In humans, a hernia often refers to an abnormal body wall opening in the abdomen or groin. This opening allows tissues to protrude from the abdomen and rest under the skin. 

You may be wondering, can dogs get hernias too? Read on to learn more about dog hernias, including types, causes, signs, and treatment.

Can Dogs Get Hernias?

Yes, dogs can get hernias. In fact, hernias in dogs are relatively common. They’re often diagnosed in young puppies. 

The most common form of dog hernia is an umbilical hernia, which allows fat and/or abdominal organs to protrude through the umbilicus (belly button) on a puppy’s belly. Small umbilical hernias may close on their own, but veterinary care is often required.

Canine hernias are similar to human hernias, although their causes may differ.

What Does a Hernia Look Like in a Dog?

Many dog hernias can be seen and/or felt. Hernias often take the form of a soft to slightly-firm bulge, protruding from your dog’s belly, groin, or hind end. In older dogs, a hernia may be mistaken for a soft, fatty lump under the skin.  

However, some hernias occur internally. These hernias involve the diaphragm instead of the external body wall, which means they cannot be seen or felt. Internal hernias require x-rays or other veterinary tests for diagnosis. 

Types of Hernias in Dogs

There are several types of hernias in dogs, each with a unique cause and clinical appearance. 

Umbilical hernia: Umbilical hernias in dogs occur at the umbilicus (belly button). This is the most common type of dog hernia. Many umbilical hernias are small and they may close on their own, as a puppy grows and matures. Large umbilical hernias and hernias that do not close over time, however, can cause problems and require treatment. 

Inguinal hernia: Inguinal hernias affect the groin, where the inner leg meets the belly. 

Perineal hernia: These hernias, which often occur in unneutered, older males, may affect one or both sides of a dog’s hind end (adjacent to the rectum).

Diaphragmatic hernia: A diaphragmatic hernia affects the diaphragm, which is the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen. A diaphragmatic hernia can interfere with a dog’s ability to breathe. Emergency treatment is often required. 

Hiatal hernia: A hiatal hernia is a small hereditary defect in the diaphragm that allows a portion of a dog’s stomach to protrude into the chest.  

Spay incision hernia: When an abdominal incision does not heal properly, a hernia may occur. These hernias usually become apparent in the days or weeks immediately after surgery.

How Do Dogs Get Hernias?

Most hernias are caused by genetic or hereditary factors. These hernias are present at birth. Umbilical and hiatal hernias both fall into this category, with umbilical hernias being far more common. Umbilical hernias can occur in any breed, while hiatal hernias are most common in Bulldogs and Shar Pei dogs. 

Perineal and inguinal hernias tend to occur in older dogs. Perineal hernias primarily affect intact males; they are associated with excessive straining due to an enlarged prostate gland. Age-related inguinal hernias can be associated with pregnancy, trauma, obesity, or other factors.  

Diaphragmatic hernias are usually caused by blunt force trauma. Potential causes include being hit by a car, falling from a high surface, or being kicked in the abdomen. Excessive force on the abdomen leads to a tear in the diaphragm, causing significant breathing difficulties.

Incisional hernias, such as a dog spay incision hernia, form after abdominal surgery, when an incision fails to heal normally and dehisces (opens). Some incisional hernias are caused by underlying conditions that interfere with healing, while others may be associated with returning to activity too quickly. 

Dog Hernia Symptoms

Hernia symptoms vary, based upon the type of hernia. 

Umbilical, inguinal, and perineal hernias cause swelling at the affected area. In most cases, these swellings are soft and nonpainful. Sometimes, however, organs may become trapped or strangulated in a hernia. This causes pain, swelling, and inflammation, requiring emergency treatment.

Signs of hernias include: 

• Soft, nonpainful swelling on the belly, in the groin, or near the rectum
• Painful or red swelling on the belly, in the groin, or near the rectum (with strangulation)
• Vomiting (with strangulation)
• Lethargy (with strangulation) 

Diaphragmatic and hiatal hernias are not externally visible. While both of these hernias involve tissues moving into the chest, diaphragmatic hernias are typically associated with breathing difficulties and hiatal hernias are associated with gastrointestinal signs. 

Signs of a diaphragmatic hernia in dogs include: 

• Shortness of breath
• Increased respiratory rate
• Increased respiratory effort
• Blue gums
• Lethargy
• History of blunt force trauma

Signs of a hiatal hernia in dogs include: 

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Regurgitation
• Excessive salivation
• Breathing problems

Diagnosing Hernias in Dogs

Umbilical, perineal, and inguinal hernias can often be diagnosed on the basis of a physical examination. Your veterinarian may also recommend x-rays to confirm the diagnosis and determine whether important organs (such as intestines are bladder) are present within the hernia. 

Diaphragmatic and hiatal hernias are typically diagnosed using chest x-rays. In some cases, other forms of imaging may be needed to obtain a definitive diagnosis. 

Dog Hernia Treatment

Most canine hernias are treated with surgery. Some mild hiatal hernias can be managed medically, with treatments aimed at controlling the gastrointestinal signs associated with this condition, but most other hernias should be closed surgically. There are no home remedies for dog hernias.

Surgical repair of umbilical hernias is typically a relatively straightforward procedure. Surgery will likely be performed by your regular veterinarian, and is often performed at the time of a dog’s spay or neuter. 

Surgery to repair a perineal or inguinal hernia in a dog can vary significantly in complexity. Simple repairs may be performed by your regular veterinarian, while complex hernia repair surgery may require referral to a veterinary surgeon. 

Diaphragmatic hernias and hiatal hernias typically require referral to a veterinary surgeon. These are complex surgical procedures with heightened anesthetic risks. 

Dog Hernia Surgery Cost

The cost of surgery can vary significantly, depending on the type of hernia and surgical complexity.

Adding an umbilical hernia repair to a dog’s spay or neuter surgery is often relatively inexpensive, because your dog will already be anesthetized and undergoing surgery. You can expect to pay an additional $200-$400 to have an umbilical hernia repaired at the time of your dog’s spay or neuter. 

Diaphragmatic hernia repair, in contrast, requires a veterinary surgeon and can be significantly more expensive. You can expect to spend $4,000-$8,000 for your dog’s diaphragmatic hernia repair. 

Dog Hernia After Surgery

Some dog hernias occur after abdominal surgery, when the body wall incision fails. Post-surgical hernias can have many causes, including delayed wound healing and high post-surgical activity levels. 

You can reduce the chances of a post-surgical hernia by following your veterinarian’s instructions and limiting your dog’s activity after surgery. Limit your dog’s exercise to short leash walks only, avoiding running, jumping, and other activities. If instructed to use an e-collar (cone) to keep your dog from licking their incision, be sure to do so as directed by your veterinarian. 

How to Prevent Hernias in Dogs

The majority of canine hernias are caused by genetic factors. The best way to prevent these hernias is to avoid breeding dogs with hernias and/or avoid breeding pairs that have produced puppies with hernias in the past. 

If you have a male dog, you can reduce the risk of perineal hernias by having your dog neutered before middle age. You can reduce the risk of diaphragmatic hernia by keeping your dog indoors or in a fenced yard, which can reduce the risk of being hit by a car or sustaining other serious trauma. 

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Most senior cats end up in shelters through no fault of their own. They may find themselves homeless when their guardian passes away or is no longer able to care for them due to their own health issues. Aging cats are often surrendered due to the family’s lack of financial resources to properly diagnose and treat chronic diseases, or deal with behavioral changes associated with old age and related ailments.

While there are several benefits to bringing home a senior cat, there are also some considerations to keep in mind. Keep reading to find out what it takes to be a senior cat parent before making your decision.

When Does an Adult Cat Become a Senior Cat? 

Cats over the age of 10 are considered seniors. Because a well-cared-for indoor cat can live to be more than 15 years old, chances are you have many years with your senior kitty, depending on when you adopt them.  

Your furry friend’s lifespan may also depend on the breed, but there is no definitive study proving this. Dr. Kelly Diehl, senior director of science communication at Morris Animal Foundation, refers to a recent study looking at insurance data that suggested that purebred cats have more disease-related problems than mixed breed cats (1). Morris Animal Foundation, based in Denver, is a nonprofit animal health research organization advancing the health of animals. 

According to Dr. Amber Carter, owner and veterinarian at the cat-only Cat Care Clinic in Ormond Beach, Florida, mixed breed or domestic short/medium/long haired cats tend to live longer. However, when it comes to purebreds, “some believe that Siamese and Burmese live longer.”  

Benefits of Senior Cat Adoption

If you are willing to open your heart and home to a senior cat, there are many rewards to reap. 

Choosing a senior cat means you will be giving a cat who is often overlooked at the shelter a chance at a happy life and a comfortable home during the last phase of their life. 

“Many people who’ve adopted older cats (and my mom recently joined this category) get a lot of satisfaction from the feeling of providing a good home for the remaining years of an older cat’s life,” Diehl says. In turn, the furry feline will provide you with plenty of purrs and snuggles. 

Unlike kittens, senior cats typically come trained to use the litter box and know how to use scratching posts and/or cat trees. The biggest benefit is that they tend not to scratch up your furniture. With an older cat, you’re also more likely to know whether they get along with dogs and kids before bringing the cat home. 

Senior cats tend to be more relaxed than energetic kittens who need a lot of attention and stimulation. Mature cats are also “less likely to eat things they are not supposed to,” Carter says. 

This, of course, doesn’t mean aging cats don’t require basic care. “Senior cats still need attention and human interaction to keep mentally and physically stimulated,” Carter says. 

9 Things You Should Know Before Adopting a Senior Cat

As loving and cuddly as senior cats can be, there are some things to consider before adopting one. Keep reading to find out if you and your family are ready for the responsibility of an aging feline. 

More Mellow

If you are seeking a lively kitty who is up to some antics, a senior cat is not the right choice. Older cats tend to be less playful and active than younger cats. “A senior may not be the best fit if you are looking for an energetic cat that you can play with all day long,” Carter says. 

Additionally, since mature cats are calmer, a house full of young kids or barking dogs may not be the right environment. “This may be stressful for a senior cat, depending on their background,” Carter adds. 

Appreciate a Routine 

If you’ve ever tried switching your cat’s diet, you already know the difficulty of that task. Senior cats may be set in their ways. They may prefer a certain type of food and litter. Carter says this is not necessarily an indication that they will never change. It just takes more time and patience. 

Evolving Health Care Needs

As pets age, they tend to face medical problems. Pet parents need to be prepared—financially, emotionally, and practically—for any potential health issues, Diehl says. “The sad fact is that many older cats are relinquished to shelters because they have a chronic illness,” she adds. In some cases, underlying health conditions may not come to light until after adoption. 

According to Diehl, aging cats are more likely to suffer from diabetes, heart disease, hyperthyroidism, chronic kidney disease, or arthritis. The two most common problems in cats over the age of 10 are arthritis and cognitive decline, which are manageable but not curable. Another common health issue is dental disease, which can cause them pain and trouble chewing their food.  

