If your older cat is showing behavioral changes like these, they may be experiencing the onset of cat dementia, a neurological disease marked by a progressive impairment of cognitive function. While there is currently no cure for cat dementia, there are steps you can take to help your cat stay comfortable and content.

Can Cats Get Dementia?

Can cats go senile? Yes, absolutely. Cat dementia—known officially as cognitive dysfunction syndrome or CDS—is very similar to dementia or Alzheimer’s disease in humans. That’s because both cat dementia and human dementia “involve cognitive decline, memory issues, and behavioral changes,” says Dr. Gabrielle Fadl, director of primary care at Bond Vet in New York City. 

While CDS doesn’t appear in all senior cats, it’s relatively common in the feline world. One study found that 28 percent of cats between the ages of 11 and 14 showed behavioral changes consistent with CDS (1). For cats over 15 years old, 50 percent showed signs of this condition. 

Interestingly, dementia was only scientifically identified in cats in the early 2000s. Before that, cat dementia symptoms were dismissed as “old age.”

“It was identified in dogs much earlier, probably in the late ’80s and ’90s,” says Dr. Gary Landsberg, one of the clinical practitioners who first identified CDS in cats, who now works as a veterinary behaviorist at Fear Free Research and the veterinary scientific director at CanCog Inc. 

“One of the reasons that dogs probably became a focus of cognitive research was because they were also being looked at as models for the human brain, aging, and Alzheimer’s disease in people,” he adds. “Cats came along a little bit later.”

There is still plenty to learn about CDS in cats, but experts now understand that it is a very real condition that requires specialized care. 

What Causes Dementia in Cats?

The exact causes of cat dementia, or CDS, are unknown. However, researchers believe it can be triggered by degenerative changes in the brain, which can be brought on by old age, stress, or disease (2). 

Signs of Dementia in Cats

The acronym VISHDAAL refers to common behavioral changes in cats to watch for that could indicate cognitive dysfunction (2). This includes:

• Vocalization
• Alterations in interactions, such as increased affection
• Changes in sleep-wake cycles
• House-soiling
• Disorientation
• Changes in activity levels
• Anxiety
• Learning or memory deficits

“Disorientation might be not recognizing or not responding to stimuli the way they used to, going into rooms that they didn’t normally go to, or getting lost in the house,” Dr. Landsberg describes. “Whereas altered sleep-wake cycles could be waking more at night, sleeping more during the day, having restless or interrupted sleep, vocalizing at night.”

Diagnosing Dementia in Cats

Before giving a diagnosis of CDS, your veterinarian will first need to rule out the possibility of other medical conditions that could be causing behavioral changes in your cat, says Dr. Fadl. For instance, conditions such as hyperthyroidism, kidney disease, or brain tumors can present with symptoms similar to CDS, she says.

CDS is a “diagnosis of exclusion,” Dr. Landsberg describes. 

“[CDS] may be alone, but it’s often compounded by other medical problems,” he says. “In diagnosis, sometimes we even do what’s known as ‘response to therapy.’ So if your cat is vocalizing and moving slowly, and we think it might be painful … we might put it on pain medication to see how many of those signs clear up or improve. And whether they do or don’t can indicate whether those cognitive signs are pain-related signs.”

According to Dr. Landsberg, it is important to rule out medical issues related to:

• Arthritis
• Sensory issues
• Endocrine disorders
• Gastrointestinal issues
• Metabolic (renal, hepatic) problems
• Cardiovascular diseases
• Urinary problems
• Drug effects  

It is also important to exclude the possibility of behavioral changes due to stressors in a cat’s environment, such as moving to a new house or a change in their routine, Dr. Landsberg adds.

Cat Dementia Treatment

There are currently no FDA-approved drugs for cats with dementia. However, according to Dr. Landsberg, there are several approved medications for dogs, including selegiline, which has sometimes been used off-label in cats. There are also behavioral drugs such as gabapentin and pregabalin that can treat cat dementia symptoms like anxiety, irritability, and altered sleep. 

There is evidence that certain supplements can help control signs of cognitive dysfunction in cats (2). “Special diets rich in antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids may be beneficial,” says Dr. Fadl. “Supplements like SAMe and Coenzyme Q10 are also used to support brain health.”

Managing Cat Dementia

In addition to providing mental and physical stimulation for your cat, there are modifications you can make at home to help manage their condition. 

Jane Ehrlich, a feline behaviorist based in Arizona and owner of Cattitude Feline Behavior, says one of the simplest things you can do is to install night lights around your house to help cats orient themselves.

“It’s not because of any ocular changes,” Ehrlich says. “It’s because the atmosphere has become a little more threatening because they can’t maneuver as well as they used to. My biggest thing is for them to feel more comfortable in the world.”

You can also try putting litter boxes in more places around the house to make them more accessible.

It is also helpful to maintain structure and to help your cat remain familiar with their world, says Ehrlich. “There’s nothing like familiarity to bust stress.”

Ehrlich suggests capturing the cat’s scent by rubbing a cloth on the pheromones around their face and then rubbing the fabric on new or moved objects in the house or new rooms the cat is now exploring.

“Some people find this odd, but it often works,” says Ehrlich. “When you move the chair, or you move anything a little bit, re-anoint the chair with the cat’s smell. If there’s a room that she goes into where she hasn’t before, rub the walls with her smell as high up as a cat can stretch.”

Ehrlich also suggests feeding your cat more frequent but smaller meals throughout the day to give them something to look forward to. You can also use food puzzles and try to play with your cat in a stimulating way, she says.

You shouldn’t necessarily introduce a new cat to the household when your cat has been diagnosed with CDS. According to Ehrlich, this can be stressful and disruptive to them. 

Feline Dementia and Euthanasia

There are very few cases in which a pet parent would need to humanely euthanize their pet due to CDS, Dr. Landsberg says. The more likely reason for euthanasia would be other medical conditions such as kidney disease or cancer, he says.

“It’s unlikely, especially with proper support with the early diagnosis, and with combining cognitive dysfunction treatment with other medical treatments, that cognitive dysfunction will solely be the cause of having to euthanize,” he says. “You’re trying to improve their quality of life while they deal with other age-related problems.”

Feline dementia itself does not normally cause physical pain, Dr. Fadl adds. “Euthanasia decisions should be made in consultation with a veterinarian when a cat’s quality of life is significantly compromised, and the pet is experiencing distress.”

Preventing Cat Dementia

Cat dementia can be challenging to entirely prevent, especially when the exact causes are unknown. It’s also impossible to stop your cat from aging. However, Dr. Landsberg says there are things you can do to help slow your cat’s cognitive decline.

“There is evidence that brain enrichment, physical activity, and social interactions can help to keep the brain healthy and slow decline,” says Dr. Landsberg. “Obviously, you’re not going to have cats doing Sudoku and computer games, so you do what cats do and keep them physically, socially, and mentally active. And reducing stress is another one because stress can contribute to disease, cognitive decline, and other welfare issues for cats.”

To help your cat, you can engage them in play, give them affection, and keep them busy with games and food puzzles, Dr. Landsberg says.

Besides mental stimulation, Dr. Fadl says you can delay the onset of dementia by giving your cat a balanced diet and taking them to the veterinary clinic for regular check-ups.  

“Regular veterinary check-ups for senior cats are crucial for early detection and management of cognitive dysfunction,” Dr. Fadl says. “Early intervention can often improve the cat’s quality of life.”

References

1. Landsberg GM, Denenberg S, Araujo JA. Cognitive Dysfunction in Cats: A Syndrome we Used to Dismiss as ‘Old Age.’ Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2010;12(11):837-848. doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2010.09.004
2. Sordo L, Gunn-Moore DA. Cognitive Dysfunction in Cats: Update on Neuropathological and Behavioural Changes Plus Clinical Management. Vet Rec. 2021 Jan;188(1):e3. doi: 10.1002/vetr.3. Epub 2021 Jan 12. PMID: 34651755.

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Whatever the reason, it can be heartbreaking and frustrating to suddenly find your old dog peeing in the house. So, what can you do about it? First and foremost, you should consult a veterinarian and follow any treatment plan or advice they suggest. But you can also do several things yourself to help your dog—and keep your house clean.

Why Is My Old Dog Peeing in the House?

It can be perplexing to find your fully housetrained old dog having accidents suddenly, but this behavior is usually explainable.

“House soiling, including urinating indoors, while not uncommon, is typically a sign that your pet needs to visit the vet,” says Dr. Alejandro Caos, a veterinarian at The Vets, a mobile pet service in Austin, Texas. “As dogs age, they may experience changes in bladder control, cognitive decline, or mobility issues, which can contribute to this behavior.”

Most of the time, there is a medical reason why your senior dog can’t hold pee. Dr. Caos says common issues include urinary tract infections (UTIs), bladder stones, hormonal imbalances, and kidney disease. Your dog could also have arthritis or another painful ailment that makes it difficult to physically reach an appropriate urination place. Yet another explanation is that your dog has cognitive dysfunction syndrome—a condition similar to dementia in humans—that inhibits their ability to recognize when and where to do their business.

Your old dog may also be peeing in inappropriate places due to anxiety or stress. “Changes in routine, household dynamics, or environmental stressors can cause anxiety in senior dogs, leading to house soiling,” says Dr. Caos.

The issue can also just be a sign of age. According to Dr. Caos, older dogs experience age-related changes to their bodies that could lead to a decline in their bladder control and muscle tone, which makes it more likely for them to have accidents inside the house.

Determining the Cause of an Old Dog Having Accidents

Experts advise pet parents to seek professional advice rather than try to figure out the cause on their own. However, observing your dog’s behavior patterns and reporting your findings to your veterinarian can be helpful.

“Maintain a record of the accidents, including dates, times, locations, and any notable circumstances or events preceding them,” says Dr. Caos.

For instance, if your old dog is urinating or dribbling while asleep, this could be a clue that your dog has a bladder sphincter tone issue—that is, a problem with the muscles that help them control when they pee. When this function diminishes, your dog can become incontinent.  

