If your dog has ever experienced an upset stomach, it’s only natural to wonder “can dogs take omeprazole?” and “when should I give omeprazole to my dog?”

The truth is that dogs can take omeprazole, in some cases, but not all dogs benefit from this medication. Omeprazole should only be given under the guidance of a veterinarian who is familiar with your dog’s stomach issues and overall medical history. 

Read on to learn more about this medication. 

What Is Omeprazole?

Omeprazole is a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) that decreases stomach acid production. This medication was initially developed in Sweden in 1979, and it became available in the United States in 1989. 

Omeprazole is often used in humans. It’s available in almost any human drugstore and can often be purchased over-the-counter. Although omeprazole is not labeled for use in dogs, veterinarians often recommend it for canine patients. Some veterinarians stock omeprazole in their practice, but most veterinarians instead direct clients to a human drugstore to purchase this medication.

What Does Omeprazole for Dogs Look Like?

Omeprazole is available in tablet or capsule form and it is often pink or purple in color.

If capsules or tablets are not an option for your pet, your veterinarian may prescribe omeprazole oral suspension (liquid). Compounded formulations of omeprazole (such as flavored chews) may also be available through a compounding pharmacy.  

Omeprazole is also available in an equine paste formulation in many livestock stores. This paste contains a high concentration of omeprazole, however, and it can be difficult to dose safely in dogs. Do not use horse medication in dogs unless you are instructed to do so by your veterinarian. 

How Does Omeprazole Work?

Omeprazole blocks acid production in the stomach. 

This medication is a proton pump inhibitor, which means it inhibits a specific enzyme pump inside the cells of the stomach lining. This enzyme pump produces stomach acid; blocking its activity halts acid production.

Omeprazole begins to decrease acid production in as little as one hour. However, it takes several days of continuous dosing to see the maximum benefits associated with this medication. Therefore, omeprazole is often given on a daily basis for an extended period of time, instead of being used on an as-needed basis.

What Is Omeprazole Used for in Dogs?

Omeprazole can be used to treat a variety of conditions.

Veterinarians often recommend omeprazole for dogs with known or suspected ulcers of the stomach or small intestine. Omeprazole can also be used to treat gastritis, a condition in which the lining of the stomach is inflamed and irritated. Esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus) may also benefit from omeprazole treatment, especially when that esophagitis is caused by gastric reflux. 

Some common medications, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can predispose dogs to developing ulcers in their stomach and intestines. If your dog needs long-term NSAID treatment, your veterinarian may prescribe concurrent omeprazole to reduce the risk of ulcers.

Finally, omeprazole can decrease the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain. For this reason, it may be recommended to treat some brain disorders, such as hydrocephalus and syringomyelia.

Indications for omeprazole:

• Stomach ulcers
• Small intestinal ulcers
• Gastritis
• Esophagitis 
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Long-term use of NSAIDs
• Hydrocephalus 
• Syringomyelia

How to Give Omeprazole for Dogs

Omeprazole is typically given once daily. It works best when given on an empty stomach, before your dog’s first meal of the day. In some situations, your veterinarian may recommend dosing omeprazole twice daily to provide more continuous control of acid production. 

If you have difficulty giving this medication to your dog, you can try hiding it in a small amount of cheese or peanut butter. (Avoid sugar-free peanut butter, which may contain toxic xylitol.) Try to limit the amount of food used to administer omeprazole, however, because omeprazole works best when given on an empty stomach. 

Omeprazole Side Effects in Dogs

The most common side effects seen with omeprazole in dogs include diarrhea and/or constipation. Some dogs also experience vomiting, loss of appetite, and gas, although it can be difficult to determine whether these are medication side effects or caused by the underlying stomach condition. 

Potential side effects include: 

• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Gas 
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Decreased appetite

Omeprazole should be used with caution in dogs who have kidney or liver disease. These dogs may be at higher risk of side effects. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Omeprazole can interact with a number of other medications, including antibiotics, benzodiazepines (diazepam, alprazolam, etc.), antifungal agents, clopidogrel, phenytoin, digoxin, and levothyroxine. 

Talk to your veterinarian about any medications your dog is taking (prescription medications, over-the-counter, and vitamin supplements) before giving omeprazole. This will minimize the risk of harmful drug interactions. 

Omeprazole Dosage for Dogs

Omeprazole doses are based upon your dog’s body weight and the medical condition that requires treatment. Your veterinarian will calculate the best omeprazole dose for your dog, maximizing clinical benefits while minimizing the risk of side effects. 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Omeprazole?

If you miss a dose and you realize your error within a few hours, give the missed dose as soon as possible. 

If the missed dose will be given more than a few hours late, it’s best to skip the missed dose. Wait until the next scheduled dosing time to give your dog’s next dose of omeprazole. Do not give two doses at once or give extra doses of omeprazole.

If you have any questions about missed doses or your dog’s dosing schedule, contact your veterinarian. 

Omeprazole for Dogs Cost

Omeprazole is a relatively inexpensive medication, depending on your dog’s dose and the duration of therapy. Generic forms are often available for less than $20/month. 

Omeprazole Storage Instructions

Omeprazole tablets and capsules should be stored at room temperature. Protect this medication from light and moisture by storing it in its original container. 

Liquid omeprazole or compounded omeprazole should be stored according to your veterinarian’s or pharmacist’s instructions. 

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Historically, ketoconazole has been widely used in veterinary medicine due to its effectiveness against a broad range of fungi. In recent years, its use has decreased due to other available antifungals with less side effects, but it is still a great option for many dogs. 

Read on to learn more about ketoconazole for dogs and how it may benefit your pet. 

What Is Ketoconazole?

Ketoconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat a variety of fungal infections in dogs. Although the medication is FDA-approved for use in humans, it is not yet approved in dogs. However, many veterinarians practice “extra-label” prescribing of ketoconazole to dogs. This simply means the medication is prescribed outside of its approved use according to the drug label. This is a common and acceptable practice in veterinary medicine for many types of medications. 

Ketoconazole is available in both generic and brand name forms by prescription only. It is readily available at most primary care veterinary hospitals throughout the United States. 

What Does Ketoconazole for Dogs Look Like?

Ketoconazole tablets for dogs vary in appearance depending on the manufacturer and dispensing pharmacy. However, they are typically round tablets that are white to tan in color. Many have score lines present for ease of dosing. The medication can be compounded into a capsule with an outer coating that is two-toned in color, a flavored liquid with an oily consistency, or an orange, chicken-flavored chew. 

Ketoconazole also comes in many topical forms. The liquid form, which is clear in color, can be added to ear wash, ointments, creams, and wipes.

How Does Ketoconazole Work?

Ketoconazole is part of the class of antifungals called azoles. Its main function is to prevent the fungal cell wall from forming and functioning properly. This interferes with the infectious potential of the fungus. 

Ketoconazole can also decrease testosterone production by binding to important receptors in the body, which can result in male infertility in dogs. It also reduces steroid hormone production by the adrenal glands, which are increased in dogs with Cushing’s disease. 

What Is Ketoconazole Used For in Dogs?

Ketoconazole is used to treat a variety of health conditions in dogs. It is primarily used to treat systemic and localized fungal infections. However, one of its side effects—to block cortisol production from the adrenal glands—is used to treat Cushing’s disease. Additional conditions that ketoconazole is effective against include the following: 

• Yeast dermatitis
• Yeast otitis (ear infection)
• Dermatophytosis 
• Coccidiomycosis 
• Aspergillosis 
• Histoplasmosis 
• Cryptococcus
• Blastomycosis 

How to Give Ketoconazole for Dogs

To treat systemic fungal infections, ketoconazole is administered orally. It is readily available in tablet form, but it can also be compounded into a liquid or capsule for easier administration by pet parents. Disguising the medication in a pill pocket or a “meatball” of wet food can help entice dogs to take the medication.

For skin and ear infections, ketoconazole is generally applied topically. Available products containing ketoconazole include ointments, creams, shampoos, wipes, sprays, and ear flush for dogs. In severe infections or those that do not respond to these treatments alone, topical products may need to be combined with oral medication for full resolution. 

Ketoconazole Side Effects in Dogs

Ketoconazole has several side effects pet parents should be aware of. Most are mild, but in rare instances, serious side effects can occur. Pet parents should watch for the following signs: 

• Vomiting 
• Diarrhea
• Decreased appetite 
• Reduced energy 

Long-term use of ketoconazole can result in liver damage. More severe side effects may include the following:  

• Yellowing of the skin, gums, and eyes
• Increased thirst
• Increased urination
• Weight loss 
• Seizures 

All dogs receiving oral ketoconazole for an extended period of time should receive regular blood work to monitor their liver enzymes and blood cell counts. This medication should not be used in dogs with pre-existing liver disease or in pregnant or nursing dogs. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Ketoconazole does interact with many other medications used in dogs. A few examples of these medications include macrolide antibiotics, ivermectin, cyclosporine, and cisapride. Always let your dog’s veterinarian know all over-the-counter and prescription medications or supplements your dog is currently taking. Your veterinarian can advise you on whether or not ketoconazole would be a safe medication to take alongside your dog’s current regimen. 

Ketoconazole Dosage for Dogs

The dose of ketoconazole varies based on a dog’s size. Treatment length depends on the underlying condition present and usually extends past the resolution of symptoms. Always follow your veterinarian’s recommendations and give the medication exactly as prescribed for the best outcome. Ketoconazole should always be administered with food. 

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Ketoconazole?

If your dog misses a dose of ketoconazole, do not double up. Give the next dose at the correct time and continue giving the medication as previously prescribed. If missing doses happens repeatedly, speak with your pet’s veterinarian to see if there are alternative treatment options that may be a better fit.                         

Ketoconazole for Dogs Cost

The cost of ketoconazole varies among veterinary practices in different parts of the country. Generic forms of the medication are much less expensive than name brands. Pet parents should anticipate spending between $30-$60 for a three-week course of oral tablets. Some fungal infections will resolve in this time frame while others require much longer treatment, which will further increase costs. Compounded liquid or capsules are more expensive than tablets because they must be prepared by a special pharmacy. Topical medications range from $15-$50. For dogs taking ketoconazole long-term, blood work monitoring can cost between $50-$100. 

Ketoconazole Storage Instructions 

Ketoconazole products should be stored at room temperature out of direct sunlight. Tablets, capsules, and liquid should be stored in a container that is tightly closed and protected from moisture. Sprays, wipes, creams, ointments, and shampoos should be kept closed when not in use. All products containing ketoconazole should be kept out of reach of children and other pets. 

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Feline hyperthyroidism is nearly always caused by a benign (non-cancerous) tumor of the thyroid gland. While it can also be caused by cancerous thyroid tumors, thyroid carcinoma is far less common in cats. 

In both cases, veterinarians may recommend the medication methimazole to manage hyperthyroidism in cats, alone or as part of a broader treatment plan.

What is Methimazole?

Methimazole is an antithyroid thioamide that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones. It is used to treat hyperthyroidism in both humans and animals.

Methimazole is available in both brand name and generic formulations. Of the branded options, only the formulation that goes by the brand name Felimazole is FDA-approved to treat hyperthyroidism in cats. Felimazole was granted approval by the FDA in May, 2009. 

Generic formulations of methimazole are considered extra-label, meaning they can be used at the discretion of your veterinarian. 

Is Methimazole Safe for Cats? 

Yes, methimazole is safe for adult cats, as long as they are not pregnant or nursing.

Methimazole is available for use in cats only with a prescription from your veterinarian. You can fill the prescription at a pharmacy or check with your veterinary clinic, as many keep methimazole in stock.

Because methimazole is also used in humans, it is generally widely available and inexpensive. 

What Does Methimazole for Cats Look Like?

Methimazole comes in liquid and tablet format for oral administration, as well as a transdermal gel that can be applied to and absorbed by a cat’s skin. 

Generic methimazole tablets are small, round, and white. There may be imprinted letters on the tablet. If there is a number imprinted on the tablet, it indicates the strength of the pill. Felimazole brand tablets are coated in a hard, shiny shell, which may be pink or orange, depending on the dose. 

The transdermal formulation of methimazole is a viscous gel that may appear clear or translucent. It comes in a metered dispenser for more accurate dosing.

What Is Methimazole Used For in Cats?

Methimazole is used to treat hyperthyroidism in cats, which occurs when the thyroid gland is overactive and produces more thyroid hormones than a cat’s body needs. 

Thyroid hormones are responsible for managing a cat’s metabolism, which is akin to the “energy engine” of the feline body. When thyroid hormone levels are elevated, it causes a cat’s body to run in “overdrive.” This imbalance puts a huge strain on a cat’s body and organs, which can cause severe illness, such as heart disease, and even death.

The most common symptom of hyperthyroidism reported by cat parents is weight loss despite an increase in appetite. Other signs of hyperthyroidism in cats include vomiting, increased thirst and urination, and changes in behavior. Your veterinarian may also notice a heart murmur, increased blood pressure, and enlargement of the thyroid gland.

How Does Methimazole Work?

Hyperthyroidism in cats is a progressive disease that requires lifelong management. As an antithyroid drug, Methimazole works by preventing the formation of thyroid hormones — specifically thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). This action is dose-dependent, so it can be adjusted to keep a cat’s thyroid hormones at the optimum level. 

Unfortunately, over time, cats are likely to require more methimazole to manage their hyperthyroidism. Over many years, the medication may eventually become ineffective or require a dose so high that it causes unwanted side effects.

Although thyroid carcinoma is rare, cats treated for hyperthyroidism are at increased risk for developing the cancerous disease. 

How to Give Methimazole to Cats

There are two different ways to give methimazole: by mouth (orally) and on the skin (transdermally). 

• Tablets and liquids should be given by mouth every 12 hours. It is okay to hide the tablet in a small amount of food. Tablets should not be crushed because that can alter absorption. If your cat resists tablets and liquids, talk to your veterinarian about transdermal formulations. 

• Transdermal gel should be given according to package instructions. The medication is typically applied to a hairless surface of your cat’s skin, such as the inner surface of the ear pinna (ear flap). Wear gloves when applying the medication. Alternate ears each dose and clean the other ear pinna with warm water and gentle soap to prevent build-up. 

Methimazole for Cats: Side Effects

There are many possible side effects of methimazole that you may notice at home. These include:

• not eating (anorexia)
• vomiting
• weight loss
• weight gain
• itchiness (especially of the face)
• weakness
• lethargy

Cats are most likely to show signs of such side effects during the first month of treatment, and these often resolve over time. 

Cats with gastrointestinal upset as a result of methimazole may tolerate transdermal formulations without side effects. 

Changes to a cat’s organ function may also occur, including inflammation of the liver (hepatitis) and decrease in kidney function. Although it is rare, some cats can develop blood abnormalities when taking methimazole, in which case the medication should be discontinued. 

Symptoms of Too Much Methimazole in Cats

It’s important to note that any side effects that may stem from giving your cat methimazole are not dose-dependent. That means that you cannot rely on symptoms of overdose to determine if your cat is taking too much of the drug.

Thyroid values should be monitored regularly by a veterinarian to make sure your cat’s dose is appropriate. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Administration of methimazole with phenobarbital or anticoagulant medications may decrease their efficacy. Some parasite preventatives should not be given with methimazole. Cats who are on some medications before starting methimazole may need to adjust their dose after their thyroid disease is controlled. These include theophylline, blood pressure medications, and certain heart medications. 

Methimazole Dosage for Cats 

Methimazole for cats is dosed based on individual response. Most cats are started on a low dose and increased slowly following serial blood testing of thyroid levels. The goal is to keep total thyroid hormone (T4) within the normal range. There is no defined maximum dose for methimazole in cats. However, if methimazole is not effective for your cat, your veterinarian may recommend alternative treatments.

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of Methimazole?

If your cat misses a dose of methimazole, give the next dose at the appropriate time. Do not double doses or give doses too close together to compensate for the missed dose. 

If your cat misses a dose within 1 week of a planned thyroid level testing, alert your veterinarian as the missed dose may alter results.

Alternatives to Methimazole for Cats

If your cat develops side effects from methimazole or their disorder does not respond to the medication, talk to your veterinarian about alternative treatments for hyperthyroidism. These include:

I-131 radiotherapy – Injection of radioactive iodine that destroys the thyroid gland. This treatment is used in both humans and animals to cure hyperthyroidism.

Surgical thyroidectomy – Surgery to remove the enlarged thyroid gland, which eliminates the disease.

Iodine-free diet – Therapeutic diet for cats made without iodine and available by prescription only. This will not cure hyperthyroidism in cats, but can be used to manage the disease provided cats are restricted to a prescription, iodine-free diet only.

Cost of Methimazole for Cats

Generic methimazole tablets are inexpensive and can be purchased directly through your veterinarian or a prescription to a human pharmacy. A month of tablets will cost $5-50. 

Liquid and transdermal formulations may be more expensive at $40-75 per month.

Methimazole Storage Instructions

Methimazole should be stored at room temperature, out of direct sunlight, in a sealed container unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer. 

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Read on to learn more about how pimobendan can help your dog, and how to safely use and store this medication at home.

What is Pimobendan?

Pimobendan is a prescription veterinary medication that is used in the management of congestive heart failure in dogs. It is an inodilator, which means it works by strengthening contractions of the heart muscle (contractility) and by dilating the blood vessels that take blood away from the heart. This combination helps the heart to pump more efficiently.  

Pimobendan is currently FDA approved for the management of signs of mild, moderate, or severe congestive heart failure in dogs due to atrioventricular valvular insufficiency or dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Pimobendan is not FDA approved for use in cats, but is sometimes used off-label in this species.

Pet owners can get a prescription for pimobendan through their primary care veterinarian or through a specialist, such as a cardiologist or an internist.  

What Does Pimobendan for Dogs Look Like?

Pimobendan typically comes in the form of a chewable tablet, which is oblong, brown, and scored in the middle. Pimobendan is also available in the form of capsules. The exact appearance of pimobendan can vary depending on the manufacturer that makes the product. If you have trouble giving your dog tablets or capsules, ask your veterinarian about alternative dose forms, such as oral liquids and soft chews.

How Does Pimobendan Work?

Pimobendan is a positive inotrope, which means that it increases contractility of the heart. It also acts as a vasodilator, making small blood vessels called arterioles open, which decreases resistance to blood flow and reduces the heart’s workload.  

Uses of Pimobendan for Dogs

Pimobendan is used for dogs with the following conditions:

• Mitral valve disease
• Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
• Congestive heart failure

Pimobendan is used to manage heart failure in dogs. This medication prolongs survival in dogs in left heart failure due to mitral regurgitation. It is hypothesized that pimobendan also prolongs survival in dogs with heart failure due to DCM, but there is little data available on this subject to date. Pimobendan also prolongs the time to onset of congestive heart failure in dogs with advanced subclinical mitral valve disease.  

How to Give Pimobendan to Dogs

Pimobendan is administered by mouth in the form of a capsule or chewable tablet. (If you’re having trouble giving your dog a capsule or tablet, ask your veterinarian about alternative dose forms that may be available through a compounding pharmacy, and whether they are appropriate for your pet.) Pimobendan is best absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in the absence of food, and should be given on an empty stomach at least 60 minutes prior to feeding.  

Pimobendan for Dogs Side Effects

In most dogs, pimobendan is well-tolerated. Side effects that have been reported with pimobendan include:

• Poor appetite
• Lethargy
• Diarrhea
• Trouble breathing
• Weakness
• Pleural effusion
• Syncope

Reported side effects in patients may be related to pre-existing cardiac disease. If your dog experiences side effects while taking pimobendan, stop giving the medication and contact your veterinarian right away.

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Certain drugs, such as calcium channel blockers and beta blockers, may diminish the effectiveness of pimobendan for dogs.  

Pimobendan Dosage for Dogs

The dosage of pimobendan for dogs varies depending on your dog’s size and the type and severity of your dog’s heart condition. Your veterinarian will determine the best dosage of pimobendan for your dog’s individual needs. Always follow your veterinarian’s dosing instructions closely.

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Pimobendan?

If your dog misses a dose of pimobendan, give the dose as soon as you remember. If it’s too close to the next dose, do not give two doses at the same time. Simply skip the missed dose and continue on with the dosing schedule as prescribed. Never increase your dog’s dose of pimobendan unless directed to do so by your veterinarian.

Pimobendan for Dogs Cost

The cost of pimobendan varies depending on the size of the tablet or capsule your pet is prescribed. In general, you can expect to spend $50-$150 on a 50-count bottle of pimobendan tablets or capsules.

Pimobendan Storage Instructions

Pimobendan should be kept in its original container and stored in a dry place at room temperature, between 59 and 86 degrees Fahrenheit.  

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What is Gabapentin?

Gabapentin was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1993 for the treatment of epilepsy in humans. In addition to preventing seizures, gabapentin was later approved to treat neuralgia (nerve pain) occurring after herpes infection in people. 

Over time, veterinarians began adopting the use of gabapentin to treat pain and seizures in cats. A 2017 study determined that gabapentin was highly effective in alleviating the stress associated with veterinary visits in cats. This led to a dramatic increase in the use of gabapentin as a cat anxiety medication. 

Although gabapentin is not labeled for use in feline patients, it is frequently used in an “off-label” manner. This means that the manufacturer has not submitted the testing and documentation that is requires for FDA approval, but there are published research studies to support its use and veterinarians have safely used this drug for years. 

Most veterinarians in the United States stock gabapentin capsules that are appropriately sized for dogs and cats. If your veterinarian does not stock this medication, they may provide you with a prescription to obtain this medication from a human or veterinary pharmacy. Gabapentin does not require a visit to a veterinary specialist. 

What Does Gabapentin for Cats Look Like?

Most veterinary hospitals provide gabapentin to cat owners as 100 mg or 300 mg capsules. The color of these capsules may vary, depending on the manufacturer. 

How Does Gabapentin Work?

Gabapentin binds to multiple receptors within the brain and spinal cord, influencing the levels of certain neurotransmitters (chemical signals) that are circulating within the body. 

In the brain, gabapentin primarily acts to decrease the excitability of neurons. This slows the transmission of abnormal electrical signals, reducing the likelihood of seizures and exerting a calming effect. In the spinal cord, gabapentin limits the transmission of pain signals, reducing the sensation of pain.  

What Is Gabapentin Used For in Cats?

Gabapentin is primarily intended to control seizures and reduce neuropathic (nerve-associated) pain. 

However, this medication has also been shown to reduce stress associated with veterinary visits. Therefore, many veterinarians prescribe gabapentin for cats who become anxious or aggressive in the veterinary clinic.  

Common scenarios in which your veterinarian might prescribe your cat gabapentin include: 

• Anxiety with veterinary visits
• Anxiety in other short-lived situations
• Chronic pain
• Nerve pain
• Seizures
• Epilepsy

How to Give Gabapentin to Cats

Gabapentin is typically given by mouth. This medication can be given with or without food. 

You can also dissolve gabapentin in water for cats, but your cat might notice the taste of the medication and resist this method. Instead, consider mixing the contents of a capsule with wet cat food or another tasty treat. 

Gabapentin acts quickly and its effects are typically seen within one to two hours. The effects of gabapentin typically begin to wear off within approximately eight hours, though they may persist for 24 hours.  

Gabapentin for Cats Side Effects

The most common side effect of gabapentin is sedation or sleepiness. You might also notice that your cat cannot or will not walk after gabapentin, and they may appear extra-clumsy. Less commonly, gabapentin may cause vomiting. 

Fortunately, gabapentin side effects are often short-lived and resolve within 10-12 hours. 

Gabapentin side effects in cats may include:

• Drowsiness
• Sedation
• Inability to walk
• Reluctance to walk
• Clumsiness
• Vomiting 

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Gabapentin should be used with caution in cats taking morphine. Combining morphine with gabapentin may increase the amount of gabapentin that is present in the bloodstream, leading to an increased risk of side effects. 

Caution should be used when combining gabapentin with other sedating drugs, due to the potential for increased sedation. 

Antacids may decrease your cat’s ability to absorb gabapentin from the gastrointestinal tract. If your cat is taking antacids, your veterinarian may prescribe a higher dose of gabapentin to overcome this interaction.

Talk to your veterinarian about any medications, vitamins, supplements, or anxiety medications for cats that your pet is taking before starting treatment with gabapentin. 

Gabapentin Dosage for Cats

Your veterinarian calculates a gabapentin dosage for cats by weight, taking into account the medication’s intended purpose. 

Cats that are taking gabapentin for the control of seizures may require a relatively high dose of gabapentin, which may be given as often as every eight hours. In contrast, a gabapentin dose for cats with chronic pain is often relatively low and these cats may receive gabapentin just once daily. 

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of Gabapentin?

If your cat misses a dose of gabapentin, you should give the missed dose as soon as you remember. Adjust your cat’s dosing schedule and continue to give the rest of your cat’s doses at the recommended intervals. 

If it’s almost time for your cat’s next dose of gabapentin, you may want to wait and give the dose at the scheduled time. This will allow you to get your pet back on a regular dosing schedule. 

If your cat has a history of seizures, do not stop giving gabapentin abruptly. Cat gabapentin withdrawal could lead to a recurrence of your cat’s seizures. 

Cost of Gabapentin for Cats

Gabapentin is a relatively inexpensive medication and the generic form of medication is usually dispensed. In most cases, you will pay less than $1 per pill for gabapentin. 

A one-month supply of gabapentin for a cat that is taking this medication once daily will likely cost around $30. 

Keep in mind, however, that veterinary hospitals and pharmacies may charge a prescription dispensing fee to account for supplies and staff time spent labeling and dispensing medications. If you are purchasing a few gabapentin capsules to give before veterinary visits, you may spend approximately $15-$20 due to medication costs and dispensing fees. 

Gabapentin Storage Instructions

Gabapentin capsules can be stored at room temperature, in a cabinet, or on your kitchen counter. Liquid gabapentin may require refrigeration. Talk to your veterinarian or pharmacist if you have questions about appropriate gabapentin storage.

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If your veterinarian has prescribed a course of Clavamox for your dog, you may be wondering what it is and how it works. Let’s take a closer look at Clavamox for dogs, including potential uses and side effects.

What is Clavamox?

Clavamox is an FDA-approved antibiotic that is labeled for use in dogs and cats. If you have ever taken Augmentin to treat a sinus infection or other illness, you are familiar with Clavamox. Clavamox is the veterinary equivalent of Augmentin, and it contains the same active ingredients. 

Clavamox was initially developed in the 1980s. For the last 40 years, it has been widely used by veterinarians to treat many different types of bacterial infections. Clavamox is effective against a broad range of bacteria, including bacteria that may be resistant to other antibiotics. It’s also well-distributed in the body, which means it can be used to treat infections in numerous organs/tissues.

Almost every veterinarian keeps Clavamox (or its generic equivalent) in stock and uses it regularly, and you will not need to see a specialist to obtain this medication. Many dogs are treated with Clavamox at some point during their lives. 

What Does Clavamox for Dogs Look Like?

Clavamox for dogs is available in three different forms: tablets, chewable tablets, and liquid suspension.

Clavamox tablets and Clavamox chewables for dogs will degrade with prolonged air exposure, so both are supplied in a blister pack. Clavamox tablets are white, round pills, while Clavamox chewables are square, brown/tan tablets that are scored down the center. 

Liquid Clavamox is shipped as a white powder in a small bottle. Your veterinarian will add a carefully-measured amount of water to this powder, creating a white suspension. Clavamox drops are typically dosed using a small dropper, with lines on the dropper to indicate dosing quantities. 

How Does Clavamox Work?

Clavamox is a combination of two drugs: amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. 

You are probably familiar with amoxicillin, a commonly-used antibiotic. This antibiotic kills susceptible bacteria by blocking their ability to create functional cell walls. 

Unfortunately, some bacteria have developed the ability to evade amoxicillin’s action, through the use of an enzyme known as beta-lactamase. Clavulanic acid inhibits beta-lactamase, overcoming this bacterial defense. 

Clavamox is capable of killing a far greater variety of bacteria than amoxicillin alone, thanks to the addition of clavulanic acid. 

What Is Clavamox Used for in Dogs?

Clavamox is one of the most widely-used antibiotics in veterinary medicine. It is effective against a broad range of bacteria and it reaches many different areas of the body. 

Common conditions in dogs that may be treated with Clavamox include: 

• Skin infections
• Wound infections
• Urinary tract infections
• Pneumonia
• Bone infections
• Infections of the mouth and teeth
• Infections of the inner ear (but not external ear infections) 

How to Give Clavamox to Dogs

Clavamox for dogs can be given with or without food. Giving Clavamox with a meal may help minimize the risk of gastrointestinal side effects, such as vomiting or diarrhea. 

When giving Clavamox tablets for dogs, you can hide the tablet in a small amount of canned food, peanut butter, or another soft treat. Crushing the pill is not recommended, because some dogs will taste the crushed pill and may be reluctant to take the medication. 

Clavamox chewable tablets are flavored to taste like pork. Most dogs will readily accept Clavamox chewable tablets, just as they would take a treat. If a dog is especially picky or stubborn, chewable tablets can be crushed and mixed with a small amount of canned food. 

Clavamox drops for dogs can be squirted directly into your dog’s mouth, using the provided dropper. Shake well before using. Clavamox drops can also be mixed with food, but the smell of the medication may lead your dog to not eat the food or medication.  

Clavamox for Dogs Side Effects

Clavamox is well-tolerated in most dogs, but side effects can occur. The most common side effect is gastrointestinal upset, which may result in decreased appetite, vomiting, or diarrhea. A small number of dogs may be allergic to Clavamox; fortunately, antibiotic allergies are relatively rare in dogs.

When giving Clavamox to dogs, watch for the following signs: 

• Decreased appetite
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Skin rash or hives
• Facial swelling
• Elevated heart rate
• Fever

If your dog develops any side effects that may be associated with Clavamox, contact your veterinarian as soon as possible. If your dog only has a mild decrease in appetite or slightly soft stools, you can continue giving Clavamox until you receive instructions from your veterinarian. However, if your dog is vomiting or showing signs of a potential allergic reaction, stop giving Clavamox immediately, and do not give any more doses until you are able to speak with your veterinarian. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Clavamox may interact with a number of other drugs, including tetracycline and other related antibiotics. 

Be sure your veterinarian is aware of any prescription or over-the-counter medications your dog is taking before starting your dog on Clavamox. 

Clavamox Dosage for Dogs

Your veterinarian will select the best Clavamox dose for your dog, based upon your dog’s body weight and the condition to be treated. Clavamox tablets/chews are available in a variety of sizes, so most dogs (except very large dogs) can be treated with one appropriately-sized tablet twice daily. 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Clavamox?

If your dog misses a dose of Clavamox, give the missed dose as soon as possible and continue dosing your pet as directed.

If it’s already time for your dog’s next dose of Clavamox, skip the missed dose and resume dosing at the next scheduled dosing time. 

Clavamox for Dogs Cost

The cost of Clavamox for dogs varies, depending on your dog’s dosage and the drug formulation (tablet, chewable, or liquid). In general, you can expect to spend anywhere from $2-$10 per day for Clavamox treatment for dogs. 

Generic formulations are available and may be slightly less expensive. 

Clavamox Storage Instructions

Clavamox tablets for dogs and chewable tablets can be stored at room temperature. These tablets are sensitive to air, which is why they are supplied in a blister pack. Do not open each dose until you are ready to administer the dose to your pet. 

Clavamox drops for dogs should be stored in the refrigerator, once reconstituted to their liquid form. 

The post Clavamox for Dogs: Uses, Dosing, Side Effects appeared first on Great Pet Care.

What Is Galliprant for Dogs?

Galliprant is a type of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) prescribed by veterinarians to reduce pain and inflammation in dogs living with arthritis. It is manufactured by Elanco and was approved by the FDA for use in dogs in March 2016. It is a flavored, chewable tablet given by mouth once daily with less risk for side effects than other types of NSAIDs. Pet parents can get Galliprant from their dog’s primary care veterinarian, and it is readily available throughout the United States. This medication is also available in a generic form called grapiprant.

What Does Galliprant for Dogs Look Like?

Galliprant is an oval-shaped, light brown tablet that is imprinted with the letter “G.” The 20mg and 60mg tablets also have a score line where the pills can be split for easy dosing. 

What Is Galliprant Used For in Dogs?

Veterinarians prescribe Galliprant to reduce pain and inflammation in dogs with arthritis, which is a common condition that develops as pets age. Over time, the cartilage that cushions the joints begins to break down, and the bones within the joint start to rub against one another. As a result of this joint damage, the body begins producing substances called prostaglandins. The production of prostaglandins results in swelling and inflammation and is very painful for dogs. In order to alleviate this discomfort, veterinarians prescribe pain medications, such as Galliprant. This NSAID specifically targets the source of pain and inflammation by preventing prostaglandins from interacting with receptors that they use to function. As a result, pain and inflammation is reduced and dogs feel better. 