Although many shelters and rescue groups identify any health issues (known to them) before adoption, there is still no way of knowing what your new pet may encounter in the years to come. The future doesn’t have to be bleak though, says Diehl, as many of these conditions are treatable or manageable. However, pet parents should anticipate that they may need to give their senior cat daily medications or feed them more expensive prescription diets.

More Frequent Vet Visits 

It’s important to take your senior cat to have a physical exam at least twice a year; this involves blood work, checking blood pressure, and testing related to health conditions, Carter says. If your veterinarian uncovers underlying health conditions, your cat may need more frequent veterinary care.

Help with Grooming

Your senior cat may not be grooming themselves as much as they get older, which means they need regular brushing and nail trims to prevent ingrown and long (painful) nails. Regular brushing will avoid hair matting, hairballs, and skin odor and will help your cat have a shiny, healthy coat.

Change in Bathroom Habits 

While one of the benefits of adopting a senior cat is the fact that they come housetrained, they may have trouble controlling their bathroom habits as they get older, especially if they are diabetic or have arthritis. They may also have difficulty finding the litter box because of cognitive dysfunction. 

Mobility Issues 

One of the most common issues older cats face is degenerative joint disease or arthritis. Signs of arthritis include hesitating before jumping or being unable to jump up to high perches they once reached with ease, Carter says. They may even have trouble getting in and out of the litter box. 

Luckily, arthritis is manageable. “We have many options, everything from oral pain medication to monthly monoclonal antibody injections (such as Solensia by Zoetis) to joint supplements in the form of treats,” Carter says. While there’s no cure for arthritis, treatment can help these cats maintain a good quality of life. 

Value Their Own Space 

If you have other cats or dogs, don’t let that deter you from adopting a senior cat. The key to successfully integrating your new pet into the household is slowly introducing them to the current residents. But first, Carter recommends you’ll need to ensure that the senior cat has their own room or space, with access to food, water, and a litter box, away from the other pets. 

In an ideal world, they will all come to get along and love one another, but be prepared to give your senior pet a space of their own if the other pets aren’t so welcoming of your new addition. Keep your senior cat away from kittens who may want to play all the time. 

Less Time to Spend Together

When bringing home an elderly cat, it’s important to recognize that you may not have as much time with them as you would like. While some seniors can live for many more years, there is a chance your cat may have a shortened life span, depending on any underlying conditions. Additionally, you may not know your cat’s exact age, unless the previous owner disclosed this information. Pet parents of older cats also need to be mentally and financially prepared to make end-of-life decisions for the pet. 

Where to Find Senior Cats for Adoption

If you have decided to welcome a senior cat into your home, there are several ways to find one. First, check with your local shelter or a rescue. There are sure to be cats waiting for loving homes. Most likely, these pets will also be listed on adoption sites like Petfinder.com. Be sure to pay a visit to your local shelter to meet any potential adoptees in person to get to know them, but know that they may be shy or skittish at first. 

Secondly, seek out senior-focused cat rescue groups or any groups that specialize in rehoming senior pets in your area. For example, North Shore Animal League on Long Island, New York, offers a Seniors for Seniors option, helping place older pets with senior citizens. 

Lastly, if you would like to adopt a senior cat, but potential future vet bills are stopping you from doing so, consider joining a shelter’s Fospice Program, a foster hospice program that lets elderly cats live out their last days in the comfort of the home. When bringing in a cat under the fospice program, the rescue will pay for any medical needs. 

“The purpose of the fospice program is to place senior animals or animals that might not have long to live in homes where they can live the rest of their days being loved and cared for instead of in a cage,” says Rena Sherman, cat adoption counselor at Posh Pets Rescue in Long Beach, New York. “Qualified homes for senior or medical pets sometimes is a senior home, but it can be anyone willing to open their home to an animal with special needs (medical, age, etc.) for the remainder of their lives.”

How to Prepare Your Home for a Senior Cat

Once you’ve found the perfect senior cat for your family, it’s time to prepare your home for a warm welcome. Here are some tips for having a smooth transition and providing a comfortable spot for your new fluffy friend. 

• Quiet and safe space to call their own: Carter recommends designating a quiet space for your cat “with all of their needs set up prior to arrival.” This includes food and water (away from the litter box). “Don’t force them to interact, but let them get to know you and their new environment on their own time,” Carter says.
  
• Keep mobility issues in mind: If your kitty is higher up in age, they may suffer from joint pain. To help alleviate any mobility-related issues, consider a litter box that is low-sided. “Litter pans with high sides are not good choices for older cats and can lead to bathroom accidents,” Diehl warns. If the cat has access to the entire house, and you have more than one level, consider having litter boxes on each floor to make it easy for your furry friend to go to the bathroom.
  
• Provide creature comforts: Cats prefer to sleep on a comfortable bed. Orthopedic or heated cat beds can help provide the needed comfort for arthritic joints. If you have slick wood floors or stairs, add area rugs and anti-slip rug pads to prevent your cat from slipping and falling. Add carpeted ramps near your bed and couch so your pet can climb up and cuddle next to you.
  
• Prioritize play time: Playing provides stimulation for cats of all ages. “It has been shown to help slow cognitive decline, so keep playing with your cat and providing new toys,” Diehl says. “Older cats may be less mobile, but they still need activities to keep them happy!” 

References

1. Hadar, Barr N et al. “Morbidity of insured Swedish cats between 2011 and 2016: Comparing disease risk in domestic crosses and purebreds.” The Veterinary record vol. 192,12 (2023): e2778. doi:10.1002/vetr.2778

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Although most dogs can get by without their teeth, in some cases veterinarians may recommend dental implants (doggie dentures aren’t a thing). We’ve broken down what to know about this topic, though only your veterinarian can ultimately decide if dog dental implants are a good fit.

Can Dogs Get Dentures?

Humans wear dentures (AKA false teeth) to replace a partial or full mouth of missing teeth. Well-fitting dentures facilitate more effective chewing, and thus optimal nutrition. They also allow the wearer to feel more confident while smiling and talking. Typically made of a resin or metal base with porcelain or plastic teeth, dentures get removed for cleaning or when they’re not being used.  

But can dogs get dentures like humans? Maybe you’ve seen pet food ads of dogs with exaggerated dentures or images of dogs “wearing” dentures they’ve snatched from their owners. However, legitimate images of dentures for dogs don’t exist because they’re not something veterinarians offer. For one, dogs are unable to use dentures in the same way as humans do. 

“Dogs’ jaws and oral structures differ significantly from humans, making it difficult to create and fit functional dentures for them,” says Dr. Gabrielle Fadl, director of primary care at Bond Vet, based in New York City. 

Dentures also need to be properly cleaned, cared for, and adjusted when needed, Dr. Fadl adds, “which is challenging for dogs and their owners to manage effectively.”

Dog dentures, if they were to exist, could also pose a potential safety hazard. “They would easily fall out, break, get lost, maybe even ingested,” says Denise S. Rollings, a certified veterinary technician, veterinary technician specialist (dentistry), and founder of Pet Dental Education.

Can Dogs Get Dental Implants?

Although dog dentures aren’t an option, some veterinary dentists do offer dental implants for dogs, which are permanent structures. “Dental implants are surgically placed into the jawbone, providing a stable foundation for prosthetic teeth,” says Dr. Fadl. The screw used to anchor the tooth is made of titanium, a strong and durable, yet lightweight metal; and the implanted tooth is ceramic or porcelain (1). After the screw has been placed, it takes between two and six months for it to fuse with the bone.

An impression is made and then sent to a dental lab for production of the prosthetic tooth (2).

Dental Implants for Dogs: How Common Are They?

While dog dental implants may be available, veterinarians don’t routinely offer this procedure. “In dogs it is a cosmetic procedure, not a medically necessary one. Dogs do not have the same emotional attachment to their teeth as people do, nor do they have social pressures to look a certain way,” says Rollings.

Getting dog dental implants is also an involved, multi-procedural process, each segment requiring anesthesia (1). Aside from the tooth extraction and placement of the screw into the jawbone, the process involves getting impressions of the tooth that needs replacement, taking radiographs, performing any requisite blood tests, and installing the new tooth. This doesn’t include any visits that may arise due to complications.

“There is no need to put a dog through this procedure,” says Rollings.

In a piece published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Association (JAVMA), a group of veterinary dentists maintain that there is not enough evidence yet to justify its widespread use in dogs (2). For now, the veterinary community generally believes that the potential risks of dog dental implants outweigh any health or quality-of-life benefits. 

Dog Teeth Implants: Are They Even Needed?

Dogs can learn to adapt reasonably well without all their teeth, especially if the missing teeth are primarily molars and not critical front teeth, says Dr. Fadl. “Dogs have different types of teeth for various functions, such as tearing, cutting, and grinding, so losing some teeth might affect their ability to chew certain foods. However, they can still manage to eat a balanced diet with softer foods or smaller kibbles.”

One class of dogs more likely to be fitted with dog dental implants are military and police dogs. Because of the activities these working dogs are engaged in (like grabbing, holding, and gnawing), their teeth have a propensity toward breakage. And without a full mouth of functional teeth, they would need to be retired early. 

Pros and Cons of Dog Dental Implants 

If you’re considering dog teeth implants for your dog, ask your veterinarian to refer you to a veterinary dentist. Only a veterinary dentist can ultimately determine if implants are a good fit for your dog. “The decision depends on the individual dog’s health, age, and other factors,” says Dr. Fadl. 

Potential Pros

• Improved chewing ability. Having a full set of teeth can, in theory, lead to improved chewing for the dog and thus better nutritional absorption. Veterinarians say, however, that most dogs can adapt to eating without all of their teeth. 
• Preservation of the jawbone. Dental implants can help preserve the jawbone after a tooth extraction. The degree of jawbone loss in dogs, however, is not as extreme as seen in humans, veterinarians say (2). And while facial structural changes are a concern in humans, dogs aren’t particular about how they look.
• Maintained teeth alignment. Another purported benefit of dental implants is that they can help maintain the position of neighboring teeth after extraction. Due to the size and shape of the dog’s dentition, though, their teeth don’t shift like ours do following extraction (2).
• Helpful for working dogs. Police and military dogs rely on their teeth more than pet dogs do, and they’re more prone to losing them while working. Titanium dog teeth implants can prevent working dogs from having to retire early.