If your dog pees small amounts in multiple places, they might have a UTI. If they pee during a thunderstorm, stress might cause them to have accidents. If your dog is also showing atypical behaviors, like wandering the house at night or increased anxiety, they could suffer from cognitive dysfunction.

Dr. Caos says it is also essential to monitor your dog’s water intake. “Excessive drinking could indicate an underlying health issue and may contribute to increased urination,” he says. “Discuss any concerns with your veterinarian.”

Old Dog Peeing in House: 6 Tips to Help

Are you eager to figure out how to stop your old dog from peeing in the house? Here are some things you can do to help.

Take your dog to a veterinarian

If your dog has started piddling in the house, you should first contact your veterinarian, says Dr. Kasey Aona, owner and medical director of GoodVets Polaris, a veterinary clinic in Westerville, Ohio.

“Senior dogs are more likely to get some medical issues that can lead to them urinating in the house, like kidney disease, diabetes, other endocrine diseases, urinary tract infections,” says Dr. Aona.

Even if your dog isn’t having accidents, Dr. Aona recommends senior dogs have a full comprehensive exam every six months since they’re prone to developing chronic health issues in old age. “It’s better to get ahead of things and catch things early,” she says.

Keep a diary of your dog’s day

Val Suleski, the head of kennels at the Raystede Centre for Animal Welfare in the U.K., says it’s important to keep a diary, noting where your dog pees, what was happening when they did it, and other helpful information.

“Even if a medical reason is indicated and the vet is providing care, having additional information to help with developing a plan around management to best support the dog is useful,” says Suleski.

Make it easy for them to get around

Your old dog may keep peeing in the house due to mobility issues. Therefore, it’s essential to make your dog’s space as accessible as possible and to give them easy access to the outdoors.

“Install a doggy door if feasible or create a clear and easily accessible path to the designated potty area,” says Dr. Caos. “Consider using ramps or steps to assist dogs with mobility issues.”

Try dog diapers, belly bands, or pee pads

Dog diapers and belly bands—a wrap designed to fit around a male dog’s waist to catch urine—are two products that help keep your house clean if your senior dog is having accidents. But Dr. Caos says these items only temporarily manage accidents without resolving the underlying issue.

Diapers and belly bands may also contribute to developing urine scald, especially if left on for too long. In female dogs, they may increase the risk of developing UTIs.

Another thing you can try is pee pads or puppy pads—super absorbent cloths that soak up your dog’s urine.

“If the dog is always peeing in certain spots, you can get disposable or reusable puppy or toilet pads that have non-slip and waterproof backing, put these down and just wash and reuse,” Suleski says. “Even laying cheap, old rugs in most often toileted areas can make cleaning up easier.”

Use an odor eliminator

Odor-elimination products can also be helpful. Not only do they get the dog urine smell out of the carpet, but they might discourage your dog from peeing in a particular spot, says Dr. Aona.

“Oftentimes, when dogs urinate, they go on a specific rug. If they can smell that urine, they’re more likely to go there again,” she says. “So I think it definitely could help to use an enzymatic cleaner to make sure that we’re getting rid of that smell as much as possible.”

However, Dr. Aona adds that odor eliminators don’t necessarily stop the behavior, especially if there is an underlying medical reason for your senior dog peeing in the house.

Re-house train your dog

Another idea is to try and modify your dog’s behavior through training.

According to Dr. Caos, behavior modification can work if your dog’s indoor peeing habit is due to age-related factors, cognitive decline, or anxiety.

“This can involve providing frequent potty breaks, establishing a consistent routine, using positive reinforcement … for appropriate elimination, and providing a comfortable and stress-free environment,” he says.

Dr. Caos says you can also re-house train your dog through crate training. He adds that it’s crucial never to scold or punish your dog for accidents since that can “create fear or anxiety, potentially exacerbating the issue.”

“Patience, consistency, and positive reinforcement are key,” he says.

Senior Dog Peeing in House: Other Advice

Finding yellow spots and puddles in the house will likely cause some frustration for pet parents. But Suleski says it’s important to remember that your dog is probably not doing this on purpose.

“Senior dogs peeing indoors is generally not something they are voluntarily choosing to do,” she says. “They literally suddenly must go and the drive to relieve a biological need will override any previous training.”

On this note, Suleski offers some sage advice: “Definitely do NOT scold or punish your dog; your dog will not understand why you are scaring or hurting them. Behaving negatively towards them is likely to increase the peeing incidents as they will become anxious and stressed about being around the people in the house that they experience behaving negatively around them.”

She adds that it’s essential not to show your anger when you’re cleaning up their mess since they “just won’t understand why” you’re mad.

Dr. Caos reiterates the importance of seeking out professional advice. “It’s crucial to address any potential medical issues and consult with professionals for personalized advice,” he says. “They can help determine the best approach for managing accidents in your senior dog and improve their overall well-being.”

“Remember, each situation is unique, and it’s important to consult with a veterinarian or a professional dog behaviorist for a comprehensive evaluation and personalized advice,” Dr. Caos adds. “They can provide guidance tailored to your dog’s specific needs and help develop a plan to address the issue effectively and compassionately.”

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A healthy heart allows a dog to run, play, and do everything else a dog does. So, understanding canine heart anatomy is essential to ensure your dog stays in good physical condition.

Where Is a Dog’s Heart Located in the Body?

A dog’s heart sits roughly in the middle of the chest between the lungs in an upright position. The position of a dog’s heart is roughly the same for most dogs, but there is some variation between breeds, says Dr. Joanne Harris, a veterinary cardiology specialist at HeartVets in Exeter, U.K.

“If you have a very barrel-chested breed like a French Bulldog, for example, or an English Bulldog, their heart will sit in a slightly different position because their chest is very round,” says Dr. Harris. “Whereas if you have a very narrow deep-chested breed like a Whippet, Doberman, or Boxer, then everything is more upright.”

Knowing the location of a dog heart might be helpful in the rare situation when you might need to give a dog CPR. 

“You can do external cardiac massage in dogs just as you can on people,” says Dr. Harris. “It’s easier in those narrow-chested breeds because you can go across the heart rather than having to put just downward pressure on it.”

However, Dr. Harris says she doesn’t actually recommend anyone without proper training to perform CPR on dogs. For one, she says that heart attacks are uncommon in dogs since they don’t get coronary artery disease as people do, so the situations in which CPR is required are rare. Secondly, she says it is easy to misjudge a situation where a dog needs CPR.

“I would say fainting is by far the most common reason that dogs may acutely collapse and not seem to have a heartbeat, and I think in that moment of panic, some dogs owners may struggle to feel a heartbeat,” says Dr. Harris, “but we wouldn’t recommend in that situation that they attempt any kind of CPR unless they have some training in this.” 

Dog Heart Anatomy: A Closer Look

The cardiovascular system of a dog consists of a four-chambered, oval-shaped heart and a network of blood vessels, including veins, arteries, and capillaries. The right side of a dog’s heart pumps blood to the lungs, while the left side pumps blood to the rest of the body. 

The size of a canine heart will vary depending on the dog’s size. “Obviously, a Chihuahua is going to have a smaller heart than a Great Dane,” says Dr. Gabrielle Fadl, Director of Primary Care at Bond Vet. “However, the size of the heart relative to the size of the dog is fairly consistent between breeds.”

All dogs have a circulating blood volume of about 80 milliliters per kilogram in body weight — but the amount of blood each dog circulates will, once again, differ depending on a dog’s size. “A Chihuahua may have around 400ml of blood, but a Great Dane would have around 6.5 liters,” says Dr. Harris.

What’s a normal heart rate for dogs? It is commonly believed that a dog’s body weight will affect heart rate, with smaller dogs having a faster heartbeat than younger dogs — but research has shown this may be untrue. For most dogs, the average heart rate is about 120 beats per minute (bpm), although young dogs under 12 months can have a slightly higher rate. Additionally, excited or nervous dogs may have a higher heart rate than calm dogs, experts say.

Dog Heart vs. Human Heart

Dogs and humans might be physically different in many ways, but the anatomy of our hearts is comparable.

“A dog heart and a human heart are actually very similar, having four chambers (left and right atria, and left and right ventricles) and a similar method of functioning,” says Dr. Fadl. “Some of the larger blood vessels coming directly from the heart even share the same names, including the aorta (the vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body) and the vena cava (the large vessel that returns blood to the heart).”

But when it comes to heart conditions, there are some key differences between humans and dogs, says Dr. Fadl. “Humans commonly get atherosclerosis or plaque buildup in their arteries, which can lead to a blockage and a heart attack,” says Dr. Fadl. “Dogs don’t really tend to have this type of issue. Instead, more common conditions for them include a leaky heart valve (usually with age, especially in small dogs) or problems with the heart muscles (more common in larger breeds).”

All heart murmurs in puppies should be monitored. Quiet heart murmurs in puppies are usually benign, but if a quiet murmur gets louder or does not go away by 6 months of age, then the puppy likely has a congenital heart abnormality. Loud heart murmurs are almost always associated with heart conditions in puppies. “So, if your puppy is diagnosed with a moderate or loud heart murmur at a young age, then it is best to seek cardiologist advice and find out if the puppy needs an echocardiogram,” says Dr. Harris. 

Other common heart issues dogs may face include congestive heart failure and heartworm disease in areas where it is endemic.

Heart Health for Dogs: What to Know

You can do many things to help keep your dog — and their heart — as healthy as possible.

“Maintaining a healthy weight is good to prevent excess strain on the heart, lungs, and joints,” says Dr. Fadl. “Take your dog to recommended checkups with your veterinarian, even if they seem healthy. It’s not unusual for vets to discover subtle signs of disease (like the abnormal heart sounds or rhythms mentioned above) in the early stages before symptoms develop. Earlier diagnosis often means treatment is more effective and less costly. Also, keep your dog on heartworm prevention as recommended, to protect their heart from these parasites.”

