is not precisely sure how common cat chin acne is. Some veterinarians say it’s a relatively common condition while others say it’s not as prevalent. This uncertainty is partly due to a scarcity of research on the topic. 

“While this is a well-recognized problem, it is poorly studied,” says Dr. Elizabeth A. Layne, a board-certified veterinary dermatologist with BluePearl Specialty + Emergency Pet Hospital in Midvale, Utah. And since many cats have very mild signs, pet parents are less likely to take them to the veterinarian for an examination, Layne adds. So cases go unreported. 

Cat Chin Acne: What Does it Look Like?

Acne on a cat’s chin usually starts out as mild black crusts and debris in the fur, and blackheads on the skin, says Layne. Blackheads form “when the hair follicles are plugged with shed skin cells and skin oil.” 

A single cat pimple or even a full-blown breakout can look like dirt. “Chin acne tends to look like the common black or whiteheads that humans get, like black material stuck to the fur and skin, often with little discomfort shown by the cat,” says Dr. Klaus Earl Loft, a veterinarian at Angell Animal Medical Center in Boston. Some cats, Loft says, may experience a single breakout, “but many others will have recurring symptoms.” 

Though most cases of cat chin acne are mild, they can progress, becoming “inflamed with red bumps, pus, crusting and hair loss developing. With deep infection and inflammation, the skin can become swollen, painful, and thickened,” says Dr. Lisa Goin, a veterinarian at Heart + Paw in their Glen Mills, Pennsylvania location.

Cat Chin Mites vs. Acne

Mites are small organisms that can sometimes find a home on our pets—and cats are no exception. While some cats may not show any symptoms of a mite infestation, others may develop scabbing, bumps, itching and redness, which some confuse with cat chin acne. Differentiating between the two can be difficult, as some mites are invisible to the naked eye. Work with your vet to get a proper diagnosis. Doing so will ensure you get proper treatment for your kitty.

Causes of Cat Chin Acne

Veterinarians can’t definitively point to what causes cat chin acne, but they have some theories. “Like with humans it is probably a complex interaction between skin cell turnover, skin oil composition, bacteria on the skin surface, and other unidentified factors,” says Layne.

Here we take a deeper dive into some of the most common theories of what’s behind cat chin acne.

Overproduction of the Body’s Natural Oils 

The sebaceous glands generate sebum, which Loft says is a “natural, oil moisturizer.” When these glands generate an excess of sebum (a condition called seborrhea), hair follicles can become clogged. Acne occurs primarily on a cat’s chin, experts theorize, because hair follicle growth rate and skin turnover is comparatively slower in this area, says Loft.

Most cases of seborrhea are secondary—meaning that they’re the result of an underlying disease or condition. These may include hypothyroidism, fungal infections, allergies, or parasites.

Poor Self-Grooming Habits

Self-grooming serves a number of important functions for cats, one of which is to distribute sebum evenly throughout the body. When cats don’t groom adequately, oil can accumulate in the hair follicles and become clogged. However, we don’t know whether cats develop acne because of poor grooming habits or whether chin acne makes cats less inclined to groom themselves.

Plastic Food and Water Bowls

There’s an association between cat chin acne and plastic bowls, says Gibbons. There are two reasons for this, one of which is the bowl’s composition. “In general, when compared to glass or stainless steel bowls, plastic food bowls tend to have rougher edges, which can irritate the surface of the skin of the chin.”

Plastic can also harbor bacteria especially in the tiny cracks that form over time. “Once the skin barrier is weakened, the rough edges of the plastic can then introduce bacteria into the open wound,” Gibbons says. 

Genetics

Persian cats are known to develop primary seborrhea, which unlike secondary seborrhea, is hereditary and much less common. Hallmarks of this condition are scaly, greasy smelly skin and hair, infection, and inflammation.

Persian and Himalayan cats are also more likely to develop idiopathic (of an unknown cause) facial dermatitis, an uncommon skin disease that occurs primarily in younger cats. Sometimes referred to as “dirty face syndrome” it appears as black waxy material on the face, with emphasis on the chin and around the eyes.