Potential Cons

• There’s not enough data. While dental implants are considered safe and beneficial for humans, peer-reviewed studies demonstrating their use in dogs are lacking. Since dogs can generally do well without a full set of teeth, veterinarians may be hard-pressed to take unnecessary risks.
• It’s a complex procedure. Getting a dog fitted with dental implants is a drawn-out process that involves multiple procedures, each requiring anesthesia. Aside from any necessary teeth extraction, this process involves taking an impression of the teeth to be replaced, placement of the new teeth, and a possible bone graft (1). Performing a bone graft may be an issue if the affected teeth are in the front lower portion of the mouth — this is an area that veterinarians are unable to successfully graft.
• There are risks associated with surgical procedures. All procedures associated with dog dental implants require the use of anesthetics. While anesthesia is generally considered safe, it’s not without its risks. And because multiple procedures are involved, the risks are statistically greater. Complications like swelling, pain, and infection can also arise after dental procedures, says Dr. Fadl.
• There are no guarantees. There’s a possibility that the procedure might not be successful. “Implants might fail to integrate with the bone, leading to additional procedures or a need for alternative solutions,” says Dr. Fadl. 
• They are pricey. Aside from the cost to replace the tooth, other expenses associated with dog dental implants include the tooth extraction, anesthesia, office visits, radiographs, blood work, bone grafting, and medications.  

Cost of Dog Teeth Implants

Since veterinary dentists don’t commonly perform dog dental implant procedures, it’s difficult to find specifics on pricing. Generally, however, the cost starts at about $2,000 for just one tooth. 

This may not include other charges, like tooth extraction, anesthesia, bone grafts, follow-up visits, blood work for dogs with certain health conditions, x-rays, and any necessary pain medications or antibiotics. 

While pet insurance companies may cover some dental procedures, they typically don’t cover cosmetic procedures, which dog dental implants are categorized as.

Dog Missing Teeth: Other Ways to Help

Diet is key to helping a dog with no teeth. “Ensuring a soft or smaller kibble diet that is easier to chew” can help, says Dr. Fadl. Though it goes without saying, she adds that it’s essential to monitor your dog’s eating habits and provide adequate veterinary care to ensure the dog’s health.

The best way to prevent missing teeth in dogs is to adhere to a good oral hygiene routine. “The body’s response to bacterial plaque in the mouth is what causes periodontal disease (ultimately tooth loss). The gold standard is teeth brushing to mechanically remove bacterial plaque,” says Rollings. 

Choosing an appropriate toothbrush can help facilitate successful brushing sessions. The toothpaste you use on your dog must be formulated specifically for use in pets, as human toothpaste can be toxic for them. 

Dr. Fadl also recommends offering your dog dental chews or toys designed to reduce plaque and tartar buildup. Veterinarians say oral rinses and dental wipes are also an option.

Keeping regular veterinary appointments to address issues before they can worsen and having your dog’s teeth professionally cleaned on an annual basis is also important.

If you do opt for dog dental implants, Rollings says the work should be performed by a veterinarian trained in oral surgery with designated trained staff to monitor anesthesia. 

References

1. Dear Doctor: Dental Implants for Dogs. (2022, February). Your Dog. Tufts University – Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.tuftsyourdog.com/doghealthandmedicine/dear-doctor-dental-implants-for-dogs/
2. Tannenbaum, J., Arzi, B., etal. (2013, December). The case against the use of dental implants in dogs and cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. American Veterinary Medical Association. Retrieved from https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/243/12/javma.243.12.1680.xml

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Though it’s the cheapest option by far (other than having a family member look after your fur baby), dog boarding is not without some risks. Many facilities offer a getaway for your pet, where they can play with other dogs, get exercise, and have downtime in their own personal space. But the very nature of this setup means your four-legged friend will face certain risks, such as getting sick or injured during their stay or experiencing stress and anxiety in new surroundings.

When you leave your dog at a boarding facility, you are putting their life in someone else’s hands. This is why it’s so important to do your research, find the right facility for your individual dog, and be well-prepared for their stay. This involves getting recommendations, reading reviews, arranging a site visit, and making sure your dog is up-to-date on vaccines and accustomed to being away from home. 

Keep reading to learn about common dog boarding risks and steps you can take to ensure your pet has a safe and enjoyable stay. 

Boarding Your Dog: 6 Risks to Consider

Infectious diseases 

Dogs seem resilient, but they are susceptible to contagious diseases like kennel cough and parasitic infections that spread in group settings like boarding facilities. “Anywhere dogs from multiple households co-mingle, there are some associated health risks,” warns Amanda Farah, national behavior and training coordinator at Best Friends Animal Society, based in Utah.

“Fleas, ticks, parasitic worms, or protozoa [single-celled parasites] like Giardia often spread in groups of dogs.” Giardia is an intestinal parasite that causes diarrhea and could be fatal to puppies. Respiratory illnesses like kennel cough and canine influenza (dog flu) can also spread when dogs are in close contact. 

The good news is it’s common practice for boarding places to require proof of vaccination for dogs staying in their facilities. These vaccines include DHPP (which protects against viral illnesses like distemper and parvo), rabies, Bordetella (protects against the most common cause of kennel cough), leptospirosis, and sometimes dog flu. While requiring vaccines doesn’t completely eliminate the risk of infectious disease, they can dramatically reduce that risk.

Some boarding kennels require proof that dogs are receiving heartworm prevention. While heartworm disease is relatively unlikely to spread in a boarding kennel, heartworm preventatives also prevent many common intestinal worms. Ensuring that all dogs in their care receive heartworm prevention reduces intestinal worm contamination in the kennel environment. Even if your boarding kennel doesn’t require heartworm prevention, ensuring that your dog is up-to-date can reduce your dog’s risk of acquiring intestinal worms. 

When choosing a boarding service, make sure they require proof of vaccination and heartworm prevention. This will ensure the animals your pet comes into contact with are protected against these harmful infectious diseases. 

Fleas and ticks

Fleas and ticks aren’t just a nuisance, they can cause discomfort and lead to health problems. Fleas can pass from one pup to another, and when left unchecked, a flea infestation could cause skin irritation and hot spots. Dogs can also contract tapeworm from ingesting an infected flea, which could result in weight loss and diarrhea. 

Whether in the backyard or on a hike, ticks seem to be everywhere, and they love latching onto a dog’s fur and skin. Some ticks can carry dangerous diseases, such as Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. 

Even if your boarding facility takes precautions to keep the environment clean and free of pests, there’s no way of knowing if the other companion animals have fleas or ticks. It’s easier to protect against fleas and ticks than to get rid of them. Make sure your dog is protected against these pests by using regular flea and tick prevention, such as orals, topicals, or flea collars. In many boarding kennels, flea and tick prevention is required for all boarding pets.

Separation anxiety and stress

“Pets can have added separation anxiety and stress due to changes in their environment at home, but even more when they are exposed to new places, new smells, protocols, and pheromones,” says Krista Miller, DVM at Fuzzy Healthcare. This stress could lead to a decrease in appetite and/or water consumption, diarrhea, and even fear-related aggression, Dr. Miller warns. 

Hiring a dog trainer for a few sessions could help alleviate your dog’s separation anxiety. In some cases, however, your pet may benefit from a prescribed anti-anxiety medication. Talk to your veterinarian if you are concerned that your pet may experience stress or separation anxiety while boarding. 

Inappropriate exercise

When seeking a boarding facility that’s right for your pet’s health and habits, it’s key to find one that can accommodate their physical needs. Whether you have an elderly dog with arthritis or a young pup with a lot of energy, you’ll want to find out what types of activities your pup might participate in during their stay. Be sure to ask how often your dog will be walked, how long they will be let out to play with other dogs, and how long they will spend time alone in the kennel. 

“If a dog who barely walks around the block on a daily basis is suddenly in a playgroup for several hours a day, we could see the same sorts of aches, pains, or injuries we might see in a sedentary person who woke up one day and decided to run a marathon,” says Farah. Similarly, if you have a dog that is used to running a few miles a day, it’d be frustrating for them to be left alone in a small kennel for a week without play. 

Change in routine

Sudden changes in your dog’s regular routine can cause physical or mental distress, says Farah. Our pets know exactly when they get their breakfast, when walk time arrives, and when to go to bed. Staying at a kennel disrupts their regular daily schedule, which, in some cases, could cause your dog to experience stress and anxiety.  

Farah recommends getting your pet used to the kennel by helping them learn to relax and be comfortable in a confined space. This involves crate training ahead of time and making sure the dog finds this to be a safe space. Additionally, she recommends sending your dog with their own bed and bowls (if allowed) to create a more comfortable and relaxing space. You may even want to leave a piece of your clothing and some of your pet’s favorite toys to remind them of home. 

Dr. Miller recommends taking your dog to the facility beforehand to learn about the new surroundings. “This could be daycare, playdates, or the like to help them adjust to the sounds and smells in advance.” Positive associations, created by those involved with the care of your pet at the facility, will also help foster a welcoming environment for your dog. 

Injury 

The very nature of a boarding facility means interacting with unfamiliar people and dogs. No matter how diligent the staff are, there could be times where your dog might end up getting hurt during rough play or when around a larger breed dog. In some cases, neglect could also cause injury. 

Dr. Miller suggests always asking questions about pet interactions and exposure. Will your dog be let out to play with other dogs? If so, are those dogs screened to reduce the risk of dog aggression? Additionally, if you find that your pet has been neglected or ill-treated, she recommends addressing that as soon as possible after your boarding experience. Contact your veterinarian for a physical examination, and they can help you determine whether your pet requires follow-up care.  

How to Ensure a Safe Dog Boarding Experience

Below are some things to do to keep your dog safe and healthy at a boarding facility:

Stay up to date on vaccinations and parasite control. Make sure your pup is up to date on all the necessary vaccines and on monthly flea, tick, and heartworm prevention. “It may be tempting to try to find a facility that doesn’t require these things, but remember that if they aren’t required for your dog, any other dog there could be carrying diseases,” Farah warns. “It’s more expensive to treat any diseases than the vaccine and preventatives might be.”

Research and tour different facilities. Research and read reviews of the staff and the facilities before selecting the right one for your dog. You can also request a tour of the facility before booking your dog’s stay. “There is no better way to find a good boarding facility than firsthand accounts from people who’ve used them,” Farah says. She recommends asking on neighborhood social media sites or groups if you don’t know anyone personally. “Your vet, trainer, or groomer might also have recommendations.”

Make a checklist of questions to ask. When visiting the facility, ask a lot of questions, Farah recommends. Make sure you are fine with the responses to questions like: 

• What will happen if my dog is too afraid to leave the kennel?
• What will you do if my dog isn’t eating?
• What is the facility’s protocol for emergencies?
• How much communication can I expect?
• How does the staff handle dogs who are behaving inappropriately?

Do a trial run. Prepare your dog for the visit ahead of time with crate training. Farah suggests trying a night or two at the selected boarding facility before a long or far away trip to ease your mind. This can also help identify any trouble areas so you can work on them before you go away. 

Consider alternatives. Ask yourself if a boarding facility is even right for your pet. If the answer is no, seek out alternatives. If you have a social, confident dog, they are likely to do fine at a boarding facility, Farah says. On the other hand, an anxious, fearful, less social dog—perhaps one that’s in less-than-optimal health or older—could have trouble with staying at a dog boarding kennel, she says.