How Does Galliprant Work?

NSAIDs are a type of medication used to reduce pain, inflammation, and fevers in dogs. Traditional NSAIDs, such as meloxicam, carprofen, and deracoxib, work by inhibiting an enzyme called cyclooxygenase, which is responsible for producing prostaglandins. These prostaglandins increase pain and inflammation within the body. Therefore, by inhibiting this enzyme, pain and inflammation is reduced. However, traditional NSAIDs can also have negative effects on the kidneys, liver, platelets, stomach, and intestines. 

Galliprant is unique because it is considered a non-cyclooxygenase inhibiting NSAID. While this medication does not prevent the production of prostaglandins, it effectively blocks prostaglandins from interacting with specific receptors. This results in arthritic dogs experiencing less pain and inflammation. Due to the way this medication works, it also has less risk for negative effects on the liver, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract compared to traditional NSAIDs [1].

How to Give Galliprant to Dogs

Galliprant is given orally to dogs once daily. The tablets are pork-flavored, so the majority of dogs will eagerly take them. However, if your dog won’t readily take the medication, you can disguise it in wet food, a pill pocket, or a piece of cheese. If your dog still won’t take Galliprant using these tips, you can ask your pet’s veterinarian for further assistance. 

Galliprant Reviews

Galliprant is perceived well in the veterinary community as an effective medication for many dogs living with arthritis. I have personally prescribed Galliprant to many of my patients with good results. I like that it has less risk for side effects compared to other brands of NSAIDs currently available. Only having to give Galliprant once a day is also a great perk for many pet parents, especially if their dogs do not readily take medications. The downside to Galliprant is that it is quite expensive for large breed dogs.

Dogs who would benefit from Galliprant include those with arthritis who need an alternative to traditional NSAIDs, such as Rimadyl or Metacam, because of underlying health conditions like liver and kidney diseases. While a medication called gabapentin can also be used for pain relief in dogs, it is generally more effective for pain and inflammation of the spine, brain, and nervous system rather than the joints. It is also commonly prescribed to prevent seizures. For dogs experiencing arthritis, an NSAID is a better choice. Your pet’s veterinarian can recommend the best type of NSAID for your dog based on their particular needs and health history. 

Galliprant Side Effects

When giving Galliprant to your dog, you should watch for potential side effects that can occur, which include the following: 

• Vomiting 
• Diarrhea 
• Reduced appetite
• Soft stool containing mucus or blood

While less common, some dogs may experience decreased energy and tiredness while taking this medication. If you notice any of these side effects or other abnormal behaviors while your dog is taking Galliprant, promptly contact your pet’s veterinarian for guidance.

Galliprant should not be taken with aspirin, any other types of NSAIDs, or corticosteroids. Giving these together can result in an increased risk for serious side effects, including ulcers of the stomach or intestines and loss of appetite. Be sure to let your pet’s veterinarian know about any medications and supplements your dog is taking prior to starting them on Galliprant. 

Galliprant Dosage for Dogs

The dosage of Galliprant will vary based on your dog’s weight. It is important to note that dogs should be at least 9 months of age and should weigh at least 8 pounds for safe and accurate dosing of this medication [2]. Galliprant is available in 20mg, 60mg, and 100mg tablets. Your dog’s veterinarian will determine the proper dosage and will monitor their response while they are taking the medication. 

What Does Galliprant Cost?

The cost of Galliprant will vary based on your dog’s size and your location. Pet parents can expect to spend about $40-$50 per month for smaller dogs, while costs can increase to around $100 a month for large breed dogs. 

Galliprant Storage Instructions

This product may be kept at room temperature and should be stored in a secure location out of reach of pets and children.  

Where to Buy Galliprant for Dogs

If you’re interested in buying Galliprant for dogs, you can check to see if it is available on your veterinarian’s online pharmacy.

References:

1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5645826/
2. https://www.elancolabels.com/us/galliprant-with-tear-off

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If your veterinarian diagnoses your cat with an ear infection or ear mites, there’s a good chance you will leave with a prescription for a drug called Tresaderm to treat the problem. Tresaderm is also occasionally prescribed as a topical treatment for certain skin infections in cats. 

Let’s take a closer look at this commonly used medicine for cats and learn how it helps our furry feline friends feel better.

What is Tresaderm?

Tresaderm is a topical solution consisting of a steroid (dexamethasone) in combination with an antifungal (thiabendazole) and an antibiotic (neomycin). The name-brand drug is a registered trademark of Merial Limited and is FDA approved for the treatment of certain skin and ear infections in both dogs and cats.

There is one FDA-approved generic form available, as well, which is manufactured by Putney, Inc. The generic form of Tresaderm is known as thiabendazole, dexamethasone, neomycin sulfate solution, after its active ingredients.

Is Tresaderm Safe For Cats?

Tresaderm is safe for topical use in cats. It is widely prescribed for felines, with most cats experiencing few (if any) negative reactions or side effects. When these do occur, they are typically mild. 

Pet owners can get Tresaderm for cats through their veterinarian by prescription only.

What Does Tresaderm For Cats Look Like?

Brand-name Tresaderm is a topical solution that comes in a 7.5 mL or 15 mL white dropper bottle which must be kept in the refrigerator. The generic form of thiabendazole, dexamethasone, neomycin sulfate solution may come in different packaging. 

How Does Tresaderm Work?

Tresaderm contains three different medications, each with its own mechanism of action. 

• Dexamethasone is a steroid that suppresses inflammatory reactions and decreases itching. 
• Thiabendazole is an antiparasitic and antifungal medication that is effective against yeast infections and ear mites. 
• Neomycin is an antibiotic that kills many different types of bacteria, including some that infect the ear and skin. 

What Is Tresaderm Used for In Cats?

Tresaderm is FDA approved for the treatment of certain skin and ear infections in cats and dogs. Your veterinarian may prescribe Tresaderm for your cat to treat conditions including:

• Bacterial ear infections
• Yeast ear infections
• Ear mites
• Skin infections

How to Give Tresaderm to Cats

Instructions for administering Tresaderm vary according to what’s ailing your cat. Always follow your veterinarian’s guidance. And use these tips to ensure your cat gets the full benefit of the application.  

Tresaderm for cat ear infections

Administer Tresaderm topically in the ear canal. To do this, hold the bottle vertically, with the tip pointed down. Place the tip of the bottle into your cat’s ear canal, and gently squeeze the bottle to dispense the desired number of drops.

Remove the bottle and rub the base of your cat’s ear briefly to help work the medication into the ear canal. Then stand back, as your cat will likely want to shake their head — and it’s okay to allow them to do so! You can then repeat this process with the second ear if your veterinarian has instructed you to treat both ears.

Tresaderm for cat skin infections

Apply Tresaderm topically in a light layer to the affected area. Hold the bottle vertically with the tip down and gently squeeze the bottle to moisten the affected area (approximately 2-4 drops per square inch of affected skin). 

Do not allow your cat to lick the Tresaderm off of the area. You may need to use a protective collar, such as an e-collar (also known as an Elizabethan collar) or an alternative, to keep your cat from licking the area.

Tresaderm for Cats Side Effects

Tresaderm is generally safe for cats and has few side effects. Tresaderm is not absorbed systemically, so side effects are limited to local reactions at the site of application. 

Though side effects are rare, if you suspect your cat is experiencing side effects from the Tresaderm application, stop using the medication and contact your veterinarian immediately. 

Side effects from Tresaderm can include:

• Localized erythema (redness) lasting 24 to 48 hours in cats with hypersensitivity to neomycin
• Hearing loss if administered to cats with ruptured eardrums
• Temporary discomfort if the product is applied to compromised or irritated areas of skin, e.g., skin that is split (fissured) or exposed and unprotected due to hair loss (denuded). 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Because Tresaderm is only used topically and the drugs are not significantly absorbed systemically, it is unlikely to interact or interfere with other drugs the patient may be taking.

Tresaderm for Cats Dosage

The exact dosage of Tresaderm for your cat will vary depending on your cat’s size and the type and severity of the infection being treated. In general, ear infections and skin infections typically require drops administered twice daily according to your veterinarian’s instructions.

Always follow your veterinarian’s dosage instructions carefully, and be sure to complete the full course of medication. Even if your cat appears to feel better before the course of treatment is complete, it is important to administer all of the medication as prescribed to ensure that the infection is completely cleared.

What If My Cat Misses A Dose Of Tresaderm?

If your cat misses a dose of Tresaderm, give the dose as soon as you remember. If the next dose is due soon, do not double the dose or give two doses at the same time to make up for the missed dose. Simply skip the missed dose and continue on with the next dose as prescribed. 

If your cat has missed multiple doses of Tresaderm, contact your veterinarian for advice on how to proceed. 

Cost of Tresaderm for Cats

The cost of Tresaderm for cat may vary significantly depending on your cat’s dose and your location.

In general, pet parents can expect to pay approximately $25-50 for this product. The generic formulation, if available, may cost less than the brand-name product.

Tresaderm Storage Instructions

When not in use, Tresaderm must be refrigerated. Store in a refrigerator set to a temperature between 36-46 degrees Fahrenheit.

The post Tresaderm for Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Canine allergies can be challenging to manage. Veterinarians and pet owners often turn to a wide variety of dog allergy medicines in an effort to provide relief, including antihistamines such as Zyrtec.

What is Zyrtec?

Zyrtec, also known by the generic name cetirizine, is a second-generation antihistamine. It was developed in the 1980’s, with the goal of treating allergy symptoms while minimizing some of the side effects associated with Benadryl (diphenhydramine) and other first-generation antihistamines.

Zyrtec is FDA-approved for use in humans only. However, it is frequently used “off label” as an allergy medicine for dogs. Although the manufacturer of Zyrtec has not pursued the research and testing needed to receive FDA approval for its use in dogs, veterinarians have prescribed Zyrtec for canine patients for many years. Its use has been studied both in veterinary patients and in the laboratory environment.

Zyrtec can be purchased at any human drugstore, and it may also be available in some veterinary hospitals. Any veterinarian can make Zyrtec dosing recommendations for your dog.

What Does Zyrtec Look Like?

Zyrtec for dog allergies is most commonly supplied as a white, uncoated tablet. You may also find it as a colorless to pale yellow liquid suspension. Most veterinarians recommend tablets for larger dogs and the liquid suspension for small-breed dogs.

Zyrtec is also available as a chewable children’s tablet. However, it’s best to avoid the chewable version of Zyrtec for dogs. Some flavors and formulations may contain xylitol, an artificial sweetener that is toxic to dogs.

Liquid-filled capsules are also available, but these are larger than tablets and therefore less convenient for dogs.

Is Zyrtec Safe for Dogs?

Zyrtec, or cetirizine, is generally regarded as a safe medication for most dogs. In healthy dogs with no underlying medical conditions, and when given at appropriate doses, significant side effects are rare. When side effects do occur, they tend to be minimal.

However, not every dog is a good candidate for Zyrtec. Always talk to your veterinarian before giving your dog Zyrtec or any other over-the-counter medication. Your veterinarian is familiar with your dog’s medical history and risk factors. They can make the best medication recommendations for your individual dog.

Combination products containing Zyrtec can be highly toxic to dogs. For example, Zyrtec-D combines Zyrtec and a decongestant. Decongestants have a number of serious side effects in dogs and can even be fatal. Therefore, Zyrtec-D is NOT safe for dogs.

How Does It Work?

Zyrtec is an antihistamine. It works against histamine, a chemical substance produced during an allergic reaction. Histamine is responsible for many of the effects that we associate with allergies in dogs, such as itching and skin inflammation.

Zyrtec blocks the receptors on which histamine acts. This minimizes the impacts of histamine, reducing itching, inflammation, and other signs of allergies.  

What Is Zyrtec Used For in Dogs?

Zyrtec is an allergy medicine for dogs. It is frequently used to treat skin itching and inflammation associated with atopic dermatitis, a condition caused by a reaction to inhaled allergens. Zyrtec can also be used to treat other allergic reactions, including insect bites and stings and hives.

Common applications for Zyrtec in dogs include:

• Atopic dermatitis (atopy)
• Insect bites and stings
• Hives

Your veterinarian may also recommend Zyrtec to treat other allergic conditions. If Zyrtec doesn’t help or something else is needed, your veterinarian can recommend the appropriate treatments and testing.

Allergies in dogs manifest in many ways, including scratching and itching, sneezing, coughing, hives, skin infections, ear infections, and more. Pet insurance can help cover the costs associated with testing and treatment. Consider a plan with Animalia to help manage costs in diagnosing and treating your dog with allergies.

How to Give This Medication to Dogs

Zyrtec is typically given as a flavorless tablet or a liquid medication. It is given once daily and can be given with or without food.

When giving Zyrtec tablets, you can hide the tablet in a small piece of canned dog food, cheese, or peanut butter. (Avoid using sugar-free peanut butter, which may contain xylitol.) Be sure to take any food allergies into account when giving Zyrtec in food.

Liquid Zyrtec should be measured carefully with a syringe and squirted directly into your dog’s mouth. Giving liquid medication can be trickier than giving a tablet, but this may be a better option for small-breed dogs because it allows for greater accuracy in small doses.

Side Effects of Zyrtec for Dogs

Zyrtec is typically associated with minimal side effects in dogs. It’s less likely to cause sedation than other antihistamines, though drowsiness may occur at high doses. In contrast, some dogs become more excitable after taking Zyrtec.

Gastrointestinal effects, such as vomiting and diarrhea, may occur but are also relatively uncommon. You may also notice decreased appetite and increased salivation, both of which may indicate nausea.

Side effects to watch for with Zyrtec include:

• Drowsiness
• Hyperexcitability
• Vomiting
• Nausea
• Increased salivation
• Decreased appetite
• Diarrhea

If you see any of these side effects, stop giving Zyrtec and contact your veterinarian. Fortunately, any side effects associated with Zyrtec should wear off within approximately 24 hours.

Dogs with the following conditions may be at higher risk of side effects from Zyrtec:

• Seizure disorder
• Glaucoma
• Urinary issues
• Constipation
• Pregnancy
• Nursing mothers

If your dog has one of these conditions, avoid giving Zyrtec unless it is under the guidance of your veterinarian.

Avoid Zyrtec-D or any other formulations that may contain a decongestant. Pseudoephedrine, a common decongestant in human medications, is highly toxic to dogs.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Cetirizine can interact with a number of commonly-used veterinary drugs, including digoxin, selegiline, amitraz, ketoconazole, fluconazole, and azithromycin. Zyrtec can also worsen the drowsiness that may be caused by sedatives and anxiety medications.

Talk to your veterinarian before combining cetirizine with any other prescription or over-the-counter medications.

Zyrtec Dosage for Dogs

Your veterinarian will determine the best dose for your dog, based on your dog’s body weight, the severity of your dog’s allergies, and your dog’s expected susceptibility to side effects.  

Zyrtec is typically given once daily.

Cost of Zyrtec for Dogs

Zyrtec is an inexpensive medication, especially when purchased in its generic version (cetirizine). In general, you can expect to spend less than $30 per month for your dog’s cetirizine.

Zyrtec Storage Instructions

Zyrtec tablets and liquid suspension do not require refrigeration.

Zyrtec can be stored at room temperature, on a counter or in a medicine cabinet.

The post Zyrtec for Dogs: Is It Safe? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Read on to learn more about butorphanol for dogs and how to use it.

What Is Butorphanol?

Butorphanol is an opioid medication commonly used for sedation, pain control, and cough suppression. It is FDA approved for use as a pain reliever and cough suppressant in dogs. Butorphanol is most commonly given by injection in the veterinary clinic, where it is used as a sedative and anesthetic agent, but it can also be prescribed as tablets for use at home. Butorphanol is a controlled drug and is only available by prescription from your veterinarian.

What Does Butorphanol for Dogs Look Like?

Butorphanol is a generic medication, so its appearance varies widely depending on the manufacturer of the product. It may also go by the brand names Torbugesic, Torbutrol, or the human product Stadol.

How Does Butorphanol Work?

Butorphanol is a short-acting pain reliever (analgesic) with both opioid agonist and opioid antagonist activity. This means that butorphanol stimulates some opioid receptors while blocking others. Butorphanol stimulates kappa receptors, which provides mild pain relief. Butorphanol blocks mu receptors, which can reverse the effects of other opioid drugs that stimulate mu receptors. This is useful if a patient begins having negative effects due to excessive stimulation of mu receptors, such as excessive sedation or respiratory depression. Butorphanol can be used to reverse some of these effects while still maintaining some analgesic effects.

Butorphanol is also used as a cough suppressant (antitussive) medication. It is not known how the cough suppressant effects of butorphanol actually work. In dogs, butorphanol provides antitussive activity for about 4-10 hours, which is longer than the antitussive effects of codeine.

What Is Butorphanol Used For in Dogs?

Butorphanol is primarily used as a sedative for dogs and is given by injection in the veterinary clinic prior to anesthetic procedures. Butorphanol is also a mild antitussive and may be used to ease coughing due to conditions such as collapsing trachea, kennel cough, or chronic bronchitis. Butorphanol is in dogs is typically used for:

• Sedation
• Anesthesia
• Antitussive effects
• Reversal of mu-opioid agonist drugs
• Mild analgesia

How to Give Butorphanol to Dogs

When butorphanol is used for sedation or analgesia, it is often given by injection in the veterinary clinic by your veterinarian. In this case, you will not need to do anything at home except monitor your dog for side effects.

If your dog was prescribed butorphanol tablets, you will need to give the tablets to your dog by mouth according to your veterinarian’s instructions. To facilitate administration of the tablets, you can hide them in a treat such as a bit of peanut butter, cheese, or hot dog to tempt your dog to eat the tablet. 

If your dog is especially discerning and manages to pick the tablet out of even the best of treats, you may need to administer the tablet to your dog directly. For a step-by-step guide, check out How to Give a Dog a Pill.

Butorphanol for Dogs Side Effects

The most common side effect of butorphanol administration in dogs is sedation. Dogs with an MDR-1 (multidrug resistance) gene mutation may be predisposed to adverse events from butorphanol and pet parents should monitor closely for side effects in these patients. Other side effects from butorphanol can include:

• Loss of appetite
• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Transient weakness
• Transient pain at the injection site
• Constipation

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Because butorphanol is an opioid agonist/antagonist, there is a potential for interaction with other opioid drugs, particularly for reversal of the analgesic effects of an opioid agonist. Butorphanol may partially reverse the effects of mu agonist opioids and should be used with caution with these drugs.

Butorphanol may also cause excessive sedation when combined with other tranquilizers, sedatives, and antidepressants and should be used with caution with these medications.

Opioid drugs such as butorphanol may increase the effects of skeletal muscle relaxants. They may also decrease the effects of diuretics in patients with congestive heart failure. Dosage adjustments may be necessary in these patients.

Butorphanol Dosage for Dogs

The dose of butorphanol for dogs varies depending on your dog’s body weight and the desired effect of the medication. For example, the dose for sedation may differ from the dose given for cough suppression. Always follow your veterinarian’s dosing instructions carefully to ensure your dog receives the correct dose of medication.

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Butorphanol?

If your dog misses a dose of butorphanol, give the dose as soon as you remember. If the next dose is due soon, do not give two doses or double your dog’s dose, as this may increase the risk for side effects. Instead, simply skip the missed dose and proceed with the next dose as usual. If your dog misses multiple doses of medication, contact your veterinarian for advice on how to proceed.

Cost of Butorphanol for Dogs

Butorphanol is available as a generic medication, which makes it relatively inexpensive. Pet owners can expect to spend $25-$50 on a month’s supply of butorphanol for dogs, depending on their dog’s weight and dose.

Butorphanol Storage Instructions

Tablets should be stored at room temperature, 59-86 degrees Fahrenheit, and protected from moisture.

The post Butorphanol for Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

What is Endosorb?

Endosorb is activated attapulgite, also known as palygorskite. This mineral is a magnesium aluminum phyllosilicate, which occurs in a type of clay soil common to the southeastern United States. Activated attapulgite is used as an anti-diarrheal medication in both humans and animals. Endosorb is available over the counter and does not require a prescription from your veterinarian to purchase. 

What Does Endosorb for Dogs Look Like?

Endosorb is a round, brown-and-white speckled tablet that is scored down the center.

How Does Endosorb Work?

Endosorb absorbs fluid in the intestinal tract to stabilize stool consistency and soothe the gastrointestinal tract. Endosorb may also help by absorbing toxins and toxic material present in the gut of animals experiencing diarrhea and associated symptoms. Endosorb also contains citrus pectin, which coats the GI tract, and carob pulp and magnesium trisilicate, which act as antacids to soothe the stomach.

What is Endosorb Used for in Dogs?

Endosorb is used as an anti-diarrheal medication in dogs. It can help manage uncomplicated diarrhea, improve stool consistency, and relieve discomfort associated with diarrhea in dogs. 

How to Give Endosorb to Dogs

Endosorb is a tablet that is given to your dog by mouth. If necessary, you can hide the tablet in a treat to get your dog to take it. To do this, start by giving your dog a treat without the tablet, then give a treat with the tablet inside and immediately follow it up with another treat without the tablet. With any luck, your dog will be so focused on taking the treats that he won’t even notice that one of them had a pill inside of it.

If your dog won’t take the treat with the tablet inside of it, then you may need to “pill” your dog by giving the tablet directly. To do this, gently open your dog’s mouth and place the tablet as far back on your dog’s tongue as you can safely reach. Close your dog’s mouth and gently hold it closed until your dog swallows. You can encourage him to swallow by stroking his throat or gently blowing on his nose. Once he swallows, reward him with a treat. (For a step-by-step guide, check out our article on How to Give a Dog a Pill.)

Endosorb Dog Side Effects

There are no commonly reported side effects associated with Endosorb. However, if your dog’s diarrhea does not resolve within 24-48 hours, or if it is accompanied by other symptoms such as loss of appetite, lethargy, vomiting, fever, pain, or other changes in health or behavior, you should see your veterinarian for further care.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Because Endosorb is highly absorbent, it should be given separately from other drugs and medications to prevent it from binding to them and decreasing their absorption. Give your pet’s other medications at least one hour prior to giving Endosorb to ensure they are adequately absorbed.

Endosorb Dosage for Dogs

Although Endosorb is available over the counter, you should always talk to your veterinarian first before starting any medication for dog diarrhea. This is especially important if your dog exhibits other symptoms such as vomiting, lethargy, loss of appetite, fever, or other changes in health and behavior. These can be signs of a more serious medical problem requiring veterinary intervention.

If your veterinarian gives the go-ahead to use Endosorb for your dog’s diarrhea, follow the instructions on the product label for dosing based on your pet’s weight. Follow the dosing schedule until your dog’s diarrhea resolves or until your veterinarian tells you it is okay to discontinue use of the product.

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Endosorb

If your dog misses a dose of Endosorb, give the medication as soon as you remember. If the next dose is due soon, do not give two doses or double the dose. Instead, skip the missed dose and continue on with the next dose as prescribed. If your dog misses multiple doses of Endosorb, contact your veterinarian for advice on how best to proceed.

Cost of Endosorb for Dogs

Endosorb is available over the counter at a cost of approximately $110 for a 500-count bottle. The cost may vary depending on your geographic location.

Endosorb Storage Instructions

Store Endosorb in a cool, dry place.

The post Endosorb for Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Read on to learn more about lactulose for cats, and why your veterinarian might prescribe this medication to your feline companion. 

What is Lactulose?

Lactulose is a synthetic (man-made) sugar. It is made by combining two natural sugars: galactose (a component of lactose, the sugar found in milk) and fructose (a sugar found in fruits). When these two sugars are combined to create lactulose, they can be used to treat both constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.  

Lactulose was first developed in 1929. However, it was not considered for medicinal use until the 1960s, when it was found to be an effective treatment for constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. Lactulose received FDA approval for use in human patients in 1977, and it is widely used off-label in veterinary patients. While the FDA has not formally studied or approved the use of lactulose in cats, this medication has been extensively researched and is widely used. 

Most veterinary practices keep lactulose in stock for their canine and feline patients. It may be administered to hospitalized pets in the veterinary hospital and it is often dispensed for clients to administer at home. If your veterinarian does not have this medication in stock when your pet needs it, they will write a prescription for it. This prescription will allow you to obtain lactulose from any human pharmacy. 

Lactulose should not be confused with Miralax. While both medications are laxatives and they work in a similar manner, lactulose and Miralax contain different chemical ingredients. Additionally, Miralax is available over-the-counter, while lactulose is available only with a prescription.

Lactulose is available in both generic and brand-name forms.

What Does Lactulose Look Like?

Lactulose is typically administered as an oral solution, which is clear yellow in color. A powdered or crystal form is also available, which can be added to your cat’s food. 

How Does Lactulose Work?

Lactulose is a synthetic sugar that cannot be digested or absorbed through the intestines. When your cat ingests lactulose, it passes unchanged through most of your cat’s gastrointestinal tract. 

When lactulose reaches your cat’s colon, the normal colonic bacteria metabolize the lactulose. This metabolism creates a number of acids, including lactic acid, acetic acid, and formic acid. 

The acids that are formed in your cat’s colon play two roles: they pull water into the colon, and they pull ammonia into the colon. Additional water in your cat’s colon results in softer stools, allowing lactulose to effectively treat constipation. Additional ammonia in your cat’s colon means this ammonia is removed from the bloodstream, minimizing the impacts of hepatic encephalopathy associated with liver disease. 

What Is Lactulose Used For in Cats?

Lactulose is most commonly used to treat constipation in cats. It helps promote soft, frequent bowel movements, preventing fecal impactions. Feline constipation can have a number of underlying causes, including: 

• Megacolon (a colon motility disorder)
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Colonic tumors
• Anal sac disease
• Arthritis pain
• Anxiety
• Overgrooming
• Dehydration
• Kidney disease
• Hyperthyroidism
• Diabetes mellitus

Lactulose can also be used to remove ammonia from the blood. Cats with severe, end-stage liver disease do not clear ammonia from their blood effectively, and the accumulation of ammonia can lead to a neurologic condition known as hepatic encephalopathy. 

In most cases, cats that are started on lactulose for constipation or liver disease will remain on lactulose for cats long-term. 

The most common side effect associated with lactulose is diarrhea. However, cats may also experience a variety of other gastrointestinal signs. 

Lactulose for Cats Side Effects

Side effects associated with lactulose include: 

• Flatulence (gas)
• Bloating
• Abdominal cramping
• Diarrhea
• Dehydration 

In general, side effects tend to be worse when a cat is first started on lactulose. As your cat acclimates to the medication, you can expect to see a decrease in bloating, gas, and abdominal cramping.

Diarrhea, however, may indicate that a change in lactulose dosing is needed. If your cat develops diarrhea while taking lactulose, ensure that they have access to plenty of water (to prevent dehydration) and contact your veterinarian for guidance.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Using lactulose with antibiotics could theoretically decrease its efficacy, by affecting the bacteria that metabolize lactulose in the colon. In practice, this does not appear to be problematic. However, it’s still best to talk to your veterinarian before combining lactulose with any antibiotics. 

Do not combine lactulose with other laxatives, unless directed to do so by your veterinarian. This could cause significant diarrhea. 

Finally, lactulose should not be combined with antacids in cats with hepatic encephalopathy. Combining these two drugs could reduce the efficacy of lactulose. 

Lactulose for Cats Dosage

Your veterinarian will determine an appropriate starting dose of lactulose for your cat. The lactulose dose for cats is calculated based on your cat’s weight and medical condition. This dose will initially be given every 8-12 hours. 

As you and your veterinarian assess your cat’s response to treatment, your cat’s dosage may be changed. Your veterinarian may increase or decrease your cat’s lactulose dosage, depending on how your cat’s medical issues respond to treatment. 

What If You Miss a Lactulose Dose for Cats?

If you miss a dose of your cat’s lactulose, give the missed dose as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your cat’s next dose of lactulose, skip the missed dose and continue giving lactulose on your cat’s regular dosing schedule. Do not give your pet two doses of this medication at once.  

Cost of Lactulose for Cats

Both the generic and brand-name forms of lactulose are relatively inexpensive. The cost of treating your cat will depend on their medication dosing requirements, but most cat owners will spend less than $40 per month on lactulose. 

Lactulose Storage Instructions

This medication should be stored at room temperature, with the container tightly closed. Do not freeze this medication. Keep this medication out of the reach of children. 

The post Lactulose for Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

As bacteria evolve new ways to evade our antibiotics, we must constantly develop new antibiotics that can give us the upper hand against infections. Baytril, or enrofloxacin, is one such antibiotic. It was developed to treat challenging bacterial infections and is now used to treat a variety of infections in cats, dogs, and other animal species.

What is Baytril?

Baytril is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, known by the generic name of enrofloxacin. It belongs to a class of antibiotics known as fluoroquinolones.

Baytril was developed in 1983. It became commercially available in 1988. Since then, it has been widely utilized to treat a variety of infections in cats. It is also used in dogs and other species, including cattle, rabbits, hamsters, birds, and reptiles.

Baytril is most commonly prescribed as an oral tablet. In the case of an external ear infection, however, your veterinarian may instead prescribe Baytril otic drops, which are designed to be instilled into the ear canal. Hospitalized cats may receive injectable Baytril, especially if they are not eating or drinking.

Is Enrofloxacin Safe for Cats?

Enrofloxacin is widely used in cats, with most cats experiencing few (if any) side effects. When side effects do occur, they are typically mild.

Most veterinary practices stock Baytril, so you can often obtain this medication from your regular veterinarian. A visit to a specialist is not needed for treatment with Baytril.

What Does It Look Like?

Baytril’s appearance may vary, depending on the formulation that is prescribed by your veterinarian.

In most cases, veterinarians prescribe oral Baytril pills for cats. These pills may be a tan/brown chewable tablet or a purple coated tablet.

In the case of a cat ear infection, your veterinarian may prescribe Baytril otic drops. These ear drops come in a white bottle with a purple label.

How Does Baytril Work?

Baytril kills sensitive bacteria by preventing the replication of bacterial DNA (genetic material).

Unlike some other cat antibiotics, Baytril reaches a wide variety of tissues within the body. This includes areas that may have poor circulation, such as abscesses. This characteristic makes Baytril a commonly-used antibiotic for certain types of infections.

What Is Baytril Used For in Cats?

Baytril is effective against a broad range of bacteria, and it can penetrate a wide variety of bodily tissues. While it may be a veterinarian’s first choice of antibiotics for a particular infection, it can also be used to treat infections where antibiotics have proven ineffective.

Infections for which your veterinarian may prescribe Baytril include:

• Cat bite abscess
• Skin infection
• Ear infection
• Anal sac infection
• Pneumonia
• Osteomyelitis (bone infection)
• Urinary tract infection

How to Give Baytril to Cats

Baytril tablets are best given on an empty stomach. This increases the drug concentration in your cat’s body, maximizing its antibiotic effect. However, if your cat experiences vomiting, diarrhea, or other gastrointestinal effects, you may choose to give Baytril with food. Giving Baytril with food can reduce the risk of an upset stomach.  

Baytril tablets come in two forms: chewable or enteric coated tablets. The chewable tablets can be crushed and mixed with a small amount of canned food or soft treats. The enteric-coated tablets, however, should not be crushed. Enteric coated tablets have a bitter taste once the coating has been removed. If your veterinarian prescribes enteric coated tablets, you will need to learn how to pill your cat.

Baytril otic drops are administered directly into your cat’s ear(s).

Enrofloxacin for Cats Side Effects

Baytril is typically well-tolerated by cats. However, like any other antibiotic for cats, Baytril can have side effects.

The most common side effects in cats include vomiting, diarrhea, decreased appetite, and lethargy. These effects are more common if Baytril is given on an empty stomach. Giving your cat Baytril with food may reduce the risk of these side effects.

Rarely, cats experience seizures or retinal degeneration (blindness) when treated with high doses of Baytril. These effects are rare in healthy cats. If your cat falls into a group that places them at higher risk of severe side effects, your veterinarian will carefully balance the risks and benefits of Baytril.

Potential Baytril side effects in cats:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Decreased appetite
• Lethargy
• Seizures
• Retinal degeneration
• Blindness

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Baytril can interact with other medications. Be sure your veterinarian is aware of any prescription or over-the-counter medications you are giving your cat.

Sulcralfate (a medication used to treat stomach ulcers) and antacids can bind to Baytril in your cat’s stomach, preventing its absorption. If your cat takes antacids or sucralfate, separate these medications from Baytril by at least two hours.