According to Dr. Harris, a lot of heart disease in dogs has a genetic component. For example, little dogs like Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Chihuahuas, Poodles, and Dachshunds have a higher likelihood of developing disease of the heart valves. If you want to buy a breed that is prone to heart disease, Dr. Harris says “…it’s best to do your research first and find out what screening programs are in place and buy puppies from breeders that are breeding dogs that have been screened and are listed as being clear of that disease.”

Dr. Harris also advises taking your dog to a cardiology specialist if a veterinarian detects a heart murmur or irregular heart rhythm. And, of course, seek medical advice if your dog faints or collapses or displays symptoms like shallow breathing or unusual tiredness after exercise.

Your quick action may save your dog’s life — and ensure that their heart keeps working in the healthiest way possible.

The post Where Is a Dog’s Heart? Understanding Canine Heart Anatomy appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Aside from being cold, there are other potential reasons for teeth chattering in dogs, such as smelling something interesting or, in some cases, an underlying health problem. 

Let’s take a closer look at what causes dog teeth chattering—and what to do about this behavior.

What Is Dog Teeth Chattering?

So, what exactly is teeth chattering in dogs, and what does it look like? This depends on how you define teeth chattering, says Dr. Nicholas Dodman, a professor emeritus at Tufts University and the chief scientific officer at the Center for Canine Behavior Studies. 

To Dr. Dodman, teeth chattering is what happens when a dog smells something new and exciting, like urine from another dog. The movement of the dog’s jaw helps move chemical signals from the smell to the vomeronasal organ—also called the Jacobson’s organ—in the roof of their mouth, allowing them to supercharge their sense of smell. This is called a Flehmen response. 

“Chattering has something to do with tasting, smelling, appreciating certain foreign materials, notably other dogs’ excretions or other interesting smells like bits of dead animal or an old piece of rotten chicken on the side of the road,” Dr. Dodman says. 

Dr. Dodman says that when chattering is part of a Flehmen response, a dog might briefly quiver their jaw while sniffing or licking. They might even appear like they’re about to yawn. They probably won’t tap their teeth together. Most of these episodes only last about 30 seconds—sometimes too quick for you to see, he adds.

But dog teeth chattering can also be defined another way. Dr. Roxanne LeBrun, a veterinarian at Best Friends Animal Society, a leading U.S. animal welfare organization, describes it as “an involuntary movement caused by contractions in the muscles used for mastication,” which can happen in response to dental pain, neurologic issues, or even anxiety.

In these situations, you might literally hear your dog’s teeth tap together as their jaw shakes. “It is a pretty obvious motion of the mouth, and you can often hear the teeth tapping against each other,” says Dr. LeBrun.

Causes of Dog Teeth Chattering

Veterinary experts say several things can cause teeth chattering in dogs, including:

• Flehmen response
• Dental disease, which can affect the teeth, gums, and tissues
• Neurologic issues such as seizures
• A neurodegenerative disease that affects the nerves controlling the jaw muscle
• Anxiety or fright
• Cold temperatures

So how can you tell if your dog’s teeth chattering is a response to something stinky and interesting—or an underlying health problem? Dr. Pieter Vanacker, a veterinary surgeon at AniCura Veterinary Center Anthemis in Kapelle-op-den-Bos, Belgium, says you must assess the situation and the dog’s overall behavior. In other words, get the context.

“It’s very important at that moment to see what the dog is doing,” Dr. Vanacker says. “What are the circumstances in which he starts doing that? So, for example, when you go for a walk with the dog, he’s going to sniff the environment, and he’s starting to shiver his teeth, it’s possible he found something he likes. But if it happens around the moment he wants to eat, it’s possible that he has a tooth [issue] and eating hurts him a little.”

Dr. Vanacker says if you see your dog chattering their teeth more than usual, or if you notice anything unusual about his behavior, it might be worth taking your dog to the veterinary clinic.

Should You Worry About Teeth Chattering in Dogs?

In many cases, you don’t need to worry about dog teeth chattering, especially if your dog seems to do it while sniffing or licking something. 

However, one situation in which you should take teeth chattering very seriously is when a dog is suddenly not responding to you, says Dr. Vanacker. In these situations, your dog may be experiencing a focal seizure. If you notice your dog chattering their teeth or biting at the air for no apparent reason, contact a veterinarian to rule out focal seizures.

And of course, if you think your dog is suffering due to an issue like dental pain or anxiety, you should also contact your veterinarian.

What to Do About a Dog’s Chattering Teeth

In most cases, teeth chattering in dogs does not indicate a serious issue that requires a trip to the emergency clinic. But if you’re still concerned, carefully document what’s happening so you can discuss the behavior with your veterinarian.

“If you notice teeth chattering, it’s a good idea to make a mental note of the conditions it’s occurring in and the generalized demeanor of your dog,” says Dr. LeBrun. “Ask yourself questions like: Are they in an unfamiliar or scary environment? How is the ambient temperature? Do they respond to you speaking or petting them?

“Another very helpful thing you can do is try to capture the episode on video to share with your veterinarian,” she adds. “It may provide hard-to-describe details that help your veterinarian identify how concerned to be about the behavior and where to direct their physical exam.”

If your dog turns out to be suffering from dental issues, neurological problems, anxiety, or another condition, your vet will be able to provide advice on what to do. For instance, your veterinarian might advise a professional dental cleaning to address any oral health issues, or to consult a dog behavior expert for ways to ease your dog’s anxiety. If you tackle the root of the issue, a dog’s teeth chattering might completely disappear.

The post Dog Teeth Chattering: Causes and What It Means appeared first on Great Pet Care.

While cats see fewer colors than humans, they have extra visual abilities that we lack. For instance, cats can see quite well in the dark!

So what colors can cats see? To understand cat color perception, it’s helpful to know how their eyes are structured. Here’s what you need to know about cat vision.

Cat Vision: Understanding Feline Eye Anatomy

There are many similarities between human eyes and cat eyes, at least in the anatomical sense, says Dr. Kelli Ramey, a veterinary ophthalmologist and owner of Calgary Animal Eye Care in Calgary, Canada.

“We have all the same basic structures: the cornea, the clear windshield of the eye; the iris, the colored part of the eye; a lens; and a retina,” says Ramey. “Probably the predominant anatomic difference between our eyes and cats’ eyes is the shape of the pupil. So that cat eye has that vertical slit-shaped pupil, which actually helps them with more of their distance vision, and it can improve their visual acuity at a distance.”

A critical difference between humans’ and cats’ eyes lies in the composition of the retina—namely, the photoreceptor cells known as cones and rods. Human eyes have more cones, enabling broad color vision. Cat eyes mainly consist of rods that allow for black-and-white vision in dim light. While cats do have cones that allow them to see color, their visual abilities focus more on seeing in the dark rather than distinguishing a range of colors.

“Cats can see better in the dark than we can largely because they have more rods than cones and a greater density of rods than we have,” says Dr. Riley Aronson, an ophthalmology specialty intern at Tuft University’s Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine. “This helps them hunt in darker lighting, since cats are technically crepuscular (most active at dawn and dusk). Another reason they see better in the dark is because cats (excluding blue-eyed cats) have another layer in the back of their eye called a tapetum lucidum—or tapetum for short. This helps reflect light back through the retina, meaning the photoreceptors (rods and cones) receive more light.”

While cats are known to have two types of cones in their retinas, some recent studies have suggested that cats could have a third cone, allowing them to see a broader spectrum of color (2). But this idea is controversial since these cones cannot be consistently detected in anatomic or behavioral studies of vision in cats (3).

What Colors Can Cats See?

There is still a lot to learn about feline vision, but most experts agree that cats see shades of blue-violet and yellow-green. On the other hand, cats cannot see red, orange, and brown hues.

So does that mean cats can’t see the laser pointer’s red dot? Aronson says cats can see the laser, just not the color.

“It is the movement of the dot that they see, rather than the color,” says Aronson. “Cats are similar to people with red-green colorblindness and are thought to perceive red objects as green.”

Cats may respond more favorably to objects within their color range, says Ramey.

“If we want to play to the strengths of cats’ color vision, buying them toys and beds … that are in that blue to yellow-green color range just means that they’re going to potentially find things more easily,” says Ramey. “If you’re throwing a ball and it’s red, it’s going to be harder for them to find and track compared to a blue ball.”

Do Cats See Color the Same Way as Dogs?

Cats see color in a similar way to dogs, but there are some crucial differences between cat and dog vision.

“Dogs are a little bit more toward that blue and strong yellow, whereas cats [see] a little bit more blue and greenish-yellow,” says Ramey. “It’s not a huge difference, but it’s small enough that it’s noted in the research.”

Another distinction is that dogs have better visual acuity than cats. “Things will actually look a bit more blurry to cats,” Ramey explains.

Cat vision might be more “blurry,” but they have excellent motion detection – better than dogs do. And cats can see well in the near dark. However, cats are more near-sighted than dogs, and can only see about 20 feet in front of them.

“Evolutionarily, this makes sense for them,” says Aronson. “They hunt when it’s darker and hunt close up. The vertical pupil helps them hunt from trees and higher distances.” They are experts at tracking moving prey. 

Color Blindness in Cats

Is it possible that some cats are colorblind? Ramey says it’s impossible to know.

“Since individual cats can’t communicate exactly what they see from cat to cat,” says Ramey, “I don’t think we know for sure. We know more generalities.”

Aronson takes a similar view: “I think colorblindness would be hard to diagnose in cats since we can’t see that they’re struggling with crayons in elementary school, for example.”

That said, Aronson says some medical issues could impact a cat’s vision as a whole. “Anything that degrades the retina itself,” says Aronson. “For cats, these diseases include retinal degeneration, PRA (progressive retinal atrophy), taurine deficiency in the diet, fluoroquinolone (an antibiotic class) toxicity, and retinal detachment.”

While color blindness hasn’t been recognized in cats, experts say cats see color in a comparable way to humans with red-green color blindness.