In these situations, Farah recommends asking a friend or neighbor to see if they are willing to care for your dog. “You can also find someone to stay in your home or someone who will board your dog in their home through one of the many sites dedicated to those services.” If you are looking for an in-house pet sitter, make sure they are bonded and carry insurance.  

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If your dog has ever experienced an upset stomach, it’s only natural to wonder “can dogs take omeprazole?” and “when should I give omeprazole to my dog?”

The truth is that dogs can take omeprazole, in some cases, but not all dogs benefit from this medication. Omeprazole should only be given under the guidance of a veterinarian who is familiar with your dog’s stomach issues and overall medical history. 

Read on to learn more about this medication. 

What Is Omeprazole?

Omeprazole is a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) that decreases stomach acid production. This medication was initially developed in Sweden in 1979, and it became available in the United States in 1989. 

Omeprazole is often used in humans. It’s available in almost any human drugstore and can often be purchased over-the-counter. Although omeprazole is not labeled for use in dogs, veterinarians often recommend it for canine patients. Some veterinarians stock omeprazole in their practice, but most veterinarians instead direct clients to a human drugstore to purchase this medication.

What Does Omeprazole for Dogs Look Like?

Omeprazole is available in tablet or capsule form and it is often pink or purple in color.

If capsules or tablets are not an option for your pet, your veterinarian may prescribe omeprazole oral suspension (liquid). Compounded formulations of omeprazole (such as flavored chews) may also be available through a compounding pharmacy.  

Omeprazole is also available in an equine paste formulation in many livestock stores. This paste contains a high concentration of omeprazole, however, and it can be difficult to dose safely in dogs. Do not use horse medication in dogs unless you are instructed to do so by your veterinarian. 

How Does Omeprazole Work?

Omeprazole blocks acid production in the stomach. 

This medication is a proton pump inhibitor, which means it inhibits a specific enzyme pump inside the cells of the stomach lining. This enzyme pump produces stomach acid; blocking its activity halts acid production.

Omeprazole begins to decrease acid production in as little as one hour. However, it takes several days of continuous dosing to see the maximum benefits associated with this medication. Therefore, omeprazole is often given on a daily basis for an extended period of time, instead of being used on an as-needed basis.

What Is Omeprazole Used for in Dogs?

Omeprazole can be used to treat a variety of conditions.

Veterinarians often recommend omeprazole for dogs with known or suspected ulcers of the stomach or small intestine. Omeprazole can also be used to treat gastritis, a condition in which the lining of the stomach is inflamed and irritated. Esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus) may also benefit from omeprazole treatment, especially when that esophagitis is caused by gastric reflux. 

Some common medications, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can predispose dogs to developing ulcers in their stomach and intestines. If your dog needs long-term NSAID treatment, your veterinarian may prescribe concurrent omeprazole to reduce the risk of ulcers.

Finally, omeprazole can decrease the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain. For this reason, it may be recommended to treat some brain disorders, such as hydrocephalus and syringomyelia.

Indications for omeprazole:

• Stomach ulcers
• Small intestinal ulcers
• Gastritis
• Esophagitis 
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Long-term use of NSAIDs
• Hydrocephalus 
• Syringomyelia

How to Give Omeprazole for Dogs

Omeprazole is typically given once daily. It works best when given on an empty stomach, before your dog’s first meal of the day. In some situations, your veterinarian may recommend dosing omeprazole twice daily to provide more continuous control of acid production. 

If you have difficulty giving this medication to your dog, you can try hiding it in a small amount of cheese or peanut butter. (Avoid sugar-free peanut butter, which may contain toxic xylitol.) Try to limit the amount of food used to administer omeprazole, however, because omeprazole works best when given on an empty stomach. 

Omeprazole Side Effects in Dogs

The most common side effects seen with omeprazole in dogs include diarrhea and/or constipation. Some dogs also experience vomiting, loss of appetite, and gas, although it can be difficult to determine whether these are medication side effects or caused by the underlying stomach condition. 

Potential side effects include: 

• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Gas 
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Decreased appetite

Omeprazole should be used with caution in dogs who have kidney or liver disease. These dogs may be at higher risk of side effects. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Omeprazole can interact with a number of other medications, including antibiotics, benzodiazepines (diazepam, alprazolam, etc.), antifungal agents, clopidogrel, phenytoin, digoxin, and levothyroxine. 

Talk to your veterinarian about any medications your dog is taking (prescription medications, over-the-counter, and vitamin supplements) before giving omeprazole. This will minimize the risk of harmful drug interactions. 

Omeprazole Dosage for Dogs

Omeprazole doses are based upon your dog’s body weight and the medical condition that requires treatment. Your veterinarian will calculate the best omeprazole dose for your dog, maximizing clinical benefits while minimizing the risk of side effects. 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Omeprazole?

If you miss a dose and you realize your error within a few hours, give the missed dose as soon as possible. 

If the missed dose will be given more than a few hours late, it’s best to skip the missed dose. Wait until the next scheduled dosing time to give your dog’s next dose of omeprazole. Do not give two doses at once or give extra doses of omeprazole.

If you have any questions about missed doses or your dog’s dosing schedule, contact your veterinarian. 

Omeprazole for Dogs Cost

Omeprazole is a relatively inexpensive medication, depending on your dog’s dose and the duration of therapy. Generic forms are often available for less than $20/month. 

Omeprazole Storage Instructions

Omeprazole tablets and capsules should be stored at room temperature. Protect this medication from light and moisture by storing it in its original container. 

Liquid omeprazole or compounded omeprazole should be stored according to your veterinarian’s or pharmacist’s instructions. 

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While thyroxine production is normally carefully regulated, thyroid disease can lead to hormone imbalances. The most common thyroid condition in dogs is hypothyroidism or low thyroxine production. Hypothyroidism is one of the most common hormonal diseases in dogs, and approximately 1 in 400 dogs receive a diagnosis of hypothyroidism in any given year (1).

What is Hypothyroidism in Dogs?

In a healthy dog, the thyroid gland releases a carefully-regulated flow of thyroxine and other thyroid hormones. Thyroxine’s primary role is controlling the body’s metabolism. It also regulates digestion, as well as the function of the skin, heart, brain, muscles, and reproductive organs. 

Dogs with hypothyroidism have abnormally low levels of circulating thyroxine. This condition is relatively common in dogs, especially middle-aged and older dogs. 

Hyperthyroidism, in contrast, refers to the production of excess thyroid hormone levels. While this condition is common in cats, it is very rare in dogs. 

Causes of Hypothyroidism in Dogs

Hypothyroidism can be divided into two categories: congenital (inherited) and acquired. 

Congenital hypothyroidism is caused by a mutation in the genes. In these dogs, the thyroid gland never develops normally. This form of hypothyroidism, which is diagnosed during puppyhood, is rare in dogs. 

Acquired hypothyroidism, in contrast, refers to hypothyroidism that develops later in life. This is the most common form of canine hypothyroidism. Most cases are caused by an autoimmune reaction within the thyroid gland, which destroys healthy thyroid tissue. Less commonly, acquired hypothyroidism can be caused by thyroid tumors, thyroid cysts, trauma, or iodine deficiency. 

Acquired hypothyroidism can occur in any dog, including both purebred and mixed breed dogs. The condition is most common in Doberman Pinschers, Boxers, and Tibetan Terriers. 

Hypothyroidism in Dogs Symptoms

Symptoms of hypothyroidism in dogs can be vague. They can be mistaken for other conditions or confused with normal signs of aging. 

The most common signs of hypothyroidism are weight gain and lethargy. Affected dogs often gain weight without any noticeable increase in food intake, due to a slowing of the metabolism. 

Affected dogs may also develop signs of hair loss, a dull or brittle coat, and darkening of the skin. Less common signs may include vomiting or diarrhea, ocular (eye) changes, facial nerve paralysis, and changes in heart/lung function. Pacing and restlessness can also occur. 

Some dogs develop a characteristic condition known as a “tragic face.” This appearance is caused by swelling and thickening of the skin on the head and face. Affected dogs may have a sad expression, caused by drooping eyelids and general sagging of the facial skin.  

Here is a dog hypothyroidism symptoms checklist:

• Weight gain
• Lethargy
• Exercise intolerance
• Decreased appetite
• Hair loss
• Dull or brittle coat
• Darkening of the skin (hyperpigmentation)
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• White discoloration of the cornea (surface of the eye)
• Increased respiratory rate
• Facial paralysis 

Diagnosing Hypothyroidism in Dogs

Your veterinarian may suspect hypothyroidism on the basis of your dog’s clinical exam findings. However, further testing is always needed to confirm the diagnosis. 

Hypothyroidism is diagnosed with a blood panel. There are three tests included in a typical canine thyroid panel: 

• Total T4: This test measures the total amount of thyroxine circulating in your dog’s bloodstream. A low Total T4 level suggests a possibility of hypothyroidism, but additional testing is required. Many normal dogs have low Total T4 levels at some point during the day, so a low Total T4 is not considered adequate to make a diagnosis. 
• Free T4: This test measures free T4, which is the biologically active form of thyroxine. Free T4 is a more accurate indicator of hypothyroidism than Total T4. A low free T4 level confirms a diagnosis of hypothyroidism. 
• TSH: This hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, signals the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine. In dogs with hypothyroidism, TSH levels are high because the body is trying to increase thyroxine production to adequate levels. 

Additional testing, such as imaging, is rarely indicated for a diagnosis of hypothyroidism. However, in some cases of congenital hypothyroidism, your veterinarian may recommend X-rays to evaluate growth abnormalities.

Dog Hypothyroidism Treatment

Hypothyroidism is treated with levothyroxine, a synthetic thyroxine supplement. This medication is given by mouth. Most dogs take levothyroxine twice daily, but once-daily dosing may be adequate in some cases.

Your veterinarian will calculate your dog’s starting dose of levothyroxine based on your dog’s weight and current thyroid levels. (If you or a family member have hypothyroidism, you may notice that levothyroxine doses are much higher in dogs than they are in people.) 

One month after starting treatment, your veterinarian will assess your dog’s Total T4 level. This will allow them to determine whether your dog remains on the starting dose or whether a dose adjustment is needed. Your veterinarian may increase or decrease your dog’s levothyroxine dose based upon the results of this test. Once your veterinarian determines the optimal levothyroxine dose for your dog, your dog should show signs of improvement within 4-6 weeks. 

Your pet will remain on levothyroxine for the rest of their life. Your veterinarian will assess your dog’s Total T4 level every 6-12 months and make dose adjustments if needed. 

What to Feed a Dog with Hypothyroidism

Dogs with hypothyroidism do not typically have any specific dietary requirements. 

In most cases, affected overweight dogs begin to lose their excess weight once their thyroid hormone levels are brought back into a normal range. If your dog needs further assistance with weight loss, your veterinarian may recommend a restricted-calorie diet. 