Since diseases and disorders like fungal infections, mite infestations, and some autoimmune diseases may be at the root of cat chin acne, take your cat in for a consultation if the lesions become painful or itchy, recommends Layne. “And because acne only occurs on the face, if a cat has sores or crusts on other parts of the body, a visit to the vet is definitely warranted.”

Cat Chin Acne Treatment

Treatment depends on the type and severity of the acne and whether it’s related to an underlying disease or disorder. Here are some general thoughts on how to get rid of cat chin acne.

Cat Chin Acne Treatment for Mild Cases

If the acne is in the mild stage, there’s only crusting, and your cat is comfortable, treatment isn’t necessary, says Layne. 

However, “If you object to the appearance of the crusts and black heads, you can use warm compresses to clean it off. Sometimes wipes containing disinfectant and degreasing ingredients like salicylic acid, chlorhexidine, or acetic acid can be helpful,” she says. “Many of these are available over-the-counter. Be sure to check the package label to be certain it is safe for cats and avoid their eyes.” If you are unsure, consult your veterinarian.

For superficial oil buildups, use topical benzoyl peroxide or antiseborrheic wipes, or mild shampoo to flush out the hair follicles, says Loft. Additionally, “Many cats can benefit from a Clindamycin (antibiotic) gel or liquid preparation, which veterinarians can prescribe and help administer.”

Severe and Infected Cat Chin Acne Treatment

Bad cat acne typically requires a different regimen. Once the acne has progressed to the point where a cat starts scratching and the pimples are bleeding and oozing, it can be tough to try to apply topical treatments, says Layne. “In those cases oral antibiotics are usually needed, along with oral anti-inflammatory medications. As the lesions heal, then wipes or cream might be feasible.”

Some cats have just a few episodes of cat chin acne during their lives, while others have chronic issues, Layne says. “For these cats, long-term oral medication to control the inflammation is often needed.”

Other Cat Chin Acne Treatments

Cats afflicted with acne can also benefit from a fatty acid supplement, especially one containing Omega 3 fatty acids. Not only can Fatty acids help maintain a shiny coat, but they have anti-inflammatory properties which can benefit the skin. Ask your veterinarian for product recommendations and read the product instructions carefully before administering it to your cat. 

 “In some cases, keeping hair clipped short can help the condition resolve,” Loft adds.

For a proper diagnosis and to rule out other issues, it’s a good idea to check with your veterinarian. For example, “If there is significant itching and skin trauma, then the area should be checked for other similar looking conditions like demodex [mites],” says Loft. 

One practice to avoid is popping feline acne, as it can be painful, irritate the affected area, and spread infection. 

Can You Prevent Cat Chin Acne?

You can’t prevent cat acne if it’s the product of genetics, a virus, or allergies, says Gibbons. With many cases however, there are a couple of things you can do to help reduce future breakouts. 

Your cat doesn’t need treatment until she has an episode, says Layne. “If your cat has had an episode or two, when the active lesions are healed, wiping with disinfectant and degreasing wipes a few times per week might prevent, or at least reduce the severity of, flare-ups.”

Products with phytosphingosine can help reduce recurrence by providing a healthy skin barrier, says Goin. 

Try replacing your cat’s plastic food and water dishes with nonporous, smooth-surfaced dishes made of steel or glass. Then, wash them daily, say Loft. “This will reduce the amount of bacteria on your cat’s chin and may resolve the acne issue, too.”

And since grooming is essential to proper sebum distribution, make sure your cat can adequately perform this important behavior. Senior cats and those with arthritis, for example, may especially have difficulty with mobility. If this is the case, ask your veterinarian for guidance.

A general practice veterinarian or veterinary dermatologist can develop a preventive maintenance plan for severely affected cats, offers Layne. “A specialist can help determine if there are specific underlying causes that can be managed.”