“Probably the closest we can perceive to what cats see in color would be for like a colorblind person,” says Ramey.

Conclusion

In summary, cats can see color, but not in the same way as humans, or even dogs. Most experts believe their vision is limited to shades of blue-violet and yellow-green, and that they’re unable to see hues of red, orange, and brown.

What cats lack in color vision, however, they gain in night vision and motion detection. In other words, don’t underestimate what your cats can see.

The post What Colors Can Cats See? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Samantha Bell, a cat expert at Best Friends Animal Society, a leading animal welfare organization in the U.S., says the flehmen response in cats is like “smelling in super hi-res.”

That’s because this behavior activates numerous receptors in cats’ mouths that put their sense of smell into overdrive.

So how do flehmen responses in cats work? And why do cats make these funny, sneering faces in the first place?

What Is the Flehmen Response?

Dr. Gabrielle Fadl, director of primary care of Bond Vet, says that ​​cats use flehmen response to gather information.

“Cats learn a lot about the world around them by scent, and the flehmen response helps them ‘read’ even more scents and pheromones,” she says.

Bell says that cats acquire this scent-derived information by “opening two tiny ducts on the roof of their mouth behind their front teeth.”

“Those ducts go through the roof of their mouth and connect to the Jacobson’s organ,” says Bell.

The Jacobson’s organ, also known as the vomeronasal organ, is located between a cat’s hard palate and nasal septum, with tubes that run to the nasal passages and mouth.

In his book Cat Sense, cat expert John Bradshaw says the vomeronasal organ is packed with chemical receptors that allow cats to process scent differently than if they smelled through their nose. 

Humans do not have this same ability, but Bradshaw says the vomeronasal organ’s function “lies somewhere between our senses of smell and taste.”

“Appreciating how cats make use of this faculty requires a leap of imagination,” he writes in his book.

Bradshaw adds that cats likely process a wide range of smells since their vomeronasal organ contains at least 30 different receptors. Dogs, on the other hand, only have nine.

While humans cannot generate a flehmen response, other animals besides domestic cats can. 

“This flehmen response is very common in the animal world,” says Bell. “It’s most often seen in domestic cats and horses. But giraffes, goats, llamas, hedgehogs, rhinos, pandas, big cats like lions and tigers, and many other animals do it, too!”

Cat Flehmen Response: What Does It Look Like?

Cat flehmen response is frequently called cat sneering. Yet Bell says it looks more like a grimace than a sneer.

“A sneer usually has one side of the lip raised, and this face has the whole lip up,” she says. “I know a lot of people call it ‘stink face.’”

Specific body language often accompanies a flehmen response in cats. For instance, Bell says it usually happens when cats raise their heads after looking down to sniff something. 

“The cat’s head goes from down (while sniffing) to up, sometimes held high, while exhibiting the flehmen response,” she says. “They also look like they’re in a daze for a couple of seconds while their body works to investigate the scent.”

Dr. Fadl describes the flehmen response in cats another way—“as if they’ve just smelled something stinky.”

However, she adds that cats are not “expressing an opinion on what they’ve just smelled,” but making that funny face to “boost their detection of scents and pheromones.”

Most people find cat flehmen responses quite amusing, too. “I laugh every time I see it!” says Bell.

What Does the Cat Flehmen Response Mean?

In Cat Sense, Bradshaw says that cats use their vomeronasal organ to “detect the smells of other cats.”

“Male cats perform it after sniffing urine marks left by females, including during courtship, and female cats will do the same toward urine marks left by tomcats, although only if the tom is not present,” he writes.

Bell says that male cats display this behavior more often than females, likely because they’re sniffing out chemical substances called pheromones that give information about mating. She says that even neutered males are known to show the flehmen response. 

Based on her experience, Bell also says that some cats seem to display the flehmen response more than others, but she isn’t aware of any scientific research to explain this.

“One of my cats does it daily (usually after sniffing his brother’s butt), and I’ve never seen the other one do it,” she says.

Dr. Fadl says that a cat may exhibit the flehmen response more regularly due to anxiety about a potential threat in their environment. Or, she says it could be a “signal of concern for a different cat in the household.”

“For example, maybe another cat in the home suddenly starts urinating inappropriately, which might be due to a urinary, kidney, or other health problem,” she says. “The cat that smells their housemate’s urine might exhibit flehmen as a response.”

What to Do About the Cat Flehmen Response

Is a flehmen response a cause for concern? Bell says it isn’t.

“It’s a perfectly normal part of being a cat and just means they’re quite curious about the world around them,” she says. 

However, consult your veterinarian if you notice your cat breathing with an open mouth and you’re doubtful whether it’s a flehmen response. In some cases, this behavior could be a sign of upper respiratory distress, says Bell.

Dr. Fadl agrees that while flehmen response isn’t usually a cause for concern, you should consult your veterinarian if you notice any unusual or sudden behavior change in your cat.

“It’s important to ensure it actually is a flehmen response and not a symptom of illness that might look similar,” she says. “For example, a cat with nasal irritation or a respiratory infection might draw their face up in a similar way, especially right before sneezing. Any additional symptoms besides just flehmen (for example, inappetence, changes to body weight or bathroom habits, sneezing or coughing, etc.) should prompt a veterinary visit, too.”

But if your cat is indeed displaying a flehmen response, take a moment to be amazed. Your feline companion is experiencing smell in a way you never would be able to. 

And let’s admit it—it’s also quite funny to see your cat curl her lip and display that good ‘ole stink face.

The post Flehmen Response in Cats: All About Cat Sneering appeared first on Great Pet Care.

“My one cat would sit on the side of the bathtub and turn her head to the side and crunch, crunch like she was hole punching the shower curtain with her teeth,” says Johnson of Fundamentally Feline, a cat behavior consultation company. “She didn’t even rip it—there are just little holes. For her, it was a sensation thing.”

It might seem strange for a cat to like chomping on plastic, but Johnson says this behavior is surprisingly common. When cats chew on or lick plastic, she says it’s often harmless. But if your cat eats plastic, you have a reason to be concerned. 

But what is it about plastic that attracts cats? And is it dangerous for cats to clamp their canines on this stuff?

Why Do Cats Eat Plastic?

Here are a few potential reasons why your cat may be eating, chewing, or licking plastic.

It reminds them of hunting prey

Johnson says cats are mainly drawn to plastic because it appeals to their hunting instincts.

“They like the texture, they like the crunch,” Johnson says. “I think the sensation and the tactile feel on the mouth mimics some of what they’re lacking in the inability to kill prey. You know, like crunching through small bones, flesh, and feathers.”

For this reason, she says cats often seek out plastic with crunch appeal: crinkly plastic bags, cat kibble packaging, and even glossy photos.

Dr. Stephanie Sheen, a veterinarian at Fuzzy Pet Health, says cats may also be interested in plastic cords because they look like mouse tails. Or they might like plastic bags because of the way they move with the wind, resembling prey. 

They’re curious—or just plain bored

But there are many other reasons why cats chew, play with, or eat plastic, says Dr. Sheen. Cats of any age might turn to plastic out of curiosity or boredom.

“When a cat does not receive enough mental stimulation through toy play, access to the outdoors, or other environmental enrichment, they can search for ways to interact with their environment to keep themselves entertained,” says Dr. Sheen. “If it continues habitually, chewing plastic can become a compulsive behavior and self-rewarding, a condition called pica.”

They mistake it for food…maybe

Another hypothesis as to why plastic entices cats is because of what it’s made of. Some shopping bags and other plastic products contain animal-derived ingredients, which might make them smell like food, says Johnson.

“This is all speculation,” she says, “but one of the theories is…that cats can still smell and taste some degree of the animal fat or protein in the product, so they’re actually attracted to it for both taste and scent.” 

Your cat is a particular breed 

Dr. Sheen says some cat breeds might be more predisposed to eating things they shouldn’t, including plastic.

“Oriental breeds, such as Burmese and Siamese cats, are among those, suggesting some genetic component to the behavior,” she says. “However, these breeds tend to prefer cloth items, such as wool, with plastic being less commonly ingested.”

A medical issue may be to blame

According to Dr. Sheen, some medical issues might also make cats more interested in plastic.

“Certain medical conditions that significantly increase appetite, such as diabetes and thyroid disease, can cause cats to eat non-food items like plastic,” she says. “Chronic intestinal disorders that interfere with the absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract, such as inflammatory bowel disease or intestinal parasites, may also increase the likelihood of a cat ingesting plastic. Some cats with dental problems may chew plastic—as well as curious kittens, especially if teething.”

Dangers of Cats Eating Plastic

So your cat likes to bite plastic. Is this behavior harmless? Or dangerous? It depends, says Johnson.

“If you know that your cat does not eat plastic and they just chew on it, and they have a history of being trusted, then I’ve allowed it,” she says. “But I’ve allowed it to happen based on the item. The grocery bags are too risky for me. Larger things like chewing on a bag of pet food or the shower curtain don’t bother me.”

But if a cat does eat plastic—either intentionally or accidentally—it can be a problem, says Johnson. She says shopping bags are one of the most dangerous types of plastic, because they can easily shred and end up down your cat’s throat.

“Usually, it makes its way into the stomach,” says Johnson. “The problem becomes when it gets stuck in the stomach or the intestine, and then they cannot eat and pass stool because they have a foreign body in their GI tract that is affecting digestion and the ability for things to move through.”

Dr. Sheen says it’s also dangerous for cats to ingest pieces of hard plastic with sharp edges, which can puncture the soft tissues of your cat’s stomach or intestines. In some cases, this can lead to a severe infection in the abdomen called septic peritonitis.

“Swallowing plastic, especially if it has sharp edges, can cause punctures or blockages in the stomach or intestinal tract, which can require surgery,” says Dr. Sheen. “Even if a piece of small plastic is able to be eliminated, it can cause quite a bit of irritation as it passes, resulting in diarrhea or bloody stools.”