Cost to Treat Hypothyroidism in Dogs

Hypothyroidism is a relatively inexpensive condition to treat. Levothyroxine typically costs $20-$50 per month, depending on your dog’s weight and their required dosage. 

Thyroid testing, which is typically performed once or twice yearly, costs $50-$100. 

Hypothyroidism in Dogs Life Expectancy

With treatment, the harmful effects of hypothyroidism can be completely reversed. With consistent treatment, affected dogs typically go on to live normal, healthy lives.

In the case of congenital hypothyroidism, early treatment is essential to prevent permanent effects. Fortunately, this condition is rare in dogs. 

How to Prevent Hypothyroidism in Dogs

There is no effective way to prevent acquired hypothyroidism, which constitutes the majority of hypothyroidism cases. 

To prevent congenital hypothyroidism, avoid breeding pets with this condition. 

References

1. O’Neill, D.G., Khoo, J.S.P., Brodbelt, D.C. et al. Frequency, breed predispositions and other demographic risk factors for diagnosis of hypothyroidism in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK. Canine Med Genet 9, 11 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-022-00123-8

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Read on to learn more about seizures in cats, including what they look like and how you should respond if your cat has a seizure. 

Can Cats Have Seizures?

Just like humans, cats can have seizures. A seizure can be thought of as an electrical storm within the brain. All of the outwardly visible signs associated with a seizure are caused by abnormal electrical activity (nerve impulses) traveling throughout the brain. 

There are many potential causes of seizures in cats. Additionally, seizures can take on a variety of clinical appearances.

Types of Seizures in Cats

Seizures can be divided into two broad categories: generalized seizures and focal seizures. 

Generalized Seizures

During a generalized seizure, also known as a grand mal seizure, abnormal electrical activity occurs throughout the brain. During a generalized seizure, your cat will lose consciousness and be unaware of their surroundings. Affected cats often fall over with jerky, spasming movements throughout their entire body; over time, these movements may gradually turn to rhythmic paddling. Excessive salivation and loss of bladder or bowel control are also common features of generalized seizures. Most generalized seizures last for less than two minutes, though they can be very scary to watch. Fortunately, generalized seizures are relatively rare in cats. 

Focal Seizures

Focal seizures, in contrast, affect only a small portion of the brain. This is the most common type of seizure in cats. Focal seizures in cats do not cause a loss of consciousness. Instead, you may notice spasming of one particular limb or body part. In their most subtle forms, focal seizures may involve only a twitch of a single eyelid or ear. In more severe forms, cats with focal seizures may chew their tongue, run into walls or objects, and show other signs of distress. In some cases, a focal seizure can progress to a generalized seizure.

Cluster Seizures

Cluster seizures in cats may also occur. A cluster seizure is defined as two or more seizures occurring within a 24-hour period. These seizures may be focal or generalized. Cluster seizures warrant immediate veterinary attention. 

Cat Seizure Causes

Cat seizures can have a variety of potential causes. In general, causes of seizures may be divided into two categories: intracranial disease (occurring within the brain) and extracranial disease (occurring outside of the brain). 

The majority of seizures in cats are caused by intracranial disease. Intracranial infections that may be associated with seizures in cats include: 

• Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)
• Cryptococcus (a fungal infection)
• Toxoplasma (a protozoal disease)
• Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)
• Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
• Rabies (in unvaccinated cats)

Seizures can also be caused by inflammation with the brain, the presence of a brain tumor, or scar tissue within the brain (caused by previous infection or trauma). Young cats with seizures may have inherited epilepsy, which predisposes them to recurrent seizures despite the lack of an identifiable underlying disease. 

Extracranial diseases that may cause seizures in cats include:

• Polycythemia (a red blood cell abnormality)
• Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
• High blood pressure
• Liver disease

Rarely, toxins and medications may contribute to seizures.

What Can Trigger a Seizure in a Cat?

Low blood sugar, a high fever, or exposure to a toxin could trigger a one-time seizure in a cat. 

In many cases, however, seizures in cats are repeated. These seizures can often be directly attributed to an underlying intracranial or extracranial condition. 

Cat Seizure Symptoms

The symptoms of seizures will vary, depending on whether your cat is having a focal or generalized seizure. During a focal seizure, abnormal electrical activity is confined to one region of the brain. These cats remain conscious, responding to sight and sound. In most cases, the clinical signs associated with a focal seizure will be confined to one area of the body. 

The signs of a generalized seizure are more dramatic. These cats lose consciousness and may show signs similar to what you would expect of a human having a seizure. Generalized muscle spasms, loss of bladder and bowel control, and a period of post-seizure disorientation are common in cats with generalized seizures.

Symptoms of seizures in cats include: 

• Isolated twitching of one limb (focal)
• Isolated twitching of one or both eyelids (focal)
• Isolated twitching of one or both ears (focal)
• Sudden, abnormal behavior (focal)  
• Loss of consciousness (generalized)
• Fall over on their side (generalized)
• Generalized twitching or paddling (generalized)
• Loss of bladder or bowel control (generalized)
• Increased salivation (focal or generalized)
• Clenched, chattering jaw (focal or generalized)

What to Do if Your Cat is Having a Seizure

If your pet is having a seizure, remain calm. Most seizures will stop within a few minutes, even without veterinary treatment. 

Minimize your cat’s chance of injury. A cat that is having a generalized seizure at the top of a flight of stairs, for example, is at risk of falling down the stairs and becoming injured. If possible, move your cat to a safe, confined area. Take care not to get bit or scratched during this process, because pets that are having a seizure may be prone to bite. Use a thick towel or blanket when picking up your cat, to reduce the risk of receiving a bite. 

Do not reach into your cat’s mouth during a seizure. Cats will not swallow their tongues, and you increase your risk of being bitten by your cat by reaching into their mouth. 

Time your pet’s seizure. This information can be valuable to your veterinarian. A seizure that lasts 5 minutes or longer warrants emergency veterinary care; take your cat to your regular veterinarian or a veterinary emergency hospital. 

Once the seizure is over, reassure your cat. Your cat may be tired or antisocial after a seizure, which is normal. Offer your cat a quiet place to rest. 

Finally, contact your veterinarian. Isolated, one-time seizures may or may not require treatment, but your veterinarian will likely want to perform a physical exam to look for other signs of underlying disease.

Diagnosing Cat Seizures

Any cat with seizures should receive a thorough physical exam and screening blood tests. Your veterinarian will look for signs of neurologic disease, while also searching for extracranial disease that may cause seizures. 

If your cat has a history of repeated seizures, a more thorough workup is needed. Your veterinarian may recommend blood tests to screen for common infectious diseases. Additionally, your veterinarian may recommend X-rays of your cat’s chest to look for tumors.

In some cases, your veterinarian may refer your cat to a veterinary neurologist for a more extensive workup. A veterinary neurologist may recommend further testing, such as a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tap and advanced imaging (CT or MRI). 

Cat Seizure Treatment and Management

The treatment of feline seizures depends on their underlying cause. 

There are multiple anti-seizure medications available for use in cats, but these drugs offer their greatest benefits in cats with inherited epilepsy. If your veterinarian is able to rule out other intracranial and extracranial causes of seizures, you can expect a good response to anti-seizure medications. 

If your cat’s seizures are caused by another intracranial or extracranial disease, however, managing your cat’s seizures will require addressing the underlying cause of the condition. Fortunately, many causes of seizures in cats can be successfully treated or managed. 

There are no known, effective home remedies for cat seizures.

Cat Seizure Medications

Anti-seizure medications used in cats include phenobarbital, levetiracetam, and zonisamide. Gabapentin may also be used, especially in the case of focal seizures. These medications decrease the excitability of the cells within the brain. Therefore, side effects may include sedation, especially in the early stages of treatment. 

Depending on the underlying cause of your cat’s seizures, other medications that may be recommended include clindamycin (an anti-protozoal drug), prednisone (a steroid), or antifungal medications. 

Cost of Treatment for Cat Seizures

The cost to treat epilepsy will depend largely on the underlying cause. In general, the cost of anti-seizure medications will be $30/month or less. However, antifungal medications and treatments for brain cancer may be significantly more expensive. 

How to Prevent Seizures in Cats

Given the diverse causes of seizures in cats, there’s no single way to prevent these seizures from occurring. Keeping your cat indoors and up-to-date on recommended vaccinations, however, can protect them from some of the infectious causes of feline seizures.

References

1. Moore SA. Seizures and epilepsy in cats. Vet Med (Auckl). 2014;5:41-47. Published 2014 Jul 30. doi:10.2147/VMRR.S62077 

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Find out whether dogs can suffer from allergies, symptoms to watch for, and how to relieve your pet’s discomfort. 

Can Dogs Have Allergies?

Simply put, yes, dogs can have allergies. “It seems as though allergies in dogs are becoming more and more common,” says Candy Akers, DVM, a holistic veterinarian in Elbert County, Colorado.

Certain dog breeds are more prone to developing allergies, such as Boxers, West Highland White Terriers, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, and German Shepherds. 

So how can you tell the difference between harmless scratching in dogs and an allergic itch? 

“Dog allergies can be tricky to detect, particularly for new dog parents,” says Dr. Elizabeth Racine, a small animal veterinarian. “It can be challenging to differentiate dog scratching due to normal itching or allergies, but normal itching can be relieved with a scratch.”

“For dogs with allergies, the scratching would be more intense and regular,” she continues. “Dogs who suffer from allergies may find themselves unable to relieve the itch, no matter how much they scratch.”

To complicate matters, there are different types of allergies in dogs, so determining what a dog is allergic to isn’t that simple. Common types of allergies in dogs include:

• Environmental allergies (seasonal)
• Flea allergies
• Food allergies
• Contact allergies

What Causes Allergies in Dogs?

Could the fresh-cut grass that your dog has been rolling in outside be causing their allergies to flare up? Or could your dog’s diet be triggering a reaction? Determining what’s triggering your dog’s allergies can take time, especially if it’s a food allergy.

Many different things can cause allergies in dogs. Here is a closer look at some of the common culprits, broken down by type of allergy: 

Environmental allergy

In the spring and fall, environmental allergens like pollen, grasses, and mold spores become more abundant, causing various allergic reactions in sensitive dogs, Dr. Akers says. “These seasonal allergies can lead to symptoms such as excessive itching, red and irritated skin, watery eyes, sneezing, and even respiratory issues.” 

Flea allergy

Also called flea allergy dermatitis, flea allergies in dogs can be particularly troublesome. “This condition occurs when a dog is hypersensitive to the saliva of fleas, causing an intense allergic reaction after a bite,” says Dr. Akers. Even a single flea bite can trigger a severe response in dogs with flea allergies, leading to extreme itching, redness, and widespread inflammation of the skin. In their attempt to find relief, dogs may scratch, bite, and lick themselves, which can result in hair loss and even skin infections if left untreated. 