Cats that are taking both theophylline (a cough medication) and Baytril may have higher-than-expected blood levels of theophylline, increasing the risk of side effects.

Baytril can also interact with other antibiotics, enhancing or inhibiting their effects.

Baytril Dosage for Cats

Your cat’s Baytril dose depends on a number of factors, including the infection requiring treatment and your cat’s size. Some infections respond to a relatively low dose of Baytril, while others require higher doses.

Baytril is typically administered once daily. In some cases, your veterinarian may divide your cat’s daily Baytril dose into two smaller doses.

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of Baytril?

If your cat misses a dose of Baytril, give the missed dose as soon as possible. Then, continue giving Baytril every 24 hours (or as directed by your veterinarian) until you finish giving the entire course of antibiotics. It’s important to wait the full prescribed time between doses, in order to minimize the risk of side effects.

Cost of Baytril for Cats

The cost of enrofloxacin for cats can vary significantly, depending on your cat’s dose and your location.

In general, a one-week course of Baytril tablets should cost approximately $30 (or less). You may be able to obtain a generic medication at a lower cost.

Enrofloxacin Storage Instructions

Baytril tablets can be stored at room temperature, out of direct sunlight.

Keep Baytril (especially chewable tablets) out of reach of children and pets, to prevent a potential overdosage.

The post Baytril (Enrofloxacin) for Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

In the United States, 34 percent of dogs are infected by intestinal parasites, such as roundworms and hookworms. For dogs in the southeastern U.S., this percentage is even higher [1]. Some internal parasites are zoonotic, which means they can make people sick too. External parasites like fleas and ticks are also very common in dogs and can transmit infectious diseases to pets and people.

Monthly parasite control products, such as Trifexis, can help protect your dog and your household against parasitic risks. Let’s take a closer look at what Trifexis for dogs is and how it works.

What Is Trifexis for Dogs?

Trifexis is an antiparasitic product for dogs that is used to protect against fleas, heartworm disease, hookworm, roundworm, and whipworm. It is a chewable tablet given by mouth, so it is typically easy to administer and well-liked by dogs. Trifexis is manufactured by Elanco and contains the active ingredients spinosad and milbemycin oxime. It was approved by the FDA on Jan. 4, 2011 [4]. It is not currently available in a generic form and is only available by prescription from your primary care veterinarian. It is readily available throughout the United States.

What Does Trifexis for Dogs Look Like?

Trifexis is a light brown, circular tablet. It comes in boxes of 1, 3, or 6 tablets that are each color-coded according to the dosage and intended weight category. 

What Is Trifexis Used for in Dogs?

Veterinarians typically prescribe Trifexis to protect against parasitic infections in dogs. These include fleas, heartworm, hookworm, roundworm, and whipworm in dogs. Trifexis is not effective against ticks.

Protection against heartworms is important to keep your dog’s heart and lungs healthy. If your dog gets heartworm disease, he will need to undergo expensive treatments and have activity restrictions until the heartworms have been eliminated. 

Likewise, intestinal parasites can be especially bothersome to dogs. They can result in poor appetite, weight loss, diarrhea, bloody stools, and vomiting. Once infected, it can take some time to fully eliminate these parasites from the dog and his environment. Another concerning factor is that two intestinal parasites —hookworms and roundworms—are zoonotic, which means they can be spread from animals to humans. Hookworm infections in people can cause a skin condition called cutaneous larva migrans, while roundworm infections in people can cause visceral larva migrans, which affects internal organs. Reducing the risk of zoonotic infection is just one important reason to keep your dog on monthly parasite protection. 

How Does Trifexis Work?

Spinosad is an active ingredient in Trifexis that is used to kill fleas and prevent infestations. It works by activating certain receptors in the fleas, resulting in involuntary muscle tremors. Continued activation of these receptors leads to paralysis followed by death.

Milbemycin oxime is the component of Trifexis responsible for preventing heartworm disease and treating and controlling adult hookworm, roundworm, and whipworm infections. It works by binding to certain channels in nerves and muscle cells, which allows chloride to get into these cells. Too much chloride leads to paralysis and death of the parasites. Milbemycin oxime can also disrupt transmission of certain neurotransmitters within the parasite, which has a detrimental effect [3]. 

How to Give Trifexis to Dogs

Trifexis is administered orally to dogs once a month. It is recommended for pet parents to give this medication on the same day each month to ensure continuous protection. Most dogs are happy to take this medication since it is beef-flavored and viewed as a treat. However, for dogs who may not readily take it, pet parents can put it in a pill pocket or a “meatball” of wet dog food to disguise it. If your dog still won’t take the medication, contact your veterinarian who can demonstrate safe, alternative ways to administer it. 

Trifexis Reviews

Trifexis is well-accepted in the veterinary community. I have used Trifexis in my own dogs before, and it was well-tolerated. I prefer oral medications over topical ones simply because they are less messy and don’t leave residue in the dog’s fur. Trifexis is also beef-flavored, so in my experience the tablets are also easily administered, much like a treat. 

Dogs who would benefit from this product include those who spend most of their time indoors and tend to stay in their own yards. This would not be a good option for dogs who regularly hike or spend a lot of time in wooded areas since it has no protection against ticks. 

With all of the options for parasite protection, it can easily become overwhelming. However, pet parents can work with their veterinarians to discuss the option that would be the best fit for their pet. 

There are several things to consider when choosing a product. Many pet parents are curious about how Trifexis compares to other parasite protection products on the market. Trifexis is a good alternative to Comfortis, which only treats fleas, because it has the added benefit of protecting against heartworm disease and three intestinal parasites. However, Comfortis Plus and Trifexis provide the same protection. While Nexgard and Bravecto protect against both fleas and ticks, they unfortunately provide no protection against intestinal parasites or heartworm disease like Trifexis does. Bravecto is available as a chew or a topical solution and only needs to be administered once every three months, while Trifexis must be administered once monthly. 

If you’re looking for an all-in-one product, Simparica Trio is a newer option that protects against both fleas and ticks, heartworm disease, roundworms, and hookworms. However, it does not protect against whipworm infections like Trifexis.

Trifexis Side Effects

While Trifexis is generally well-tolerated in most dogs, there are some side effects to be aware of. When administering this product, pet parents should watch for any abnormal behaviors in their dogs that could signify a reaction. The following side effects may occur when using Trifexis [2]:

• Vomiting 
• Diarrhea
• Reduced appetite
• Itching
• Lethargy

Trifexis should not be taken with other medications formulated to prevent fleas or heartworm disease. Serious side effects may occur if high doses of ivermectin are used concurrently with Trifexis [2]. Always discuss any medications your pet is taking with your veterinarian prior to starting your dog on Trifexis. This will help prevent drug interactions and ensure safety.

Trifexis Dosage for Dogs

The dosage of Trifexis is based on a dog’s weight. It is safe for use in puppies who are 8 weeks of age or older and at least 5 pounds [2]. It should be given once monthly for optimal protection. There are five dosage forms available to cover the following weight ranges: 

• 5-10 lbs
• 10.1-20 lbs
• 20.1-40 lbs
• 40.1-60 lbs
• 60.1-120 lbs

What Does Trifexis Cost?

Trifexis is an affordable option for parasite protection. While there is a monthly cost, protection is much less expensive than the treatment that would be required if your dog developed a severe infestation or disease. Pet parents can expect to pay around $20 a month for this product, though the price will vary slightly based on the strength of the dose (which depends on your dog’s size).

Trifexis Storage Instructions

This product should be stored at room temperature. 

Where to Buy Trifexis

Interested in purchasing Trifexis for dogs? Check to see if this medication is available on your veterinarian’s online pharmacy.

References

1. Kansas State University Veterinary Health Center. (n.d.). Zoonotic Potential of Common Cat/Dog Intestinal Parasites. Retrieved from https://www.ksvhc.org/services/pet-health-center/intestinal-parasites.html 
2. https://pet.elanco.com/us/en/trifexis/dose-administration-safety
3. https://www.elancolabels.com/us/trifexis
4. https://animaldrugsatfda.fda.gov/adafda/app/search/public/document/downloadFoi/878

The post Trifexis for Dogs: Heartworm, Parasite & Flea Medicine  appeared first on Great Pet Care.

The bad news is that worms are more common than you realize. With changing weather patterns and increased mobility of pets and people, they are growing in prevalence. 

The good news is that you can protect your dog against internal parasites with a product like Interceptor Plus. 

What Is Interceptor Plus for Dogs?

Interceptor Plus is an oral medication that protects against five types of worms in dogs: heartworms, hookworms, roundworms, whipworms, and tapeworms. The active ingredients in this tasty soft chew for dogs are milbemycin oxide and praziquantel. Originally produced by Novartis Animal Health, Interceptor had been around for more than 25 years as a heartworm prevention medication. Interceptor was added to Elanco Animal Health’s portfolio when the company acquired Novartis in 2015, and Interceptor Plus was approved for use in dogs by the FDA in 2017. It is available in all parts of the United States and via online pharmacies by prescription only. 

The difference between Interceptor vs. Interceptor Plus is that Interceptor only contains milbemycin oxide and Interceptor Plus contains milbemycin oxide and praziquantel. Both protect dogs against heartworm disease, adult hookworm, roundworm, and whipworm infections. The main difference between these two medications is that Interceptor Plus also protects against tapeworm infections. 

What Is Interceptor Plus Used for in Dogs?

Interceptor Plus is prescribed to prevent heartworm disease and treat and control roundworm, hookworm, whipworm, and tapeworm infections in dogs. Heartworms are internal parasites that are transmitted by mosquitoes. Heartworms live in the large artery that exits the heart, and cause inflammation and damage to the heart and lungs. Roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, and tapeworms are internal parasites that live in the intestines and cause diarrhea and weight loss. Some intestinal parasites in dogs are also contagious to people, especially children. 

Credelio, a highly effective oral tick and flea control medication, can be paired with Interceptor Plus to provide broad-spectrum parasite protection for dogs. Your veterinarian may recommend using both of these products together.

How Does Interceptor Plus Work?

Milbemycin oxide, an active ingredient in Interceptor Plus, kills roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, and young heartworms by interfering with the central nervous system of the parasites, causing paralysis and death. 

Milbemycin is not effective against the adult form of heartworms, so it is important to test your dog for adult heartworms before administering Interceptor Plus. This can be done with a simple blood test at your local veterinary clinic.

Praziquantel, the other active ingredient in Interceptor Plus, works by expelling tapeworms from the intestines and preventing newly hatched insect larvae from reaching adulthood or reproducing. 

How to Give Interceptor Plus to Dogs

To control worms in dogs, Interceptor Plus should be given once a month, preferably on the same day each month. Most dogs will readily eat Interceptor Plus, as it looks and smells like a chewy treat. 

Interceptor Plus is designed to be chewed before it is swallowed. If your dog swallows treats whole, break the chew into pieces before feeding it to your dog. If your dog refuses to eat it, you can try offering the chew wrapped in a pill pocket, stuffed in a piece of hot dog, or covered in a small amount of peanut butter, canned food, or spray cheese. 

Interceptor Plus for Dogs Reviews

Interceptor has been used within the veterinary community for over 25 years for heartworm disease prevention and intestinal parasite protection in dogs with great success and a high level of safety. Praziquantel, the additional active ingredient in Interceptor Plus, has also been used to treat tapeworms in dogs for many years. I personally have prescribed Interceptor Plus to thousands of patients and used Interceptor Plus in my own pets without any problems and excellent control of internal parasites.

Internal parasites can be found in any dog—even dogs that rarely go outside. Interceptor Plus is recommended for all dogs (6 weeks or older and 2 pounds or greater).

Many pet parents ask how Interceptor Plus for dogs compares to other oral parasite control products like Heartgard and Simparica Trio. Here is a comparison chart:

Interceptor Plus Side Effects

In general, Interceptor Plus is considered to be very safe and tolerated by the majority of dogs. The following rare adverse reactions have been reported in dogs after administration:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Lethargy
• Weight loss
• Salivation
• Convulsions
• Incoordinations

If you are concerned about giving Interceptor Plus to your dog, please talk to your veterinarian.

Interceptor Plus Dosage for Dogs

Dosage of Interceptor Plus varies depending on the weight of your dog. There are four dosages available for different weight ranges in dogs: 2-8 pounds, 8.1-25 pounds, 25.1-50 pounds, and 50.1-100 pounds. For maximum efficacy, talk to your veterinarian about the right dose for your dog. 

Puppies older than 6 weeks of age and weighing more than 2 pounds can safely take Interceptor Plus.

Interceptor Plus stays in your dog’s system for about 24 hours, killing and removing any heartworm larvae and intestinal worms. If your dog is accidently infected in the next month, the next dose of Interceptor Plus will kill all larvae before they have a chance to grow or reproduce. 

Cost of Interceptor Plus for Dogs

Interceptor Plus costs approximately $80-$100 per year, depending on the size of your dog (it is more expensive for larger dogs).

Interceptor Plus Storage Instructions

Interceptor Plus can be safely stored at room temperature out of reach of dogs.

Where to Buy Interceptor Plus

Interested in purchasing Interceptor Plus for dogs? You can check to see if it is available on your veterinarian’s online pharmacy.

The post Interceptor Plus for Dogs: Internal Parasite Protection appeared first on Great Pet Care.

What Is Credelio for Dogs and Cats?

Lotilaner, the active ingredient in Credelio and Credelio CAT, is part of the isoxazoline class of parasiticides. It is deadly to ticks and fleas. It was approved for use in dogs by the FDA in 2018 and for use in cats in 2021 as the first oral flea and tick treatment for cats. Lotilaner is not available as generic, it is only available as brand name Credelio, made by Elanco. Credelio can be purchased from veterinarians and online pharmacies across the entire United States. 

What Does Credelio Look Like?

Credelio tablets are small, light brown tablets that come in blister packs. Credelio only comes in tablet form. 

What Is Credelio Used For in Dogs and Cats?

Credelio is an oral medication prescribed to kill fleas and ticks on dogs and cats. 

Credelio for dogs offers protection against four types of ticks—lone star tick, American dog tick, black-legged tick, and brown dog tick—and is suitable for dogs 8 weeks or older that weigh 4.4 pounds or more. It starts killing fleas and ticks (Ixodes ricinus species) on dogs within four hours. In a well-controlled U.S. study, Credelio killed 100 percent of fleas on dogs within 12 hours after administration and for up to 35 days after administration.

Credelio CAT starts killing fleas on cats (as young as 8 weeks weighing 2 or more pounds) within six hours. It also protects against black-legged ticks (deer ticks), the most prevalent tick species in cats in the U.S., in cats 6 months and older. 

Fleas and ticks are not just a nuisance, these parasites can carry diseases such as Lyme disease, plague, tapeworms, and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Several of these diseases are also infectious to humans, making it doubly important to protect your pets against external parasites like fleas and ticks. In addition, some dogs and cats have flea bite allergies, and the bite of just one flea can cause them to feel itchy enough to tear their hair out and create hot spots. 

In addition to external parasites like fleas and ticks, pets are at risk for internal parasites, some of which can be transmitted to humans (like hookworms and roundworms). If you have a dog, Credelio can be paired with Interceptor Plus—which protects against five major worms—to provide broad-spectrum parasite protection for your pup. Your veterinarian may recommend using both of these products together.

How Does Credelio Work?

Credelio kills fleas and ticks by inhibiting specific receptors in their neurological system. These neurological receptors are different from receptors in dogs and cats. Credelio works fast because it is quickly absorbed into the blood. Because Credelio kills fleas before they have a chance to lay eggs (which takes anywhere between 20-24 hours after a female flea has her first blood meal), Credelio also prevents fleas from laying eggs. One of the perks of Credelio is that since it is an oral product and not topical, bathing your pet is not suspected to have any impact on its efficacy or how long it provides protection. 

How to Give Credelio to Dogs and Cats

Credelio for dogs is given by mouth and is formulated into a tasty beef-flavored tablet. 

Credelio for dogs is gluten free, however, the tablets contain flavoring made with pork liver, soy, barley, wheat, and lactose, so consult your veterinarian before giving to your pet if they have food allergies.

Credelio CAT has a vanilla and yeast scent and flavor that is designed to be appealing to cats, and has been successfully administered by most cat owners in the U.S. 

The manufacturer does not recommend splitting the tablets for dosing, as they are not scored for splitting, and there are a wide range of dosages available for different pet weights.

Credelio must be given with food or given within 30 minutes of feeding to assure it is absorbed completely from the intestinal tract. If your pet won’t readily eat it, you can place the tablet in their mouth. Pets can chew it or swallow it whole. You can try offering the tablet wrapped in a pill pocket, stuffed in a piece of hot dog, or covered in a small amount of peanut butter, canned food, or spray cheese. There are no efficacy studies available for crushing the tablet or adding it to water, but many veterinary professionals have reported success with doing that with picky pets. 

Credelio Reviews

Credelio is widely used and accepted within the veterinary community as a safe, effective way to control fleas and ticks in dogs and cats. I have personally prescribed Credelio to my dog patients with success and client satisfaction. 

Credelio CAT is the only oral tick and flea medication for cats available on the market.

Many pet parents also ask how Credelio for dogs compares to other oral flea and tick products like Nexgard, Bravecto, and Simparica. Here is a comparison chart:

Credelio Side Effects

Credelio contains lotilaner, an isoxazoline class of drug. This drug class has been associated with neurologic adverse reactions in a few animals that include tremors, incoordination, and seizures. Even with the reported reactions, the FDA attests that approved isoxazoline products are considered safe and effective for dogs and cats, and that there is a slight chance for adverse effects, as with any drug. 

Credelio should be used with caution in dogs with a history of seizures or other neurological problems. In general, the most frequently reported adverse reactions of Credelio in dogs include weight loss, increased urination, elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, and diarrhea.

If you have a dog with medical conditions or are concerned, ask your veterinarian if Credelio is right for your dog. 

Credelio CAT should be used with caution in cats with a history of neurological disorders. In general, the most frequently reported adverse reactions of Credelio in cats include weight loss, rapid breathing, and vomiting.

If you have a cat with medical conditions or are concerned, ask your veterinarian if Credelio CAT is right for your pet.

Credelio Dosage for Dogs and Cats

Credelio is given orally once a month according to your dog’s weight: 

• 4.4-6.0 lbs: 56.25 mg (1 tablet)
• 6.1-12.0 lbs: 112.5 mg (1 tablet)
• 12.1-25 lbs: 225 mg (1 tablet)
• 25.1-50 lbs: 450 mg (1 tablet)
• 50.1-100 lbs: 900 mg (1 tablet)
• Greater than 100 pounds: Administer the appropriate combination of chewable tablets

Credelio CAT is given orally once a month according to your cat’s weight: 

• 2.0-4.0 lbs: 12 mg (1 tablet)
• 4.1-17.0 lbs: 48 mg (1 tablet)
• Over 17 lbs: Administer the appropriate combination of chewable tablets

Credelio can be used in dogs 8 weeks of age and older that weigh 4.4 pounds or more. Credelio CAT can be used in cats 8 weeks of age and older that weigh 2 pounds or more. (However, the effectiveness of Credelio CAT against black-legged ticks in kittens less than 6 months old has not been evaluated.) Credelio has not been studied for use in breeding animals. If your pet is pregnant or nursing, talk to your veterinarian before administering. 

Cost of Credelio

The cost of Credelio depends on your pet’s weight, your geographical location, and if you are purchasing through your local veterinary clinic. In general, Credelio is $15-$20 per month for dogs, and $8-$10 per month for cats. 

Credelio Storage Instructions

According to the label, Credelio tablets must be stored at 59-77 degrees Fahrenheit. Temporary periods of time outside of this range, 41-104 degrees Fahrenheit, are permitted. Store out of reach of pets to prevent accidental overdose.

Where to Buy Credelio

Interested in purchasing Credelio for dogs or cats? Check to see if this medication is available on your veterinarian’s online pharmacy.

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If your dog is suffering from an upset stomach, you might be wondering: can dogs have Tums? 

Here, we’ll explore whether calcium carbonate, the active ingredient in Tums, is safe for dogs, whether Tums can be used to treat indigestion in dogs, and more.

What Are Tums?

The primary ingredient found in Tums is calcium carbonate, a naturally mined material that is found all over the planet. Calcium carbonate is found in chalk, marble, and limestone. Calcium carbonate is also found in baking powder and some toothpastes.

The primary medical use for calcium carbonate is for helping relieve occasional heartburn, acid reflux, upset stomach, and ingestion in humans. While calcium carbonate is primarily used as an antacid, it can also be used to prevent or treat osteoporosis in humans.

Acid reflux is a condition that occurs when stomach acid backs up into the esophagus, and it is a very common cause of heartburn symptoms in humans. Heartburn occurs when the acidic contents of the stomach touch the lining of your esophagus and cause pain.

Calcium carbonate, when chewed and swallowed, quickly neutralizes esophageal acid, relieving the symptoms associated with heartburn. 

Can I Give My Dog Tums?

The short answer is yes, you can give your dog tums. But the more important question is: should you?

There are very few negative side effects seen in dogs that are given appropriate amounts of calcium carbonate on a short term basis. However, elevated blood calcium levels and other mineral imbalances are possible if a dog is given too much calcium carbonate or if they are given it over a long time period. 

The biggest problem is that the calcium carbonate found in Tums can decrease absorption (and therefore effectiveness) of other medications. Tums can interfere or negatively interact with certain antibiotics, antacids, and iron supplements, so if your dog is on any other medications, consult with your veterinarian before giving Tums. 

It’s always essential to talk to your veterinarian before you administer any human over-the-counter medications to your dog. 

Can Tums Help Dogs? 

Calcium carbonate is prescribed to dogs for a couple of different medical conditions, including:

Low calcium. Dogs with low blood calcium levels, which can occur in pregnant or lactating dogs or dogs with low functioning parathyroid glands 

Kidney disease. Kidney disease in dogs can cause blood phosphate levels to be too high. Calcium carbonate binds phosphate in the intestines, preventing it from being absorbed, and lowering the level of phosphorus in the blood. 

Can Tums Be Toxic to Dogs?

Dogs like the taste of Tums, and it is possible for them to eat too many if they get into a bottle of Tums. If your dog eats more Tums than he should, call your local veterinarian, after-hours emergency clinic, or the Pet Poison Hotline immediately for advice. 

In most cases, eating too many Tums will likely not be lethal, but can cause vomiting, electrolyte imbalances, diarrhea, and/or constipation. 

Additional signs of Tums toxicity in dogs can include drooling, tremors, difficulty breathing, acting-drunk or uncoordinated, or collapse. 

Precautions When Giving Tums to Dogs

While Tums can be used on a short-term basis to help a dog with an upset stomach or for the above-mentioned medical conditions, they should not be used on a long-term basis unless under the supervision of a veterinarian. There are also certain precautions to take when giving your dog Tums:

Read the label. Tums are created with humans in mind, not dogs. Some sugar-free calcium carbonate products contain xylitol, which is very toxic to dogs. Dextrose is a safe sweetening ingredient in Tums, but xylitol is not. 

Watch for allergies. Some dogs may have allergies to food dyes in colored Tums. Food dyes are designated with the letters ‘FD&C’ – if you see those on the ingredient list, don’t give them to your dog. It is best to just give white Tums to dogs.

Do not give Tums to puppies. Do not give Tums to young dogs or puppies that are still growing. In large and giant breeds this can take upwards of two years! The calcium carbonate in Tums can alter a growing dog’s blood calcium levels, which can negatively impact a growing skeleton.

Only use Tums on a short-term basis. Do not use Tums in dogs on a long-term basis, as they can imbalance the level of minerals in a dog’s body. At the most, you can give a dog Tums for a day or two, as long as they are otherwise healthy and do not have any other medical conditions or on any other medications. 

Talk to your veterinarian. It is best to always consult with a veterinarian before giving your dog Tums.

Giving a dog Tums should not substitute for a veterinary visit – at best, they could be a short-term band-aid to help your dog feel a little better until you can get them seen by a veterinarian. Tums do not provide long-lasting relief from stomach problems in dogs, and giving a dog Tums may mask the symptoms of serious medical conditions that need a veterinarian’s help. 

Tums Alternatives: How to Treat Dog Digestive Problems

Signs that your dog is having problems with their stomach and/or intestines include vomiting, diarrhea, low energy, weight loss, and constipation. Since Tums are only moderately effective at controlling symptoms associated with acid reflux or upset stomach in dogs, it is a good idea to consider alternatives to giving your dog Tums. 

The following list of ideas may help your dog feel better without giving them Tums:

Add in a nightly snack.  If your dog vomits up food first thing in the morning, they could have a sour stomach from waiting too long to eat. Try giving them a small, high-protein snack right before bed.

Withhold food and try a bland diet.  If your dog is suddenly ill with mild vomiting and/or diarrhea associated with something they ate, you can try not feeding them (but still give them access to water) for 6-8 hours (except in toy breeds, puppies, or diabetic dogs). Then offer frequent, small meals of bland food – boiled white chicken, lean ground meat, low-fat cottage cheese, and rice or potatoes for several days. Many dogs will recover without incident. 

If your dog doesn’t stop vomiting within a day, refuses to eat when you offer food for more than a day, has no improvement in stool quality,  or is otherwise acting sick in any way, call your veterinarian.

Talk to your vet about other medications. Ask your veterinarian for acid-reducing medication recommendations, such as proton pump inhibitors or H2-blockers, like cimetidine. 

As always, if your dog is struggling with gastrointestinal problems, it is best to talk to your veterinarian. They can get to the bottom of your dog’s problem and recommend treatments that are safe and effective, bringing you peace of mind and relief to your dog. 

Editorial image credit: Jenari / Shutterstock.com

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Famotidine is safe and readily available, making it many veterinarians’ first choice when recommending an antacid. Although this medication is available over the counter, you should still consult your veterinarian before using it to ensure it will be safe and effective for your dog’s condition. 

Read on the learn more about famotidine in dogs and how to use this common medication for your pup.

What is Famotidine?

Famotidine is a type of medication called an H2 blocker or, more formally, a histamine H2 receptor antagonist, and it’s used to decrease the production of stomach acid. 

It is not FDA approved for use in animals and no veterinary products are available, but the human product is used off-label for conditions such as esophagitis, gastritis, esophageal reflux, and gastrinoma. It is available over the counter as a tablet and many generic products are available.

Is Famotidine Safe for Dogs?

Famotidine is safe for dogs when dosed appropriately, and side effects are rarely seen when this medication is used as directed by your veterinarian. The medication is available over the counter in all parts of the country, but you should consult your veterinarian before using it for your dog.

What Does Famotidine for Dogs Look Like?

Famotidine is most commonly available as an OTC oral tablet. Because famotidine is available in many generic forms, the exact appearance of the tablet will vary depending on the manufacturer. Famotidine may also go by the brand names Pepcid, Pepcid AC, or Zantac, among others.

How Does Famotidine Work?

Famotidine works by blocking histamine H2 receptors in the stomach, which stops the stomach from producing more acid. This helps relieve symptoms caused by hyperacidity in the stomach, such as heartburn, gastric ulcers, and acid indigestion. However, studies have shown that famotidine has a decreased effect over time with repeated use in dogs and cats.

What is Famotidine Used for In Dogs?

Famotidine is used to decrease stomach acid in situations where stomach acidity may be excessive or harmful. This includes conditions such as:

• Gastritis
• Esophagitis
• Gastric ulcers (prevention and treatment)
• Gastrinoma
• Esophageal reflux
• Duodenal-gastric reflux
• Exercise-related erosive gastritis
• Uremic gastropathy

How to Give Famotidine to Dogs

Famotidine is typically provided as a tablet you can give to your dog by mouth. To make administering the medicine easier, you can hide the tablet in a pill pocket or a treat such as a small amount of cheese. To persuade your dog into taking the hidden tablet, first give your dog a treat without the pill. Then give your dog the treat with the pill hidden inside, and immediately follow it up with another pill-less treat. Your dog should be so busy enjoying the treats that they won’t even notice the pill!

Alternatively, you can “pill” your dog by giving them the tablet orally without food. To do this, hold your dog’s head up with their nose pointed toward the ceiling. Gently open your dog’s mouth and place the pill as far back on the tongue as you can. Gently hold your dog’s mouth closed and keep their head pointed upward until they swallow – you can also blow on their nose or stroke their throat to encourage swallowing. Once they swallow, you’ve successfully administered the tablet!

Famotidine for Dogs Side Effects

Famotidine is a relatively safe drug and most dogs do not experience side effects when the medication is given at appropriate dosages. In humans, the following side effects have been reported:

• Hypersensitivity reactions
• Confusion
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Drowsiness
• Pancreatitis
• Diarrhea
• Abnormal liver and renal levels in blood work

If you suspect your dog may be having an adverse reaction to famotidine, stop giving the medication and contact your veterinarian.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Because famotidine impacts gastric (stomach) acid and the pH of the stomach, it may affect the absorption of other drugs that are administered by mouth. Similarly, famotidine may not be well-absorbed if given with other oral antacids.

Famotidine Dosage for Dogs

The dose of famotidine varies depending on your dog’s weight. Although famotidine is available over the counter, you should always consult your veterinarian to confirm the correct dosage prior to starting this medication for your dog. Never give your dog over-the-counter medications unless your veterinarian has recommended that you do so.

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Famotidine?

If your dog misses a dose of famotidine, give the dose as soon as you remember. If the next dose is due soon, do not give a double dose to make up for the missed dose. Simply continue on with the dosing schedule as prescribed. If your dog misses multiple doses of medication, consult your veterinarian to find out how best to proceed.

Cost of Famotidine for Dogs

Famotidine is available over the counter in many generic forms, making it relatively inexpensive for dogs. Pet owners should expect to spend no more than $20 for a 30-day supply of famotidine for dogs.

Famotidine Storage Instructions

Famotidine film-coated tablets should be stored at controlled room temperature (77 degrees Fahrenheit) in tight, light-resistant containers.

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Let’s take a closer look at tylosin powder for dogs and how it may benefit dogs with diarrhea and gastrointestinal upset.

What is Tylosin?

Tylosin is a type of antibiotic prescribed to treat diarrhea in dogs. It is made from culturing the bacteria Streptomyces fradiae. It is available in a generic form for dogs, which is called tylosin tartrate. The brand name, Tylan, is manufactured by several companies. 

Tylosin is FDA-approved for large animals, but its use in dogs is considered “extra-label,” of “off-label,” which means it is prescribed under different instructions than what the package label states. This is a very common practice in veterinary medicine. 

Tylan powder is currently offered to pet parents by prescription only through their primary care veterinarians throughout the United States.

Previously, products containing tylosin were available to treat tear-staining in white-coated dogs as well. However, the FDA does not allow the sale of these products solely for cosmetic purposes any longer [1]. 

What Does Tylan Powder Look Like?

Tylan powder is described as a “colorless, crystalline substance,” and it ranges in color from white to light yellow. It is available in a soluble powder form for dogs, and it is characterized by a musty smell.

What is Tylan Powder Used For in Dogs?

Tylan powder is most commonly prescribed when dogs have diarrhea – either due to a bacterial infection or inflammatory bowel disease. 

Oftentimes dogs prescribed Tylan powder have used other medications without success, or the Tylan powder is being prescribed as an alternative to metronidazole, another antibiotic used to treat gastrointestinal issues. 

Tylan powder is primarily prescribed in dogs for the following conditions:

• Enteritis 
• Colitis 
• Chronic diarrhea

How Does Tylan Powder Work?

Tylan powder fights bacterial infections and inflammation in a dog’s intestines that may be contributing to episodes of diarrhea. 

This antibiotic binds to an important site on the ribosome of the bacteria, which inhibits protein synthesis. Without protein synthesis, the bacteria cannot survive or continue to wreak havoc on a dog’s digestive tract. 

By eliminating bad bacteria and reducing inflammation, Tylan powder helps a dog’s stool return to a normal consistency.  

How to Give Tylosin to Dogs

It’s important to follow your veterinarian’s instructions when administering this medication to your dog. 

To prevent an upset stomach, Tylan powder is commonly given with a meal. You can sprinkle it over dry food or mix it into wet food. However, this antibiotic has an extremely bitter taste, and it may be difficult to entice some dogs to ingest it, even with food. 

To remedy this, the medication can be compounded into a capsule or liquid form by a veterinary pharmacist. Capsules can then be placed into a pill pocket or hidden in a “meatball” of canned food. Compounded liquids can be given orally using a syringe that is provided by your veterinarian or the pharmacy. 