Cat Chin Acne FAQs

Can cats get acne?

Yes, cats can get acne. In fact, it resembles the type that people often get. It usually forms as blackheads and whiteheads under the chin, but can also extend to the lips and muzzle.

Why do cats get chin acne?

Experts believe that cats can get acne for a number of reasons, though there is no one accepted cause. The most common theories point to a genetic predisposition, over-production of the cat’s natural body oils, poor hygiene and self-grooming habits, and plastic food dishes.

How do you treat cat chin acne?

Acne in cats can range from mild to severe. For the most mild cases, consider applying a hot compress or purchasing an over-the-counter cat product that contains acne fighting medication like salicylic acid. For more severe cases, or if your cat’s acne becomes infected, consult your veterinarian.

The post Cat Chin Acne: Why it Happens and How to Help appeared first on Great Pet Care.

While these blind cats still make loving companions, they do need a bit more care and attention. Whether you’re adopting a cat who is already blind, or your longtime pet recently lost her vision, there are simple steps you can take to ensure that she still has a safe, fulfilling and low-stress life.

How to Tell If a Cat is Blind

“Signs of vision loss in cats can be quite subtle or significant, depending on the onset of the vision loss,” says Dr. Brad Holmberg, a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist at the Animal Eye Center of New Jersey. Cats whose vision loss sets in gradually often adjust well enough that their pet parents don’t notice something is amiss until the cat is in a new environment. A sudden loss of vision is more obvious: you’ll probably notice your cat is bumping into things around the house.

Cats with vision issues tend to be more apprehensive and walk slowly and low to the ground, Holmberg says. Sometimes they keep their legs spread wide, and sometimes they stick out their necks so their whiskers can help them sense their surroundings. “They tend to be more cautious,” he adds, “especially when jumping down from a height.” And they may also become less active and start spending more time alone.

According to Holmberg, a blind cat’s pupils may be widely dilated. Their eyes might have a bright yellow, orange, or green sheen to them, or they may look white or bluish and cloudy, or take on a dark red color. One or both of a vision-impaired cat’s eyes may also look enlarged.

Causes of Blindness in Cats

Just like people, some cats are born blind or go blind right after birth, but neither is very common, Holmberg says. Severe upper respiratory infection as a kitten can scar or even rupture their eyes, leaving them blind in one or both eyes. More often, older cats lose vision due to cataracts, glaucoma, or chronic high blood pressure. 

Other possible causes include scarring from a previous injury, excess fluid in the cornea, and inflammation from a corneal ulcer or virus. Infectious diseases such as FeLV, FIV, and toxoplasmosis can also result in damage to a cat’s eyes, as can cancer, inherited degenerative disease, or optic nerve inflammation.

How to Care for a Blind Cat

“Unlike dogs, cats need relatively little changes in the home when they lose vision,” Holmberg says. Still, if you notice a change in your cat’s sight, he recommends seeing a veterinarian as soon as possible. That’s because while some causes of vision loss can’t be reversed, others can—or can at least be improved—if they’re caught early enough. (In fact, he says that half of cats who lose vision due to hypertension can actually regain sight if they’re treated early on.)

Once you’re clear on the root cause, you can start thinking about any necessary changes at home. Blind cats “tend to adapt very well using their other senses—especially smell, touch, and hearing—and usually very little needs to be done to help them adapt,” Holmberg says. 

He suggests keeping their environment as stable and predictable as possible—this isn’t the time to redecorate, change their food dish location, or rotate furniture. He also recommends keeping at least two litter boxes on each floor of the house.

“Cats tend to memorize their surroundings, and will use their sense of smell to find the litter box as well as food and water areas,” he says. “I always tell my clients that cats tend to have a sixth sense and use it to navigate when visually impaired.”

For cats who are still struggling to adapt, Holmberg suggests creating more opportunities for smell and texture cues. Soft surfaces like rug runners can be especially useful in helping a blind cat re-orient herself when moving through the house, since they soak up scents and also show her a change in texture.