Besides gastrointestinal issues and infections, plastic ingestion could harm your cat’s health through chemical toxicity. Plastic is manufactured with all kinds of harmful chemicals—including endocrine disruptors like BPA—and these substances are known to cause health issues in humans and animals. According to a study conducted by the Environmental Working Group (EWG), dogs and cats contain high levels of chemicals found in plastics, food packaging, and other products. While the health risks of these chemicals have largely not been studied for our pets, we cannot assume they are completely harmless.

But it’s not just ingesting plastic that can harm your cat. According to Dr. Sheen, rigid plastic can damage cats’ teeth or gums; plugged in electric cords can cause severe mouth burns or lung injuries through electrocution; and plastic bags can suffocate your cat if they crawl entirely into them.

What to Do If Your Cat Eats Plastic

If you notice your cat eating plastic, it’s best to take him or her to a veterinary clinic for an in-person appointment, or to get advice through a veterinary telemedicine service, says Dr. Sheen.

“It’s helpful to know the type and size of the piece that has been eaten and the approximate time it was ingested,” she says.

In many cases, you won’t see your cat eating plastic, but you might see signs that plastic ingestion has occurred. These include:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Reduced appetite
• Low energy

Johnson says you might also find some bits of plastic in your cat’s stool. “That would be a red flag that there might be more in there,” she says.

After seeking medical advice and care for your cat, you should talk to your veterinarian or a cat behaviorist to learn how to protect your cat from plastic in the future.

How to Prevent Cats from Eating Plastic

Johnson says an easy way to get your cat to stop eating plastic is to provide dry kibble, especially dental kibble that requires your cat to crunch.

“If cats don’t have anything to crunch, they are going to find it,” Johnson says. “So I think it’s important for cats to have some degree of dry food to mimic the feathers, flesh, and bone of what they would be crunching through in the wild. That’s why I actually personally like dental kibble or any kind of oral care type diets that are big kibbles designed to make them crunch and help mimic that sensation and satiate that need.” 

Keep in mind that some dental diseases or a recent dental procedure may prevent your cat from being able to chew hard food. If this is the case, always follow your veterinarian’s recommendations.

Johnson also suggests giving cats silver vine sticks, which creates a euphoric effect similar to catnip, but also allows them to chew and crunch.

“That’s a very appropriate and great option for cats that might be otherwise chewing on something inappropriate to give them a good outlet,” says Johnson.

While rawhides can be dangerous for your cat to chew on, especially if they swallow large pieces, you may try products like no-hide chews, some of which are made specifically for felines.

Dr. Sheen says it’s also essential to ensure that your cat doesn’t have access to plastic that could harm their health if they are inclined to chew or eat it.

“You should keep plastic bags in cupboards and place gates or wraps around cords they have shown interest in,” she says. “Promptly throw away any used plastic cutlery or plastic bottles and bottle caps. If removal or access restriction is not possible, products such as bitter apple spray (which can be found at your local pet store) sprayed on the items can be a deterrent but are not 100 percent effective.” While bitter apple spray may be an option for many plastics, it should not be sprayed on electric cords.

You should also look at improving your cat’s environment, especially if your cat only lives indoors. Dr. Sheen suggests varying your cat’s toys every few days to encourage interaction, providing different kinds of scratching posts, using food dispensing toys, and ensuring they have perches that allow them to look outside.

“Try to incorporate 15-minute play sessions daily with interactive toys to strengthen your bond and provide variety,” says Dr. Sheen. “Keeping your cat’s mind occupied will make them less likely to search out destructive opportunities—and makes them happier cats in general!”

The post Why Do Cats Eat Plastic? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

With so many choices available, it can be hard to know if you’re making the right dietary decisions for your dog — and there are several pitfalls pet parents can fall into when it comes to feeding their pets.

Great Pet Care spoke with two experts about typical dog food mistakes: Dr. Gabrielle Fadl of Bond Vet in New York City and Dr. James Cellini of Ocean State Veterinary Specialists in East Greenwich, Rhode Island. Here’s are their thoughts:

Mistake #1: Falling for Marketing Traps

Dr. Fadl says one of the most common mistakes pet parents can make is to select dog food with savvy marketing but without nutritional claims that can be verified.

“What you realize very quickly when you’re going to look for a pet food is that there are hundreds and hundreds of options and not a ton of information that’s reliable,” says Dr. Fadl. “Any person or group of people can come together and create a diet and sell it on the market, and they don’t need to pass any guidelines or standards in order to produce that diet. So they can claim lots of things such as being natural or holistic, and none of it actually means anything.”

Dr. Fadl says to look for veterinary-formulated dog food, which generally means that a veterinarian or veterinary nutritionist has approved the food for its nutritional content. She says you can also look for dog food with a nutritional adequacy statement from the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), which ensures the quality and safety of dog food.

Of course, it’s also helpful to check in with your veterinarian or a veterinary nutritionist about your dog’s diet, especially during puppyhood and older adulthood, says Dr. Fadl. She says you should also seek dietary advice if your dog is experiencing gastrointestinal issues, itchy skin, or another problem.

Mistake #2: Not Feeding For Your Dog’s Life Stage 

Puppy food, adult food, senior food — do these labels matter?

Dr. Fadl says it is essential to feed your dog food appropriate for his or her age.

“Their nutritional needs change as they grow,” says Dr. Fadl. “Puppy diets also tend to be more fatty and more calorie dense, and so feeding an adult dog puppy food will oftentimes result in a pretty chubby dog fairly quickly.”

Dr. Cellini agrees that it’s necessary to get your dog food tailored for his or her age — but adds that you shouldn’t stress if you’re a few weeks or months past the recommended range.

“I would not worry about that one,” he says. “What’s more important are the extremes. I wouldn’t give a 14-year-old dog 6-month-old puppy food.”

Mistake #3: You Give Your Dog Too Many Table Scraps or Treats

You’re eating dinner. Your dog plops down beside you and gives you puppy-dog eyes you can’t resist.

“I’m certainly guilty of treating my dog to a little something of what I’m eating,” says Dr. Fadl, “of course, making sure that it’s safe and not a toxic food, but you know in general I think a little taste here and there is okay.”

But what and how much you give your dog matters significantly. It’s important to research and avoid toxic foods (like chocolate and grapes), while giving all treats in moderation.

“I would stick to tiny small amounts as a little treat,” she says. “Just like us, when the majority of your diet is becoming donuts and sweets more so than healthy balanced foods, that’s when it really becomes a problem.”

Regarding commercially-sold treats, Dr. Fadl recommends that pet parents follow the daily recommended amounts to give their dogs.

If your dog does get too many table scraps or treats, he or she risks becoming obese, which can lead to other health problems, says Dr. Cellini.

“When you’re giving them these treats left, right, and center all day those calories add up,” says Dr. Cellini. “And it’s not too dissimilar from me or you just adding in a couple of Snickers bars every day.”

If you cannot control how many treats your dog is getting —  for instance, if a child in your household gives your dog more than he or she should — you can cut down on how much food the dog gets at meals, says Dr. Fadl.

Mistake #4: You’re Generally Overfeeding Your Dog

In addition to not giving your dog too many treats, you shouldn’t give him or her too much food at mealtime. According to a 2018 survey conducted by the Association of Pet Obesity Prevention, almost 56 percent of dogs are considered obese — and overfeeding is often to blame.

“It’s really important to maintain that ideal body weight in our dogs,” says Dr. Fadl. “They are susceptible to all the same illnesses people are with being overweight — diabetes, heart disease, high cholesterol, early joint disease, arthritis.”

Dr. Fadl says you should follow the instructions on the dog food packaging, which usually have recommendations based on a dog’s age, weight, and whether they are spayed or neutered.

“A lot of foods can vary greatly based on the brand … in terms of how many calories are in each serving,” she says. “So it’s hard to say that a dog that is five pounds should eat one cup because it really just depends on the diet they’re eating. Just follow the guidelines on the food.”

Mistake #5: You’re Storing Your Dog Food All Wrong

Believe it or not, there are right and wrong ways to store dog food.

“Most big brands recommend keeping it in the bag rather than the plastic because I think there is a tendency for the food to spoil when it’s not in its original container,” says Dr. Fadl.

If you do take the kibble out of its bag, make sure you put it into an airtight container, she adds. And if you’re giving your dog wet food, don’t forget to check the expiration date on the food and follow storage instructions for any wet food that’s left over.

Even if you do opt for a different storage option, it’s important to keep the original packaging on hand. This can help you check the packaging if a pet-food recall happens. 

Mistake #6: You Switch Your Dog’s Food Too Quickly

Humans might get bored eating the same thing each day — but Dr. Cellini says that dogs will not. So you don’t need to feel guilty about feeding your dog the same thing every day.

But if you decide to change your dog’s food for some reason, you should slowly mix the old and new food, says Dr. Cellini.

“You just don’t want to do it all at once … because then, a diet change can cause them to get a real upset stomach, and you’re back to square one,” he says.

Mistake #7: Not Getting Guidance on Homemade Dog Food

OK, but maybe you don’t want to buy pre-made dog food. Perhaps you’re the kind of pet parent who wants to make homemade food for your dog. But can you ensure your dog gets everything he or she needs with a home-cooked meal?

Dr. Cellini says it is possible to keep your dog healthy on a homemade diet but that you should seek advice from a veterinary nutritionist to ensure you’re doing it right.

“The problem is it’s really easy to get deficient in one or two micronutrients or macronutrients,” says Dr. Cellini. “Basically, you’re trying to play chef with a different species.”

He adds that a veterinary nutritionist can also be helpful if you’re looking to feed your dog other alternative diets, such as a vegan or raw food diet.

“A lot of times, nutritionists will just do phone consultations with you, so you don’t have to bring your dog to a clinic that’s an hour away,” he says.

Conclusion: Avoiding Dog Food Mistakes

Whatever you do, you must make informed decisions regarding your dog’s diet. If in doubt, talk to an expert.