Tylan Powder for Dogs: Side Effects

While Tylan powder is generally well-accepted and tolerated by most dogs, there is still the potential for side effects. Contact your veterinarian for guidance if you notice any concerns while your pet is taking this medication, especially any longstanding or severe symptoms. 

Side effects that can be seen when giving dogs Tylan powder may include:  

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Inappetence
• Loose or soft stool

There is evidence to suggest tylosin alters the gut microbiome significantly when administered orally [2]. Because of this, it may be beneficial for veterinarians to prescribe probiotics following a course of tylosin to restore healthy bacteria in a dog’s gastrointestinal tract. 

Interactions With Other Medications

Tylosin has the potential to interact with various other medications. It is important that you discuss any medications (over-the-counter or prescription) that your dog is taking with your veterinarian prior to starting this antibiotic. 

Tylosin should not be used with lincosamides or chloramphenicol because it reduces their overall efficacies. 

It should not be used in animals who have allergies to any of the macrolide antibiotics either. 

Because tylosin can negatively interact with digoxin, it should be used cautiously in pets being treated with this drug for heart disease. 

Tylan Powder Dosage for Dogs

Tylan powder is typically administered 1-3 times daily, and dosing varies based on your dog’s weight. Always follow your veterinarian’s instructions for when and how to give this medication.

Cost of Tylan Powder for Dogs

Tylan powder is a relatively inexpensive medication. It is typically prescribed by a veterinarian as the generic form, tylosin tartrate, which may cost anywhere from $15-$50 for a two-week supply. 

Costs will vary based on the duration of treatment and the size of the dog since dosages are based on weight. 

Compounded medications will cost more due to the preparation needed by the pharmacist. However, it is generally still accepted as an affordable option. 

Tylan Powder Storage Instructions

Tylan powder should be stored in a closed container at room temperature to protect it from moisture and sunlight. Compounded medications should be stored according to the instructions on their labels for best results.

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What Is Insulin?

Insulin is a hormone naturally produced by the pancreas. It is responsible for controlling the amount of glucose, or sugar, in your cat’s bloodstream and promoting the uptake of glucose into cells. 

After your cat eats a meal, insulin is released from the pancreas to help the body use or store the glucose it gets from food. In cats with diabetes, the pancreas may still produce insulin but the body does not respond to it appropriately (insulin resistance), causing poor regulation of blood glucose levels. This is most similar to Type II diabetes in humans.

To treat diabetes in cats, we must supplement them with insulin by injection. There are multiple types of insulin for cats available that vary in their duration of action, concentration, and cost. 

What Does Insulin for Cats Look Like?

There are many insulin products available and they come in several forms. Most commonly, insulin comes in a multi-dose vial. Human insulin products may be sold in a dosing pen for more accurate dosing. Your veterinarian will demonstrate how to use the product prior to starting your cat’s insulin therapy.

How Does Insulin Work?

Insulin is a hormone that primarily targets liver, muscle, and fat cells. In a diabetic cat, insulin is administered after a meal. As the body breaks down the food into glucose, insulin signals these cells to uptake glucose into the cell, where it is either used as fuel for energy or stored for later use. This uptake of glucose into cells keeps your cat’s blood sugar regulated so that it does not become too high (hyperglycemia). 

What Is Insulin Used for In Cats?

Insulin is used to treat diabetes mellitus, a common condition in senior cats, particularly males. Risk factors for diabetes mellitus include obesity, physical inactivity, increasing age, history of glucocorticoid administration, pancreatitis, pregnancy, systemic infection, acromegaly, hyperadrenocorticism, and chronic kidney disease.

Cat Insulin vs. Human Insulin

There are only two insulin products that are FDA approved for use in cats. These are Vetsulin, a porcine insulin zinc suspension, and ProZinc, a protamine zinc recombinant human insulin. 

Aside from these two products, many human products are also used in cats. These include products such as Lantus, Toujeo, Humulin N, and Novolin N which are commonly used in human medicine. 

There is no single insulin that is suitable for all diabetic cats. Some cats may respond better to one insulin product than another. Your veterinarian will choose an insulin product based on its duration of action, your cat’s response to insulin therapy, and their own clinical experience with insulin products. 

How to Give Insulin to Cats

Insulin is administered by subcutaneous injection, which is an injection under the skin. Insulin syringes use a small, thin needle and most cats tolerate these injections very well. Your cat will need to have these injections 1-2 times daily for the rest of his or her life.

To administer the injection, start by giving your cat a small treat or a bit of food as a distraction. Use your non-dominant hand to gently lift a bit of loose skin from the nape of the neck. You’ll notice that this skin forms a triangle shape. Using your dominant hand, guide the needle into the center of the triangle. When the needle is in place, pull back slightly on the syringe plunger. You should experience a bit of negative pressure or a slight “pull” on the plunger – this means you are in the right position. Gently depress the plunger until you have fully administered the insulin, then gently pull back the syringe to remove the needle. Dispose of the entire syringe and needle in an appropriate hard-sided container. 

If you’re unsure if your cat received the entire contents of the syringe, do not attempt to re-dose your cat. You do not want to accidentally overdose your cat with insulin as this can lead to hypoglycemia, or dangerously low blood sugar. Instead, simply continue on with the regular dosing schedule as prescribed.

Side Effects of Insulin for Cats

The primary side effect of insulin is hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar. This can occur when an insulin dose is too high, resulting in too much glucose uptake from the bloodstream. Signs of low blood sugar in cats include:

• Hunger
• Anxiety
• Weakness
• Muscle twitching
• Disorientation
• Lethargy
• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting
• Hypothermia
• Seizure
• Diarrhea

Other side effects from insulin include local injection site reactions such as mild swelling, pain, bruising, or crusting at the site of insulin injection. It is recommended to rotate injection sites to help prevent this.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Certain drugs may alter an animal’s glucose tolerance and change their insulin requirements. These drugs include:

• Corticosteroids
• Thiazide diuretics
• Progestogens
• Amitraz
• Alpha-2 agonists
• Dexmedetomidine
• Xylazine

Certain drugs may increase the risk of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) when given in conjunction with insulin. These drugs include:

• Anti-diabetic agents
• Salicylates
• Sulfonamide antibiotics
• MAOIs
• Fluoxetine
• Disopyramide
• Dibrates
• Propoxyphene
• Pentoxyfylline
• ACE inhibitors
• Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents
• Somatostatin analogs

Insulin Dosage for Cats

The dosage of insulin your cat needs will vary depending on your cat. Some cats require higher doses of insulin than others, and it can take some time to find the right dose. Your veterinarian will start by prescribing a low dose of insulin for your cat. After your cat has been on insulin for about 7-14 days, the dose may be adjusted based on your cat’s clinical signs or based on the results of a blood glucose curve. 

A blood glucose curve is a diagnostic procedure in which your cat’s blood sugar is measured every 2 hours, allowing your veterinarian to chart how your cat’s blood sugar fluctuates throughout the day. This allows your veterinarian to visualize how your cat’s body is reacting to the insulin. If your cat’s blood sugar is trending high, your cat’s insulin dose may be increased. If your cat’s blood sugar is dipping too low during the day, your cat’s insulin dose may be decreased. 

When starting insulin therapy, it is important to monitor your cat for signs of hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar. These signs can include weakness, loss of appetite, stumbling, blindness, altered mental state, vomiting, panting, slow heart rate, and collapse. These can be signs that your cat’s insulin dose is too high. If your cat exhibits these signs, contact your veterinarian right away. 

What If My Cat Misses a Dose of Insulin?

If your cat misses a dose of insulin, do not double the next dose or give an extra dose to make up for the missed dose. Doing so will put your cat at risk for hypoglycemia. Instead, simply skip the missed dose and continue on with the next dose as prescribed. If your cat misses multiple doses of insulin, contact your veterinarian for advice on how best to proceed.

Cost of Insulin for Cats

The cost of insulin for cats varies depending on the type of insulin your cat is prescribed. However, pet owners should expect to spend approximately $100-$150 per bottle of insulin. 

Insulin Storage Instructions

Insulin products are stored in the refrigerator at 36 to 46 degrees Fahrenheit and should be kept away from heat and sunlight. Do not freeze insulin or use insulin that has been frozen.

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However, many cat health conditions and a few medications may make it unsafe for pet parents to give this medication to their cat. You should always confirm with your veterinarian before giving your cat Benadryl. 

Read below for more information, including dosing and administration tips.

What is Benadryl?

Benadryl is a brand name for the generic medication diphenhydramine. It was accidentally discovered as an antihistamine in the 1940’s by a chemist. Antihistamines are medications that block histamine. By doing so, antihistamines decrease allergy symptoms. 

The FDA approved Benadryl for human use in 1946, and to this day it is a well-known medication used in both human as well as animal patients (including dogs and cats). It has been available in various generic forms since the 1960’s and is widely available across the United States. 

Benadryl and all the generic forms can be found over the counter in a variety of stores. Many veterinarians carry this medication for their patients or recommend pet parents purchase it at a local store or pharmacy.

Benadryl is in many products that are not marketed just for antihistamine properties. A strong side effect in humans is sleepiness, so many companies market Benadryl as a “sleep aid” to help people fall asleep. Benadryl may also be in a combination of medications for sinus pain relief, often included with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) such as acetaminophen and pseudoephedrine, a nasal decongestant.

Can You Give Cats Benadryl?

Yes, Benadryl can be used in cats. However, a veterinarian should be consulted since many cat health conditions may become worse in combination with this drug. In addition, if not dosed correctly, side effects can be intense.

If your cat has the following health concerns, giving Benadryl could be harmful:

• Chronic bronchitis or “asthma”
• Liver disease
• History of seizures
• Glaucoma (increased pressure in the eye)
• Hyperthyroidism (producing too much thyroid hormone)
• Urinary retention (not able to fully empty the bladder)
• Intestinal atony (slow movement through the guts including megacolon)
• Heart disease
• High blood pressure (hypertension)

Benadryl enters the milk and goes to kittens, so if your cat is lactating (i.e. feeding kittens), veterinary advice is necessary before giving this medication. Benadryl has not been studied in pregnant cats, so ask a veterinarian if you believe your cat is pregnant.

There are two sizes of tablets made specifically for dogs and cats. However, the human form is safe, too, as long as it is dosed appropriately and doesn’t contain other medications. It is also important to purchase tablets or liquid if using human formulations, since the capsules will almost certainly be too high of a dose for a cat.

What Is Benadryl Used for in Cats?

Benadryl is primarily prescribed for skin conditions. Antihistamines help to decrease symptoms such as itchiness in the skin by preventing allergies to the environment, such as allergies to pollen. However, Benadryl is rarely effective as the only treatment for moderate to severe allergies. Benadryl is also used to prevent allergic reactions to vaccines, blood transfusions, and chemotherapy (i.e. drugs used against cancer).

Benadryl also has anti-nausea properties, meaning it may decrease nausea and vomiting. Benadryl is specifically prescribed to help with motion sickness in cats that may happen from car rides. A common side effect of Benadryl for cats is drowsiness, so some veterinarians may recommend a dose to calm your cat down prior to something stressful like a veterinary visit.

In summary, Benadryl can help cats with:

• Allergies
• Pruritus (skin itchiness)
• Miliary dermatitis (skin condition in cats likely due to allergies)
• Prevention of allergic reactions to vaccines, blood transfusions and specific medications
• Motion sickness
• Mild sedative

Benadryl for Cat Travel

Using Benadryl during travel with your cat is a safe way to decrease motion sickness, which can cause some cats to vomit. It also makes cats a little sleepy, which can help decrease some other symptoms that make travel harder like vocalizing. 

However, Benadryl does not decrease cat anxiety and is unlikely to be helpful in cats who are very stressed or anxious.

How to Give Benadryl to Cats

Liquid medications are often the easiest in cats, but only human formulations of liquid Benadryl are available, and they are flavored to be sweet. While cats cannot taste sweet very well, the fruity flavors of Benadryl are often not appreciated by cats!

Tablets are another way of providing Benadryl in safe dosages to your cat. Pet parents can crush the tablet into a couple tablespoons of canned cat food and let their cat eat it. Use a very small amount of food so your cat eats all the food and the whole dose in a short amount of time. 

In a pinch, if your cat won’t eat the medication in food, crush the medication into a small amount of tasty liquid like tuna juice or low-sodium chicken broth. If your cat doesn’t drink it, use a syringe to get your cat to swallow it.

Benadryl for Cats: Side Effects

Benadryl has mild side effects, unless your cat receives a dose that is high or she has other chronic medical conditions. The most common side effect is drowsiness and occurs in most cats. 

Some of the side effects for cats, however, can be serious. If an overdose is suspected, cats could develop issues like seizures, coma, and death. However, the dose needed for this would be very high and is extremely rare.

Possible side effects of Benadryl for cats include:

• Drowsiness
• Ataxia, or walking drunkenly
• Agitation
• Seizures
• Behavior changes like vocalizing, affectionate behavior
• Gastrointestinal effects like decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, constipation, or diarrhea
• Decreased frequency of urination

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Benadryl can react with other cat medications including:

• Other antihistamines like amitriptyline, chlorpheniramine
• Alprazolam
• Amitraz
• Diazepam
• Methionine
• Phenobarbital
• Prochlorperazine
• Selegiline

Reactions typically result in an increase in side effects of either Benadryl or the other medication. Benadryl should not be given to cats just before or after anesthesia, since certain medications that may be used during anesthesia interact with Benadryl.

Benadryl Dosage for Cats

Benadryl is dosed for cats based on weight and must be given at least every 12 hours, but preferably every 8 hours, to be effective. 

Before giving this medication, pet parents must follow-up with their veterinarian first to avoid serious side effects. 

The typical dose for cats is 1-2 mg per pound of body weight. One-quarter of the 25 mg tablet is prescribed for most cats 2 to 3 times per day, but a half tablet may be necessary if your veterinarian advises it. 

This dosing would be too much for kittens and very small cats. For liquid, each pound of your cat’s weight would equal a dose of approximately 0.4 mL. An 8-pound cat would need to drink over 3 mL of this stuff – which can be very challenging to administer.

Before giving your cat Benadryl, make sure to review with your veterinarian the exact product you plan on giving. Many products are made with other medications like acetaminophen or pseudoephedrine which are toxic to cats.

Cost of Benadryl for Cats

Generic forms of diphenhydramine tend to cost less than name-brand Benadryl medication. Each tablet costs approximately 4 cents, so for most pet parents they will only pay 2 cents per day to give this medication in tablet form. Giving an 8-pound cat liquid will cost approximately 20 cents per day.

Benadryl Storage Instructions

All forms of Benadryl should be stored at room temperature (68-77 degrees). For tablets and capsules, avoid high humidity. The injectable form needs to be protected from exposure to light.

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What is Meloxidyl?

Meloxidyl is a brand name form of Meloxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Meloxidyl is commonly prescribed for acute or chronic pain and inflammation in dogs. Meloxicam, the generic form of Meloxidyl, is FDA approved for use in dogs for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis and it is also used off label for other conditions. Your veterinarian may prescribe Meloxicam in a tablet, liquid, or injectable form depending on your dog’s needs.  

What Does Meloxidyl for Dogs Look Like?

Meloxidyl is a brand name oral suspension of Meloxicam. It comes in a bottle with two dosing syringes to be used based on your dog’s weight. This product is lightly sweetened to facilitate administration of the medication to your dog.

Meloxicam is a generic product that comes in many different formulations including tablets, liquids, and injectable medications. Because it is a generic medication, the appearance of the product will vary depending on the manufacturer.

How Does Meloxidyl Work?

Meloxidyl is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that works by inhibiting the formation of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). COX enzymes are involved in the production of prostaglandins, some of which are produced at sites of injury and are responsible for causing pain and inflammation. By inhibiting COX enzymes, prostaglandin production is reduced, which reduces pain and inflammation.

What Is Meloxidyl Used for in Dogs? 

Meloxidyl is indicated for acute and chronic pain and inflammation in dogs. This may include conditions such as osteoarthritis, soft tissue injury, or postoperative pain, among others. The duration of treatment with Meloxidyl depends on the type, the severity, and the duration of the pain to be addressed. 

How to Give Meloxidyl to Dogs

If your dog is prescribed the tablet or pill form of Meloxicam, it should be given by mouth. If necessary, you can hide the tablet in a tasty treat or in your dog’s food. Be sure to feed your dog a full meal along with the medication, as this will prevent stomach upset.

If your dog is prescribed the liquid form of Meloxicam, use the provided dosing syringe to administer the liquid to your dog by mouth. Always use the provided dosing syringe to ensure your dog receives the correct dosage of medication. As with pills and tablets, be sure to give the medication with a full meal to reduce the risk of upsetting your dog’s stomach.

If your dog is prescribed the injectable form of Meloxicam, this will be administered by your veterinarian in the veterinary clinic. 

Meloxicam is typically given once every 24 hours for pain and inflammation. Always follow your veterinarian’s dosing instructions closely. Do not give extra medication or additional doses, even if you think your dog is still in pain. If your dog is still in pain, consult your veterinarian for further instructions. 

Meloxidyl for Dogs Side Effects 

The most common side effects of Meloxidyl are gastrointestinal effects such as vomiting and diarrhea.  Some gastrointestinal effects can be prevented by administering Meloxidyl with a full meal. Treatment with NSAIDs such as Meloxidyl is also a predisposing factor for developing GI ulceration. In some cases, your veterinarian may prescribe gastroprotectant medications in addition to Meloxidyl to reduce the risk of GI ulcers.

NSAIDs also inhibit platelet function, which may cause increased bleeding times. However, studies have not demonstrated a clinically significant relationship between NSAID use and bleeding disorders in dogs.

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Meloxidyl may interact with the following medications:

• Aminoglycosides
• Phenobarbital
• Anticoagulants
• Sulfonylureas 
• Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid
• Isoniazid
• ACE inhibitors 
• Cimetidine
• Cisplatin
• Cyclosporine 
• Corticosteroids
• Pentosan
• SSRIs
• Furosemide
• Methotrexate
• Clopidogrel 
• Aspirin
• Other NSAIDs 

Meloxidyl Dosage for Dogs

The dosage of Meloxidyl for dogs varies depending on your dog’s weight. Your veterinarian will prescribe a dose that is appropriate for your dog’s current weight and health status. Be sure to follow your veterinarian’s instructions closely. Do not give extra medication or additional doses. If you feel your dog is in pain or needs additional medication, contact your veterinarian for further instructions. 

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Meloxidyl 

If your dog misses a dose of Meloxidyl, give it as soon as you remember, as long as it is not too close to the next dose. Do not double up on doses to make up for a missed dose. If necessary, simply skip the missed dose and continue on with the next dose as scheduled. 

Cost of Meloxidyl for Dogs 

The cost of Meloxidyl will vary depending on your dog’s size, the duration of treatment, and the formulation prescribed. Generic products will also cost less than brand names. In general, pet owners should expect to spend $25-$75 on Meloxidyl for dogs.

Meloxidyl Storage Instructions

Meloxidyl should be stored at controlled room temperature of 59-77 degrees Fahrenheit and should be protected from moisture.

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What is Dramamine?

Dramamine is a combination of two drugs: diphenhydramine and 8-chlorotheophylline. Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine (commonly known as Benadryl), which reduces vomiting, and 8-chlorotheophylline, which reduces the drowsiness associated with diphenhydramine. 

Dramamine is commonly used in humans to treat nausea, vomiting and dizziness due to motion sickness. It is used in cats and dogs for motion sickness as well. Dramamine is available over the counter and comes in several formulations, including oral solutions, tablets and a solution for injection. There are no specific veterinary formulations of Dramamine.

Is Dramamine Safe for Dogs?

Dramamine is safe for dogs when used as prescribed by your veterinarian. It is readily available over the counter, but you should always consult your veterinarian before giving any over-the-counter medications to your dog. Your veterinarian will give you the proper dosing and instructions for using this medication.

What Does Dramamine for Dogs Look Like?

Dramamine is given as either a tablet or an oral liquid. Because many generic products are available, the appearance of the product varies widely depending on the manufacturer. It may also appear under the generic name dimenhydrinate.

How Does Dramamine Work?

Dramamine contains diphenhydramine, an antihistamine medication more commonly known by the brand name Benadryl. Diphenhydramine makes the body unresponsive to histamines and acts on an area of the brain called the chemoreceptor trigger zone, interrupting chemical signals that cause nausea. 

Dramamine also contains 8-chlorotheophylline, which reduces the drowsiness associated with diphenhydramine.

What is Dramamine Used for in Dogs?

Dramamine is used for managing symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and dizziness, particularly due to motion sickness. Dramamine is not commonly prescribed to dogs, as there are other medications that are more effective for managing these symptoms.

Dramamine may be prescribed for the following indications:

• Prevention of vomiting
• Car sickness
• Prevention of itching due to allergic dermatitis in dogs

How to Give Dramamine to Dogs

Dramamine is available over the counter as a tablet or liquid formulation. To give tablets to your dog, it is usually easiest to hide them in a high-value treat. To trick your dog into taking the pill, first offer a treat without the pill, then offer the treat with the pill hidden inside and immediately follow it up with another treat without the pill. Your dog will be so excited about taking multiple treats, he may not even notice the pill hidden inside.

To administer the liquid formulation of Dramamine, use the provided syringe to draw up an appropriate dose of the medication. Gently hold your dog’s head in place, then slide the syringe into the corner of your dog’s mouth behind his teeth. As soon as the syringe is in place, administer the medication. Hold your dog’s head upright for a few seconds after administration to ensure he swallows the medication.

Dramamine for Dogs Side Effects

The most common side effect in dogs is sedation or drowsiness. This is especially common in certain herding-breed dogs, who may be more sensitive to the sedative effects of antihistamines. 

If high doses of Dramamine are given, other side effects can include:

• Agitation
• Seizures
• Excessive vocalization
• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting
• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Dry mouth
• High heart rate
• Hypersensitivity reactions

Overdose of Dramamine is possible and may even be seen at doses less than 1 mg/kg above the normal dose. It is very important to follow your veterinarian’s dosing instructions closely and to contact your veterinarian right away if you notice any side effects or other adverse effects.

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Dramamine may react with other medications and should be used with caution in dogs taking medications or supplements for other conditions. Interactions may occur with other drugs such as:

• Tricyclic antidepressants and anti-histamines
• MAO Inhibitors
• CNS depressant drugs
• Azole antifungals
• Macrolide drugs

Dramamine should also be used with caution in dogs with liver disease, as this medication is processed through the liver. Be sure to consult your veterinarian before administering Dramamine to your dog to ensure there is no risk of interaction with any other medications your dog may be taking.

Dramamine Dosage for Dogs

The dosage of Dramamine for dogs varies depending on your dog’s weight and the severity of the condition to be treated. 

Overdose and toxicity can occur very easily with Dramamine, so it is important to consult your veterinarian to obtain an accurate Dramamine dose for your dog. Although Dramamine is available over the counter, you should not administer it without talking to your veterinarian to find out the best dosage and frequency for your dog’s individual needs.

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Dramamine?

If your dog misses a dose of Dramamine, give the dose as soon as you remember. If the next dose is due soon, do not double the doses or administer two doses in a short period, as this increases the risk of side effects and overdose. 

Instead, skip the missed dose and continue with the regular dosing schedule. If your dog misses multiple doses of medication, consult your veterinarian to determine when the next dose should be administered.

Cost of Dramamine for Dogs

Pet owners should expect to spend no more than $20 for a month’s supply of Dramamine for dogs. It is sold over the counter and is inexpensive. Generic forms are also available that are less expensive than brand-name Dramamine. 

Dramamine Storage Instructions

Dramamine products can be stored at room temperature, between 68 and 77 degrees.

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In this article, we will explain what Miralax is, whether or not it is safe to use in cats, what conditions it treats, how to administer it to cats, its common side effects, and dosing information. 

What is Miralax? 

Miralax is an osmotic laxative, which means it draws water into the intestines to soften stools, stimulating bowel movements and easing constipation. The active ingredient in Miralax is polyethylene glycol 3350, or PEG 3350. In 1999, the FDA approved Miralax for use in humans to treat occasional constipation. The product was approved for over-the-counter use in 2006 [2]. 

Most recommended forms of this medication are available to pet parents without a prescription from their local pharmacy. Formulations of PEG 3350 that contain added electrolytes are only available with a prescription. The version of Miralax that is used for cats is the same as the human product.  

Is Miralax Safe for Cats?

Miralax is generally considered a safe medication to give to cats. However, it is always best to confirm with your veterinarian that it is okay to give Miralax to your cat. Miralax should not be given to cats that are dehydrated, as it can lead to further dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities. 

Cats suspected of having gastrointestinal obstruction, gastric retention, bowel perforation, toxic colitis, or ileus should also not be given Miralax. PEG 3350 solutions containing electrolytes (eg, CoLyte®, GoLytely®) should be used with caution in cats with inflammatory bowel disease.

What is Miralax Used For in Cats? 

Miralax is most commonly used to relieve and treat constipation in cats. Prescription PEG 3350 containing electrolytes is mostly used to clean out the bowels before endoscopy procedures and to help flush toxins out of the gastrointestinal tract for cats that have eaten something harmful. There are no other currently recommended uses for Miralax in cats. 

In humans, Miralax has recently been found to be more effective than lactulose for treating hepatic encephalopathy (a nervous system disorder brought on by liver disease). Miralax may be useful to treat this condition in cats, but studies are lacking [3]. 

How to Give Miralax to Cats

Miralax comes in a powdered form meant to be dissolved in liquid. However, it is okay to give the powder to cats as long as it is mixed with food, preferably canned or wet food. The powder is tasteless and odorless, so most cats will take Miralax without a fuss. 

When Miralax is used to treat severe constipation or in preparation for an endoscopy procedure, it is generally administered as a liquid solution. It must be given by a trained veterinary professional. 

Miralax Side Effects in Cats

To date, there is only one published study that evaluated the use and safety of Miralax in six cats over 4 weeks. For this reason, side effects are not well known. In the published study, most cats tolerated the medication without side effects, but one cat developed sporadic vomiting [4]. 

Besides vomiting, nausea and cramping are possible side effects of giving cats Miralax. 

It is thought that long-term use of Miralax may cause dehydration, low sodium levels, and/or high potassium levels. Since Miralax pulls water from the body and into the stools, it can make cats dehydrated. It is recommended to feed wet or canned food to cats taking Miralax to help prevent dehydration.

Since Miralax speeds up how quickly things move through the intestines, other drugs and medications should not be given at the same time as Miralax. Other oral medications should be given at least one hour before Miralax administration. 

Miralax should not be given with other laxatives or stool softeners. Miralax should be used with caution with other medications that may cause electrolyte abnormalities and dehydration, such as diuretics and ACE inhibitors. 

Miralax Dosage for Cats

For cats, the recommended dose is generally ⅛ to ¼ teaspoon of powder mixed in with food twice daily. Your veterinarian will be able to give you more specific instructions based on your cat’s condition and needs. 

Make sure to speak with your veterinarian before giving your cat Miralax. The best treatment for constipation is to try to determine the underlying cause, which generally requires lab tests and X-rays at a minimum.

Do not give the labeled over-the-counter Miralax dose to cats as this is the dose for humans and is much too large for cats. 

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What is Enrofloxacin?

Enrofloxacin is an antibiotic that is FDA approved for use in dogs, cats, and other animal species and is commonly used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections. It is available both as a brand-name drug (e.g., Baytril) and in several generic forms. With a prescription, pet owners can purchase this medication through their veterinarian or through any pharmacy that dispenses veterinary medications.

What Does Enrofloxacin for Dogs Look Like?

Enrofloxacin for dogs comes in many different forms, so it’s important to always check the bottle and be sure that you are giving the correct medication. Brand name Baytril is typically dispensed as Taste Tabs, which are round, light brown, scored tablets with a B in one corner and a number corresponding to the dosage in the opposite corner. Generic forms of enrofloxacin may look very different. If in doubt, take an extra moment to confirm the name and dosage on the bottle, and contact your veterinarian if you have any questions or concerns.

What is Enrofloxacin Used For In Dogs?

Enrofloxacin is an antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial infections in dogs because it is highly effective against strains that resist other antibiotics. 

In dogs, enrofloxacin is most commonly prescribed to treat urinary tract infections and skin infections, such as staph infections. It may be also used to treat conditions including, but not limited to:

• Wounds
• Abscesses
• Gastrointestinal tract infections
• Respiratory infections, such as kennel cough

Enrofloxacin is also effective against difficult-to-treat infections, such as:

• Bone infections
• Ear infections
• Sinus infections
• Pneumonia 

How Does Enrofloxacin Work?

Enrofloxacin is used to treat bacterial infections in dogs. It works by interfering with the bacteria’s ability to make DNA, causing the bacteria to die. 

Enrofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, meaning it works against the two major bacterial groups. It is active against many aerobic bacteria (i.e., those that require oxygen to survive), though it is not effective against anaerobic bacteria (which do not require oxygen), viruses, or fungal infections. 

How to Give Enrofloxacin to Dogs

Enrofloxacin is typically administered by mouth in the form of tablets or oral solutions. It is a component of many topical ear medications, as well. Enrofloxacin is also available in an injectable form which may be administered intravenously (injected directly into a vein), intramuscularly (injected deep into a muscle and absorbed by blood vessels), and subcutaneously (injected into the innermost layer of the skin and absorbed slowly).

When giving your dog enrofloxacin by mouth, be sure to give it with a full meal. Like most antibiotics, enrofloxacin can cause gastrointestinal upset, especially when given on an empty stomach. If you have trouble getting your dog to take enrofloxacin, hiding the tablets in food or a favorite treat may tempt your dog to take them!

Enrofloxacin Side Effects in Dogs

When giving enrofloxacin to your dog, it’s important to watch out for possible side effects. Most dogs tolerate enrofloxacin well, but some do develop side effects commonly associated with antibiotics, like stomach upset. Enrofloxacin does not make dogs sleepy, but it can cause other side effects such as: 

• Loss of appetite
• Diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Elevated liver enzymes
• Weakness
• Depression
• Lethargy
• Nervousness
• Seizures
• Cartilage damage in growing animals

If your dog exhibits any of these symptoms while taking enrofloxacin, stop giving the medication and call your veterinarian right away. Your veterinarian may recommend changing the dose, switching to another medication, or altering the way you give the medication to help reduce the side effects for your dog.

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Enrofloxacin should not be given with medications such as sucralfate, antacids, or mineral supplements, as these medications may decrease the absorption and bioavailability of enrofloxacin.

Enrofloxacin may also have a decreased effect when mixed with tetracycline and macrolide antibiotics.

Dogs on the medication theophylline should be monitored closely when taking enrofloxacin in combination with this medication, as enrofloxacin can increase blood theophylline levels in dogs. It may be necessary to monitor theophylline plasma levels and adjust your dog’s dosage of theophylline while taking enrofloxacin.

Enrofloxacin Dosage for Dogs

The dosage of enrofloxacin varies widely depending on the size of your dog and the infection being treated. It is important to follow your veterinarian’s instructions for dosing to ensure your dog receives the proper treatment. Do not stop giving enrofloxacin even if your dog appears to be feeling better. It is essential to complete the full course of medication to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance and recurrent infections.

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Enrofloxacin?

If your dog misses a dose of Enrofloxacin, give the dose as soon as you remember. Though if you give that dose close to the time of your dog’s next scheduled dose, skip the scheduled dose and continue on with the next dose as prescribed. Do not double up on doses, as this can increase the risk of side effects.

Cost of Enrofloxacin for Dogs

The cost of enrofloxacin for dogs varies widely depending on the dose your dog receives, the length of time your dog needs to be on medication, whether your veterinarian prescribes a brand name or generic medication, and the region of the country you live in. 

In general, pet owners can expect to spend anywhere between $50-$200 for a month’s supply of enrofloxacin, depending on these factors.

Enrofloxacin Storage Instructions

Tablets should be stored in a cool, dry place and protected from direct sunlight. Do not freeze Enrofloxacin tablets. Liquid formulations may require refrigeration depending on the manufacturer. Please check the manufacturer’s instructions on the box or package insert before storing this product.

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What is Cerenia for Dogs?

Cerenia was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2007 for the treatment of vomiting and motion sickness in dogs. Prior to this time, any medications that veterinarians used to treat canine nausea were used “off label,” meaning they were human drugs that were not specifically approved for use in dogs. With the development of an FDA-approved nausea treatment for dogs that was also highly effective, most veterinarians shifted to using this drug exclusively to treat canine nausea and vomiting. 