Food allergy

Food allergies in dogs tend to be a bit more difficult to identify. “Common culprits include proteins like beef, chicken, and dairy, but they can also be triggered by grains, such as corn, soy, and wheat,” says Dr. Akers. Symptoms of food allergies in dogs can include skin-related symptoms like itching and rashes, as well as gastrointestinal issues like vomiting and diarrhea. Fortunately, food allergies are thought to be less common than environmental allergies and flea allergies.

Contact allergy

Contact allergies aren’t as common as other forms of allergies. This type of allergy is caused by a material or substance that comes in contact with a dog’s skin. Triggers can include cleaning products, laundry detergents, carpet fibers, ingredients in flea collars, shampoos, and more. If your dog suffers from this allergy, they’ll likely be scratching at the area that comes in contact with the offending trigger. Once it’s removed, ideally your dog’s allergy symptoms will disappear, but your veterinarian might recommend treatment. 

Allergy Symptoms in Dogs

In humans, seasonal allergy symptoms often include itchy, watery eyes, sneezing, itchy noses, coughing, congestion, and fatigue, while skin allergies show up as inflammation, hives, and eczema, according to the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America.

Dogs experience many of the same allergy symptoms.

By now you’ve probably noticed one of the most common allergy symptoms in dogs is itching. Other signs of allergies in dogs include:

• Biting at their coat
• Red, inflamed skin (hot spots of localized inflammation)
• Hives
• Hair loss
• Infections from scratching or biting
• Ear infection
• Lots of shedding
• Watery eyes
• Sneezing
• Respiratory issues

Diagnosing Allergies in Dogs

If you suspect your dog has allergies or your dog is showing dog allergy symptoms, make an appointment with their veterinarian. Your vet will conduct a full physical exam and first rule out conditions like parasites or other skin diseases, which can cause signs similar to allergies.

If an environmental allergy is suspected, a dog allergy test may be used to determine allergens that may trigger a response. “Intradermal skin testing is viewed as the most accurate way of diagnosing dog allergies and is often utilized by veterinary dermatologists,” says Dr. Racine. While blood allergy tests are also available, they may be less accurate. 

Other possible ways you can learn more about allergies in dogs involves doing fur and saliva tests, says Dr. Akers.

If a food allergy is suspected, an elimination diet is needed to confirm the diagnosis and identify the allergen. “Food allergies take time to confirm since they can only be diagnosed via an elimination diet,” Dr. Racine says. “This method is designed with the help of a vet and completed by the client. Together you design a plan where [you] systematically eliminate suspected trigger ingredients from the dog’s diet to see whether their bad reactions improve over time.’’

Treating Allergies in Dogs

There are a number of ways to treat allergies in dogs, and the best treatment will depend on the cause of your dog’s allergies. For example, your veterinarian might recommend an elimination diet if your dog’s allergies are food-related, or a prescription medication if your dog has environmental allergies (atopic dermatitis).

The initial treatment of allergies in dogs typically involves medications aimed at suppressing symptoms, says Dr. Akers. “This could include steroids, antihistamines, anti-inflammatories, immunosuppressants, and chemical blockers.” If your dog has a secondary skin infection as a result of all that itching, your veterinarian may prescribe medicated shampoo, antibiotics, or antifungals. Medicated shampoos can also play a role in both immediate and long-term treatment of skin allergies. 

There are also alternative therapy options, such as acupuncture, which may help with dog allergy symptoms (1).

In addition to symptomatic therapy, it’s important to identify and address the underlying cause of your dog’s allergies. 

For environmental allergies, try to avoid the allergen as best as possible. You can also purchase products such as itch relief shampoo, anti-scratch salmon oil, or allergy immunity chews to help alleviate symptoms, suggests Dr. Racine.

If your dog has a flea allergy, your veterinarian can prescribe a flea and tick control product to kill fleas and prevent future flea infestations. 

If your dog has a food allergy, it’s important to identify the cause of their allergies so you can make sure their food (and treats) don’t contain that allergen.

Making lifestyle modifications can also go a long way in treating your dog’s allergies. “Upon discovering the root allergy source, lifestyle modifications or elimination can prove useful in avoiding further reactions,” says Dr. Racine. “If the animal has reacted badly to an ingredient, toy, fabric, or other item, avoiding this contributor in the future will reduce further discomfort.’’

Home Remedies for Allergies in Dogs

You may be wondering if it is ever safe to give a dog human allergy medicines, such as Benadryl or Claritin, to ease dog allergy symptoms. ‘’Benadryl is a suitable medication for dogs suffering from skin or seasonal allergies,” says Dr. Racine. “This drug can reduce many of the common symptoms experienced by reactions such as hives, redness, and swelling.” However, it can lead to drowsiness in animals and should only be used under veterinary orders, she says.

“Claritin can also be used to treat allergies but is not commonly recommended by qualified veterinary practitioners [because it is often combined with] pseudoephedrine, which can be toxic to our canines,” says Dr. Racine. Your vet is more likely to recommend Zyrtec (cetirizine), which is safer and more effective than Benadryl or Claritin.

Always contact your dog’s veterinarian before giving any medication to your dog.

Preventing Allergies in Dogs

In general, it’s likely impossible to prevent allergies in dogs from happening altogether, but there are some proactive steps pet parents can take. 

Dr. Akers recommends a comprehensive lifestyle approach that involves proper gut health, a healthy immune system, low-stress levels, and as few toxic chemicals added to your dog’s body as possible.

While you can try to minimize a dog’s exposure to an allergen—whether that’s in their food or their environment—“it is currently not possible to 100 percent cure or prevent allergies in dogs,” says Dr. Racine. “Eliminating the trigger is the best way to minimize symptoms.’’ 

Some canine allergies are hereditary, so it’s also best to avoid breeding dogs with a history of allergies.

The post Can Dogs Have Allergies? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Naturally, you might be wondering if seasonal allergies can affect our canine companions, too. And if so, do dogs experience the same allergy symptoms as humans? Keep reading to find out.

Can Dogs Have Seasonal Allergies?

Yes, dogs can have seasonal allergies! Seasonal or environmental allergies are relatively common in dogs, but they don’t cause the same symptoms as they do in humans, says Emily Swiniarski, DVM, chief medical officer of PAWS Chicago. “The difference between dogs and humans is that dogs typically show seasonal allergies through skin and ear disease,” she describes. 

While any dog can experience seasonal allergies, they are more common in certain breeds. Shar-Peis, Wirehaired Fox Terriers, Golden Retrievers, Dalmatians, Boxers, Boston Terriers, Labrador Retrievers, Lhasa Apsos, Scottish Terriers, Shih Tzus, and West Highland White Terriers are noted as being more susceptible to developing seasonal allergies (2).

What Causes Seasonal Allergies in Dogs?

Seasonal allergies in dogs can be triggered by a wide range of irritants, including “different kinds of pollen, dust, grass, basically anything that a human may be allergic to outside,” Dr. Swiniarski explains. 

“Dogs can also be allergic to fleas, which tend to come out during the spring and summer—just when plants start to bloom,” she adds. “As such, it can be difficult to determine whether an allergy is related to something like pollen or flea bites.”

Seasonal allergies most often manifest as skin and ear irritation in dogs. Unfortunately, these are also symptoms of food allergies in dogs. “Skin and ear disease are the most common symptoms of food allergies in dogs, but food allergies can also result in GI (gastrointestinal) disease,” Dr. Swiniarski explains. “So intermittent vomiting, soft stool, or occasional diarrhea all indicate a food allergy rather than a seasonal allergy.” 

Dog Seasonal Allergy Symptoms

Again, the biggest signs that a dog is suffering from seasonal allergies manifest in their skin and ears. Possible symptoms of seasonal allergies in dogs include:

• Itchiness
• Redness
• Fur loss
• Scratches
• Discharge (indicates infection)
• Red and/or crusty bumps
• Ear infection
• Foul odor from the ears
• Discharge from the ears
• Head shaking
• Ear scratching

Non-ear related allergy symptoms can happen anywhere on a dog’s body, but you’re more likely to notice it in areas where the fur is thinner, like on the belly.

And, while sneezing isn’t on the list of common dog allergy symptoms, don’t rule it out entirely. “That doesn’t mean that there can’t be some clear nasal discharge because of seasonal allergies, but that’s not a common symptom,” Dr. Swiniarski says. 

Diagnosing the cause of an allergy in dogs can become complicated, Dr. Swiniarski says. “Any dog could be allergic to one of three things—fleas, food, or seasonal triggers,” she says. “You have to rule each possible allergy out. The biggest hint, however, is that seasonal allergies are seasonal. They don’t last all year.”

Diagnosing Seasonal Allergies in Dogs

Suspected allergies don’t necessarily require that you jump in the car and rush Fido to the vet. If your dog has some of the above symptoms but seems comfortable, you can monitor them at home to see if the symptoms pass. 

“However, if he’s scratching so hard that he’s bleeding or is head shaking or scratching at his ears, something hurts and you need to go to the vet right away,” Dr. Swiniarski says. She adds that if your dog has thick, green nasal discharge or is coughing, you should make a vet appointment.

Once your dog is being examined, the vet will take a detailed history to try and determine the allergy trigger. However, since allergies can be difficult to diagnose, a history might not be enough to determine what your dog is reacting to. 

There are a couple of dog allergy tests that vets might use to help diagnose a seasonal allergy. The first is an intradermal allergy test. Intradermal allergy tests can only be administered by veterinary dermatologists, and they require shaving a patch of your dog’s fur and scratching their skin with allergens to see if there is a reaction. This is similar to how allergists make diagnoses in humans.

There is also something called a RAST (radioallergosorbent) test. RAST tests are blood tests that look for certain allergy antigens. A RAST test is much easier to administer than an intradermal allergy test, because your regular vet can do a simple blood draw. However, RAST tests are not as definitive as intradermal tests and are known for producing false positives.

How to Treat Dog Seasonal Allergies

There are several treatments available for dogs with seasonal allergies that your veterinarian may recommend.

Medicated shampoos could make a difference if the allergen sticks to the dog’s fur. You could also try supplementing with omega-3 fatty acids, which have been shown to have a positive effect on dogs with allergy symptoms. 

If your dog is really uncomfortable, your vet may recommend antihistamines. Dr. Swiniarski notes that one of the most popular antihistamines, Benadryl, has fallen out of favor with a lot of vets. 

“Benadryl is a very weak antihistamine. We have much more effective options today,” she explains. “Also, Benadryl has a lot of side effects. It can make dogs very drowsy, and in rare cases it can have the opposite effect and make dogs hyper.”

Dr. Swiniarski frequently recommends cetirizine, which you probably know as Zyrtec. “You can buy it over the counter, you only need one dose a day, and it’s safer and more effective than Benadryl,” she says. 