“There are a lot of diet options out there, and it’s very easy to feel overwhelmed walking into a pet store or pet supply store and just being bombarded by people’s opinions,” says Dr. Fadl. “Be careful where you get the information. I think a vet is always the best source of information.”

The post 7 Dog Food Mistakes You Might Be Making appeared first on Great Pet Care.

So, you might wonder: why does my cat stare at me? 

Experts say that staring is a way for cats to figure out the workings of their world and communicate what they’re thinking and feeling. You can learn to interpret your cat’s wide-eyed gapes by considering the context and noticing other non-verbal cues. And, as it turns out, cats have a lot to tell us.

Cat Non-Verbal Communication

Research suggests that cats have lived alongside humans for at least 10,000 years as pest controllers and companions. But remarkably, we only scientifically began to study cat behavior a few decades ago — and there are many things we have yet to understand about our feline friends.

We have learned that cats communicate in several ways: through vocalization, body language, tail movement, and of course, eye contact. For instance, an angry cat might hiss, stand with an arched back, thrash his or her tail, and stare with dilated pupils. A happy cat, on the other hand, might purr while maintaining a relaxed body posture and an upright tail with a soft curve at the end. He or she might also hold your gaze while slowly blinking.

So when trying to figure out what your cat is saying with their wide-eyed looks, you always need to consider your kitty’s other non-verbal cues. It’s also essential to think about context, says  Jane Ehrlich, a feline behaviorist based in Arizona and owner of Cattitude Feline Behavior.

“Has the cat just been fed? Has the cat been sleeping all day, and you think it may want food?” asks Ehrlich. “When the cat is staring at us, what is the body language? You don’t take one aspect of body language and make an assumption — you take in the whole thing.”

Mikel Delgado, a cat behavior expert at Feline Minds and author of the forthcoming book, “Play with Your Cat,” takes a similar view.

“It’s impossible to know by just a stare what your cat wants,” says Delgado. “You have to take into consideration what else they are doing — are they relaxed, active, agitated?”

Why Does My Cat Stare at Me?

Nicholas Dodman, a professor emeritus at Tufts University and the chief scientific officer at the Center for Canine Behavior Studies, says that a cat stare isn’t always about communication.

“They stare at prey when they’re in hunting mode,” says Dodman. “And sometimes they just stare at things, objects. They might stare at a wall because they hear something inside the wall, and they’re scanning and trying to triangulate with their ears, but their eyes are focused on the spot, too.”

But a cat often stares to communicate something. Experts say it often has to do with one of four things: contentment, aggression, curiosity, or boredom.

Contentment

When cats are content, their stares are often accompanied by slow, steady blinks — sometimes called “cat kisses.”

Scientists have confirmed that a cat’s slow blink is a form of positive emotional communication between feline and human, particularly when you blink back at your cat. 

Delgado says that when we blink at our cats, we can put them at ease.

“That lets them know you’re friendly and trustworthy,” said Delgado, “and often, they will blink back.”

Ehrlich says that people commonly interpret a slow blink as the cat saying, “I love you,” but she questions this interpretation.

“I think the cat is saying, ‘I’m comfortable with you,’ which is huge anyway,” says Ehrlich. “It’s our human lens that says, ‘we need to feel loved,’ so we’re going to get any signal we can and translate it into, ‘Oh, the cat feels affection and love for us.'”

Dodman notes that research has shown that when dogs and humans gaze at each other, both parties release oxytocin, often referred to as the “love hormone.” While Dodman says he isn’t aware of any similar research on cats, Dodman hypothesizes that mutual blinking would generate similar effects.

“Cats only look directly into the eyes of the people they trust and love,” he says. “I imagine they’re having a chemical reaction inside their body — a release of this neurohormone — oxytocin — which is bonding in both directions.”

Aggression

In some situations, a cat may stare at you because they’re frightened, leading them to act defensively.

“Say a veterinarian is trying to make friends with the cat — ‘Here kitty, kitty’ — and sort of walks up to it while it’s on the floor of the practice,” says Dodman. “The cat might back itself into a corner and look at the person directly because it doesn’t want to take its eyes off this threatening target. In that case, the pupils are dilated — widely dilated — big black holes — and the ears sometimes press back. Body posture is tense — they often draw their legs into the center, almost like an elephant standing on a platform in a circus, and the tail might get puffy.”

But a cat might also stare at you in a more predatory way. Maybe you’re sitting in their favorite spot, and they’re feeling territorial. Or perhaps they simply don’t like you.

“If a cat has it in for you … they hold the look, their pupils are slits,” says Dodman. “Their ears would probably be forward, and tail would be low and slightly swishing from side to side, and … they kind of walk like a model, with one foot in front of another, and slowly advance on you.”

Whenever this happens, watch out! A cat might be getting ready for a confrontation.

Curiosity

According to Dodman, cats may stare at their pet parents as they try to figure out what they’re doing.

“My cat does that sometimes,” he says. “I’ll be at the sink washing up, and water’s running, which is an attraction to the cat, and she comes up to see what’s happening … but then I’m doing something with a dish, and I’ve got a dish scrubber in my hand and she kind of looks at me [and seems to say], ‘What on earth are you doing?’”

Ehrlich says that feral cats may stare at humans to suss us out.

“I think a reason they still stare at us is to check out if we’re OK, because it’s natural that we are still a predator,” says Ehrlich.

Ehlich adds that ferals tend to stare less as they become more comfortable in your presence.

“I find that as the feral gets closer to me, she stares a little bit less,” she says. “So it seems like the amount of time of staring has decreased as trust has increased.”

Boredom

Cats will also stare when they’re bored. Or hungry. Or both.

“My cat will stare at me when he wants something to happen,” says Dodman. “Something happening could be, ‘Here, I’m over here. Have you noticed that it’s time for you to feed me? Did you think about that? I’m here. Can you see me?’ Or sometimes you wake up in the morning and find that your cat is right above you staring right at you, and that means, ‘Get out of bed,’ and it usually also means, ‘and feed me.'”

Ehlich says that if a cat knows that he or she will get food when they stare a you, he or she will continue to do it.

“It’s back to the old: I do this behavior, and I get this response,” says Ehrlich. “So I don’t think there’s a mystery there.”

Should You Worry About Cat Staring?

Delgado says that if you notice a significant change in your cat’s behavior, this could indicate that something is wrong.

“If your cat is showing other signs of distress, such as hiding, not eating, hissing or growling, or not using the litter box, it’s worth making sure there isn’t a medical issue by taking them to the veterinarian,” says Delgado.

Ehrlich says that you should also be on the lookout for changes in your cat’s staring behavior.

“If her staring has changed at all — is it longer, shorter, wider, or have the pupils changed sizes? — then I would check it out,” says Ehrlich.

Older cats can also get feline cognitive dysfunction, or FCD, which some experts think can cause them to fixate on objects or simply into space. According to the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), FCD affects more than 55 percent of cats between the ages of 11 to 15 and more than 80% between the ages of 16 to 20.

But in most cases, there is nothing you should worry about. If you catch your cat staring, it’s just a cat being a cat.

The post Why Does My Cat Stare at Me? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But when temperatures drop, cats – especially those who roam outdoors – are at risk of dangers such as hypothermia and frostbite. We asked veterinarians and cat experts for tips on how to keep cats warm in winter. Here’s what they had to say.

Do Cats Get Cold?

Just like humans, cats can feel cold when the mercury drops, especially when they spend time outdoors. Yet, cats handle low temperatures pretty well, says Dr. Kristopher Sharpe, a veterinary staff internist and the medical director at BluePearl Veterinary Partners in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

“Most cats deal with cold, cooler temperatures quite well, particularly if they have time to acclimate to what they’re in and their surroundings,” says Sharpe. “They can get thicker fur and longer fur during the colder months. They’re pretty good about being active as well to keep their metabolism and body heat up.”

He added that cats are generally more tolerable to low temperatures inside a house than people are. “As long as they have blankets available they should be fine,” he says.

While Dr. Sharpe does not recommend a particular temperature at which you should keep your house, the American Veterinary Medical Association suggests keeping rooms above 50 degrees Fahrenheit (10 degrees Celsius), and below 80 degrees Fahrenheit (26.6 degrees Celsius), for both dogs and cats.

What can be worrisome is when a cat is suddenly exposed to an environment they aren’t used to, says Dr. Sharpe. For instance, a cat accustomed to a very warm environment might not cope well if abruptly exposed to a very cold environment. The same is true in reverse.

“It’s the change in temperature that’s probably the biggest problem,” Sharpe says.

Pet parents should also be aware of exposing cats to extremely cold outdoor temperatures for long periods of time, which can lead to hypothermia and frostbite. 

Senior cats, kittens, cats with underlying diseases, and hairless cat breeds, including Sphynx and Lykoi cats, tend to be more sensitive to cooler temperatures and temperature variances. 

How to Keep Cats Warm: Tips and Recommendations

Cats might be able to tolerate a range of temperatures, but let’s face it — most cats love being warm and snuggly. Why is that? Jane Ehrlich, a professional cat behavorist based in Arizona, says it’s likely to do with the fact that domestic cats originated from wildcat species that lived in hot, arid parts of the world.

“Cats were, after all, desert animals — despite the full-furred breeds,” says Ehrlich.

Sharpe says that while cats can tolerate a range of temperatures, they “prefer the option to be in warmer areas.”

How to Keep Indoor Cats Warm in Winter

Give your cat plenty of space. Dr. Sharpe suggests making sure your cat has a good amount of space so he or she can move around and self-regulate their body heat. Cats will often stay active as a way to keep their metabolism and body heat up, and they need space to play and roam.

Break out the blankets and cozy bedding. Dr. Sharpe recommends furnishing your home with beds and blankets for your cat to cuddle in. You can also try a heated cat bed, which can provide extra warmth during cooler months. 

Take extra precautions when going outdoors. When taking an indoor cat outside in the cold — say, on a trip to the vet — Dr. Sharpe says you can help keep your cat warm by adding an extra blanket or two to their carrier during transport. You can also look for cat carriers that provide extra warmth and comfort. 