Cerenia is available in both an injectable and oral formulation. Both forms of this medication are stocked in nearly every veterinary clinic throughout the United States. Cerenia injection for dogs is often used to treat nausea and vomiting in hospitalized patients, and in the initial management of a vomiting dog that is unable to keep pills down. Oral tablets may be sent home with owners for the treatment of motion sickness, or for the ongoing treatment of nausea.  

What Does Cerenia Look Like?

Cerenia tablets are relatively small and have an oval shape. These tablets are scored down the middle, so they can easily be halved if a pet needs a half-tablet dose. The letters “MPT” and the dose in milligrams (mg) are also stamped onto the surface of each tablet. 

Injectable Cerenia is a clear liquid medication, which comes in an amber-colored bottle.  

How Does Cerenia Work in Dogs?

Cerenia works by blocking the effects of Substance P, a key neurotransmitter (brain chemical) involved in vomiting. 

When something occurs in the body that triggers nausea, whether that is fear, anxiety, motion sickness, gastrointestinal disease, or exposure to a toxin, Substance P is released to trigger vomiting. Cerenia prevents Substance P from binding in the brain, which prevents vomiting. Because it acts in this way, Cerenia can be used to prevent vomiting attributable to a wide variety of causes. 

Interestingly, Substance P is also involved in coughing. By blocking the effects of Substance P, Cerenia can also be used to control coughing in dogs.  

What Is Cerenia Used for in Dogs?

Cerenia is primarily used to treat nausea and vomiting caused by a variety of conditions, ranging from motion sickness to gastrointestinal viruses and even organ failure. Common causes of vomiting that may be treated with Cerenia include: 

• Motion sickness
• Gastroenteritis (vomiting and diarrhea due to a variety of causes)
• Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Parvovirus
• Chronic kidney disease 
• Cancer 

Additionally, Cerenia’s anti-cough effects have led some veterinarians to use it in the treatment of chronic bronchitis in dogs. Although Cerenia is not labeled for use in this manner, there is enough evidence of its benefits that some veterinarians will use it off-label for challenging cases of chronic cough. 

Cerenia for Dogs Side Effects

Cerenia is rarely associated with severe side effects in dogs. 

The most common side effect associated with injectable Cerenia is pain at the injection site; many dogs act as though the injection stings or burns. Most veterinarians store Cerenia in the refrigerator, which appears to decrease the stinging sensation associated with injection. 

Uncommon side effects associated with Cerenia (in its oral or injectable form) include: 

• Diarrhea
• Anorexia (no appetite)
• Lethargy
• Incoordination
• Allergic reactions (swelling of head/face, anaphylaxis)

Cerenia has a wide margin of safety. Even with doses exceeding the recommended dose, side effects are rare. Additionally, this medication only remains in the body for 24 hours, so side effects are typically short-lived. 

If your dog experiences any side effects or new signs of illness while taking Cerenia, contact your veterinarian. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

There are no known drug interactions between Cerenia and other drugs that are commonly used in dogs. If your dog is taking any other prescription or over-the counter medications or supplements, talk to your veterinarian before giving Cerenia. 

Cerenia Dosage for Dogs

Your dog’s Cerenia dosage is determined by the goal of treatment and your dog’s weight. High doses of Cerenia are required to treat motion sickness, while lower doses can often be used to treat other causes of vomiting. 

When used to treat motion sickness, Cerenia should be given approximately two hours prior to travel, on an empty stomach. 

Dogs receiving Cerenia for other causes of vomiting and nausea often take this medication once daily, every 24 hours. When used to manage coughing and bronchitis, Cerenia may be administered as little as every other day, or every 48 hours. 

Your veterinarian will determine the optimal Cerenia dosing regimen for your dog, based on your dog’s weight and the medical condition that is being treated. 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Cerenia?

If your dog misses a dose of Cerenia, you may see a recurrence of your dog’s nausea or vomiting. Give the missed dose as soon as possible, then resume your regular dosing schedule by waiting the recommended amount of time between doses. Do not give two doses at once. 

Contact your veterinarian if you have any questions.

Cost of Cerenia for Dogs

Cerenia can become expensive, especially in large dogs requiring high doses of medication. Unfortunately, there is no generic version available at this time. 

Cerenia tablets for dogs typically cost $5-$10 each. Your dog’s daily dose may range from one-half to two tablets per day, depending on their weight.

The cost of a Cerenia injection may vary from $20 to $50, depending on your dog’s weight. 

Cerenia Storage Instructions

Cerenia tablets should be stored at room temperature. Each tablet is contained in an individual foil-wrapped blister pack; once the foil for a tablet has been opened, that tablet should be used within two days. 

Injectable Cerenia is stored at room temperature until it is opened, and then is typically refrigerated. The entire bottle of medication must be used within 90 days of opening. 

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What is Insulin?

Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels. After eating, carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which is then absorbed into the bloodstream. Insulin helps move glucose from the blood into the cells of the body. Insulin also promotes energy storage, increases DNA replication, and increases protein synthesis. When insulin is deficient, glucose is not adequately metabolized, leading to high blood sugar levels. 

Diabetes is a condition characterized by a deficiency of insulin. Type I diabetes (also known as insulin-dependent diabetes) is the most common type of diabetes in dogs and occurs due to a lack of insulin production by the pancreas. In this case, insulin must be supplemented for patients. In veterinary patients, often the same types of insulin used in humans are prescribed. There are also two FDA-approved veterinary insulin products available on the market: Vetsulin, which was approved in 2004, and ProZinc, which was approved for use in dogs in 2019.

What is Insulin Used For in Dogs?

Insulin is used to treat diabetes mellitus in dogs. Less commonly, it may also be used to prevent the progression to diabetes mellitus in canine patients with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s Disease) and hyperglycemia.

Dog Insulin vs Human Insulin

It is important to note that human insulin and veterinary insulin have different concentrations and require different syringes to administer appropriately. Human insulin formulations typically have concentrations of 100 units per ml, requiring a U-100 syringe to administer correctly. Veterinary insulin formulations have concentrations of 40 units per ml, requiring a U-40 syringe to administer correctly. Administering insulin with the wrong size syringe can result underdosing your dog’s insulin, leading to worsening of their diabetes symptoms, or an an accidental overdose, leading to hypoglycemia in dogs. Always make sure you know whether your dog’s insulin is a human or veterinary formulation, and be extra careful to use the correct size syringe with it. 

How to Give Insulin to Dogs

Insulin is administered twice daily by subcutaneous injection, which is an injection under the skin. These injections are easy to perform and pet owners can be trained to do this at home. First, read the insulin manufacturer’s instructions to determine how to handle and mix the insulin. Some brands must be handled gently to avoid inactivating the insulin, while other brands, such as Vetsulin, must be shaken vigorously to mix them prior to administration. 

Once mixed, use the proper size insulin syringe (U-40 or U-100) to draw up the correct dose of insulin for your dog, making sure there are no air bubbles in the syringe. Next, gently pinch up a fold of your dog’s skin, forming a tent shape. Gently insert the needle into the center of this tent and push down the plunger until it stops. Pull the needle straight out and dispose of it in an appropriate hard-sided container. Be sure to put the insulin back in the refrigerator when you are done.

Insulin Side Effects in Dogs

The primary side effect of insulin is hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar. This can occur when too much insulin is given, causing the blood sugar to drop too low. Signs of hypoglycemia in dogs that pet owners should watch for include:

• Weakness
• Lethargy
• Stumbling gait
• Falling down
• Depression
• Disorientation
• Collapse
• Seizure
• Death

Less commonly, some dogs may experience a reaction at the injection site, which includes swelling, pain, bruising, or crusting.

Insulin is a lifelong medication and there are no concerns with using it long term, as long as dosages are monitored and your veterinarian is overseeing your dog’s treatment.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

There are a number of drugs that can change your dog’s insulin requirements by altering glucose tolerance, increasing the risk for hypoglycemia, and altering the glucose lowering effect of insulin.  These drugs include commonly used medications, such as steroids, diuretics, beta-blockers, and thyroid hormones, among others.  

Insulin Dosage for Dogs

The dosage of insulin for dogs varies widely between patients. Even dogs of the same breed or size can have very different insulin dosages. Your veterinarian will start your dog on an initial dose of insulin and then will perform a blood glucose curve to evaluate your dog’s response to the insulin.  

A blood glucose curve involves measuring your dog’s blood glucose at set intervals throughout the day, usually about every two hours. Plotting these numbers on a graph allows your veterinarian to evaluate how your dog’s blood glucose fluctuates throughout the day. If your dog’s blood glucose is trending too high or too low, your veterinarian will adjust your dog’s insulin dosage accordingly and will likely recheck a blood glucose curve at a later date. This process helps ensure that your dog gets exactly the amount of insulin his body needs.

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Insulin?

If your dog misses a dose of insulin, simply administer the next dose as usual. Do not add extra doses or increase the insulin dose, as this can put your dog at risk for developing hypoglycemia. If your dog has missed multiple doses of insulin, contact your veterinarian for advice before proceeding.

How Much Does Insulin Cost for Dogs?

The cost of insulin varies depending on the type of insulin used and the dose your pet needs. In general, it costs approximately $150 for a 10 ml vial of insulin, although some types of insulin may be more or less expensive.

Insulin Storage Instructions

Store insulin upright in the refrigerator. Do not freeze. Check the label or package insert for further instructions.

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What is Sucralfate?

Sucralfate was first introduced as an ulcer medication for human patients in 1968, although it did not receive FDA approval in the United States until 1981. Sucralfate is labeled for the treatment of duodenal (upper small intestinal) ulcers, but this medication has also been used to treat ulcers at other locations throughout the gastrointestinal tract. 

Sucralfate is readily available in both brand-name and generic formulations. It is commonly used in veterinary medicine and can be found on the shelves of most veterinary practices in the United States. 

If your veterinarian does not stock this medication, they can write you a prescription to obtain the medication through your local (human) pharmacy. 

What Does Sucralfate Look Like?

Sucralfate is typically dispensed as a relatively large, white or pink oval tablet that is scored in the center. It is also available as a suspension, or liquid, although this formulation is less commonly prescribed by veterinarians. Sucralfate suspension has a light pink or white color. 

How Does Sucralfate for Dogs Work?

Sucralfate works primarily by coating a dog’s gastrointestinal tract. It will coat the surfaces of both ulcers and healthy gastrointestinal tissue, acting as a “band aid” that protects against stomach acid and other irritants. 

What Is Sucralfate Used For in Dogs?

Sucralfate is typically administered when a dog has gastrointestinal ulcers, or is thought to be at a high risk of developing gastrointestinal ulcers. Whether a dog has esophageal ulcers due to gastric reflux or is at risk of ulcers due to an overdose of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, sucralfate is often prescribed for its protective benefits on the gastrointestinal lining. It may also be used post-operatively in patients undergoing intestinal surgery or those who have been vomiting.

Common sucralfate uses include the treatment of: 

• Esophageal ulcers
• Esophagitis
• Stomach ulcers
• Intestinal ulcers
• Ingestion of toxins that may cause gastrointestinal ulceration
• Kidney failure (which may cause gastrointestinal ulcers)

How to Give Sucralfate to Dogs

Your veterinarian will advise you on how to administer your dog’s sucralfate, depending on which area of your dog’s gastrointestinal tract requires protection. When sucralfate is intended to act on the stomach or intestines, sucralfate tablets can usually be given intact (like a normal pill). They will break up in the stomach’s acidic environment and coat the walls of the stomach, as well as the remainder of the intestinal tract. 

If your dog has lesions in the esophagus, however, giving an intact tablet will offer no significant benefits. The tablet will not begin to dissolve until it reaches your dog’s stomach. Therefore, many veterinarians recommend a “sucralfate slurry” for dogs with known or potential esophageal ulcers. 

Giving sucralfate in a slurry involves crushing your dog’s sucralfate and then dissolving it in a small amount of water. After mixing this solution thoroughly, use a syringe to administer the mixture to your dog, by mouth.  

Sucralfate works best on an empty stomach. 

Sucralfate Side Effects in Dogs

Sucralfate side effects are rarely seen, because it remains in the intestines and is not absorbed into the bloodstream. In humans, the most commonly reported side effect is constipation. Allergic reactions may occur, but these are rare. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Sucralfate can decrease the absorption of numerous medications, including digoxin, thyroxine, and some antibiotics. This effect is caused by sucralfate binding to the medication, preventing absorption. You can avoid this interaction by administering other medications two hours prior to your dog’s sucralfate dose. 

Sucralfate works best when your dog’s stomach is acidic. Therefore, it’s best to give sucralfate 30 minutes prior to any antacid medications that your pet may be receiving.

Sucralfate Dosage for Dogs

Sucralfate doses are based on the patient’s size and the condition that is being treated. Most dogs receive ½ to 1 tablet of sucralfate every 6-12 hours, but your veterinarian will determine the optimal dose and frequency for your dog. 

If your pet is on any medications (including vitamins or other over-the-counter supplements), talk to your veterinarian to determine the best dosing schedule for your dog. Careful consideration of medication timing can ensure that your dog receives the maximum benefits of both sucralfate and their other medications. 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Sucralfate?

If your dog misses a dose of sucralfate, continue giving the remaining doses as directed. There is no need to “double up” after a missed dose.  

Cost of Sucralfate for Dogs

Sucralfate is a relatively inexpensive medication, typically costing less than $1/dose. Generic forms may cost less than brand-name forms. 

Sucralfate Storage Instructions

Sucralfate tablets and sucralfate suspension stored at room temperature, on your counter or in a cabinet. No refrigeration is needed. 

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Let’s learn about doxycycline for dogs, what it’s good for, and how to administer it safely, so you can continue to take good care of your pet.

What is Doxycycline? 

Doxycycline is a prescription medication that was patented in 1957 and became commercially available in 1967. It is from the tetracycline group of antibiotics used to treat a variety of infections and conditions in veterinary medicine, including bacterial infections, respiratory infections, and tick-borne diseases. Doxycycline can be used in many different species, including dogs, cats, horses, reptiles, small mammals, rodents, and even birds.

It comes in different forms, such as tablets, capsules, and liquid, all to be given by mouth. You may see doxycycline under a few different brand names including Vibramycin, Oracea, Monodox, Periostat, Doryx, and Acticlate. 

This medication is FDA approved for human use. But there are no specific versions approved for veterinary use at this time, so the human version is what a veterinarian would likely prescribe your dog. 

Doxycycline is not available over the counter. However, it is readily available through your veterinarian, online pharmacies, compounding pharmacies, and human pharmacies with a prescription from your dog’s veterinarian. 

How Does Doxycycline Work? 

Doxycycline is derived from tetracycline, a semisynthetic drug made from both natural and synthetic sources. Tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis and alter the cytoplasmic membrane permeability of susceptible organisms—namely bacteria. 

Since healthy cells are not as susceptible, that allows the drug to stop bacterial growth in order to fight off bacterial and microbial infections.

What Is Doxycycline Used For in Dogs? 

Doxycycline is typically used to treat a range of bacterial infections in dogs, as well as infections caused by microorganisms. It is not effective against viral infections or fungal infections. 

Your veterinarian might prescribe this drug to treat a present infection, or as a precaution against a secondary bacterial infection that your dog may be at risk of developing. This is the reason why a veterinarian might prescribe doxycycline for a viral infection like canine parvovirus. Even though the drug will do nothing to fight the viral infection, doxycycline is an effective precaution because parvovirus leaves dogs vulnerable to secondary bacterial infections. 

Doxycycline is commonly prescribed for susceptible bacterial infections including:

• Respiratory tract infections
• Urinary tract infections
• Oral infections
• Leptospirosis
• Toxoplasmosis
• Mycoplasma
• Psittacosis

Doxycycline is also effective against many tick-borne diseases and other diseases caused by parasites, including:

• Lyme disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Salmon poisoning 
• Heartworm 

Doxycycline may be dispensed by your regular veterinarian or specialist after examination and diagnostic testing, such as a culture and susceptibility test, which would indicate if it is the appropriate drug to treat the infection.  

How to Give Doxycycline to Dogs

Once your dog has been prescribed doxycycline, the next big question is how are you supposed to give it to your pet? 

If you are dispensed the liquid version, simply squirt the correct dosage directly into your dog’s mouth. It may be flavored to make it more palatable—hopefully with chicken or another flavor your dog will like! If your dog has food allergies, be sure to alert your veterinarian. Also, even though it is a liquid medication, it is best to give it with food to avoid stomach upset. 

If your dog was prescribed a tablet or capsule, it is important to get your dog to drink at least 6 ml of water after you administer the pill. This will “wash it down,” helping the pill get to the stomach smoothly and ensuring it does not get stuck in the esophagus, which can cause discomfort. 

You can try putting the pill in a small meatball of dog food or a small piece of cheese if your prescribing veterinarian allows it. There are also treats on the market (available at pet stores or through your veterinarian) that make it easier to pill your pet. 

It is not recommended to crush doxycycline tablets and put them into your dog’s food, as it has a bitter taste and may make the food taste bad. That could deter your pet from eating some or all of their food, which could make it difficult to tell if they received the full prescribed dose. 

If giving your dog a capsule, do not open it up and sprinkle the contents on the food for the same reason. Opening the capsule may also cause the drug to be less effective.

To ease potential stomach upset, it is recommended to give this medication with a meal or a bit of food. But do not give doxycycline with foods containing iron or dairy, as these can block its efficacy. 

Doxycycline Side Effects in Dogs 

As with any medication, there are potential side effects to doxycycline. Though it is usually tolerated very well in dogs, the most common side effect is gastrointestinal upset, including vomiting, diarrhea, and lack of appetite. 

Acute allergic reactions are also possible, just as they are with any other drug. So be sure to let your veterinarian know of any previous drug reactions your dog may have had.

Doxycycline may also make your dog’s skin more sensitive to sunlight and therefore sunburn, especially on hairless areas like the nose, eyelids, and ears. If you have a hairless breed, your dog is most at risk.

Doxycycline should not be given to dogs who are pregnant or lactating. Tetracycline antibiotics, as a group, can cause skeletal limb deformities to puppies in utero. 

More serious side effects include liver failure, as well as seizures, bleeding, behavior changes, or even trouble swallowing. Contact your veterinarian if you detect any sign of these serious side effects. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Another factor to keep in mind if your veterinarian prescribes doxycycline for your dog is whether your pet is taking any other medications. As with any drug, caution must be used when administering multiple medications at once to avoid potential negative reactions. 

For instance, tetracycline drugs can cause blood clotting disorders, so if your dog is already on a blood thinner such as warfarin, it’s important to keep an eye out for signs of a reaction. Also, certain antacids may be needed to be administered several hours before or after the doxycycline, so be sure to discuss any and all medications with the prescribing veterinarian. 

Doxycycline Dosage for Dogs

The appropriate dosage of doxycycline for dogs will vary depending on their health and the condition being treated. Please follow all prescription directions carefully, and do not make any adjustments without consulting your veterinarian. Changing your dog’s medication can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is dangerous for your dog and may also result in a longer recovery time. Do not stop giving the medication if your dog’s condition improves—always finish all medication prescribed. 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Doxycycline

If you miss giving your dog a dose of doxycycline, and it is relatively close to when it was due (within 2 hours), you can give the dose. But if it is close to the time for the next dose, skip that missed dose, and return to the regular dosing schedule. Never give your pet two doses at once or give extra doses! 

Cost of Doxycycline for Dogs

Doxycycline is a relatively cost-effective drug, so using the generic version instead of name-brand options may not save you too much money. Depending on the size of your pet, and what dose is prescribed, costs can range from around $0.25 – $1.50 per dose. 

Doxycycline Storage Instructions

Doxycycline tablets and capsules should be stored in a tight container at room temperature (59 – 86 degrees), away from sunlight and out of reach of children and pets. The medication is usually dispensed in a dark container to protect it from the sun. You do not need to refrigerate doxycycline liquid unless it is recommended for any compounded liquid. In that case, the refrigerated medication should be discarded after 14 days. 

The pharmacy will be able to provide additional storage and handling recommendations, depending on the prescribed instructions.

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Metronidazole is an antibiotic as well as an antiprotozoal that can be used to treat a variety of parasite infections like giardia. 

If you look up metronidazole on the internet, you may be surprised to read that this medication can also be quite toxic. Keep reading to understand what metronidazole is used for and how you can use it safely and effectively to treat your cat.  

What is Metronidazole?

Metronidazole was created in a laboratory in France in 1959, where it was originally intended to be used to kill certain parasites known as protozoa. But it was soon discovered to be effective in killing bacteria, as well, making it one of the few medications with both antibiotic and antiprotozal properties. 

Metronidazole became widely used in the 1970s and is now available in a variety of forms, both as a generic medication, as well as under the brand name Flagyl.

Metronidazole is approved by the FDA for human use in the United States, but it is not FDA approved for use in dogs and cats. However, other countries have approved metronidazole for cats and a variety of other species. 

It has been used in animals for decades and is a very commonly prescribed medication by veterinarians. Metronidazole is available across the United States at any veterinary clinic. 

What Does Metronidazole Look Like?

Most veterinarians will prescribe the generic metronidazole for cats in 250 mg and 500 mg tablets. The appearance of the medication varies by manufacturer, but the tablets are generally circular or oval and white with letters and numbers stamped on them, depending on the size. The liquid form is available in many colors but is usually off-white to tan. 

The name-brand capsules are green and gray. Many name-brand manufacturers produce tablets that are yellow or orange in color. Topical forms of metronidazole are typically white to off-white and come in a variety of consistencies, but are more commonly prescribed for human use only. 

How Does Metronidazole Work?

Metronidazole is called a nitroimidazole antibacterial and antiprotozoal because of the complicated way that it kills bacteria and protozoa. Metronidazole only works in anaerobic cells, meaning cells of bacteria and protozoa that do not require oxygen. 

There are many bacteria and protozoa that live in cats’ guts or gastrointestinal tracts that do not require oxygen, making them susceptible to the effects of metronidazole. Other types of bacteria that require oxygen, commonly found in the nose, throat, and lungs, would not be killed effectively by metronidazole.

After a cat is given metronidazole, the medication is absorbed into tissues and organs throughout the cat’s body. Bacteria or protozoa ingest the metronidazole and metabolize it or break it down. At this point, metronidazole transforms into free radicals, unstable substances that destroy DNA (genetic material). The free radicals target the bacterial or protozoal DNA, effectively killing them. After a very short time, the free radicals break down even further into harmless substances. 

For cats with giardia, this medication also decreases the parasite’s ability to breathe.

What Is Metronidazole Used for in Cats?

The most common reason a veterinarian might prescribe metronidazole for your cat is to treat issues in the gut, such as bacterial imbalance or parasites. 

Typically, it will be prescribed if your cat has a severe case of diarrhea — such as one characterized by unformed or liquid stool, inability to make it to the litter box, and/or chronic diarrhea that has not responded to other treatments. If fecal (poop) samples are tested and indicate the presence of certain parasites such as Giardia spp., your veterinarian will likely treat these with metronidazole. 

 Specifically in cats, metronidazole is often prescribed for:

• Inflammatory bowel disease or chronic inflammation of the gut.
• Hepatic encephalopathy, which is when the liver is unable to process toxins in the blood and these toxins go into the brain, causing neurologic symptoms.
• Helicobacter spp., bacteria in the stomach which may cause stomach ulcers, vomiting, and inflammation.
• Periodontal (dental) infections, including gingivitis and stomatitis (inflammation of the whole mouth). 

Metronidazole Side Effects in Cats

The vast majority of cats tolerate this medication very well, though some mild side effects may occur. 

Side effects involving the gut may include:

• Nausea and/or vomiting
• Increased salivation
• Decreased appetite
• Weight loss

These types of symptoms are easily managed if metronidazole is an essential part of your cat’s treatment plan. However, in some cases, higher doses of metronidazole or longer courses of treatment can cause toxicosis, or toxic side effects. So it is important for pet parents to know how to recognize it and what to do about it.

Doses of metronidazole over 25 mg/kg twice daily and treatment plans lasting 6 months or more have been associated with toxicity. Toxicosis typically causes neurologic symptoms (i.e., symptoms related to the brain and other nerves). Symptoms of toxicosis in cats include:

• Weakness, (i.e., your cat cannot stand, walk or jump as usual)
• Ataxia or “drunken walk”
• Change in behavior and awareness of surroundings
• Blindness or inability to see
• Nystagmus or unusual movement of the pupils of your cat’s eyes
• Seizures

If any of these symptoms occur while giving your cat metronidazole, stop giving the medication and immediately bring your cat to a veterinary hospital. Usually, these symptoms will go away but it may take weeks to months. Depending on how severe the symptoms are, your cat may need extra care while recovering.

Other very rare side effects of metronidazole include inflammation in the mouth, inflammation of the liver, decreased immune system response, change in urine color, and yeast infection in the gut.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

There are a few specific medications that interact with metronidazole:

• Cimetidine – metronidazole will leave the body slower, which increases risk of toxicity
• Cyclosporine – increases the risk of toxic effects by cyclosporine on kidneys
• Phenobarbital – metronidazole will leave the body more quickly, becoming less effective
• Warfarin – metronidazole will leave the body more quickly, becoming less effective; may also increase warfarin’s potency

If your cat is taking any of the above medications, make sure to speak to your veterinarian before giving your cat metronidazole. 

Metronidazole Dosage for Cats

Typically, metronidazole is administered to cats orally (by mouth) or intravenously (injected into the bloodstream). Metronidazole is typically given twice daily or every 12 hours, but in certain circumstances, your veterinarian may prescribe it every 24 hours.

The dosing amount your veterinarian prescribes depends on what your cat is being treated for as well as factors such as age, other medications, and weight. For example, very young kittens typically receive lower doses. Obese cats may be prescribed lower doses since they have excess fat. It is critical to follow your veterinarian’s prescribed dosage exactly, as this medication can cause toxic effects if not. 

Liquid metronidazole dosing varies based on concentration, or how many milligrams (mg) per milliliter (mL). Topicals are rarely if ever used in cats, and a specialist would choose a unique dose for your kitty.

Metronidazole doses should not be given any sooner than 8 hours apart. If you are finding that your schedule does not allow for dosing your cat approximately every 12 hours, speak with your veterinarian right away to avoid risks of toxicity.

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of Metronidazole?

If you realize you’ve missed giving your cat a dose of metronidazole, it is better to skip that dose entirely, rather than give it late. This will avoid any potential toxicity from taking too much metronidazole too close together.

Cost of Metronidazole for Cats

Metronidazole is inexpensive if using generic formulations. For example, 250 mg tablets generally cost less than 25 cents each. Most pet parents will spend less than $10 for a short-term prescription of tablets. Liquid pricing depends on the brand or compounded formulation, meaning it is specially made into a different concentration to be easier to prescribe to cats. Pet parents should expect to spend less than $20 for a short-term prescription of liquid metronidazole.

Brand name metronidazole will cost considerably more, but this is infrequently used in cats as the size of tablets or capsules cannot be given to cats due to being too high of a dose.

Metronidazole Storage Instructions

Metronidazole should be stored at room temperature (approximately 68-77 degrees) and kept in a container that is light-resistant (i.e., a container that you cannot see through). If metronidazole liquid was compounded for your cat it may need refrigeration. Speak with your veterinary clinic if unsure.

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Metronidazole is commonly used to treat conditions like acute onset diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, giardia, and other diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, liver, and soft tissues. 

Most dogs tolerate metronidazole well, but there are some things you should know about this medication before giving it to your dog. Read on to learn more about metronidazole and its myriad uses in veterinary medicine!

What is Metronidazole?

Metronidazole, also known by the brand name Flagyl, is an antibiotic medication commonly used in both human and veterinary medicine. In humans, metronidazole is FDA approved in several different forms, including pills, injections, and topical creams. Metronidazole is not FDA approved in dogs and its use in veterinary medicine is off label, which means vets may prescribe it even though it is not FDA approved. 

There are many generic forms of metronidazole available, which makes this medication relatively inexpensive. A prescription is required to obtain metronidazole. Pet owners can get this drug through their veterinary clinic or from a human pharmacy with a prescription from their veterinarian. Because metronidazole is widely used in human medicine, it is readily available, and pet owners can easily fill their dog’s metronidazole prescription at any human pharmacy.

What Does Metronidazole Look Like?

Because there are so many generic forms of Metronidazole available, the exact appearance of the pill will vary depending on the manufacturer. However, Metronidazole is typically a white round or oval-shaped tablet. Metronidazole also comes in both an oral liquid and in an injectable form, which is sometimes used for hospitalized patients. 

For humans, metronidazole comes in topical creams, gels, and lotions, as well. Though these formulations are generally not used in veterinary medicine.

How Does Metronidazole Work?

Metronidazole works by penetrating anaerobic bacteria cells and forming free radicals that inhibit DNA synthesis, causing the degradation of DNA and death of the bacteria. It is also effective against protozoal organisms. When given orally, metronidazole is absorbed from the GI tract and metabolized by the liver. 

Most dogs tolerate metronidazole well and experience little to no side effects. Your dog will generally begin to feel better within a few days of starting metronidazole. 

Remember that it is very important to give the full course of medication as prescribed by your veterinarian, even if your dog is feeling better, to ensure that your dog’s infection has completely resolved.

What is Metronidazole Used for in Dogs?

Metronidazole is used to treat a variety of conditions in dogs including: 

• Diarrhea
• Giardia
• Trichomonas
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Enteropathy
• Hepatic encephalopathy
• Vaginitis

This medication is also sometimes used in combination with other antibiotics to help provide a more broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage. 

Metronidazole Side Effects in Dogs

Most dogs respond well to metronidazole with little to no side effects. Side effects that do occur tend to be mild and resolve soon after discontinuing the drug. If your dog experiences side effects after taking metronidazole, stop giving the medication and contact your veterinarian for further advice. 

Side effects of metronidazole in dogs include:

• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting
• Excessive salivation
• Stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth)
• Loss of sense of smell
• Hepatotoxicity (liver disease)
• Candida overgrowth
• Neurologic changes (blindness, paralysis or abnormal walking, seizure)

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Metronidazole should be used with caution in dogs taking certain medications due to the risk of adverse reactions. Metronidazole may cause interactions with medications such as:

• Barbiturates
• Phenytoin
• Warfarin
• Cimetidine
• Lithium
• Terfenadine
• Astemizole
• Vitamin K antagonists

If your dog is on any of the above medications, talk to your veterinarian before starting metronidazole. Your veterinarian may recommend starting on a lower dose of metronidazole or using a different medication to reduce the risk of a reaction.

Metronidazole Dosage for Dogs

The dose of metronidazole varies depending on the condition being treated and your dog’s weight. Follow your veterinarian’s dosing instructions closely to ensure your dog receives the correct dose of medication. Always complete the full course of antibiotics, even if your dog begins to feel better. 

Never give your dog metronidazole — or any other prescription medication — unless it has been prescribed by your veterinarian. Doing so may be harmful to your dog and may increase the risk of side effects.

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Metronidazole?

If your dog misses a metronidazole dose, continue on with the dosing schedule as prescribed. Do not double up doses or give your dog extra medication to account for the missed dose. 

If your dog misses more than one dose of medication, consult your veterinarian for advice on how to proceed. Your veterinarian may recommend restarting the course of antibiotics or adjusting the treatment plan to ensure your dog’s infection is addressed adequately.

Cost of Metronidazole for Dogs

Metronidazole is available as a generic medication, so it is generally inexpensive. Pet owners should expect to pay about $20-$50 for a metronidazole prescription, depending on the tablet strength prescribed and the duration of the treatment prescribed. 

Metronidazole Storage Instructions

Metronidazole should be stored in a tightly sealed, light-resistant container at room temperature, away from moisture. Liquid formulations of metronidazole may need to be kept refrigerated. Be sure to read the packaging and follow the manufacturer’s directions for proper storage.

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Even more exasperating is that these symptoms in cats can linger for months and come back when kitty is stressed. For many years, L-lysine has been offered as a long-term solution to preventing these symptoms—often due to feline herpesvirus—and supporting the immune system. 

But is it really the effective remedy we’ve been looking for? Even if it is not known to be really effective, will it harm your kitty if you try it?

What Is L-lysine?

L-lysine is an amino acid nutritional supplement. Amino acids are an essential part of life as the building blocks for all the proteins in the body. Different animals require different types and amounts of amino acids.

Nutritional supplements are meant to increase intake of particular amino acids, vitamins, minerals, or other substances that support health that are not readily available in the diet. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate nutritional supplements. This means the products are not evaluated for safety or efficacy (i.e. how effective they are). 

Because of this, asking your veterinarian for suggestions as to which products to buy is very important. Veterinarians will know the highest quality brands to purchase and be able to determine if certain nutritional supplements are not recommended for your cat.