While effective, antihistamines do take some time to kick in. Dr. Swiniarski says that you won’t see their full effect until your dog has been taking them for at least a month. For fast-acting relief, your veterinarian may prescribe Apoquel, an oral tablet for dogs that stops allergic itch at the source. It starts to relieve itch within four hours and controls it within 24 hours.

And remember: NEVER give your pet any new medication or supplement without checking with your vet first. They will give guidance regarding dosage and possible drug interactions.

Preventing Seasonal Allergies in Dogs

While it’s impossible to guard your dog from all possible allergy triggers, there are ways to mitigate symptoms. For example, if your dog is allergic to dust or pollen, you might need to clean your house more frequently. You could also consider purchasing air purifiers or high-efficiency air filters. 
The best course of action is to work with your vet to find the right treatment option for your pet. It could be a combination of medication and additional grooming, or maybe omega-3 supplements will do the trick. Sometimes, finding the solution requires some trial and error.

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Locating dog flea bites (and the actual fleas themselves) isn’t always straightforward, which is why we asked veterinarians to help. We’ve also provided tips on treating flea bites and preventing infestations, so your pup doesn’t have to suffer needlessly. If you suspect your dog has fleas or exhibits any unusual symptoms, contact your veterinarian.

What Do Flea Bites Look Like on Dogs?

Flea bites on dogs generally look like miniature raised red dots. They’re sometimes mistaken for bed bug bites and mosquito bites, though flea bites are usually a bit smaller. An allergic reaction – marked by excessive scratching and chewing – can cause the bite to become inflamed.

Even if you know what dog flea bites look like, they’re not always the easiest thing to locate, especially on pups with denser fur. “Often flea bites go unnoticed on the skin unless a severe infestation is present,” says Dr. Audrey Weaver, a partner doctor who works at Heart + Paw in their Glen Mills, Pennsylvania location.

It’s usually easier to detect the presence of flea dirt, dark brown particles (made of flea feces) that resemble coffee grounds, adds Dr. Jerry Klein, chief veterinary officer for the American Kennel Club, based in New York City. Flea dirt is “seen when the hair of an infected animal is parted, often near the base of the tail, near the skull, or on the groin or inside the hind limbs.”

Types of Fleas on Dogs

Of the estimated 2,500 species of fleas worldwide, only a few impact North American dogs. Veterinarians say that most dog flea bites, regardless of the species, look similar. 

The following types of fleas are some to watch for in the United States, with the cat flea being the most common and widespread by far.

Cat Flea (Ctenocephalides felis)

If your veterinarian diagnoses your dog with flea bites, it likely originated from the cat flea, the most prevalent flea species in the United States. The cat flea is a host for diseases that can also be transmitted to humans. These include Rickettsia typhi, the bacteria that causes typhus, and the Bartonella henselae bacteria, which is responsible for spreading the bartonella infection.

Dog Flea (Ctenocephalides canis) 

The dog flea looks a lot like the cat flea, except that it’s not as widespread. This doesn’t mean it can’t cause harm, though, as the dog flea serves as a host to parasitic tapeworms.

Poultry Sticktight Flea (Echidnophaga gallinacea) 

The poultry sticktight flea is primarily a risk for dogs who’ve had contact with infested backyard poultry. While this species doesn’t transmit disease, infestation can lead to a secondary infection.

Oriental Rat Flea (Xenopsylla cheopis)

Though the Oriental rat flea may make its living by feasting on rodents, it’ll attach itself to dogs if needed. This type of flea carries Yersinia pestis, the bacteria responsible for the plague.

Symptoms of Flea Bites on Dogs

Fleas bites on dogs can cause a number of agonizing symptoms like itchiness, redness, and scratching, not to mention infections and medical issues. Because some of these issues can be serious, it’s important to contact your veterinarian right away if your dog is displaying any unusual symptoms.

Itchiness and Scratching

“Some pets may have a flea allergy, which means that when the flea bites the pet, the saliva of the flea triggers an allergic reaction in the pet’s body,” says Dr. Weaver. One of the effects of this, she says, is itchiness, which veterinarians refer to as pruritus. A flea bite allergy is, in fact, the leading cause of itchiness and scratching in dogs.

Hives, Wounds, and Hair Loss

When your pup is allergic, flea bites can also result in symptoms like hives, swelling, severe redness, and significant hair loss, says Dr. Weaver. Excessive scratching, licking, and chewing can exacerbate this.

Red Bumps

Flea bites on a dog appear as tiny, raised red spots. They can become inflamed from excessive scratching and chewing. 

Flea Dirt

Where there’s fleas and dog flea bites, there’s bound to be flea dirt, which is the combination of flea fecal matter and the host’s blood. In fact, it’s actually easier to locate flea dirt than actual flea bites.

Flea-Borne Infection

Flea bites rarely result in lasting harm, says Dr. Klein. “However, flea bites can be dangerous because they may spread diseases that can be serious and, in some cases, even fatal.”

One of these diseases is the bartonella infection, which can cause fever, nosebleeds, and heart problems in dogs. Pups who ingest infected fleas risk acquiring tapeworms, with symptoms that include vomiting and diarrhea.

Anemia

Fleas are voracious parasites, so an infestation can cause the type of blood loss that leads to anemia, which Dr. Klein says is “extremely dangerous in very small or young puppies.” Symptoms of anemia include pale gums, increased fatigue, and appetite loss.

How to Treat Flea Bites on Dogs

If you suspect your dog has fleas, start by contacting your veterinarian for a proper diagnosis and treatment. The actual flea bites on dogs rarely require treatment, says Dr. Klein, “unless they become infected or if the animal is experiencing an allergic reaction called flea bite dermatitis.”  

Veterinarians will typically start by treating the flea outbreak itself, crafting a plan that incorporates killing adult fleas on the dog, ridding the home environment of fleas, and preventing future infestations.

They will generally prescribe medication in the form of prescription veterinary insecticides, most of which offer both prevention and treatment benefits. These medications are available in a variety of formulations, including:

• Fluralaner (found in Bravecto products)
• Fipronil (Frontline)
• Afoxolaner (Nexgard)
• Lotilaner (Credelio)
• Sarolaner (Simparica)
• Imidacloprid (Advantage)
• Sarolaner (Simparico) 

Prescription flea products should work quickly and effectively. “Most prescription flea products will begin killing fleas in one to four hours,” explains Dr. Weaver. “The itching and redness typically begins resolving as the flea burden reduces. For pets that have wounds caused by the pet biting/chewing at the skin, healing time varies for each pet but can range from 5 to 21 days, sometimes longer depending on severity.” 

If your pet is experiencing any symptoms and conditions associated with flea bites, like anemia or flea allergy dermatitis, your veterinarian will also address them in the process. For example, flea allergy dermatitis is typically treated with antihistamines and antibiotics, according to Dr. Klein.

The home must also be treated and cleaned, says Dr. Weaver. “This includes bedding, carpet or rugs, and mattress if the pet sleeps in the bed with the pet parent.”

Home Remedies for Flea Bites on Dogs

There really aren’t any reliable home remedies for flea bites on dogs, veterinarians say. “All medical treatment for parasitic conditions to an animal should be determined by a veterinarian,” recommends Dr. Klein. 

Some OTC treatments can actually be hazardous to your dog as well. With topical ointments, for example, “the pet may lick the area and ingest the ointment which has the potential of being toxic,” Dr. Klein adds.

Bathing your dog dog with a soothing, medicated shampoo, however, is one way to provide temporary relief from fleas, says Dr. Weaver. It’s important to choose a shampoo specifically formulated for dogs and be aware that some can interfere with topical tick and flea medicines. 

How to Prevent Flea Bites on Dogs

Flea and flea bite prevention are important to the health of all dogs, regardless of geographic location. Though fleas are more prevalent in warm and humid regions like the Southeast and Southern Plains, they can be found anywhere in the United States, even in cooler temperatures.

It’s much easier to prevent flea bites and infestations than it is to have to treat your dog and fumigate an entire home. Fortunately, managing fleas is straightforward. Veterinarians are always available to guide you in choosing the best flea prevention and treatment measures for your dog, and they agree that the easiest and most effective way to avoid flea infestations is with year-round flea medicine.

There are numerous flea preventive formulations available that accommodate busy lifestyles. These include topicals, chews (given every one to three months), and collars. Many of these also offer protection against ticks, roundworms, hookworms, or other pests. 

Other Practices to Help Prevent Flea Bites on Dogs

Check your dog for fleas. Regularly sift through your dog’s fur with a flea comb to search for fleas, flea dirt, or flea eggs. Another option is to hire a professional pet groomer to do it.

Practice good housekeeping. Vacuum rugs and carpets at least every other day. And since flea eggs are adept at hiding in cracks and nooks, make it a habit to mop and sweep the floors. It’s also essential to clean bedding (both yours and your dog’s) with soap and water to help control flea infestations.

Don’t forget about the backyard. If your outside area attracts wild animals, consider adding fencing or placing netting on plants as a deterrence. 

Bathe your dog. Veterinarians say giving your dog regular baths can help. An added benefit is that you get to spend quality bonding time with your pup.

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In this article, we’ll provide a better understanding of dog dandruff –  including the possible causes and treatment options – giving you the tools to offer your dog relief from the itchy condition.

Can Dogs Get Dandruff?

As you may have guessed, the answer is yes, those white flakes you’re seeing on your pup could be dandruff. In fact, dog dandruff is common, according to Dr. Jennifer Frione, veterinarian and owner of Lakeside Animal Hospital in Plantation, Florida.

The condition, also known as seborrhea, occurs when the sebaceous (oil) glands in the skin produce too much oil, leading to dry, red, inflamed, and itchy skin. “Dandruff appears as flakes of dead skin cells on the coat,” Frione says.

Despite the ick factor, dog dandruff isn’t a serious medical condition – but it can be uncomfortable. Skin irritation and itching are common when your dog has dandruff, and it can cause them to scratch excessively, which can lead to hair loss.

It’s possible for dandruff to appear anywhere on your dog’s body, but it tends to be more common along their back. Dandruff can also cause red, inflamed skin, especially in areas with skin folds, including the feet, thighs, bellies, armpits, neck, and lips.

In some breeds, including Basset Hounds, American Cocker Spaniels, English Springer Spaniels, Dachshunds, Golden Retrievers and West Highland White Terriers, dog dandruff can be an inherited condition. If dandruff is inherited, the symptoms usually appear when dogs are 18 to 24 months of age and last throughout their lives.

What About Puppy Dandruff? 

Puppies can get dandruff as well. In fact, they may be more prone to dandruff than older dogs. The reason: their sebaceous glands are still developing and need time to regulate. 

Dog Dandruff: What Does it Look Like?

Dog dandruff can appear as white, flaky scales on the coat, according to Dr. Frione. The white flakes “tend to be more prominent [along] the back and can often have red and itchy skin associated with it,” she adds.