“Cats that have acute vision loss can be quite apprehensive, cautious, and disoriented,” Holmberg says. “All of this can lead to negative behaviors.” Your formerly peaceful pet may begin peeing outside the litterbox, fighting with other cats in the house, or even becoming aggressive with family members. Holmberg says most of this behavior will improve over time, as your cat adapts to her new reality. 

In the meantime, he recommends creating a safe area where your cat can go to be away from any other pets. “You can probably imagine that if you couldn’t see and another cat or dog jumped on you, it could be quite surprising and disturbing,” he says.

The advice above also applies if you’re adopting a cat who is already blind, according to Holmberg. Start by creating a quiet, safe room or space where the cat can feel comfortable. Along with the basics, include a brand-new scratching post and some of your worn clothing. Spend time talking and petting her, but don’t rush or force the relationship. Once she is comfortable, you can start introducing the rest of your home, ideally one floor at a time. 

“Returning them to their [original] room when you leave is a good idea in the beginning, as then you’ll know they’re safe,” Holmberg says. “You may also want to close doors to rooms that are not frequently used, or ones that have too many hiding areas.”

When introducing a blind cat to new people, “remind them that the cat is blind, and to talk to the cat and move slowly before trying to pet the cat,” Holmberg says. “This is especially important with kids, as a startled cat could fear bite or scratch.”

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Whether your cat’s medication only comes in liquid form, or you simply prefer the idea of dosing your cat with liquid medicine over pills, here’s a helpful guide devoted specifically to liquid medications for cats. We’ll cover why they are necessary for some cats, common liquid medications, how to give a cat liquid medicine, and what other options are available when your kitty refuses medication. 

Why Cats May Need Liquid Medicine

Many oral medications for cats are available in both pill and liquid forms. If this is the case, your cat’s veterinarian may give you the choice between the two. Whether a pill or liquid will be easier to give is very dependent on the medication, the individual cat, and the pet parent’s comfort level. A recent study showed that most owners preferred giving their cat a pill over a liquid, but that cats tended to prefer the taste of liquid over pills (1). 

Sometimes pet parents will not have the option to choose between giving a pill or a liquid because a medication is only readily available in one format. Some medications, such as the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam, are only available in liquid form for cats. 

Liquid medications are sometimes preferable when it comes to providing a smaller or more precise dose of medicine. For example, if a tiny kitten needs medication, the veterinarian may be more inclined to prescribe a liquid, as a pill might contain too large of a dose. 

In some cases, the tablet form of a medication may pose health hazards that the liquid form does not. Certain medications, such as the antibiotic doxycycline, can become caustic if taken in tablet form and not followed up with water. That could lead to esophageal strictures—a serious condition that causes narrowing of the esophagus, the tube that connects the throat to the stomach. 

Common Liquid Medicine for Cats

There are many different types of medications for cats that come in liquid form, which treat a variety of conditions. Here’s a list of the most commonly prescribed liquid medications and what they do:  

• Gabapentin – This medication is commonly used to treat pain and to help to decrease stress and anxiety associated with veterinary visits and other challenging events.
• Prednisolone – This is a steroid that is used to treat or manage a variety of conditions including allergies and autoimmune disorders.
• Meloxicam – This is an anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to help relieve short-term pain, such as post-surgery recovery pain, or to help manage chronic inflammatory conditions such as arthritis.
• Antibiotics (amoxicillin or amoxicillin with clavulanic acid) – These antibiotics are used to treat a variety of infections, from respiratory disorders to wounds. 
• Dewormers (pyrantel, sulfadimethoxine, fenbendazole) – These help treat or prevent intestinal parasite infestations. 

How to Give Cats Liquid Medicine 

Ideally, it’s best (for both pets and parents) to start training cats on how to take medication when they are kittens. A good way to begin is by getting your kitten used to regular oral examinations. Gently open your kitten’s mouth, then reward them with treats, petting, and encouragement. This not only helps you identify any issues with your cat’s oral health, but it will also help your cat feel more comfortable opening their mouth when it comes time to administer medication. 