L-lysine can be purchased online, in pet stores, and at veterinary clinics throughout the United States. It does not require a prescription or specialist. Many companies make the supplement for both humans and cats, and it is available through compounding pharmacies as well.

What Does L-lysine Look Like?

The veterinary forms of L-lysine for cats come in many forms including:

• Chews
• Powders
• Gels and pastes
• Liquids
• Tablets 

Chews are a popular option and are typically small, brown, and more firm than soft treats. 

Powder is white to off-white and typically comes with a small scoop for ease of dosing. 

Gel or paste is offered, typically brown in color, that cats can lick or eat as a treat. 

Powder, gel or pastes can be easily mixed into a small amount of food that your kitty likes to eat. 

Some companies put L-lysine into a liquid, although this is usually accompanied by additional supplements as well. 

Tablets are available from human pharmaceuticals and are typically large oval-shaped tablets of white to off-white color.

How Does L-lysine for Cats Work?

Arginine, an amino acid found naturally in the body, is essential to some viruses when replicating (i.e. creating more virus) including herpesviruses. L-lysine is supposed to stimulate an enzyme in the liver that breaks down arginine. 

The theory is that when high levels of L-lysine are consumed, the body secretes the enzyme that breaks down arginine. With less arginine, feline herpesvirus should not be able to make as much virus and your cat should feel better. The full effect of L-lysine supplementation takes a few weeks before pet parents can expect results.

What Is L-lysine Used for in Cats?

Typically, veterinarians recommend L-lysine for cats with symptoms of upper respiratory infections. Symptoms of upper respiratory infections include:

• Sneezing
• Nasal congestion (stuffiness, so that you can hear your cat breathing)
• Runny eyes or nose (can be watery or yellow-green discharge)
• Red, puffy eyes

Most cats with upper respiratory symptoms have feline herpesvirus. This particular virus causes symptoms off and on for life, waxing and waning during times of stress such as moving, vacations, or after other illnesses or procedures such as surgery. 

The goal of L-lysine is to decrease symptoms and prevent flare-ups over time, not as a short-term treatment.

L-lysine for Cats: What Does Research Show?

A lot of research has been done involving L-lysine and has mostly shown L-lysine to have no effect on the health and wellbeing of cats. Veterinarians are now more reluctant to recommend this supplement, although generally L-lysine is not harmful to most cats. 

Multiple studies have demonstrated that when given in food, lysine was found to be ineffective in preventing disease [1] [2]. In one such study, the cats receiving lysine experienced worse symptoms and higher levels of feline herpesvirus when tested [1].

A review of multiple studies performed both in cats and in humans concluded that lysine is not effective against herpesviruses in general [3]. The theory that lysine decreases arginine is shown to be false in several studies. There is no evidence that low levels of arginine in the body stop herpesvirus from producing more virus or that increased L-lysine supplementation decreases herpesvirus. After decades of research, it would appear lysine is not an effective treatment for feline herpesvirus after all.

L-lysine Side Effects in Cats

Side effects are uncommon with L-lysine. Cats that eat too much L-lysine may experience gastrointestinal side effects including:

• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Vomiting

If your cat starts taking an L-lysine supplement and begins experiencing these symptoms, call your veterinarian and double check the recommended dosing on the label. If your cat eats more L-lysine than should be given in one dose at any time, call your veterinarian or a poison control hotline right away.

For very large doses of L-lysine, cats with severe kidney or liver disease may have trouble breaking down the end-products of L-lysine (substances created after breaking down L-lysine). L-lysine increases the absorption of calcium which can be an issue in some cats with metabolic disease. 

None of these issues are a concern, however, if L-lysine is given at the dose generally recommended in cats.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

L-lysine is not known to react with any other drugs or medications. In animals receiving doses of L-lysine much higher (i.e. 10 times) than the recommended dosing, aminoglycoside medications can be more toxic when given with L-lysine. 

Examples of aminoglycoside medication include gentamicin or amikacin.

L-lysine Dosages for Cats

Dosing of L-lysine for cats is generally 250 mg to 500 mg once or twice per day. Kittens and smaller adult cats should tend towards the lower dose, while larger adult cats are usually fine receiving the higher dose. There is no specific dose based on weight. 

Speak with your veterinarian for dosing guidance, and always follow the instructions on the supplement’s container unless your veterinarian advises otherwise.

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of L-lysine?

If your cat misses a dose of L-lysine, give the dose as soon as you remember. If you remember the missed dose within a few hours of the next dose, it is fine to skip the dose you missed and give the next dose at the regular time.

Cost of L-lysine for Cats

Per month, L-lysine for cats generally costs $5 to $20. Powder tends to be the cheapest form, while chews and some pastes are more expensive.

L-lysine Storage Instructions

 L-lysine should be stored tightly sealed in its original container at room temperature.

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Not only does anxiety have a negative effect on the cat’s quality of life, it can also predispose cats to a number of medical conditions, including lower urinary tract disease. Therefore, owners of anxious cats often consider a variety of solutions to help manage this behavioral issue. While some cat owners immediately consult their veterinarian about the use of a prescription anti-anxiety medication, other cat owners instead try over-the-counter supplements to manage their cat’s anxiety. Zylkene is one of these over-the-counter remedies for feline anxiety. 

What Is Zylkene?

Zylkene is a nutritional supplement made of alpha-S1 tryptic casein, commonly known as alpha-casozepine. This protein is created by the breakdown of casein, a naturally-occurring protein from cow’s milk. Alpha-casozepine has been shown to have a calming effect and reduce anxiety in a variety of species, including cats. 

Zylkene is a nutritional supplement, not a drug or medication. This means that it is regarded by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a food. The FDA has placed Zylkene in the category of Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) food, but Zylkene has not gone through the same rigorous testing that is required for medications. 

You can purchase Zylkene from a wide variety of sources, including veterinary hospitals, pet supply stores, and online retailers. In early 2021, however, the manufacturer of Zylkene (Vetoquinol) released a statement regarding the sale of counterfeit Zylkene through some online retailers. While this counterfeit substance was not associated with any illnesses or injuries in pets, counterfeit substances are often less effective than desired. For this reason, it is safest to purchase Zylkene (as well as other veterinary drugs and supplements) from your veterinarian or from a reputable brick-and-mortar pet supply store. If you have previously purchased Zylkene online and you have any concerns about the validity of your product, contact Vetoquinol Customer Service at 817-529-7500 or customerserviceusa@vetoquinol.com.

What Is Zylkene Used For in Cats?

Zylkene is used to treat both short-term and long-term stress in cats (and other species). There are many possible triggers of short-term stress in cats, including travel, veterinary visits, houseguests, a new baby, a new pet, or even moving to a new home. Zylkene can reduce feline stress levels in these situations, allowing your cat to more easily acclimate to a change in circumstances. In cats that are experiencing chronic stress or anxiety, due to their genetics or environment, Zylkene may also offer long-term benefits in stress reduction.

If Zylkene alone is not adequate to treat your cat’s stress, talk to your veterinarian about prescription medications that may be used to address feline anxiety. 

Zylkene Side Effects in Cats

Side effects are rarely observed with Zylkene. Unlike medications used to treat anxiety in pets, Zylkene does not have a sedative effect. When side effects do occur, they are typically gastrointestinal in nature. Allergic reactions, which may occur with any medication, are a potential risk with Zylkene but are rare. Given the way that milk proteins are processed in Zylkene, even pets with a dairy allergy should be able to tolerate Zylkene. 

Gastrointestinal effects that may be associated with Zylkene include: 

• Diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Decreased appetite

If you notice any of these side effects, stop giving Zylkene and contact your veterinarian. Most adverse effects are very short-lived, because Zylkene is cleared from the body within about 24 hours. However, your veterinarian may still recommend a physical examination and/or treatment, depending on the severity of your cat’s signs.

Zylkene has a wide margin of safety. Contact your veterinarian if an overdose occurs, but negative effects due to overdose are rare. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Zylkene can be safely combined with a wide variety of other medications and supplements. There are no known negative interactions between Zylkene and other foods, prescription medications, or over-the-counter medications.

Zylkene Dosage for Cats

Zylkene dosing is based on your cat’s weight. The following dosages are recommended by the manufacturer: 

• Cats < 10 pounds: Give one 75 mg capsule once daily. 
• Cats 11-22 pounds: Give two 75 mg capsules once daily. 
• Cats > 22 pounds: Give one 225 mg capsule once daily. 

If you are giving Zylkene in anticipation of a stressful event, consider starting this supplement five to seven days before the stressful event. This can help ensure maximal benefits from Zylkene, while also decreasing stress associated with the planning stages of the stressful event (for example, some cats become stressed as soon as their owners pull out a suitcase and start packing for vacation). 

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of Zylkene?

If your cat misses a dose of Zylkene, give the missed dose as soon as possible. If it is already almost time for the next dose when you notice the missed dose, skip the missed dose and resume your regular dosing schedule. 

Price of Zylkene for Cats

The price of Zylkene will depend on your cat’s daily dose. In general, you can expect to pay approximately $25-$50 per month for the long-term administration of Zylkene. There is currently no generic formulation of Zylkene available.

Zylkene Storage Instructions

Zylkene should be stored at room temperature. You can safely store it in a cabinet or on your countertop. Keep this product away from heat and direct sunlight.

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What is Carprofen?

Carprofen is an anti-inflammatory for dogs, belonging to the NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) class. It was first introduced for veterinary use under the brand name of Rimadyl® in 1997. Since its introduction, carprofen has been widely used to treat pain and inflammation in dogs and it is currently available under a number of different brand names. While this drug was also used in humans for approximately 10 years, it is no longer available in a human version.

Carprofen acts by inhibiting enzymes that are involved in pain and inflammation. It acts quickly, alleviating pain and inflammation within one to three hours of oral administration. Carprofen is related to ibuprofen (a commonly-used NSAID in humans), but it is much less likely to be associated with toxicity in dogs. 

Most veterinary practices keep carprofen in stock and prescribe it regularly. Additionally, carprofen may be available for purchase through veterinary pharmacies (with a prescription). 

What is Carprofen Used For in Dogs?

Carprofen is used to manage pain and inflammation. The most common indications for carprofen are post-surgical pain (many dogs receive several days of carprofen after spay/neuter surgery and other surgeries) and osteoarthritis. However, carprofen can also be used to treat a number of other acute injuries or illnesses, including lameness, intervertebral disk disease, trauma, bite wounds, anal sac impaction, and other conditions.

Is Carprofen Safe for My Dog?

Carprofen is a commonly-prescribed pain medication for dogs that is typically well-tolerated. Side effects can occur, however, and it is important to know which side effects to watch for. Being familiar with common side effects can maximize the likelihood that you detect these side effects quickly and address them appropriately. 

If your dog is going to be on carprofen long-term, your veterinarian will likely recommend performing blood tests before starting the medication. These blood tests can help identify factors that may make your dog more susceptible to side effects. Additionally, dogs that remain on carprofen long-term often receive monitoring blood work on a regular basis, typically every 6 to 12 months. Monitoring blood work can help your veterinarian detect possible side effects early, before they cause serious illness in your dog. 

Carprofen Side Effects in Dogs

The majority of dogs do not develop any side effects while taking carprofen. In dogs that do experience side effects, however, the most common side effects are gastrointestinal in nature. Affected dogs may develop vomiting, diarrhea, or a decreased appetite. In many cases, these gastrointestinal side effects can be minimized by giving the medication with a full meal. Less commonly, dogs may develop kidney disease or liver disease as a result of carprofen. 

Potential side effects that may be associated with carprofen may include: 

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Tarry or bloody stool
• Anorexia
• Lethargy
• Increased thirst/urination
• Other urinary changes
• Jaundice (yellow discoloration of the skin/eyes)
• Neurologic effects, such as weakness or incoordination
• Skin inflammation or redness

If your dog shows possible side effects that may be associated with carprofen, stop giving the medication immediately. Contact your veterinarian as soon as possible and describe the effects your dog is experiencing. Your veterinarian can help you determine whether a medication change may be needed.  

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Carprofen should never be given in conjunction with other NSAIDs (such as meloxicam, deracoxib, firocoxib, grapiprant, or aspirin) or corticosteroids (such as prednisone). Other medications that may interact with NSAIDs include cyclosporine, anticoagulants, digoxin, and ACE inhibitors. 

To minimize the risk of drug interactions, be sure that your veterinarian is aware of any other medications that your dog is receiving. If you are giving any vitamins, supplements, or herbal therapies at home, your veterinarian should also be aware of these substances.

Carprofen Dosage for Dogs

Your veterinarian will prescribe an appropriate dose of carprofen for your dog, based on your dog’s weight and overall health status. Carprofen may be prescribed for once-daily or twice-daily dosing. A dog’s total overall daily drug dose is the same regardless of whether the medication is given once or twice daily; the only difference is whether you give your dog’s full daily dose at one time or split it into two smaller doses. Your veterinarian will recommend the best dosing regimen for your dog’s condition and overall health status. 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Carprofen?

If your dog misses a dose of carprofen, you have two options. 

If it is almost time for your dog’s next medication dose, simply wait and give the next dose on schedule. Then, follow your regular dosing schedule. 

If you realize that you missed a dose and it is not yet time for your dog’s next dose, you may want to give the missed dose immediately. If you do this, be sure to wait 12-24 hours before giving the next medication dose, as directed by your veterinarian on the prescription label. 

Price of Carprofen for Dogs

The price of carprofen can vary considerably, based on your dog’s size and whether your dog is taking a name-brand or generic formulation of carprofen. In general, generic formulations are less expensive than name brands. 

You can expect to pay anywhere from 50 cents to $5 per day for carprofen, depending on your dog’s size and whether you purchase brand-name or generic.

Carprofen Storage Instructions

Carprofen should be stored at room temperature. You can safely store this medication on your counter or in a cabinet. 

Flavored, chewable carprofen tablets are often very appealing to dogs and even some cats. Therefore, flavored carprofen chews should always be stored safely out of reach of animals (and children). Food-motivated pets can chew through medication bottles and overdose on carprofen, potentially leading to significant side effects.

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If your dog is prescribed trilostane, there are a few unique aspects of this medication you’ll need to watch out for.

What is Trilostane?

Trilostane is a steroid analogue which blocks the production of cortisol, a steroid hormone that is overproduced in dogs with Cushing’s disease. It comes in a capsule form that is given to dogs by mouth.

Trilostane was FDA approved for the treatment of canine Cushing’s disease in 2008 and it is one of only two FDA approved treatments for this disease. Previously, trilostane was also FDA approved for the treatment of Cushing’s disease in humans, but it was pulled from the market in 1994.

What Does Trilostane for Dogs Treat?

Trilostane is used to treat hyperadrenocorticism, also known as Cushing’s disease. This condition causes your dog’s body to produce too much of the steroid hormone cortisol, which results in symptoms such as excessive drinking and urination, panting, lethargy, weight gain, excessive appetite, recurrent infections, and hair loss. 

Cushing’s disease can impact your dog’s quality of life and can also make your dog more prone to developing other conditions such as diabetes mellitus, pancreatitis, urinary tract infections, and skin conditions. Fortunately, Cushing’s disease is manageable with trilostane treatment.

Trilostane is also FDA approved to treat Alopecia X, a characteristic pattern of baldness in thick-coated breeds such as Poodles, Pomeranians, Siberian Huskies, Chow Chows, and Samoyeds. Affected dogs are typically young adults and hair loss occurs on the trunk, neck, and the backs of the hind legs. The cause of Alopecia X is still poorly understood.

Trilostane Side Effects in Dogs

Trilostane can be tricky to dose and every dog responds to it differently. It is very important for pet parents to monitor closely for side effects. Finding the best dose of trilostane for your dog will often rely on your perception of your dog’s Cushing’s symptoms and any medication side effects you have noted at home. 

Common side effects to look out for include:

• Diarrhea
• Lethargy
• Vomiting
• Weakness
• Lameness
• Urinary tract infections
• Blood in the urine
• Trembling or shivering
• Changes in the skin or coat
• Loss of appetite

Trilostane can be dangerous if overdosed, so be sure to follow your veterinarian’s dosing instructions carefully. Call your veterinarian right away if side effects occur.

Trilostane can also be dangerous to humans. The capsules should never be broken open, because the powder inside can irritate your skin and eyes. Always wash your hands after handling trilostane. Trilostane can also cause miscarriages and should not be handled by anyone who is pregnant or trying to become pregnant. If you must handle trilostane while pregnant, wear gloves and wash your hands immediately afterward.

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Trilostane should be used with caution in dogs that are also currently receiving angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) or potassium-sparing diuretic medications. 

Dogs that have recently been treated with mitotane—another medication commonly used to treat canine Cushing’s disease—should wait at least one month after discontinuing mitotane before starting trilostane therapy. 

Trilostane should also be used with caution in dogs with other medical conditions, such as liver and kidney disease. Follow your veterinarian’s guidelines. 

Trilostane Dosage for Dogs

Trilostane is dosed based on your dog’s weight, so your veterinarian will calculate the best starting dose for your dog. In most cases, your dog will be started on a low dose and gradually increased until the best dose of medication is identified. This is the best way to ensure that your dog does not receive an overdose of the medication. 

Your veterinarian will also ask you to closely monitor your dog’s symptoms. If your dog is drinking and urinating less, has a more normal appetite, and an improved energy level, these are all signs that the medication is working!

One to two weeks after starting trilostane, your dog will need to have a test called an ACTH stimulation test. This test helps your veterinarian assess whether your dog is on the correct dosage of medication. Once your veterinarian receives the results, he or she may adjust the dosage to better meet your dog’s needs. Your vet may also recommend checking blood work on your dog annually or semi-annually to ensure that your dog’s liver and kidney function are adequate, as serious side effects can occur if trilostane is given to animals with liver or kidney disease.

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Trilostane?

If your dog has missed a dose of medication, don’t try to double up or administer the dose late. Just continue on with your regular dosing schedule. If your dog misses multiple doses, contact your veterinarian for advice on how to proceed.

Price of Trilostane for Dogs

Trilostane can be quite expensive because there is only one product available on the market. Pet owners should expect to spend anywhere from $50-$150 for a month’s supply depending on their dog’s dosage. 

Compounded trilostane products are sometimes less expensive, but they can also be less effective and have a very short shelf life. 

Your veterinarian can help you determine the best medication options to fit both your dog’s needs and your family’s budget.

Trilostane Storage Instructions

Trilostane oral capsules from the brand name Vetoryl are very shelf stable and can be stored at room temperature, approximately 77 degrees Fahrenheit. This product is typically stable for 3 years after packaging. 

Compounded trilostane products are much less stable and may be less effective. They may also have their own unique storage requirements, so be sure to ask the compounding pharmacy for storage instructions.

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This medication is a staple of asthma management in both human and veterinary patients, and it is often used in conjunction with other treatments. 

Theophylline is well tolerated by many dogs, but there are some things you should know before starting this medication for your pet.

What is Theophylline?

Theophylline is a bronchodilator medication that is used to relax smooth muscles in the airway and reduce inflammation. This medication can also increase the patient’s heart rate and make the heart contract more strongly. Theophylline is commonly used in humans. It is not FDA-approved for use in animals in the United States, but may be used off-label under the guidance of a veterinarian. It is approved for use in cats and dogs in the United Kingdom. 

Theophylline is available by prescription only, either through a human pharmacy or purchased directly from your veterinarian. There are many brands of Theophylline available on the market, but some do not work as well in dogs as they do in humans. 

Your veterinarian will likely recommend a specific brand of the drug, or he or she may special order the medication through a compounding pharmacy.

What is Theophylline Used For in Dogs?

Theophylline is primarily used to treat asthma in dogs. It may also be used as a treatment for bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is sometimes also used to treat heart disease and collapsing trachea. 

Theophylline causes the smooth muscles in the lungs to relax, allowing airways to dilate. This improves airflow and allows mucus to be cleared from the airways more easily. Theophylline also has anti-inflammatory properties, which relieves airway spasms and reduces swelling. 

Theophylline Side Effects in Dogs

Side effects primarily occur when theophylline is used at higher doses. The effects of this medication on dogs can vary widely depending on the brand of medication and the individual dog’s response to it, so it is very important to monitor your dog closely for side effects. 

Common side effects of theophylline use in dogs include:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Restlessness
• Excitement
• Twitching
• Convulsions
• Increased drinking and urination
• Increased heart rate
• Loss of appetite
• Sedation

If your dog experiences any of these side effects, stop giving the medication and contact your veterinarian right away. 

For dogs taking theophylline long term, your veterinarian may recommend annual or biannual blood work to monitor your dog’s theophylline levels. This can prevent overdoses and ensure your dog is receiving the maximum benefit from the medication. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Theophylline interacts with several medications and supplements. Some medications can increase your dog’s metabolism of theophylline, which can make theophylline less effective. Other medications may decrease metabolism, putting your dog at risk of a theophylline overdose. 

Before starting theophylline, make sure you tell your veterinarian about any prescription, over the counter, or supplement medications your pet takes. 

Medications known to interact with theophylline include:

• Erythromycin
• Propranolol
• Methotrexate
• Cimetidine
• Phenobarbital
• Rifampin
• Lithium
• Phenytoin
• Cardiac glycosides
• Fluoroquinolone antibiotics

If your dog is taking any of these medications, be sure to discuss the risks of theophylline with your veterinarian. Your dog’s theophylline dosage may need to be adjusted in order to limit the interaction with other medications.

Theophylline Dosage for Dogs

Theophylline is an especially tricky drug to dose appropriately. Different brands of theophylline may have varying efficacy in dogs. Individual dogs may also react differently to the drug, so it may take some trial and error to find the best product and the correct dose for your dog. 

Your veterinarian may recommend blood work to monitor your dog’s theophylline levels, which can help determine the best dose. You will also need to monitor your dog closely for any side effects and let your veterinarian know if your dog is responding well to the treatment, as these factors can also guide dosing. 

Always follow your veterinarian’s dosing instructions carefully, and do not change the dose or discontinue the medication unless directed to do so by your veterinarian.

Price of Theophylline for Dogs

The price of theophylline can vary depending on the brand, dose, and formula. Extended release or compounded medication may be more expensive, but often provide better results. If a human formulation of theophylline is used, coupons may be able to offset some of the cost. 

Theophylline Storage Instructions

Theophylline should always be stored in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight. Most theophylline preparations should be stored at room temperature (60-77 degrees), but always check the packaging and follow the manufacturer’s instructions for safe storage and handling.

Theophylline Alternatives for Dogs

Diseases like asthma and COPD are complex and are often managed with a combination of medications and lifestyle changes. 

If your dog is unable to tolerate theophylline, your veterinarian may recommend another bronchodilator medication such as terbutaline. Sometimes, both of these medications are used together to combat severe asthma. Your veterinarian may also recommend other medications such as steroids to reduce airway inflammation and an inhaler to further relax the airways. The exact combination of drugs will depend on the severity of your dog’s condition and it may take some trial and error to find what works best for your dog’s individual needs.

Environmental management can go a long way to reducing asthma symptoms. For dogs with mild asthma, environmental changes alone may be enough to manage the condition. Reducing dust and pollen, using HEPA air filters, and avoiding products with fragrances can significantly reduce asthma symptoms. 

With a combination of medication and environmental changes, your dog will soon be breathing easier!

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Using a small amount of Neosporin on your dog may be OK if your veterinarian recommends it. However, there are a few important caveats. Before you break out a new tube for that minor injury, make sure you know the potential risks of using Neosporin on a dog. Alternatives to Neosporin may be better options for your pet first aid kit.

Can You Use Neosporin on Your Dog?

Neosporin can be used topically to treat minor cuts and scrapes in dogs, just like in humans. However, it is best to check with your veterinarian before using any over-the-counter medication intended for humans on your dog. Applying a light layer to the affected area may help prevent infection and encourage faster wound healing. However, it’s only for use on the dog’s skin where he can’t lick it off. Neosporin is not safe for dogs to consume, and can cause unpleasant gastrointestinal side effects if ingested. Since you can’t completely prevent your dog from licking it off, you may want to consider an alternative to Neosporin for dogs. Never use Neosporin in the ears, eyes, or mouth.

Neosporin may be good to have on hand in a pinch. Still, it’s not designed for pets and should not be used often. More appropriate products exist specifically for pets. It should not be used to treat large or deep wounds or applied to large areas of the body. If your pet’s cut or scrape is swollen, red, painful, or has discharge, then your dog should be seen by a veterinarian rather than being treated at home. You should also seek veterinary care if your pet’s cut does not improve within a few days after using Neosporin.

The ointment contains three antibiotics: neomycin sulfate, polymixin B sulfate, and bacitracin zinc, typically in a petroleum base. These antibiotics make the ointment effective against many common bacteria. However, they will not treat other infectious agents such as viruses, fungi, or parasites. Because Neosporin is an over-the-counter product, the FDA does not review or regulate it.

Is Neosporin Safe for Dogs?

Used in small amounts on the skin, Neosporin is generally safe for dogs. If your veterinarian gives you the green light to use Neosporin on your dog, only use it as directed on your dog’s skin. Otherwise, there are a few other things to note before moving forward.

Can You Put Neosporin on Your Dog’s Sores?

Neosporin contains three antibiotics: neomycin sulfate, polymixin B sulfate, and bacitracin zinc, typically in a petroleum base. Used on humans, these antibiotics can help prevent infections and speed up the healing process. The same is true when applied to cuts and scrapes on dogs. However, when using Neosporin topically, make sure to only apply it in areas that your dog can’t reach with his mouth, as some of its ingredients are toxic when ingested. Additionally, using it in the ear canal can result in damage to the eardrum and may worsen existing ear infections.

What Happens if a Dog Licks Neosporin?

Neosporin may cause digestive upset for your dog if given in large quantities. That is why you should prevent your dog from licking it. On top of potentially causing tummy troubles for your pup, licking the area where you’ve applied Neosporin may also make his cut or scrape worse by introducing additional bacteria and moisture from your dog’s mouth to the area.

To stop your from dog licking the treated area, lightly cover it with a T-shirt, sock, Elizabethan collar, or any other dog cone alternative.

Is Neosporin the Same Thing as Triple Antibiotic Ophthalmic Ointment?

No. Neosporin is not the same as triple antibiotic ophthalmic ointment and should never be used in your pet’s eyes. Ophthalmic problems can worsen quickly. If your pet is having eye issues, see your veterinarian right away rather than trying to treat the problem at home.

Neosporin Side Effects in Dogs

If using Neosporin, it is important to look for potential side effects. The two more common side effects are contact dermatitis or an allergic reaction.

Contact dermatitis occurs as local inflammation at the site where you applied the ointment. Signs of an allergic reaction may include red, scaly, or itchy skin. If either of these symptoms occur, gently wipe away any residual ointment with a warm washcloth and discontinue Neosporin use. If the irritation does not improve in 24 hours, see your veterinarian for further care.

Also, while not an immediate issue for your dog, increased bacterial resistance is a growing concern with widespread use of topical antibiotics (1). For that reason alone, it’s a good idea to consult your vet if using an antibiotic ointment like Neosporin is even necessary.

More severe side effects are rare but may include:

• Vomiting or diarrhea if ingested
• Irritation if used in the eyes
• Hearing loss, infection, and irritation if used in the ears (2)
• Development of resistant infections

Do not use Neosporin in combination with other topical medications unless your veterinarian directs you to. Because Neosporin is only used externally, there is little risk of it interacting with any medications your pet takes by mouth.

Neosporin Alternatives for Dogs

Other topical antibacterial treatments available over the counter include silver sulfadiazine (SSD) ointment, bacitracin ointment, and polysporin ointment. However, you can purchase topical antibacterial products specifically formulated for dogs, such as Vetricyn and Sulfodene, over the counter at pet stores or at your veterinary clinic.

Only use these products externally on small areas of the skin and never on large or deep wounds. If the scrape or cut you are treating does not improve within 24-48 hours, see your veterinarian for further care.

Do not use over-the-counter topical products for significant injuries and or as a substitute for appropriate veterinary care. If your pet has a large or deep wound, or a skin infection over a large area of the body, see your veterinarian immediately.

He or she may prescribe oral antibiotics, medicated shampoos, a stronger topical ointment, or other targeted treatments to help your dog heal more quickly. For extensive or severe skin infections and wounds, your vet may recommend a topical therapy used in combination with oral antibiotics.

Editorial credit for featured image: ZikG / Shutterstock.com

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Benadryl is one of the most common and well-known antihistamines. While it is safe in dogs, it is not FDA approved for use in animals. 

What is Benadryl? 

Benadryl is a brand-name antihistamine used for allergy and itch relief that contains the active ingredient diphenhydramine, which was discovered in 1943 by George Rieveschl. 

Histamines are compounds released by the immune system in response to specific triggers. Most of the time these triggers are common contaminants in the environment such as dust, pollen, dander, or grass. When histamines are released by the body, they cause itching (pruritus). Histamine release is a natural response, but when it becomes excessive—as is the case for allergic reactions—medical intervention may be necessary.  

As an antihistamine, diphenhydramine prevents the release of histamine and therefore mediates itching and allergies. In humans it can also be used for insomnia, tremors, and nausea. 

Benadryl is available over the counter for pet parents to purchase but should only be used under the direction of a veterinarian. Veterinarians can also prescribe the dog form of Benadryl, Vetadryl. It’s always safer to receive an initial dosage and frequency from your veterinarian. 

Is Benadryl Safe for Dogs? 

Benadryl is safe for dogs. The active ingredient, diphenhydramine, is used in veterinary formulations. Veterinarians may recommend Benadryl to their clients whose pets have allergic reactions to vaccines or other medications. In this case, pet parents are advised to administer Benadryl at a determined dose a few hours prior to their appointment. 

Benadryl is safe for dogs at all life stages. The dosage will need to be adjusted according to your dog’s weight. It is best to consult with a veterinarian to determine a dosage for your pet and to discuss why you would like to administer Benadryl to your dog. 

Benadryl can be given to puppies and may be given more commonly to puppies than dogs in other life stages. Puppies typically receive many vaccinations early in life and some puppies can have a reaction to these vaccines. To mediate vaccine reactions, some veterinarians may recommend administering Benadryl 2-4 hours before vaccine appointments to prevent reactions such as hives or swelling of the face.

What is Benadryl Used For in Dogs? 

Your vet may recommend Benadryl to your dog for allergies and itchy skin. Benadryl is more effective for the prevention of allergic reactions than treating reactions after they have started. When there is a common, single trigger to your dog’s allergies it is better to give him a dose of Benadryl before he encounters the allergen rather than after the exposure. Nonetheless, Benadryl can still help with decreasing the side effects of an allergic reaction. 

A common side effect of Benadryl is drowsiness, so it may also be used to temporarily calm anxious dogs. 

Typically, Benadryl is not used for dogs with chronic itchy skin. It can be helpful for early or mild cases, but there are prescription drugs that have been shown to be more effective. Other medications such as Apoquel or prednisone are prescribed with dogs with chronic allergies or itchiness. 

In the veterinary clinic, your dog may receive Benadryl or diphenhydramine (common name) before receiving certain medications, vaccines, or a blood transfusion as these are well-known to cause hypersensitivity reactions. 

Types of Benadryl for Dogs 

Benadryl can be given orally, topically, or as an injection in the muscle (intramuscularly). Intravenous administration of Benadryl can cause seizures and is not used. 

Pet parents most commonly give Benadryl in tablet form by mouth. 

It is best to stick with the generic diphenhydramine to avoid other ingredients that may have adverse effects in your pet. Some antihistamines are combined with decongestants or acetaminophen which can cause toxicity in dogs at lower doses. 

Benadryl Side Effects in Dogs 

Similar to other drugs, Benadryl can have side effects in dogs. These include: 

• Drowsiness 
• Seizures 
• Nausea/Vomiting 
• Diarrhea 
• Dry eye 

If you are concerned about any side effects, make sure to talk to you veterinarian. He or she may suggest a different dosage or transition your dog to a different antihistamine medication. 

Benadryl Dosage for Dogs 

If you are concerned about your dog having an allergic reaction and would like to give him Benadryl it is best to consult your veterinarian for the correct dosing information. Your veterinarian may recommend a visit to the clinic to perform a physical exam on your dog to be sure that he is having an allergic reaction that Benadryl can help with and not suffering from a more serious condition. 

If your dog experiences seasonal allergies, your vet may recommend administering Benadryl on a regular basis. Some dogs may even take Benadryl once daily as a long-term therapy to mild allergies. Usually, these dogs receive Benadryl or diphenhydramine once daily. 