How to Keep Outdoor Cats Warm in Winter

The most effective way to keep a cat warm in the winter is to keep them indoors. But for some cats, that’s easier says than done, especially if a cat is feral. So how can pet parents and cat lovers keep outdoor cats warm and safe in the winter?

Provide access to enclosed spaces. The most important thing is giving an outdoor cat “access to a place where they can get warmer, like a garage,” says Sharpe. “You can also buy little igloos or enclosures where they can get out of the elements.”

Use heated blankets and beds. Heated blankets and beds are very useful to outdoor cats, says Sharpe. However, he stresses the importance of making sure there’s a blanket between the cat and heating element for safety reasons, as well as checking cords regularly for signs of wear that could pose an electrocution risk.

Make DIY cat shelters. Alley Cat Allies, an advocacy group working to protect feral and stray cats and kittens, suggests making winter cat shelters out of plastic tubs filled with straw. Not only will these DIY-cat shelters insulate cats in cold weather, they can save lives.

Dangers of Cold Weather for Cats

While cats can tolerate a range of temperatures, there are situations in which cold weather can become dangerous. If a cat is exposed to cold weather for too long and does not have a warm, dry place to retreat to, they can get hypothermia or frostbite. 

Hypothermia in cats is a condition characterized by unusually low body temperatures. Dr. Sharpe says that cats suffering from hypothermia would be “acting very sick.”

“They may be very quiet, they may be lethargic, they may not be very responsive,” he says. “They could be shaking, although their body temperature gets colder … they won’t even shiver or shake anymore.”

If you think your cat has hypothermia, you should wrap them up in a towel or blanket. However, don’t place them directly on a heating element because rewarming needs to be done gradually. Instead, seek veterinary care as quickly as possible.

Another cold weather risk for cats is frostbite, a condition in which the extreme cold damages your cat’s body tissues. According to Dr. Sharpe, frostbite in cats is rare, but it can happen when they’re exposed to extreme cold or have poor blood circulation. 

“We see it on the paw pads and ear tips,” he says. “How long it would take to develop frostbite is hard to say because it would be dependent on the severity of the cold temperature and direct exposure.”

But you can greatly reduce cats’ risk of getting these conditions by keeping them in an indoor environment replete with blankets and beds. Or, at the very least, providing a refuge for outdoor cats so they can warm up.

The post How to Keep Cats Warm in Winter appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Determining whether your dog has skin cancer or a benign tumor, requires taking your pet to a veterinary clinic for an examination. 

Let’s set the record straight on types of dog skin cancer, treatment options, and what to expect if your dog does get a skin cancer diagnosis. 

Can Dogs Get Skin Cancer?

Like humans, dogs can get skin cancer. But while the leading cause of skin cancer in humans is overexposure to ultraviolet rays in the sun, dogs are more likely to get skin cancer due to age or genetics, says Dr. Stephanie Sheen, a veterinarian at the online pet healthcare service Fuzzy.

“Older dogs are more likely to have tumors develop because their cell repair mechanisms are less robust,” Dr. Sheen says.

Besides age, a dog’s breed can determine whether or not a dog gets skin cancer. For instance, breeds like Boxers, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, Cocker Spaniels, and German Shepherds can be particularly susceptible to some types of skin cancer.

However, just about any dog — of any age — can get skin cancer, so it’s essential to look out for warning signs and symptoms and keep up with your dog’s routine veterinary exams.

What Does Skin Cancer on Dogs Look Like?

Dog skin cancer tends to manifest in lumps, bumps, and bulges. You can spot some visually, but you should also give your dog regular at-home examinations. This includes feeling around your dog’s body for anything unusual. Doing this is particularly important for dogs with a lot of fur since fur can easily hide bumps. If you notice anything unusual, contact your veterinarian immediately.

“In general, a rule of thumb is that any lump bigger than a pea and/or present for more than one month should be examined by a veterinarian and tested,” says Dr. Sheen.

Another telltale sign of skin cancer is any change to skin pigmentation, such as red and raised circular bumps or blood blisters. If you notice a discharge coming out of a lump or bump, it should be examined by a veterinarian as soon as possible.

“Almost always, testing is necessary to determine the type of cells responsible for the growth,” says Dr. Sheen. “But if a mass is growing or spreading rapidly, becomes ulcerated, or has discharge present like blood or pus, that may indicate it is more aggressive, and prompt veterinary care should be sought.”

Of course, not every lump or bump is serious. For instance, many glandular and hair follicle tumors that appear in dogs are benign. Dogs also commonly develop benign lipomas, which are soft, fatty bumps that can be felt underneath a dog’s skin. Other skin growths aren’t cancerous at all. For example, skin tags are small, flesh-colored lumps that can appear anywhere on a dog’s body and are easily mistaken for cancer. 

Instead of trying to diagnose your dog’s condition yourself, take him or her to the veterinary clinic so you can get an expert opinion.

Types of Dog Skin Cancer

There are dozens of types of skin cancers that can manifest in dogs, but some occur more frequently than others. According to Dr. Katie Pagán, partner doctor at Heart + Paw at Fells Point, the three most common malignant skin cancers in dogs are:

• Mast cell tumors
• Melanomas
• Squamous cell carcinoma

Here’s a brief overview of these three types:

Mast Cell Tumors

According to one study, mast cell tumors account for about 20 percent of all skin cancers in dogs. Dr. Pagán says these tumors typically appear as “red in color and raised on the skin.” That said, mast cell tumors can vary in appearance and show up anywhere on a dog’s body. 

It’s not entirely clear what causes them, but experts believe that genetics and environment are contributing factors. Certain breeds like Boxers, Bull Terriers, and Labrador Retrievers are more susceptible to mast cell tumors. 

When caught early, dogs respond well to treatment. Left untreated, mast cell tumors become aggressive and jeopardize your dog’s health.

Malignant Melanoma

It’s estimated that melanomas account for 7 percent of all malignant tumors found in dogs. Dr. Pagán says they’re “often raised and dark in color.” But similar to mast cell tumors, they can vary in appearance, sometimes showing up as small brown or black masses or as more prominent, flat growths that seem a bit “wrinkled.” One study suggests that malignant melanomas can appear in a number of places on a dog’s body, including the skin, nailbed, footpad, or eye. 

Dog breeds with black coats and pigmented skin, including Schnauzers, Poodles, and Chow-Chows, are more susceptible to this form of skin cancer. 

The size and stage of a malignant melanoma determine its severity and the dog’s prognosis. In general, melanomas are considered a severe form of skin cancer.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma is the most commonly-diagnosed malignant skin tumor in dogs, and it is most often diagnosed in older dogs. Dr. Pagán says squamous cell carcinoma is typically “raised and looks like warts.” Unfortunately, research shows that this form of skin cancer can easily be overlooked, leading to a delayed diagnosis.

Squamous cell tumor is associated with sun exposure. Therefore, it is more common on unhaired areas of the skin and in dogs with pink skin and white fur. 

The prognosis of a dog with squamous cell carcinoma will depend on where the growths are and how advanced they are, but surgery and other treatments can help extend your dog’s life. 

It’s important to keep in mind that not all lumps, bumps, and spots on dogs are dangerous. If you notice a new growth, spot, or bump, make sure to get it checked out by a veterinarian to get a proper diagnosis.  

Causes of Dog Skin Cancer

What causes skin cancer in dogs? It’s difficult to pin down one cause, veterinarians say.

“Cancer in dogs, just like in people, is thought to be multifactorial,” says Dr. Sheen. “This means that both genetics and environmental factors may play a role. Genetically, there are genes that code for certain cell repair mechanisms that may be faulty and thus lead to a higher predisposition to developing cancers. However, this does not mean that a dog with these genes will definitely get cancer.”

Dr. Sheen adds that environmental factors, like chronic inflammation or toxin exposure, can increase the risk of skin cancers in pets — just as it does in humans — by damaging their cell DNA. 

Some viral conditions are also more likely to lead to skin cancer in dogs. For instance, it’s believed that dogs with papillomavirus are more susceptible to squamous cell carcinomas.

And while sun exposure isn’t the leading cause of skin cancer in dogs, that, too, can play a role.

“While most skin cancers develop due to a genetic predisposition or a variety of factors coming together, you can lower your dog’s risk by controlling exposure to sunlight, particularly if it is a short-haired and light-skinned breed,” says Dr. Megan McCarthy, a veterinarian at the Best Friends Animal Society Lifesaving Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. “Avoid peak sunlight hours.”

Signs of Skin Cancer in Dogs

Signs of cancer in dogs can be difficult to pinpoint because they mimic the signs of many other canine illnesses. Some forms of dog skin cancer don’t create any symptoms besides lumps and bumps. But more severe types can have various associated symptoms. 

“Mast cell tumors can also cause nausea, vomiting, or itchiness,” says Dr. McCarthy. “If skin cancers spread to nearby lymph nodes or organs, you may notice swollen lymph nodes, inappetence, vomiting, coughing, and lethargy.”

Dr. Pagán advises: “Owners should look out for vomiting, diarrhea, or overall looking unwell.”

Diagnosing Dog Skin Cancer

If you encounter a strange lump or bump on your dog, you should get your dog physically examined by a veterinarian. 

“A test called a fine needle aspirate is typically performed at your veterinarian’s office as the first step,” says Dr. Sheen. “This involves using a needle, such as those used to administer vaccines, to collect cells from the tumor that your veterinarian will prepare and then examine under the microscope. This can typically be done with the dog awake during the appointment, as it is quick and relatively painless.” 

While veterinarians can identify many tumors with a fine needle aspirate, some cases require a biopsy for diagnosis. This involves surgically removing a small part of the tumor, which is sent to laboratory pathologists for identification. This procedure is more invasive, so it typically needs to be gone under sedation or anesthesia, says Dr. Sheen. 

Treating Skin Cancer in Dogs

Many types of dog skin cancer can be severe and life-threatening, but you can help your dog survive and thrive if the skin cancer is detected early and treated. 