Before giving your cat liquid medication, it’s also important to make sure you are prepared with everything you will need to set yourself up for success. You will need a thick bath towel, gloves, the appropriate syringe or dropper required to measure and administer the medication, and your cat’s favorite treats or wet food. It is also helpful to have someone else available to help you if you know your cat is difficult to medicate. 

If your cat is currently feeling fine and eating well, you can first try hiding the liquid medication in a small amount of tasty wet food—about the size of a meatball. The stinkier the food, the better it will hide the smell of the medication. Do not apply the medication to an entire meal’s worth of wet food. There’s always a chance that your cat may not eat all the food and won’t get the full dose of medication. Also, if you have multiple cats, you want to be sure that no other cats take medication not meant for them. 

However, adding medication to food is not always recommended. If you have an ill cat who is not eating well, adding medication to their food could create food aversion—meaning your cat might associate the yucky taste of the medicine with their food and be even less inclined to eat.

If this is the case, or your cat doesn’t fall for the meatball trick, the next thing you can try is gently swaddling your cat in a towel and placing them on your lap with their head facing away from your body. This way, you can approach your cat’s mouth from the side with the medicine dropper. That may feel less threatening to your pet than a head-on approach. This position also keeps your cat’s mouth further from your body and allows you to use your arms and elbows to gently secure your cat and prevent an escape. 

Next, offer the syringe or dropper to your cat and let them taste the medication. If you’re lucky, your cat might then readily accept the medication and you can gently trickle it into their mouth.  However, many cats may still resist. Sometimes it can help to put a small amount of a squeezable treat to the tip of the dropper or syringe. Once your cat begins to lick off the treat, depress the syringe or dropper into their mouth. You can follow up the medication with more of the tasty treat as a reward for taking the medication. 

If the above options do not work, here’s another approach: First, use your non-dominant hand to hold your cat’s head steady. If you position your middle finger underneath your cat’s jaw, your index finger on their forehead, and your thumb behind the head at the base of the skull, this will help you control their head and prevent you from getting bitten. 

Next, with your dominant hand, grip the syringe and (coming from the side) slide it in through the corner of your cat’s mouth, into the cheek pouch. Quickly squirt the medication inside the cheek pouch, then remove the syringe and gently hold your cat’s mouth closed. To encourage your cat to swallow, you can rub their throat or gently blow on their nostrils. 

When giving liquid medicine to cats, make sure their head isn’t tilted back and that you never forcefully squirt the liquid into the back of their mouth as that can cause your cat to inhale the medication. If your cat is very squirmy, having one person to hold your cat’s body and one person to administer the medication can be very helpful. 

As always, try to make this as positive an experience as possible, and follow up the medication by rewarding your cat with something they like such as food, playtime, or a gentle brushing session. 

If you have a cat that is becoming very upset with you while you are trying to medicate them, it’s a good idea to take regular breaks and try different methods. Be conscious of your cat’s body language to avoid bites and scratches. Pinned back ears, growling, or hissing is your cat’s way of warning you to back off. If you are ever bitten by your cat, make sure to clean the wound thoroughly and contact your physician right away. 

What if My Cat Won’t Take Liquid Medication? 

If you have tried all of these methods and you are still unable to give your cat liquid medication, speak with your veterinarian about other options for administering the drug. In some cases, the medication can be compounded into a different form, such as a tuna flavored liquid, a chewable treat, or a flavorless capsule. Certain medications are also available as transdermal creams that are applied to the skin on the ear flaps. 

Some medications are not available in alternate forms. In those cases, you may be able to bring your cat into the veterinarian’s office when it comes time for medicating, where a trained professional can do it. Or, better yet, ask if a veterinary technician can come to your home and administer the medication. 

Using a calming pheromone diffuser or spray can also help to calm your cat down during medication time. 