Although Benadryl is a safe drug, overdosing is possible. Signs to look for in your pet if you suspect at overdose are: 

• Tremors
• Disorientation 
• Slow breathing 
• Urinary retention (lack of urination) 

If you do suspect an overdose, you should call your veterinarian immediately and take in the packaging for the medication that was administered. 

Price of Benadryl for Dogs 

Benadryl tablets are about 20 cents per pill. The common name or generic drug, diphenhydramine will be less than half the price. Both are effective. 

Some formulations of Benadryl, such as the children’s chewables or syrup, may contain substances that are toxic to dogs or increase the chances of side effects. 

Benadryl Storage Instructions 

Benadryl should be kept in its original container, tightly closed, and away from excess heat and moisture. The container or packaging will indicate the expiration and it should not be given past its expiration date. Never give your dog expired medication. 

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While it is not effective for every dog, it can help alleviate clinical signs of itching and skin inflammation in some canines. 

What is Chlorpheniramine?

Chlorpheniramine is a first-generation antihistamine that was developed for human use in 1948. Over seventy years later, it is still available as an over-the-counter medication to treat seasonal allergies in humans. 

In addition to its use in human medicine, chlorpheniramine has also been used as an allergy medicine for dogs. The use of human chlorpheniramine in dogs is “off-label,” which means that it is not specifically labelled for use in dogs. Therefore, chlorpheniramine should be given only under the supervision of a veterinarian. 

While chlorpheniramine is not effective for every dog, it does provide relief for some dogs with mild allergic skin disease. 

What Does Chlorpheniramine Look Like?

Chlorpheniramine maleate is typically administered as a small, round yellow tablet that is scored down the middle. It is also available as a syrup. 

How Does It Work for Dogs?

Chlorpheniramine is an antihistamine, like diphenhydramine (Benadryl). This means that it counteracts the activity of histamine, a key mediator involved in allergic disease. During an allergic reaction, histamine is released and it is this histamine that is responsible for the itching and inflammation that is associated with many allergic reactions in dogs. When the action of histamine is blocked by an antihistamine, an allergic reaction can be prevented, halted, or decreased in severity. 

In dogs, chlorpheniramine has variable efficacy. Some dogs experience a dramatic improvement in skin allergies with chlorpheniramine, while others will show no apparent benefit with treatment. In many cases, trial and error is required to determine the optimal medication to treat canine skin allergies. Chlorpheniramine may be combined with other medications, such as corticosteroids or fatty acid supplements. 

While human chlorpheniramine is often used as an antihistamine for dogs, it’s important to exercise caution when purchasing chlorpheniramine from your local pharmacy. Chlorpheniramine is often combined with decongestants, pain relievers, or other medications that may be toxic to dogs. If your veterinarian has recommended that you purchase over-the-counter chlorpheniramine for your dog, read labels carefully and consider talking to a pharmacist to ensure that you are purchasing a product that contains only chlorpheniramine. 

What Is Chlorpheniramine Used For in Dogs?

Chlorpheniramine is used to treat allergic skin disease. Although it is not typically effective in dogs with food allergies, chlorpheniramine may be used to treat itching associated with:

• Atopic dermatitis (seasonal skin allergies)
• Contact dermatitis  
• Flea allergic dermatitis (must be combined with effective flea prevention)

Chlorpheniramine Side Effects in Dogs

Like any antihistamine, especially other first-generation antihistamines, chlorpheniramine may cause sedation. Dogs may become tired or act weak while taking chlorpheniramine. In some cases, this resolves over the course of a few days as the dog acclimates to the medication. In other cases, sedation persists and the medication must be stopped. 

In rare cases, dogs may become excitable or agitated when treated with chlorpheniramine. Dogs with a seizure disorder may also be more likely to have a seizure while on chlorpheniramine. Treated dogs may also develop gastrointestinal effects, including vomiting and diarrhea, especially if chlorpheniramine is given on an empty stomach.

Discontinue your dog’s chlorpheniramine and contact your veterinarian if you notice any of the following side effects: 

• Significant sedation
• Ataxia (trouble walking) 
• Significant excitability
• Seizures
• Concerning behavior changes
• Decreased appetite
• Nausea/vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Increased skin inflammation (which could indicate an allergic drug reaction)
• Eye redness, pain, or squinting (which could indicate a drug-induced decrease in tear production)

Many dogs safely take chlorpheniramine for prolonged periods of time with no negative effects. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Chlorpheniramine may enhance the effects of a number of other drugs, including pseudoephedrine, amitraz, selegiline, and sedatives that act on the central nervous system. Therefore, chlorpheniramine should be used with caution in dogs receiving these medications. 

Taking chlorpheniramine in combination with antacids may decrease the body’s ability to absorb chlorpheniramine. Taking chlorpheniramine in combination with certain antibiotics and antifungal agents may increase circulating levels of chlorpheniramine, increasing the likelihood of side effects. 

Chlorpheniramine can also interfere with the results of skin allergy testing. If your dog will be receiving allergy testing, chlorpheniramine should be stopped two weeks prior to testing. 

Chlorpheniramine Dosage for Dogs

Your dog’s recommended chlorpheniramine dose will depend on his size, the severity of his allergic condition, his overall health status, and any other medications he is taking. 

Follow your veterinarian’s dosing recommendations when giving chlorpheniramine. If you have any questions or concerns about your dog’s chlorpheniramine dose, contact your veterinarian before making dosage changes on your own. 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Chlorpheniramine?

Chlorpheniramine is typically administered every 8-12 hours. If you miss a dose, you have two options. You could give the missed dose as soon as you realize it, then administer the next dose 8-12 hours later. Alternatively, you could skip the missed dose completely and give the next dose at its scheduled time. Either option is reasonable, depending on the severity of your dog’s allergies and when you notice the missed dose. 

Price of Chlorpheniramine for Dogs

Generic chlorpheniramine is typically very inexpensive. Depending on the size of your dog and where you purchase the medication, you can expect to spend anywhere from $5-$20 per month for your dog’s chlorpheniramine. 

Chlorpheniramine Storage Instructions

Chlorpheniramine tablets and syrup should be stored at room temperature. They do not require refrigeration.

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Methocarbamol can be used to treat muscle spasms attributed to a number of different causes. Some possible causes of muscle spasms include muscle inflammation or injury, spinal cord disorders, tetanus infection (also referred to as “lockjaw”), and some toxicities (strychnine and some toxic mushrooms). 

Perhaps the most common use of methocarbamol in dogs, however, is in the treatment of intervertebral disk disease (IVDD). Although the benefits of methocarbamol in the case of IVDD are somewhat controversial, many veterinarians prescribe methocarbamol to alleviate the painful muscle spasms associated with disk disease. 

What Is Methocarbamol?

Methocarbamol is a muscle relaxer used to treat skeletal muscle spasms in dogs that may be caused by trauma, inflammation, infection, or toxicity. This drug only affects signals that are relayed to skeletal muscle, so methocarbamol doesn’t affect the smooth muscles present in the intestines, the bladder, and other parts of the body. In addition to causing muscle relaxation, methocarbamol also has a mild sedative effect. 

Methocarbamol was initially approved for human use in the United States in 1957. It is still a commonly-used medication in human patients and is often prescribed for the treatment of lower back pain. 

In addition to its use in humans, methocarbamol is also widely used in veterinary medicine. It is prescribed regularly by veterinary practices throughout the United States. Pet owners can typically obtain this medication from their regular veterinarian if their pet needs it, without any need for a specialist visit. Most veterinarians keep this medication in stock, although in some cases a prescription may be called into a human pharmacy for pickup. 

What Does Methocarbamol Look Like?

Oral methocarbamol typically comes in the form of a white, uncoated tablet, which may be oval or round in shape. Coated tablets are also available and may be used in some situations. 

How Does Methocarbamol Work?

Methocarbamol acts on neurons within a dog’s spinal cord, decreasing abnormal nerve impulses that trigger muscle hyperreactivity. The exact mechanism by which methocarbamol exerts this effect is not fully known. 

Unlike some other muscle relaxers, methocarbamol does not have any direct effect on muscle cells at normal doses. It only disrupts abnormal signals within the spinal cord. This means that methocarbamol can stop muscle tremors, spasms, and hyperreactivity without significantly interfering with a dog’s normal muscle activity. 

What Is Methocarbamol Used For in Dogs?

Methocarbamol is used to treat a number of muscular conditions in dogs. Any condition that causes muscle tension or spasms may potentially be treated with methocarbamol. 

In some cases, muscle spasms are caused by inflammatory or traumatic conditions that affect the muscles directly. Intervertebral disk disease and spinal cord injuries may cause muscle spasms due to nerve compression, and tetanus also causes widespread muscle spasms in dogs. Finally, there are a number of toxins from pesticides and poisonous mushrooms that can cause muscle spasms in dogs.

Methocarbamol may be prescribed to dogs to treat the following conditions:

• Muscle inflammation
• Muscle trauma
• Muscle strain
• Muscle sprain
• Intervertebral disk disease 
• Spinal cord injury
• Tetanus
• Strychnine (pesticide) toxicity
• Tremorgenic mycotoxin (mushroom) toxicity

Methocarbamol Side Effects in Dogs

In most cases, methocarbamol produces minimal side effects. Some dogs may experience more pronounced sedative effects than expected, but these effects are typically short-lived and resolve as the medication begins to wear off. 

In dogs receiving very high doses of methocarbamol, muscle weakness may be seen. These dogs may have trouble standing or walking. 

Like any other oral medication, methocarbamol can also cause vomiting and diarrhea, although this is uncommon. Giving methocarbamol with food may reduce the risk of nausea. 

Methocarbamol can safely be given long-term, with appropriate veterinary monitoring.

Potential side effects of methocarbamol in dogs include:

• Sedation
• Muscle weakness
• Trouble standing or walking 
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Methocarbamol can be safely combined with a number of other medications. Given its applications in treating muscle spasms and back pain, methocarbamol is often used in combination with sedatives such as trazodone (to limit an injured dog’s activity), pain medications such as gabapentin (to decrease nerve pain), and anti-inflammatories such as prednisone and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (to alleviate inflammation). 

When methocarbamol is combined with sedatives, dogs may experience more sedation than they would experience with either drug alone. Therefore, the dosage of one or both drugs may need to be altered to minimize sedation. 

Methocarbamol can also interfere with the activity of pyridostigmine and other medications used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. Dogs with myasthenia gravis that is managed with these medications may experience a relapse if they are started on methocarbamol.

Methocarbamol Dosage for Dogs

Methocarbamol dosing is determined primarily by a dog’s weight. Dogs with strychnine toxicity or tetanus may be prescribed very high doses of methocarbamol, while a dog with back pain due to intervertebral disk disease will typically be prescribed a relatively low dose. 

Always administer the dose that is prescribed by your veterinarian. Do not change your pet’s methocarbamol dose without first speaking to your veterinarian. 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Methocarbamol?

Methocarbamol is typically administered every 8-12 hours. If your dog misses a dose and you realize it within a couple of hours of the missed dose, you can administer the missed dose at that time and then wait 8-12 hours before administering the next dose. 

Alternatively, you can skip the missed dose completely and wait to administer your dog’s next dose of methocarbamol according to your original dosing schedule. 

Price of Methocarbamol for Dogs

Generic methocarbamol is an inexpensive medication. A two-week course of methocarbamol for an average-sized dog typically costs $30 or less. The brand-name version is more expensive. For this reason, most veterinary practices stock only the generic version. 

Methocarbamol Storage Instructions

Methocarbamol tablets can be stored at room temperature. They do not require refrigeration or other special handling and can be stored on a countertop or in a cabinet. 

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What is Gabapentin?

Gabapentin was initially developed in 1975, as a treatment for seizures in humans. The brand-name version of the drug, Neurontin, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1993. Nearly ten years later, in 2002, Neurontin was also approved for the treatment of post-herpes nerve pain. 

Over time, gabapentin became a commonly-utilized medication in veterinary practice. It is prescribed by many veterinarians throughout the United States to treat a number of different conditions. Like in human medicine, gabapentin may be prescribed for the treatment of seizure disorders and nerve pain in dogs. Gabapentin can also be used to treat other types of chronic pain in dogs, including arthritis and cancer pain. 

In addition to prescribing gabapentin for seizures and pain, veterinarians observed that gabapentin can alleviate situational anxiety in dogs. This medication is now commonly prescribed for pets that become anxious during veterinary visits and other high-stress situations.  

What Does Gabapentin Look Like?

Gabapentin is available in a variety of formulations. The most commonly-used formulation in veterinary medicine, however, is a small capsule. This capsule is typically white or yellow in color, although some capsules may be a combination of white and yellow. Gabapentin is also available as a tablet, which may be white or another color. 

Gabapentin liquid, although available, is rarely prescribed for dogs. Many liquid formulations contain xylitol as an artificial sweetener. While this sweetener may improve the taste of gabapentin for human patients, xylitol is toxic to dogs. If your veterinarian requires a liquid formulation of gabapentin, your veterinarian may be able to prescribe a xylitol-free formulation, which can be compounded specifically for your dog. 

How Does Gabapentin Work?

Gabapentin is structurally similar to GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid), a neurotransmitter that performs chemical signaling within the brain. This similarity may account for its actions, although we don’t know the exact mechanism by which gabapentin influences a dog’s brain and spinal cord. 

Gabapentin’s effects on the brain decrease seizure activity, alleviate anxiety, and can cause mild sedation (at higher doses). Gabapentin’s actions on the spinal cord decrease the sensation of pain, by interfering with the transmission of pain signals. 

What Is Gabapentin Used For in Dogs?

Gabapentin can be used to control seizures in dogs with epilepsy, either alone or in combination with other medications. 

Gabapentin also plays a role in canine pain control. It offers particular benefits in nerve pain (for example, intervertebral disk disease or a pinched nerve), but it also has been used to control the pain associated with cancer and other conditions. 

Finally, gabapentin is often used as a mild sedative, to decrease anxiety in dogs with situational anxiety (for example, a fear of veterinary visits). 

Gabapentin main be prescribed to help dogs with: 

• Seizure control
• Neuropathic pain
• Cancer pain 
• Arthritis pain
• Other types of pain 
• Situational anxiety

Gabapentin Side Effects in Dogs

Gabapentin is generally regarded as a safe drug for dogs that is associated with few side effects. If administered with other sedating medications or if a dog is overdosed, sedation and/or weakness may occur. 

Gastrointestinal signs, such as vomiting and diarrhea, may also occur in dogs being treated with gabapentin, especially at higher doses. 

If your dog is taking gabapentin, contact your veterinarian if you notice the following side effects: 

• Sedation
• Ataxia (drunk appearance or wobbly gait)
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Decreased appetite

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Gabapentin should not be given to your dog within two hours of antacids. Antacids decrease the absorption of gabapentin and may lessen its clinical benefits. 

Caution should be used when giving gabapentin to dogs who are also receiving morphine, phenobarbital, or potassium bromide. These dogs may experience higher levels of gabapentin-associated sedation. The sedation typically resolves within a few days, as the dog acclimates to the medication, but a dose change may be necessary if sedation persists. 

Gabapentin is often given in combination with trazodone for dogs with situational anxiety. In particular, this combination of medications may be used for dogs who are fearful at the veterinary clinic. Combining gabapentin and trazodone appears to provide more sedative and anti-anxiety benefits than the use of either drug alone, enhancing the effects of each medication.

Gabapentin Dosage for Dogs

The dosage of gabapentin varies, depending on several factors. First, gabapentin has a wide dosing range—some conditions require higher doses of gabapentin per unit of body weight, while some conditions require lower doses. Second, drug dosages in veterinary medicine are always based upon the weight of your pet. 

Your veterinarian will determine the appropriate dosage for your dog, based on your dog’s body weight and medical condition(s). 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Gabapentin?

If your dog misses a dose of gabapentin, there are several ways to get back on schedule. If the next dose is due soon, you may want to just wait until it is time to give the next scheduled dose. 

Another option is to give the missed dose as soon as possible, then wait eight hours before giving your dog the next dose of medication. 

Price of Gabapentin for Dogs

Gabapentin is a relatively low-cost drug. Most veterinary clinics stock generic formulations, which cost approximately $30 for a one-month supply of medication. 

Gabapentin Storage Instructions

Gabapentin capsules and tablets can be stored at room temperature, either in a cabinet or on your counter. This drug should be kept out of the reach of children. 

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When this happens, you’ll take your cat to the veterinary clinic or hospital looking for a solution. Luckily, your veterinarian has just the medication to stop vomiting and decrease nausea in cats. That medication is called Cerenia.

What is Cerenia?

Cerenia is a medication that stops nausea and vomiting in pets. In 2007, Cerenia was approved by the FDA specifically for dogs who were vomiting or were going to experience motion sickness. It was the first and only antiemetic (stops vomiting) drug approved for veterinary patients, meaning that the medications used before were approved for human use or other conditions besides vomiting in pets. 

In 2012, Cerenia was approved by the FDA in cats as well as dogs. In 2016, the FDA approved the injectable Cerenia for not only subcutaneous (under the skin) use, but also intravenous (into the vein or bloodstream).

The Cerenia injectible is FDA approved in both dogs and cats. Cerenia tablets are only FDA approved for use in dogs, but many veterinarians prescribe them “off-label” for use in cats.

Cerenia can be given to cats who are 16 weeks and older to treat nausea and vomiting. 

This medication is widely available throughout the United States and the world. It is commonly stocked both in the injectable and tablet forms at general practices, as well as with specialists. Currently there are no generic options for this medication.

What Does Cerenia Look Like?

The tablet form of Cerenia is a small oval peach-colored tablet scored in the middle. A scored tablet is meant to be easily broken into two pieces with your hands, not requiring the use of any special tools. Each tablet has the letters “MPT” and the milligrams (mg) of medication stamped on it. 

Cerenia also comes as an injectable medication. The liquid is clear and not very viscous (meaning not thick).

How Does Cerenia Work?

Cerenia works on the source of vomiting in cats—the brain. There are two ways in which the brain triggers vomiting:

• A central pathway, which includes gastrointestinal (stomach or intestine) disease as well as fear or anxiety.
• A peripheral pathway, which includes toxins in the bloodstream or organ failure.

When either pathway is triggered, Substance P is released in the brain to grab onto NK1 receptors. When it does, an electrical current travels through certain neurons (connections) in the brain to signal the need to vomit. 

Cerenia binds to NK1 receptors, preventing Substance P from being able to grab onto them. No matter which pathway is triggered (no matter the cause), Cerenia will stop the brain from causing vomiting.

NK1 receptors are also part of the inflammatory cascade, meaning they are involved in creating inflammation. This has been specifically noted in pancreatitis, or disease in the pancreas. By binding to NK1 receptors, Cerenia appears to have some anti-inflammatory effects as well (1). 

What Is Cerenia Used for in Cats?

Cerenia is prescribed to cats with a variety of medical conditions. Low appetite and nausea are very common symptoms for the majority of illnesses your cat can have, and Cerenia specifically combats vomiting to allow your cat’s appetite to improve. 

Gastrointestinal disease, or disease that affects the stomach and intestines, is the most common type of disease to use Cerenia for.

Some of the common conditions Cerenia is prescribed for include:

• Upset stomach (for any reason)
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Pancreatitis (disease of the pancreas)
• Chronic kidney disease (toxins cause nausea)
• Nausea due to anesthesia

Cerenia has also been recognized as an anti-inflammatory agent and has been used in some conditions such as chronic rhinitis in cats, or chronic inflammation and stuffiness in the nose. 

Cerenia Side Effects for Cats

Cerenia is a relatively safe drug that has a wide range of safety in dosing. Serious side effects are very rare. The only common side effect of Cerenia includes pain on injection, which resolves within seconds. Most veterinarians believe Cerenia injectable stings less if kept in the refrigerator.

The rare side effects of Cerenia can include:

• Diarrhea
• Anorexia (no appetite)
• Hematuria (blood in the urine)
• Hypersalivation (excessive drooling)
• Allergic reactions including anaphylaxis, or whole-body allergy (including swelling of head/face)

If your cat is given Cerenia and symptoms worsen or new symptoms appear, contact your veterinarian right away.

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

There are no known reactions between Cerenia and other drugs or medications used for cats.

Cerenia Dosages for Cats

The standard dose of Cerenia for cats who are vomiting is 1 mg per pound of body weight. For example, if your cat weighs 12 pounds, the appropriate dose would be 12 mg. Depending on your cat’s condition, your cat may be prescribed less or more than this dosing. 

With the injectable form, dosing can be very specific. However, if your cat receives the tablet form, your cat’s dose depends on the size of the tablet. The most common sized tablet of Cerenia used in cats is 16 mg. If your cat weighs 12 pounds, your veterinarian may prescribe 8 mg (half a tablet) or 16 mg (one whole tablet).

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of Cerenia?

If your cat misses a dose of Cerenia, he may vomit or have decreased appetite later that day since the medication stops vomiting and usually increases appetite. However, missing a dose of Cerenia will not be life threatening. If you have concerns, reach out to your veterinarian.

Cost of Cerenia for Cats

The most common sized tablet for cats, 16 mg, is approximately $5 per tablet. A box of Cerenia comes with 4 tablets, so you would expect to pay approximately $20 for a box. Depending on your cat’s size and his condition, you may spend $1.25 per dose (1/4 tablet) up to $5 per dose (1 tablet).

The injectable vial costs over $200. Because of its expense, each injection in an average-sized cat will cost at least $5 per dose, not including the syringe needed to inject it with.

Cerenia Storage Instructions

Cerenia tablets should be stored at room temperature. Once the foil for an individual tablet is opened, the tablet should be used within 2 days. 

Cerenia injectable should be stored at room temperature until it is used (punctured by a needle) for the first time. After that, the Cerenia injectable should be stored in the refrigerator. The injectable should be used within 90 days of first use and ideally punctured with a needle no more than 25 times.

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Some dogs are prescribed trazodone for the management of underlying behavioral or anxiety disorders. In this scenario, trazodone is often combined with other psychotropic medications, although it may also be used alone. Trazodone may be administered on a regular, consistent basis or used as an “event drug” before stressful events.

Trazodone is also prescribed by many veterinarians to decrease stress associated with veterinary visits. Administering trazodone to fearful dogs can not only decrease anxiety for those dogs, but can also increase the chances that the veterinarian is able to perform a comprehensive exam, obtain an accurate diagnosis, and provide appropriate treatment. 

What is Trazodone?

Trazodone is a serotonin modulator. This drug acts to regulate levels of serotonin (a neurotransmitter) within the brain, providing mild sedation and alleviating anxiety.  

Trazodone was initially developed in Italy in the 1960s, as a treatment for human depression. The drug did not gain rapid widespread use, however, because it caused sedation in patients. Over time, dosing recommendations were modified and the drug was then approved for human use in the United States in the 1980s. 

Despite its long history of human use, trazodone has only been used in veterinary patients for approximately the last 10 years. While it is not FDA approved for use in animals, veterinarians prescribe trazodone as off-label as an anti-anxiety medication for dogs. 

What Does Trazodone Look Like?

Trazodone is typically supplied as a small white tablet, which is scored down the middle. Less commonly, trazodone may be supplied as a capsule or as a liquid (suspension). 

How Does Trazodone for Dogs Work?

Trazodone provides mild sedation and decreases anxiety in dogs. 

This medication normalizes levels of serotonin within the brain. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter (a chemical used by nerve cells to send signals to each other) that promotes a sense of well-being. By stabilizing serotonin levels within the brain, trazodone promotes calm behavior and decreases anxiety in dogs.

What Is Trazodone Used For in Dogs?

Trazodone can be used to address a wide variety of scenarios in dogs. Trazodone can play a role in the management of generalized anxiety, but it is more commonly used to address situational anxiety and provide temporary calming. 

Dogs that are fearful or difficult to control in certain contexts, such as travel or veterinary visits, may benefit from the administration of trazodone. In addition, some veterinarians prescribe trazodone for dogs after surgery, in order to minimize activity during the recovery period and allow time for surgical incisions to heal.

Trazodone is commonly used to help with the following: 

• Stress associated with veterinary visits
• Travel anxiety
• Thunderstorm anxiety
• Noise phobias (such as fireworks)
• Separation anxiety
• Post-surgical confinement

Trazodone Side Effects in Dogs

Side effects of trazodone in dogs are rare and typically self-limiting. In some cases, dogs simply become more lethargic or sedated than expected. Less commonly, dogs may experience mild anxiety or excitation as a result of the drug. 

In very rare cases, this anxiety or lowering of inhibitions may lead to an increased likelihood of aggressive behaviors. Gastrointestinal signs, such as vomiting and/or diarrhea, may also be observed. 

Possible side effects of trazodone for dogs include:

• Drowsiness/lethargy
• Panting
• Anxiety/pacing
• Vomiting 
• Diarrhea
• Changes in appetite
• Increased aggression

If you notice any side effects after giving your dog trazodone, contact your veterinarian to discuss. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Trazodone is often combined with other medications, to maximize its clinical benefits. 

Most commonly, trazodone is combined with gabapentin (another mild sedative and anxiolytic) to address situational anxiety. This combination is often used to treat anxiety associated with veterinary visits or other high-stress events. These drugs can be safely combined and the combination of drugs may be more effective than the use of trazodone alone. 

Trazodone should not be combined with other drugs that act on serotonin. For example, dogs that are receiving a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) such as fluoxetine should not receive trazodone, except in rare circumstances. Because both drugs act on serotonin levels, combining these drugs can cause problems unless doses are calibrated very carefully by a veterinarian.

Trazodone should be avoided in dogs receiving a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), such as selegiline. Additionally, combining trazodone with azole antifungal agents (ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole) and certain antibiotics (erythromycin, clarithromycin) may make dogs more susceptible to the sedating effects of trazodone.

Trazodone Dosages for Dogs

Trazodone dosage for dogs varies, based upon a number of factors. Like any other medication, the recommended dose of trazodone is based upon your dog’s weight. Big dogs receive larger doses than small dogs. 

Trazodone has a relatively wide recommended dosing range. Veterinarians often start a dog’s treatment at the low end of the dosing range and then increase the dose if needed, in order to achieve the desired benefits while minimizing the risk of side effects. If you feel that your dog’s trazodone dose needs to be adjusted, contact your veterinarian. 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Trazodone?

If you miss giving your dog a dose of trazodone, you can give the missed dose at your earliest convenience. You should always separate trazodone doses by at least 8 hours, so you may need to delay your dog’s next dose to get back on a consistent schedule. 

Cost of Trazodone for Dogs

In general, you can expect to pay $1-$2 per dose for trazodone, depending on your dog’s size. 

While some dogs receive this medication two to three times per day on an ongoing basis, many dogs only take trazodone intermittently, prior to high-stress events (such as a veterinary visit or travel). 

Trazodone Storage Instructions

Trazodone should be stored at room temperature in a light-resistant container. It does not require refrigeration or other special handling. 

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A cat who can’t pee has a life-threatening problem. A cat with a urethral obstruction requires emergency care by a veterinarian who can dislodge the plug and empty the bladder. 

What is Prazosin?

Prazosin is prescribed to cats most often during the healing phase following a urinary blockage. When a urinary obstruction occurs, the muscles of the bladder and the urethra may spasm, (contract and release) and create an uncomfortable condition. These spasms and the swelling that can result make it more difficult for a cat to heal. 

Prazosin can be helpful in reducing spasms and relaxing the bladder, making it easier for the cat to urinate and to heal. 

This medication may also be useful for cats with spinal cord injuries or certain cancers. 

Prazosin is not approved by the FDA for use in animals, but veterinarians often prescribe it and recommend it to treat feline patients. It is widely available from human pharmacies with a prescription from your veterinarian. Some veterinary clinics may also have the medication in stock.

Because prazosin for cats is usually prescribed as a generic medication, the look of the tablets or capsules may differ depending on where it was produced. If you have any concerns about the accuracy of the medication, contact your veterinarian or the pharmacy where the medication was purchased. 

How Does Prazosin Work?

Prazosin decreases the function of the pathway that allows the bladder to fill and store urine. It works by decreasing the ability of specific muscles to tighten. It also can decrease blood pressure by allowing relaxation of the muscles that surround some arteries. 

It is useful for cats recovering from a urinary blockage because it also allows the muscles of the urethra to relax, making it easier for urine to pass. 

The muscles involved in the storage of urine in the bladder and tightening of the urethra to prevent urine from passing are what we refer to as smooth muscle. Smooth muscle is not under voluntary control as opposed to muscles of the legs and arms. This means that prazosin is unlikely to cause your cat to drip urine. Instead, it just makes it easier to go when your cat gets to the litter box. 

Other types of muscle relaxants that are prescribed for muscle injury from trauma or overuse are not effective at relaxing the smooth muscles of the bladder and urethra. 

What Does Prazosin Treat in Cats?

Prazosin treats the spasming of the bladder muscles and muscles of the urethra that is caused by urinary obstruction. It makes it easier for the cat to empty his bladder and reduces any pain or discomfort associated with the muscle spasms. Prazosin is most often used as part of the treatment for this problem along with other treatments including intravenous fluid therapy, pain management, and a special prescription diet. 

Prazosin may also be used to relax the bladder and make it easier for pet parents to manually empty. This may be required following trauma, spinal cord injury, or surgery when a cat is unable to control his bladder. 

Prazosin does not cure the cause of cat urinary blockage. They may be caused by feline urinary crystals, stress, or a genetic predisposition. Urinary obstructions are very likely to recur without lifelong changes that include a prescription urinary diet and stress management. 

Due to limited documented evidence, not all veterinarians recommend prazosin as part of the treatment plan for cats with a urinary obstruction. 

Prazosin Side Effects in Cats

Most cats tolerate prazosin without any side effects. Rarely, a cat may have low blood pressure due to prazosin. Some cats become hyperactive when taking prazosin. 

Like any medication, mild side effects of prazosin in cats vary because every animal tolerates the medicine differently. If you notice any undesired changes in your cat while taking prazosin contact your veterinarian immediately.

Reactions With Other Drugs or Medications

Prazosin should be used with caution with other medications that can decrease blood pressure such as benazepril. 

Prazosin Dosages for Cats

Prazosin is dosed based on weight and is best given with food. It may be given 2 or 3 times per day, depending on your cat’s particular situation and the dosage amount prescribed by your veterinarian. 

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of Prazosin? 

If your cat misses a dose of prazosin, skip that dose and give the next dose at the appropriate time.

Prazosin may only need to be given for a few days to weeks following a urinary obstruction. Do not stop using prazosin without consulting with your cat’s veterinarian. If you accidentally give too much, contact your veterinarian immediately. 

Cost of Prazosin for Cats

Generic capsules or tablets of prazosin generally cost $15-$25 for a 2-week supply. Liquid forms of the medication that are specially compounded for your cat will cost more based on the fee charged by the pharmacy. 

Brand name formulations of prazosin are usually much more expensive, in the range of $150 for a similar 2-week supply.

Prazosin Storage Instructions

Tablets and capsules of prazosin should be stored at room temperature away from direct sunlight. Liquid and compounded forms should be stored according to labeled instructions and may require refrigeration. 

All medications should be stored in their original container out of reach of children and pets. 

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The most common tapeworm in dogs is Dipylidium caninum. This tapeworm is spread by fleas. When a dog bites a flea on his skin and ingests that flea, he can become infected with tapeworms. These tapeworms then become apparent as small rice-like parasites which can be seen around a dog’s rectum. Other tapeworm species can be acquired by ingesting infected rodents, small mammals or beetles.

What is Praziquantel?

Praziquantel is a dewormer that is effective only against tapeworms. It is frequently used in a wide variety of species, including dogs, cats, horses, sheep, reptiles, and even humans.

Praziquantel was initially approved for human use in 1982. It is now widely available and is carried by nearly every veterinary practice in the United States. Most veterinarians prescribe this drug on a daily, or near-daily, basis, to treat pets with evidence of tapeworms. Praziquantel does not require a visit to a veterinary specialist. 

Praziquantel is available in a number of forms, both as a sole agent and in combination with other dewormers. If your pet is diagnosed with tapeworms, your veterinarian will likely prescribe praziquantel for treatment. In some cases, your veterinarian may recommend a broad-spectrum dewormer for your dog, which contains praziquantel in combination with other deworming agents. Some monthly heartworm preventatives also contain praziquantel to prevent tapeworm infection. 

What Does Praziquantel Look Like?

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Praziquantel is typically administered as an oral tablet. These tablets are usually small and white in color. They do not have a waxy coating, like you may see in some other tablets. The tablets may be administered in the veterinary clinic or sent home with you to administer on your own. 

Injectable praziquantel is a clear, thick liquid. It is given as a subcutaneous injection (under the skin) by a member of the veterinary team.  