“While the word ‘cancer’ is certainly scary to hear, a majority of skin cancers in dogs are easily treated by simply removing the mass and monitoring for any new masses,” says Dr. McCarthy. “Most skin cancers have a good prognosis when caught early.”

On this note, Dr. Sheen offers some sage advice: “Although it’s easier said than done, I encourage pet parents not to worry too much until we get results back,” she says. “The best first step is always to seek testing with your veterinarian, and once we know what we’re dealing with, your veterinarian will be able to discuss the expected outcomes and treatment options available.”

Dr. Sheen adds that a dog’s prognosis ultimately depends on the kind of skin cancer a dog has.

The surgical removal of skin cancer is the most straightforward treatment. For some aggressive cancers, veterinary oncologists may recommend chemotherapy and/or radiation treatments. 

“Animals actually tolerate chemotherapy and radiation treatments much better [than] humans with minimal to mild side effects,” says Dr. McCarthy. 

Other possible treatments for skin cancer include immunotherapy, cryotherapy, and electrochemotherapy. To learn about what’s best for your dog, speak with your veterinarian. 

How to Prevent Dog Skin Cancer

It’s hard for dogs to avoid cancer. The Veterinary Cancer Society says that one in four dogs will develop cancer at some point in their lives and that cancer is the leading cause of death for middle-aged dogs. Also, you can’t really control the role that genetics and environment play in the potential development of skin cancer in dogs.

However, there are things you can do to lessen your dog’s chances of getting skin cancer. One thing is controlling how much sun exposure your dog gets, especially if your dog is light-skinned and short-haired. Avoid times of day when the sun is strongest and use dog-safe sunscreen when participating in outdoor activities. You should also make sure your dog has a healthy and balanced diet. 

Lastly, don’t underestimate the role that routine check-ups – both at home and at the veterinarian – play in your dog’s overall health. 

“Regular check-ups at home … can identify new lumps as soon as they pop up,” says Dr. McCarthy. “By following up on any new lump with your veterinarian for testing, we can catch tumors early. When we catch them early, we have a better chance of preventing more serious disease and being able to remove them completely when they are small.”

The post Dog Skin Cancer: Types, Signs, and Treatment appeared first on Great Pet Care.

According to veterinarians, this behavior is usually nothing to worry about.

“It is super common for dogs to eat grass,” says Dr. Katie Pagán, a partner doctor at Heart + Paw in Fells Point in Maryland. “Most dogs do end up eating grass at one point in their lives.”

Dogs Eating Grass: How Common Is It?

According to one recent study, nearly 90 percent of all surveyed pet parents said that their dogs had eaten grass or other green plants during their lifetimes, and 68 percent of the dogs ate plants daily or weekly. 

Dogs of any age will eat grass, but puppies seem more interested in it. This is likely out of curiosity, says Dr. Megan McCarthy, a veterinarian at the Best Friends Animal Society Lifesaving Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. 

“Puppies, similar to toddlers, tend to put more objects in their mouths and may be eating grass due to boredom or teething/chewing behavior,” she adds.

Most puppies eventually grow out of this playful behavior, although they might continue eating grass occasionally or even routinely as adults. 

Research doesn’t necessarily indicate that certain dog breeds eat more grass than others. Yet Dr. Pagán says she commonly finds this behavior in Labrador Retrievers: “Those guys eat everything!”

In most cases, grass consumption is nothing to worry about and is part of normal dog behavior. Yet, Dr. McCarthy says “moderation is key.”

So, in general, dogs eat grass, and it’s usually not bad for them. But why do they eat it in the first place?

Why Does My Dog Eat Grass?

If you notice your dog frantically eating grass in your yard, you might scratch your head and wonder: why on earth does my dog want grass when she has other food available? A common belief is that dogs eat grass when they have an upset stomach, which is true –  sometimes.  

According to Dr. McCarthy, grass can induce vomiting, which, in turn, helps a dog feel a little better if they are experiencing nausea. However, a study found that only 25 percent of surveyed dogs will vomit after eating grass, and only 10 percent of pet owners noticed signs of illness in their pets before their dogs ate grass.

In other situations, dogs may eat grass simply because they like it.

Veterinarians say that dog grass eating could be for pleasure, taste, or even a habit borne out of boredom and anxiety. It could also be an instinct since wolves and other wild dogs regularly consume grass. It’s even possible that a dog will eat grass to get attention from his or her pet parent, says Dr. McCarthy. 

Grass might be a strange snack choice, but it’s not necessarily unhealthy. It can provide a source of fiber, and even help dogs “bulk up [their] feces and help aid digestion,” says Dr. McCarthy. 

Another study by researchers at the University of New England found that dogs tend to eat grass more often before a kibble meal and less often after kibble, suggesting that dogs consider grass a food source. 

But a dog’s grass-eating habit doesn’t necessarily indicate that something is missing from a dog’s diet, says Dr. McCarthy.

“As long as the dog is on a well-balanced commercial diet, I would not change anything or add any supplements,” says Dr. McCarthy.

In rare cases, grass eating might signify a medical condition called pica, which is the consumption of non-food items and could mean that your dog has a mineral or nutrient deficiency. But Dr. McCarthy says that “true pica is rare,” and that as long as your dog eats a balanced diet, he or she shouldn’t be deficient in anything.

What to Do If Your Dog Is Eating Grass

In most cases, you don’t need to stop your dog from eating grass. But pet parents should ensure their dogs aren’t eating twigs, litter, or anything else found in the grass.

“Twigs and plastic can get lodged in the gastrointestinal, which can cause vomiting and diarrhea, and oftentimes they need to be surgically removed,” says Dr. Pagán.

Dr. McCarthy’s view is similar: “Eating things like twigs or sticks can cause wounds in the mouth or blockages in the stomach or intestines. Likewise, plastic or other foreign material can cause stomach upset or blockages. Make sure to pick up any other materials and make sure your dog is under supervision outside to prevent them [from] ingesting these things.”

It’s also essential not to allow your dog to eat cocoa mulch, which is toxic to dogs and can cause gastrointestinal issues, seizures, or even death. Other backyard dangers for dogs include pesticide sprays, certain fertilizers, and even different types of plants and flowers such as azaleas, oleanders, and tulips. If in doubt, contact your vet or consult the Pet Poison Hotline.

Another danger lurking in the grass is parasites like hookworms and roundworms, which your dog may accidentally ingest, especially if they are also consuming feces-laden soil along with the grass. While parasitic infections can lead to serious health problems if left untreated, Dr. McCarthy says these infections are easy to prevent with routine deworming treatments. For instance, most monthly heartworm preventatives also keep your pet dewormed.

As for leaves, it’s generally OK for dogs to eat these, as long as they’re not from a tree or bush considered to be poisonous. Consuming leaves in leaf piles is not a good idea, however, as those leaves could be contaminated with bacteria or fungus.  It’s also normal for dogs — especially puppies — to deliberately eat leaves.

“[Eating leaves] often seems to be out of more playful behavior, puppy behavior, or curiosity,” says Dr. McCarthy.

While grass is usually benign, if you notice your dog eating excessive amounts, it might be best to stop them, so they don’t develop an upset stomach or diarrhea. According to Dr. McCarthy, you can also tell if a dog has overeaten grass or have another medical issue if they vomit it several times throughout the day, refuse to eat, experience constipation, or have diarrhea with grass mixed in it. It’s of particular concern if you find large amounts of grass in their vomit or feces, she says.

“A dog should be taken to their vet if vomiting, diarrhea, or inappetence lasts longer than 24 hours, and should be taken to a vet right away if [there are] any concerns for bloat,” she added. “Bloat is a life-threatening condition, and signs include a distended or bloated appearing abdomen, panting, pacing, and retching with no material brought up.”

How to Stop a Dog From Eating Grass

If you think your dog is eating more grass than he or she should, there are some things you can do to help. The best thing, in most cases, is just to take their mind away from it.

“You can distract them and try to divert their attention to something else,” says Dr. McCarthy. “You can use a leash to lead them away from the grassy area and distract them with toys or a short leash walk.”

Bitter apple spray, a product used to prevent a dog from biting, chewing or licking, may work temporarily. However, Dr. McCarthy says this isn’t a long-term solution since the spray doesn’t stay on surfaces for long.

Dr. Pagán says that some pet parents, especially those who have Labrador Retrievers, have even resorted to “grazing muzzles” or “basket muzzles” if their dogs can’t kick their grass habit. However, she only recommends these for dogs who have had “multiple foreign body surgeries from eating things they shouldn’t be [eating].”

“I usually end up diagnosing these dogs with pica,” Dr. Pagán said. “[Basket muzzles] should only be used in a situation where your veterinarian recommends it.”

But in most cases, as long as your dog isn’t exhibiting any other sickness behaviors, grass eating is not a problem, and you won’t need to take any action to stop this behavior. If there is a problem, consult a veterinarian to figure out the best solution for your dog.

Dog Eating Grass FAQs

Is it okay for dogs to eat grass?

In most cases, yes. It’s normal for a dog to eat grass occasionally or even routinely. However, excessive grass eating may lead to gastrointestinal issues or indicate an underlying medical issue. In rare cases, a dog’s grass-eating habit may indicate pica, the consumption of non-food items, but this is unlikely. If in doubt, consult a veterinarian.

Is grass good for dogs?

Grass can be good for dogs. Dogs are omnivores who eat plants and animals, and grass can add fiber to their diets. One study found that dogs tend to eat grass before kibble, suggesting they consider it a food source. However, too much grass can have the opposite effect, causing gastrointestinal issues. Dr. Megan McCarthy, a Best Friends Animal Society veterinarian says that “moderation is key.”

Why do dogs eat grass and vomit?

Grass can irritate the stomach and induce vomiting, which can help a dog with an upset stomach feel a little better. However, one study found that less than 25 percent of surveyed pet parents noticed that their dog vomited after eating grass, which suggests that dogs don’t automatically vomit after consuming grass.

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