Remember that cats are very attuned to our emotions. If you remain calm and collected when it comes time to medicate your cat, that may help calm them down, as well. Work slowly and reach out to your veterinarian for advice if things are not going well.

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Vomiting in cats can often be an early sign of illness. Be careful not to overlook this important change in your cat’s health.

Here is everything you need to know if you notice your cat vomiting.

Why Do Cats Vomit? 7 Causes of Cat Vomiting

Just like humans, cats can vomit for many different reasons. Some causes of cat vomiting are relatively benign and may even resolve on their own. Others can be much more serious. 

Here are a few of the most common reasons why cats vomit.

Hairballs

As cats lick themselves, their rough tongues pull loose fur out of their coats which is then swallowed. Large volumes of hair can accumulate in the stomach and are not easily digested, leading the cat to vomit a hairball. This cause of vomiting is usually nothing to worry about. But, if your cat has hairballs frequently, you may want to address this with your veterinarian. In some cases, hairballs can be an early sign of a gastrointestinal problem.

Gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis is essentially a fancy term for an upset stomach, which can occur because of dietary indiscretion, toxins, or medication side effects, among other things. Some causes of gastroenteritis are mild and will resolve on their own. Others can be more serious and will need a vet’s attention.

Foreign Bodies or Obstructions

If your cat eats foreign material—such as a toy, pieces of string, a hair tie, or another object—this may cause blockage and damage to the GI tract that can lead to vomiting. This cause of vomiting is serious and requires immediate veterinary attention.

Food Allergies and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

While allergies are fairly uncommon in cats, they can cause vomiting. When cats eat a trigger food, the inflammation in their digestive tract may lead to regurgitation. Some cats may also experience chronic diarrhea as a result of these conditions.

Systemic Illnesses

Chronic illnesses such as kidney disease, pancreatitis, and hyperthyroidism can all cause nausea and chronic vomiting due to various mechanisms. Addressing these causes of vomiting requires identifying the underlying condition, and many of these conditions require lifelong management.

Parasites 

This cause of vomiting is more common in kittens, but can occur in animals of any age. Occasionally, pet owners will even see live worms in the vomit. The good news is that treating the parasites often resolves the vomiting.

Cancer

Cancers of the digestive tract are fairly common in cats and can cause vomiting by interfering with normal digestion. Cancers in other areas of the body can also cause feelings of nausea, discomfort, and malaise, which can also lead to vomiting. 

Types of Cat Vomit

Cats can vomit due to several causes, and its appearance may provide clues to what caused it in the first place. 

Most cat owners are familiar with hairballs, which occur when the cat ingests large quantities of hair during normal grooming. This hair cannot be digested and may be vomited back out of the digestive tract. 

Vomit from other, more serious causes may include blood, bile, mucus, or partially digested food. The frequency, timing, and appearance of the vomit are all important factors to discuss with your veterinarian.

It can also be helpful for pet parents to be aware of the differences between vomiting and regurgitation. 

Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of stomach and upper intestinal contents, while regurgitation is the expulsion of the contents from the mouth, throat, and esophagus. Vomiting is an active process, often lasting several minutes, during which the cat may look unwell, drool, retch, display abdominal heaving, and finally vomit. 

Regurgitation, on the other hand, happens quickly and often without warning. The cat is typically fine one minute, then suddenly “spits up” without retching or heaving. Identifying which of these two processes your cat is experiencing can help you and your veterinarian narrow down the possible causes of the problem.

Cat Vomit Color Chart

Pet parents often want to try to diagnose the cause of their cat’s vomiting based on the color or consistency of the vomit. Unfortunately, the diagnosis is not that simple. The color of a cat’s vomit can vary depending on what the cat has eaten (including any non-food items!), any dyes used in the food or treats the cat eats, and a number of other factors. 

Because of this, color is not a reliable way to diagnose the cause of your cat’s vomiting. While the following chart may be helpful, you should talk to your veterinarian.

chart