If praziquantel is given in combination with other medications, such as heartworm prevention or broad-spectrum dewormer, the drug appearance typically resembles that of the original medication. Drontal, a common broad-spectrum dewormer that contains praziquantel, is a yellow tablet. 

How Does Praziquantel Work?

Praziquantel specifically targets tapeworms. When a tapeworm comes in contact with praziquantel in a dog’s intestinal tract, praziquantel interferes with the tapeworm’s ability to regulate internal calcium levels. 

It is thought that the resulting calcium imbalance kills tapeworms by causing paralysis, however, the mechanism is not fully understood. What is known is that praziquantel is highly effective against tapeworms and kills the parasites in dogs rapidly. 

What Does Praziquantel Treat in Dogs?

Praziquantel can be used to treat a variety of tapeworm species in dogs. However, praziquantel does not protect dogs from or treat other canine intestinal parasites, such as roundworms, hookworms, or whipworms. 

Therefore, the dewormer that is prescribed for intestinal parasites depends on the parasite that is diagnosed.

Praziquantel treats the following tapeworms in dogs:

• Dipylidium caninum (the most common tapeworm in dogs)
• Echinococcus granulosus 
• Echinococcus multilocularis
• Spirometra mansonoides
• Diphyllobothrium erinacea
• Taenia species 

Praziquantel Side Effects in Dogs

Praziquantel is a drug that is commonly used in veterinary medicine. Fortunately, side effects are rare. When pets do experience praziquantel side effects, the effects are typically limited to mild gastrointestinal upset. 

Like any other injection, injectable praziquantel may also be associated with mild discomfort at the injection site. 

Side effects to watch in dogs for include: 

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Decreased appetite
• Lethargy
• Injection site pain

If you observe any side effects that you feel may be caused by praziquantel, contact your veterinarian for guidance. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Pet parents should discuss all the medications their dog is taking with a veterinarian, as drug interactions can occur between praziquantel and other dog medications. Main drug interactions occur with azole antifungals, cimetidine, some types of seizure medications, and antacids.

Praziquantel Dosages for Dogs

Praziquantel dosages for dogs vary based on a dog’s size. The dose of medication is directly proportional to the dog’s weight. 

There are different tablet sizes of praziquantel available. Your veterinarian will provide the correct tablet size for your dog and tell you how many of the tablets to give.

In most cases, a one-time treatment of praziquantel is all that is necessary to eliminate a tapeworm infection. If praziquantel is provided in combination with another dewormer, however, it may be necessary to repeat the treatment since some intestinal parasites require multiple dewormer doses in order to be cleared. Additionally, dogs that are at a high risk of tapeworm infection may be prescribed praziquantel to give on a regular or recurring basis. 

You can administer praziquantel with a meal or on an empty stomach. It is equally effective with or without food, so dosing can be performed in whatever method is most convenient for you. 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Praziquantel?

Praziquantel is typically administered as a single dose of one or more tablets, which is typically given on the day that it is prescribed. If you forget to give the dose after your veterinary visit, give it as soon as you remember to do so. 

When praziquantel is prescribed in conjunction with another dewormer, repeated dosing is often necessary. If you miss a dose in this sequence, your next step will largely depend on what other dewormers are present in the combination dewormer. Contact your veterinarian for guidance if a dose is missed. 

Cost of Praziquantel for Dogs

The cost of praziquantel varies, depending on your dog’s size. Generic alternatives may be available at a lower cost than the brand-name Droncit. In general, you can expect a single dose of praziquantel dewormer to cost anywhere from $5-$75, depending on the size of your dog. 

Praziquantel Storage Instructions

Praziquantel tablets can be stored at room temperature. This medication does not require refrigeration or other special handling. However, it is important not to use the medication past its expiration date.

The post Praziquantel for Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Benazepril is the generic name of the drug—it is also known as benazepril hydrochloride. There are lots of brand names for benazepril. These are often more expensive than the generic benazepril.

What Is Benazepril?

Benazepril is a commonly used medication in both pet and human medicine, but it is not approved for use in animals by the FDA. This means its use in dogs is considered “off label.” 

Despite this, it is used as a prescription-only medication to manage the symptoms associated with heart failure, chronic renal failure, and high blood pressure (hypotension) in dogs. While your usual vet can prescribe this medication, it’s also prescribed by cardiology specialists and internal medicine specialists. 

What Does Benazepril Look Like?

Benazepril usually comes as tablets in various dosages. Depending on the manufacturer, the tablet can be any color and may be scored or unscored. 

Benazepril may also come in a combination with other drugs, such as in the brand name Fortekor Plus, where benazepril and pimobendan are both in the tablet; or Cardalis, where benazepril and spironolactone are combined together. 

This can be useful if both drugs are required as they’re easier to give, but it can also be difficult to adjust the doses of the drugs if necessary.

How Does Benazepril Work?

Benazepril is an ACE inhibitor. This means it blocks Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE). This enzyme normally converts Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II, a chemical messenger that causes blood vessels to narrow. By blocking the action of this enzyme, the Angiotensin I is not converted, meaning there is no Angiotensin II and blood vessels remain open or “dilated.” 

Just like water through a pipe, if you force the water through a smaller tube the pressure is higher, so by encouraging the vessels to dilate you allow the blood to flow more easily and the blood pressure is lower. 

Benazepril is therefore useful for several diseases that cause high blood pressure in dogs or where high blood pressure would be particularly damaging.

What Does Benazepril Treat in Dogs?

Benazepril is usually prescribed to treat congestive heart failure (CHF), which forms in dogs that are suffering from conditions affecting the heart such as mitral valve degeneration. This is the most common usage of benazepril, and it has been shown to increase survival times of dogs showing symptoms of congestive heart failure. 

Benazepril may also be used in dogs to treat:

• Mitral valve disease
• Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Chronic renal failure
• High blood pressure (hypertension)

Benazepril Side Effects in Dogs

Benazepril for dogs has a good safety profile, with few pet parents reporting side effects. In clinical trials, symptoms that could be interpreted as benazepril side effects occurred less often in the group of dogs taking benazepril than they did in the comparison placebo group. 

The most commonly reported side effect of benazepril is signs of gut disturbance, such as vomiting, diarrhea or a loss in appetite. Some incoordination also occured in clinical trials, although very rarely.

Other side effects of benazepril in dogs include:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Inappetence
• Incoordination
• Syncope (fainting)
• Weakness
• Skin rash
• Fever
• Increased urea (a colorless, crystalline compound) in blood
• Increased potassium in blood

All of these side effects are considered to be rare, mild, short-lasting, and reversible. If you notice any side effects, regardless of whether they are listed here, you should call your veterinary clinic for information and advice.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Benazepril interactions are rare, and benazepril can be taken with most other heart drugs, although careful monitoring is required if other diuretics such as spironolactone are also used, as spikes in blood potassium caused by both drugs working together can occur. 

Benazepril should not be used at the same time as other ACE inhibitors, and care should be taken if it is to be used at the same time with drugs that lower blood pressure, as dogs can become dizzy or uncoordinated. 

Pet parents should also be cautious about using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as meloxicam and carprofen if dogs are also on ACE inhibitors such as benazepril.

You should tell your veterinarian if your dog is taking any drugs, including vitamins, supplements, or herbal therapies, so that they can determine if benazepril interactions are likely.

Benazepril Dosages for Dogs

The dosage of benazepril isn’t always prescribed entirely on your dog’s weight. It’s up to the veterinarian and the pet parent to find out the best dosage for each individual dog. This is achieved by starting at the lower end of the dose range and regularly discussing side effects, checking blood samples, and adjusting the dose until the dosage with the best effect and the fewest side effects has been found. 

For this reason, you should always follow your veterinarian’s instructions and confirm the benazepril dosage each time you order more medication. 

Benazepril is generally given once daily, with an empty stomach or with food. If your dog vomits if you give benazepril on an empty stomach, you should try giving it with food.

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Benazepril?

If your dog misses a dose of benazepril, you should give your dog the missed dose as soon as you remember. The next dose should be given 24 hours later. Do not give two tablets together to make up for the missed dose.

Cost of Benazepril for Dogs

The cost of benazepril for dogs varies greatly according to location, drug dosage, drug brand and veterinary practice. The average cost is approximately $0.50-$1 for one tablet, and there may be prescription and dispensing fees on top of that. 

Where the drug is prohibitively expensive, you can request that your veterinarian writes you a prescription for you to take to a human pharmacy.

Benazepril Storage Instructions

Benazepril should be stored at room temperature (no more than 85 degrees), in the dark, and inside the packaging until use. Tablets that are removed from the packaging or halved should be kept dry and given to your dog within 48 hours.

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Cefpodoxime, known by the brand name Simplicef, is most commonly used to treat bacterial skin infections. However, this antibiotic can also be used to treat a number of other bacterial infections. It has a low risk of side effects, making it a good option for many dogs. 

What is Cefpodoxime?

Cefpodoxime was initially patented in 1980, although it was not commercially available for use in human medicine until approximately 10 years later. In 2002, the veterinary drug Simplicef was released, providing a formulation of cefpodoxime that was labeled for use in canine patients. A veterinary generic version of cefpodoxime was introduced in 2013, making this drug more affordable and increasing its availability to a larger number of clients and patients.  

Cefpodoxime belongs to a class of antibiotics called 3rd-generation cephalosporins. The first cephalosporins (now referred to as 1st-generation cephalosporins) were developed in the 1960s, in order to overcome antibiotic resistance that bacteria had developed in response to penicillin. These cephalosporins worked similarly to penicillin, but were more effective against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Although these early cephalosporins were a significant improvement over penicillin, bacteria continued to evolve and soon developed new methods of resistance. Therefore, 2nd-generation and 3rd-generation cephalosporins were introduced to offer a broader spectrum of activity against bacteria that may be resistant to other antibiotics.

Cefpodoxime is now widely used by small animal veterinarians. It is effective against a wide variety of bacterial infections and the convenience of once-daily dosing helps ensure that pets receive all recommended doses of their medication. 

Almost all veterinary clinics in the United States carry Simplicef or the generic formulation of cefpodoxime and prescribe it to their patients when appropriate.

What Does Cefpodoxime Look Like?

Cefpodoxime is most commonly administered as an oral tablet. Simplicef, the name brand formulation, comes as an orange, oval tablet that is scored down the center. Generic versions are also often oval shaped and may be orange or red in color, but appearance may vary depending upon the manufacturer.  

Cefpodoxime is also available in a suspension formulation, although this is less commonly used. Cefpodoxime suspension is supplied as a powder, which must be mixed with water.

How Does Cefpodoxime Work?

Cefpodoxime kills susceptible bacteria by damaging the cell wall. It is very resistant to breakdown by bacterial enzymes, which makes it effective in many cases where other antibiotics, such as penicillin or cephalexin, would not be effective.

What Does Cefpodoxime Treat in Dogs?

Cefpodoxime is used to treat a variety of infections in dogs and puppies over 18 days old. The most common use of cefpodoxime is the treatment of bacterial skin infections. However, cefpodoxime’s broad spectrum and ability to reach many areas of the body make it a good option to use for the treatment of a number of different infections.

Dog conditions that are commonly treated with cefpodoxime include: 

• Skin infection
• Urinary tract infection
• Upper respiratory infection (such as kennel cough)
• Ear infections

Cefpodoxime Side Effects in Dogs

Like any medication, cefpodoxime can cause side effects in dogs. Fortunately, these side effects are rare. A small percentage of dogs taking this medication will experience gastrointestinal upset. This effect can typically be minimized by giving cefpodoxime with a full meal. In very rare circumstances, dogs may experience an allergic reaction to cefpodoxime that may vary from mild to severe.

Cefpodoxime side effects for dogs may include: 

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Decreased appetite
• Hives 
• Shortness of breath 
• Facial swelling

If your pet experiences significant side effects due to cefpodoxime, contact your veterinarian to determine the best course of action for your pet. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Cefpodoxime should not be taken within two hours of giving your dog antacids, as the use of antacids may interfere with the body’s ability to absorb cefpodoxime. Additionally, cefpodoxime should not be given with a particular class of antibiotics known as aminoglycosides.

Cefpodoxime is safe to give with your dog’s monthly flea or heartworm prevention, as well as with most other medications. Talk to your veterinarian if you have any concerns.

Cefpodoxime Dosages for Dogs

Cefpodoxime is administered once a day. Your veterinarian will determine the appropriate dose for your dog, depending upon your dog’s weight and the condition that requires treatment. 

It is important to give this medication as directed. Give all of the medication that is prescribed for your dog, even if his condition appears to have resolved. Stopping your pet’s antibiotic treatment early can lead to antibiotic-resistant infections.  

Cefpodoxime can be given with food or on an empty stomach. 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Cefpodoxime?

Like any antibiotic, cefpodoxime should be given on a regular schedule with no missed doses. Missing doses will decrease the efficacy of the medication.

If you do miss a scheduled dose of medication, you should give that dose as soon as possible and resume dosing your pet every 24 hours. 

For example, imagine that you forget your dog’s morning dose of cefpodoxime and do not realize your mistake until that evening. What should you do? Give the medication at that time, as soon as you realize that you missed a dose. In order to maintain an every-24-hour dosing schedule, you will need to give your dog his cefpodoxime in the evening until you have completed the entire course of medication.

If your pet misses more than one dose of medication, contact your veterinarian. Depending on the details of your situation, you may be instructed to resume the medication or your veterinarian may elect to change your pet to a different medication.  

Cost of Cefpodoxime for Dogs

The price of cefpodoxime can vary significantly, depending on your dog’s size and the duration of therapy that is required. A one-week course of cefpodoxime for a small dog may cost as little as $20-$30, while a prolonged course of cefpodoxime for a large-breed dog may cost $150 or more. 

In general, the generic version of cefpodoxime is less expensive than the name brand Simplicef. 

Cefpodoxime Storage Instructions

Cefpodoxime is typically dispensed as a tablet. This tablet can be stored at room temperature, in a cabinet or on your counter.

Cefpodoxime suspension is less commonly used in veterinary medicine. If your pet is prescribed cefpodoxime suspension, however, this medication must be stored in the refrigerator. Any unused pre-mixed cefpodoxime must be thrown away after two weeks, because the suspension form of this medication is only stable for 14 days after mixing. 

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However, due to its rapid onset, strong effect, ease of availability, and proven track-record prednisone continues to be a drug many veterinarians reach for to treat dogs. 

What is Prednisone?

Prednisone is a synthetic steroid, with a long history of use in veterinary medicine. Specifically, it is a glucocorticoid, which means it acts like cortisol in the body. Cortisol is a naturally occurring hormone that is often associated with stress, but is involved in many important processes such as maintaining regulatory functions (homeostasis), limiting inflammation, and fat and protein metabolism. 

Prednisone is a prodrug meaning that the body has to metabolize it to its active form, prednisolone, before it can be used. Dogs (like humans) are able to perform this metabolism easily so either form of the drug may be used. Cats and horses, however, should be given prednisolone because their liver is not as efficient at processing prednisone. Because the drugs are the same within the body, they are considered bioequivalent, and therefore discussed together.

Both your veterinarian and your regular pharmacy carry prednisone. It may be prescribed by your regular veterinarian or a specialist, depending on the type of prednisone and its use. Occasionally the steroid eye drop, prednisolone acetate solution, becomes expensive or difficult to find.

What Does Prednisone Look Like?

Prednisone is usually prescribed as a generic medication and therefore the appearance of the tablets and liquid varies depending on the laboratory that produced it. If you are concerned you may have the wrong medication, call your veterinarian or the pharmacy that filled the medication to confirm its appearance. 

How Does Prednisone Work?

Prednisone and prednisolone work by mimicking the naturally occurring hormone, cortisol. This is why it is important to slowly reduce (taper) the dose given to your dog instead of abruptly stopping. 

When taking prednisone, the body may stop producing its own cortisol. If your dog suddenly stops taking prednisone or prednisolone, it can lead to dangerously low levels of cortisol which can be very severe or even fatal. 

What Is Prednisone Used For In Dogs?

Prednisone is used for a wide variety of conditions and health problems in dogs. Some of the uses are FDA approved and others are “off-label” meaning their use is not explicitly approved but is done so under the supervision of your veterinarian.

Below are some reasons your veterinarian may prescribe prednisone to your dog:

Inflammation: Prednisone is very good at quickly reducing inflammation and therefore your veterinarian may use it as part of the first stage of treatment for ear infections, some skin conditions, and allergic reactions. Prednisone may also be used as part of medical management of herniated discs or pinched nerves as decreasing inflammation can help reduce the pain associated with these conditions. It can also be used to treat sudden asthma attacks as an inhaled steroid (fluticasone and others)

Immunosuppressant: Prednisone may be used to treat dogs with autoimmune diseases. An autoimmune disease is one where the immune system is attacking some part of the animal’s own body, for example red blood cells or kidney cells. Prednisone suppresses the immune system and can reduce the severity of the disease or help a dog get through a flare-up of a chronic autoimmune disease. 

Chemotherapy: Certain types of cancer, for example lymphoma (also known as lymphosarcoma) can temporarily be managed with prednisone. Importantly, prednisone does not treat or cure the cancer but can shrink lymph nodes and other tumors to give a patient a few weeks reprieve of their disease. 

Addison’s Disease: Addison’s disease is a condition where the body does not produce corticosteroid hormones including cortisol. Prednisone along with other medications are used to restore levels of these hormones in the body. Rarely, dogs with the opposite of Addison’s Disease, Cushing’s disease, need steroids if they have an overdose of the drug they usually take to manage their disease. 

How Long Can a Dog Stay on Prednisone?

There are risks to dogs staying on prednisone for an extended period of time, but there are certain diseases and conditions which may require lifelong use of steroids such as autoimmune diseases and Addison’s Disease. It is important to visit your veterinarian regularly and follow their recommendation.

Prednisone Side Effects in Dogs

Prednisone, though widely used, has many potential side effects. They range from annoying but mild (night time urination) to dangerous and deadly (stomach ulcers). Prednisone should be taken under the direction of your veterinarian, and their prescription followed exactly.

Short-term use of prednisone often causes increased thirst, increased appetite, increased urination, and excessive panting. The use of steroids such as prednisone delays wound healing. Some dogs experience diarrhea and gastrointestinal ulceration while on steroids. Prednisone affects water retention and weight gain is likely.

Long-term use of steroids, or steroids used at high doses can cause Iatrogenic Cushing’s disease. This means there is too much steroid in the body and causes a pot-bellied appearance, large liver, muscle loss, thinning skin, calcification of tissues, and hair loss. 

Suddenly stopping steroids can lead to an Addisonian crisis whereby the body does not have enough cortisol to regulate all of the functions this hormone is involved in. An Addisonian crisis can result in coma or death. 

Potential side effects of prednisone for dogs include:

• Increased thirst and urination
• Increased appetite
• Weight gain
• Muscle loss
• Thin skin
• Hair loss
• Calcification of the skin, gums, or tongue
• Delayed wound healing
• Decreased immune function
• Liver dysfunction
• Diarrhea
• Gastrointestinal irritation and ulceration
• Irritability
• Depression 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Prednisone should not be taken with any non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) medication or budesonide. It should be used with caution in immunocompromised dogs or those on immunosuppressing medications. The use of steroids may invalidate or reduce diagnostic ability of many tests including ACTH stimulation and cancer screening. Prednisone should not be used in dogs at risk for gastrointestinal ulcerations or perforations. 

Prednisone Dosages for Dog

Your dog’s dose of prednisone is based on his size and also the reason for the drug’s use. Since prednisone is used in the treatment regimen for many different conditions, the dose range varies widely as does the duration of use. 

Follow the instructions of your veterinarian and communicate any side effects or difficulties giving your dog the medication. 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Prednisone?

If you miss giving a dose of prednisone to your dog, resume giving the medicine the next time it is due. 

If you miss more than one dose, call your veterinarian immediately as it is important to gradually reduce the amount of prednisone in your dog’s system to prevent serious side effects. Never give more than one dose at a time. 

Cost of Prednisone for Dogs

Prednisone is an inexpensive medication. The cost will depend on the size of your dog, what it is being used for, and how long your veterinarian recommends using it. 

A standard 2-week dose should cost $6-$20 on average although your cost may be higher or lower. 

Prednisone is the least expensive of the steroid-type drugs available for dogs, therefore it is often used if there are financial restrictions on care.

Prednisone Storage Instructions

Always check the label for date of expiration and storage instructions. Tablets and some oral liquids can be stored at room temperature but some liquid formulations need to be refrigerated. 

Related Medications

• Temaril-P (prednisone with trimeprazine)
• Dexamethasone
• Methylprednisilone
• Cyclosporine
• Fluticasone
• PerCorten-V (desoxycorticosterone pivalate)
• Fludrocortisone

The post Prednisone for Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

However, activated charcoal is not effective for every type of toxin and it is important to be aware of its limitations. If your dog has ingested a foreign substance, you should always consult your veterinarian or poison control before trying to administer treatment at home. 

What is Activated Charcoal?

Activated charcoal is made by burning wood at high temperatures to produce charcoal. The product is then “activated”–a process that creates extra holes and crevices in the charcoal to increase its surface area, thereby increasing its ability to bind to other compounds. 

The resulting product is administered by mouth to bind to toxins in a dog’s stomach and gastrointestinal tract. 

Activated charcoal is available in both over-the-counter and prescription formulations, but most OTC products are not effective.

What Does Activated Charcoal Look Like?

Activated charcoal comes in many different forms. In veterinary medicine, oral solutions are most common. These can either be purchased as a bottle of thick, black liquid, or it can be made in the veterinary clinic by mixing activated charcoal powder with water. The liquid is then fed to the patient with a small amount of food or it can be administered via an oral syringe.

How Does Activated Charcoal Work?

Activated charcoal has an exceptionally large surface area, allowing it to bind to many different compounds. When administered orally, activated charcoal binds to compounds in a dog’s digestive tract and prevents them from absorbing into the bloodstream. 

This is especially useful in cases of poisoning. Once the toxin binds to the charcoal, your dog will harmlessly expel it through his feces. Some activated charcoal products also contain a cathartic agent such as sorbitol, which speeds the passage of the charcoal through the digestive tract to ensure dogs expel the toxins quickly.

Unfortunately, activated charcoal does not remove all toxins. Some compounds, like ethanol and xylitol, are too small to bind to the activated charcoal. 

The timing of the toxin ingestion is also important. If too much time has passed, your dog’s bloodstream has likely already absorbed the toxin. In those cases, activated charcoal will not be effective. 

Your veterinarian will decide whether or not to administer activated charcoal based on the type of toxin, when your dog ingested it, your dog’s symptoms, and any other health conditions.

What is Activated Charcoal Used For in Dogs?

Activated charcoal decontaminates your dog’s gastrointestinal tract following the ingestion of a toxin. Depending on the type of toxin and how much time has passed since your dog ingested the substance, your veterinarian may recommend first inducing vomiting to remove as much of the substance from the stomach as possible. 

Once ingested, activated charcoal then binds to any remaining toxin to prevent systemic absorbption. In some cases, multiple doses of activated charcoal over several hours may be necessary.

Veterinarians commonly prescribe activated charcoal for dogs to remove toxins like:

• Prescription or OTC medications
• Rodenticides
• Marijuana
• Narcotics
• Aspirin
• Acetaminophen
• Organophosphate or carbamate insecticides
• Pyrethrins
• Strychnine

However, veterinarians do not recommend activated charcoal for every dog or every case of poisoning. Not every toxin will bind to activated charcoal, and in some cases the presence of charcoal in a dog’s gastrointestinal tract can limit your veterinarian’s ability to administer other treatments. For this reason, do not to give your dog activated charcoal at home unless your veterinarian directs you to do so. 

Most Common Side Effects

Activated charcoal can cause serious or potentially life-threatening side effects, especially with improper administration. Veterinarians do not recommend these products for some patients, such as those experiencing dehydration, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, or signs of bowel obstruction. 

Only administer activated charcoal under the supervision of your veterinarian. Your veterinarian may also recommend additional treatments, such as IV fluids and medications for nausea and vomiting, to manage the side effects of activated charcoal. 

Potential side effects of activated charcoal in dogs include:

• Hypernatremia (excessively high sodium in the blood)
• Aspiration, leading to pneumonia and other respiratory problems
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Gastrointestinal obstruction
• Black feces
• Eye irritation

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Activated charcoal binds to many common medications and may reduce their efficacy. Let your veterinarian know if your dog has taken any oral medications in the past 24 hours. 

Your veterinarian may recommend altering your dog’s medication dosing schedule to ensure the activated charcoal does not react with it.

Activated Charcoal Dosages for Dogs

Activated charcoal is typically dosed based on your dog’s weight, and dosages may vary depending on the product. Careful dosing is especially important if the product contains cathartic agents such as sorbitol, because this can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances if administered incorrectly. 

Some toxins may require multiple administrations of activated charcoal for best results. Consult your veterinarian or poison control prior to administering any activated charcoal to your dog.

Cost

Activated charcoal is a relatively inexpensive product. Veterinary-specific oral suspensions of activated charcoal cost about $20-$30 per bottle. However, you may need multiple bottles for large dogs or in a severe case. 

Your vet may also prescribe other medications to address the toxicity and manage the side effects of activated charcoal, which may increase the overall cost of treatment.

Should your dog ingest something that is dangerous or toxic, a pet insurance policy can help cover testing and treatment costs. A policy such as Lemonade may help cover things like emergency care, ingestion of vomiting, surgery, and even hospitalization.

Storage Instructions

You can store most forms of activated charcoal at room temperature. Always store activated charcoal away from light, heat, and moisture. Be sure to check the packaging for any additional storage instructions from the manufacturer.

Activated Charcoal for Dogs FAQs

Can dogs have activated charcoal?

Activated charcoal is used as a gastrointestinal decontaminant for dogs following the ingestion of a toxin. Depending on the type of toxin and how much time has passed since your dog ingested the substance, your veterinarian may recommend first inducing vomiting to remove as much of the substance from the stomach as possible. 

Where can you get activated charcoal for dogs?

You can purchase activated charcoal for dogs over the counter at most pet care stores and online retailers like Amazon. However, you should never give your dog activated charcoal unless prescribed by your veterinarian.

How much activated charcoal should you give your dog?

How much activated charcoal your veterinarian will recommend for your dog depends on your dog’s weight and the product prescribed. The typical dosage is 1 to 3 grams of charcoal per 1 kilogram of bodyweight once. Your vet may recommend repeated doses at a lower dosage in some cases.

However, you should always follow the explicit instructions of your veterinarian. Careful dosing is critical, as some products contain cathartic agents like sorbitol, which can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances if administered incorrectly.

How do you give your dog activated charcoal?

Activated charcoal for dogs is administered orally. Depending on the product, it may come in pill form or as a powder, which can be mixed in with your dog’s food. Always follow your veterinarian’s instructions for proper dosage and administration for your dog.

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One of doxycylcine’s most frequent uses is for “kitty colds” or upper respiratory infections because it is effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria. Generally doxycycline is well tolerated with minimal side effects in cats. 

What is Doxycycline?

Doxycycline is an antibiotic in the class called tetracyclines. These antibiotics are bacteriostatic. That means they prevent bacteria from reproducing but do not kill the bacteria outright. Stopping the bacteria from reproducing, and therefore the infection from worsening, gives the body’s immune system the opportunity to kill the bacteria and cure the infection. Tetracycline antibiotics are effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria types making them very useful in veterinary medicine. 

Doxycycline comes in several formulations which are used interchangeably in veterinary medicine. It is readily available from your regular veterinarian or a local pharmacy as it is commonly used in human medicine as well.

Doxycycline is not FDA approved for use in cats in the United States, therefore its use is considered “off-label” or “extra-label.” Many medications commonly used in veterinary medicine fall into this category. This does not mean it is less safe or less effective. Any medication used off-label should be under the close guidance of your veterinarian. . 

What Does Doxycycline Look Like?

Doxycycline is a generic medication and therefore the appearance of the capsule, tablet, and liquid varies depending on the laboratory that produced it. If you are concerned you may have the wrong medication, call your veterinarian or the pharmacy that filled the medication to confirm its appearance. 

How Does Doxycycline Work?

Doxycycline prevents bacteria from producing proteins necessary for their growth and reproduction. This effect is specific to a type of protein synthesis found in bacteria and therefore is very safe to use, having minimal effects on animal cells. 

Doxycycline is time-dependent which means its ability to inhibit bacteria is based on the length of time the bacteria are exposed to adequate doses of the medicine. When taken orally, the medicine is well-absorbed and then excreted in feces.

What Does Doxycycline Treat in Cats?

Doxycycline can be used to treat a wide variety of illnesses in cats. Most commonly it is used as an antibiotic to treat infections of the respiratory tract, mouth, and urinary tract. This includes common kitty colds (upper respiratory tract infections) and periodontal disease.  

It is also important in treatment against tick-borne diseases including Lyme disease. Due to its ability to affect the immune system, doxycycline may also be used in conjunction with other medications to treat autoimmune disorders. 

Doxycycline can target a special type of bacteria called Wolbachia, which itself resides inside of heartworms. The death of Wolbachia weakens heartworms and can be a valuable part of treatment for cats with heartworm disease. The medication, melarsomine, used to treat heartworms in dogs is not recommended for cats, so weakening the heartworms with doxycycline is even more important in cats. 

Below are some cat health problems where doxycycline may be prescribed:

• Upper respiratory tract infections (sinus and nasal infections)
• Urinary tract infections
• Oral infection including periodontal disease
• Abscesses
• Lyme Disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Tularemia
• Bartonellosis
• Leptospirosis
• Feline Infectious Anemia (Mycoplasma Haemofelis)
• Heartworm Disease
• Lymphocytic/Plasmacytic Pododermatitis
• Lupus
• Anemia 

Doxycycline Side Effects in Cats

Doxycycline is usually well-tolerated in cats. The most common side effects are lack of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. 

Other side effects include:

• Inappetance
• Lethargy (decreased energy)
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Hyperthermia
• Esophageal stricture

All tetracycline antibiotics have the potential to cause discoloration of developing teeth but doxycycline is least likely to cause this problem. High doses of doxycycline may inhibit the growth of long bones in cats such as the femur and humerus. If the tablet or capsule gets caught in the esophagus it can cause scarring and result in narrowing of the esophagus known as a stricture. 

Always follow any tablet or capsule with at least 5mL water (1 teaspoon). Hypersensitivity reactions are very rare in cats but can result in hyperthermia (high temperature) and malaise. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Doxycycline should not be given with milk or food high in calcium or iron due to interactions that can reduce the efficacy of the antibiotic. Oral absorption is decreased with antacids and coating agents such as sucralfate. Doxycycline can increase the effect of the cardiac medication digoxin and decrease the efficacy of the epilepsy medication phenobarbital. It should be used with caution with anticoagulants. 

Always tell your veterinarian if your cat is taking any other medications before giving your cat doxycycline. 

Doxycycline Dosages for Cats

Doxycycline dosage for cats is based on weight, so two cats in the same house may have different dosages. Always follow your veterinarian’s recommendation about dosage amount and frequency. 

Because doxycycline is an antibiotic, once you start giving it to your cat you must finish the entire course as prescribed by your veterinarian. Failure to do so can result in antibiotic resistance and a cat who is still sick. 

As a rule, cats should be given the liquid formulation of doxycycline whenever possible. If your veterinarian prescribes a tablet or capsule, follow each dose with 5mL (1 teaspoon) of water. 

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of Doxycycline?

If you miss a dose, resume giving the medicine the next time it is due. If you miss more than one dose, call your veterinarian. Never give more than one dose of doxycycline to your cat at a time.  

Cost of Doxycycline for Cats

The cost of doxycycline varies depending on its availability. There have been times recently when doxycycline was in short supply and therefore difficult to acquire or too expensive to give to veterinary patients. 

Generally, doxycycline is widely available and inexpensive. On average, a course of doxycycline should be less than $25-$40 for a typical infection. If long-term use of doxycycline is required, this will increase the cost. 

To help offset the cost of medications like Doxycycline, it’s worth considering investing in a pet health insurance policy from a company such as Lemonade. Like people, there’s no telling when your cat might get sick, require medication, or even an emergency vet visit. With policies starting at $10 a month, Lemonade makes pet health insurance very affordable for pet parents.

Doxycycline Storage Instructions  

Tablets and capsules do not need to be refrigerated but should be stored in a light-resistant container at room temperature. Liquid formulations of doxycycline may need to be refrigerated and are only good for 2 weeks. Compounded formulations may also have special storage instructions. Always follow the recommendation of your veterinarian or pharmacist. Do not use expired antibiotics. 

Related Medications

• Minocycline
• Tetracycline

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