Dandruff is easier to spot in dogs with short, dark coats and harder to see on dogs with long, light hair, including white hair, that can camouflage the flakes.

Why Does My Dog Have Dandruff? Causes to Consider

When a dog has dandruff, veterinarians will do an exam to check for things like oiliness in the skin, odor, texture of the skin and coat, and degree of flakiness to figure out what’s causing the flakes, redness, and irritation. 

Your vet will diagnose “primary seborrhea” if the dandruff appears to be inherited or genetic. If it’s not an inherited condition, it’s considered “secondary seborrhea,” which means another medical condition is causing dog dandruff.

6 Common Possible Causes of Dog Dandruff

Hormonal disorders. Certain diseases that cause hormone imbalances, including hypothyroidism and Cushing’s disease, can lead to dry, flaky skin. This dog dandruff typically appears in middle-aged or older dogs who have flaking skin but aren’t super itchy.

Allergies. Dogs who are diagnosed with dandruff before they are five years old may have allergies.

Infections. Both bacterial infections and fungal infections, including yeast infections on the skin, can cause dog dandruff. When dandruff occurs alongside symptoms like boils, pimples or other bumps on the skin, it could be a sign of a bacterial infection. 

Nutrition deficiencies. Dandruff in dogs is often a side effect of a diet that doesn’t contain enough Omega-3 fatty acids. 

Obesity. When dogs are too overweight to groom themselves, it can cause oil to build up on the skin and lead to dandruff.

Environmental factors. Changes in temperature and humidity can cause changes in your dog’s skin.

Given that there are a number of potential causes of dog dandruff, it’s important to schedule an appointment with your veterinarian to get an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.

They may recommend a blood test, hormone tests, and skin scraping, culture or biopsy to help diagnose the cause of dandruff.

Walking Dandruff

Interestingly, sometimes dandruff is not dandruff at all, meaning the white “flakes” you see on your puppy or adult dog are actually parasites. The condition is called walking dandruff.

“Walking dandruff, or Cheyletiellosis, is a skin parasite that affects dogs, cats, rabbits, and even humans,” Dr. Frione says. “It’s not very common, but it is very contagious and is characterized as large white mites ‘walking’ on the coat. The condition causes excessive scaling and itchiness.” 

How to Get Rid of Dog Dandruff: Treatment Options

There is no one-size-fits-all dog dandruff treatment. “The treatment depends on the cause and should be tailored to the underlying condition,” says Dr. Frione. 

Often, treating bacterial or fungal infections, changing diet, losing weight, or treating allergies will cause dandruff to disappear. When dog dandruff is genetic, treating the symptoms to provide itch relief and prevent secondary infections is the best option. 

Your vet may recommend one (or more) of these treatments:

• Omega-3 fatty acid supplements
• Medicated shampoos to alleviate dry skin and itchiness
• Prescription corticosteroid medications 
• Antibiotics for bacterial infections
• Antifungal medications
• Parasite treatment to kill mites (walking dandruff)

Pet owners have tried a variety of home remedies for dog dandruff and itching. For example, bathing your dog in a 50/50 mixture of apple cider vinegar and water is said to help soothe some itching. However, home remedies can also cause skin conditions to worsen. Therefore, it’s important to consult your veterinarian before trying any home remedies.

It’s also important to note that you should never treat dog dandruff with non-pet dandruff products. Be sure to skip any dandruff treatments meant for humans, including shampoos. Some human supplements and medications contain ingredients that are toxic to dogs, and dandruff shampoos that weren’t made for pets could make their skin even more red and irritated.

Can You Prevent Dog Dandruff?

No one wants their dog to live with red, flaky, inflamed skin and/or irritation and itchiness. These strategies can help prevent dog dandruff:

Good grooming. Brushing your dog not only removes dead hair; it also helps distribute the oil across their skin and coat, which could reduce dandruff.

Proper diet. Commercial dog diets contain all of the nutrients your dog needs for a healthy skin and coat. Your veterinarian may recommend dog food that has a fish protein, which is higher in Omega-3 fatty acids, to see if it helps alleviate itchy, flaky skin.

Weight loss. A dog that is too obese to groom themselves isn’t able to spread the oils from their sebaceous glands throughout their skin and coat or remove excess hair. Talk to your veterinarian about a safe weight management approach.

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The word hepatitis literally means “inflammation of the liver.” Hepatitis isn’t a single disease – instead, the term is used to describe a variety of conditions that cause liver inflammation in dogs, humans, and other species. 

Can Dogs Get Hepatitis?

Dogs can develop hepatitis, just like their human companions. And, just like in the case of humans, canine hepatitis can have a variety of potential causes. 

One key difference, however, lies in treatment. While humans with severe hepatitis may receive a liver transplant, this surgery is rarely performed in dogs. Instead, medical treatment is used to manage canine hepatitis. 

Can dogs get hepatitis A, B, C, D, or E from their human owners? Fortunately, the answer to this question is no. The viruses that cause hepatitis in humans are not transmissible to dogs.

Canine hepatitis is not a single disease. There are several forms of canine hepatitis, each with its own unique cause and its own course of disease. 

Most cases of canine hepatitis fall into one of two broad categories: infectious canine hepatitis or canine chronic hepatitis.

Infectious Canine Hepatitis

Infectious canine hepatitis is caused by an adenovirus in dogs, canine adenovirus type 1. (This virus differs from canine adenovirus type 2, which causes respiratory disease in dogs.) 

Dogs with infectious canine hepatitis can rapidly become very sick. They may even experience sudden death with minimal signs of illness. Fortunately, this condition is relatively rare in the United States due to widespread vaccination. 

Canine Chronic Hepatitis

Chronic hepatitis refers to chronic (long-term) inflammation of the liver. This condition can have a wide variety of underlying causes and it can take on a variety of clinical appearances. 

Some dogs with canine chronic hepatitis have a low-level, smoldering hepatitis with minimal signs. In other dogs, however, chronic hepatitis can cause visible signs of illness and may even progress to liver failure. 

How Do Dogs Get Hepatitis?

Infectious canine hepatitis is caused by a viral infection. Infected dogs shed large amounts of the virus in their saliva, feces, and urine, and this shedding can continue for several months after infection. Your dog could become infected through direct contact with an infected dog or by coming in contact with a contaminated surface or object. 

Infectious canine hepatitis is most common in young puppies and unvaccinated dogs, due to their lack of immunity against this virus.

Chronic hepatitis in dogs can be caused by anything that results in liver damage. In most cases, it is impossible to identify what caused a particular case of chronic hepatitis. However, potential causes include: 

• Prior liver damage caused by infectious canine hepatitis
• Prior bacterial or fungal infection of the liver
• Ingestion of a toxin that affects the liver
• Autoimmune disease that causes the body to attack its own liver
• Abnormal copper accumulation within the liver 
• Long-term use of certain medications (NSAIDs, phenobarbital)

Chronic hepatitis is usually diagnosed in middle-aged and older dogs. Breeds that may be at higher risk include Bedlington Terriers, West Highland White Terriers, Scottish Terriers, Cocker Spaniels, Doberman Pinschers, Standard Poodles, Beagles, Golden Retrievers, and Labrador Retrievers.

Hepatitis in Dogs Symptoms 

Dogs with infectious hepatitis are typically very ill. Signs, which develop within one week of exposure to the virus, include vomiting, bloody diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, and lethargy. Yellow discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes (also known as jaundice or icterus) may occur. Less common signs may include coughing, respiratory distress, eye abnormalities, and neurologic signs. In some cases, sudden death is the first sign of illness.  

Chronic hepatitis, in contrast, progresses slowly. These dogs may appear normal early in the course of disease, with symptoms only developing as their liver damage worsens. With advanced chronic hepatitis, signs may include weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, increased thirst/urination, lethargy, abnormal bleeding, and yellow discoloration of the skin or gums. Hepatic encephalopathy in dogs, a brain condition that occurs when the liver is unable to remove toxins from the bloodstream, may also result in seizures.

Regardless of the underlying cause, a dog’s hepatitis symptoms may include:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
• Lethargy
• Yellow discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes
• Seizures 

Diagnosing Dog Hepatitis

Your veterinarian will begin by performing a thorough physical exam, looking for jaundice and other signs that suggest the presence of liver disease. They will obtain a thorough medical history for your dog and likely question you about possible exposures to infections and toxins.

Next, your veterinarian will likely recommend blood tests and a urinalysis. Abnormalities in your dog’s laboratory tests may suggest liver dysfunction, making hepatitis a more likely diagnosis. 

If your veterinarian suspects infectious canine hepatitis, PCR testing can be used to identify the virus in your dog’s bodily fluids. 

A definitive diagnosis of chronic hepatitis in dogs requires a liver biopsy. Biopsy samples can be collected using a large-bore needle (under sedation, with ultrasound guidance) or via surgery. Your veterinarian will talk to you about the best option for your dog. 

Hepatitis in Dogs Treatment

Infectious canine hepatitis is a viral infection that must run its course. However, hospitalization is often required for supportive care. Your veterinarian will administer fluids to prevent dehydration, give medications to control nausea and diarrhea, and administer antioxidants to reduce permanent liver damage. 

The treatment of chronic hepatitis largely depends on its suspected underlying cause. If an identifiable underlying cause is found (such as abnormal copper accumulation), treatments may be given to address this underlying condition. Bacterial hepatitis in dogs may require antibiotic therapy. Steroids or other immunosuppressive drugs may be used to reduce inflammation within the liver. Your veterinarian may also prescribe a therapeutic diet, specifically formulated to support your dog’s liver function.

Cost to Treat a Dog for Hepatitis 

The cost to treat hepatitis can vary significantly, depending on the cause of your dog’s hepatitis and the severity of their illness. 

If your dog requires hospitalization for infectious canine hepatitis or a severe case of chronic hepatitis, this could cost several thousand dollars. 

If your dog’s chronic hepatitis can be treated with outpatient therapy, the cost of medications and a prescription diet may be less than $100 per month. 

Hepatitis in Dogs: Life Expectancy

Infectious canine hepatitis is a serious condition that is fatal in up to 30 percent of cases. Even if your dog survives this disease, permanent liver damage may occur. Your veterinarian will help you determine what treatments and monitoring may be necessary if your dog recovers from infectious canine hepatitis.  

In most cases, chronic hepatitis is a condition that is managed, not cured. Your dog may require lifelong medications and dietary modifications, along with frequent veterinary rechecks. In general, your dog’s prognosis will correspond to their degree of illness at the time of diagnosis. Dogs that are very sick at the time of diagnosis may survive just days to months, while dogs that are asymptomatic may go on to lead relatively normal lives with treatment. 

How to Prevent Hepatitis in Dogs

Vaccination is the best way to prevent infectious canine hepatitis The “distemper-parvo shot” or DAPP/DHPP vaccine includes an adenovirus vaccine for dogs. As long as your pet remains up to date on this vaccine, their risk of infectious canine hepatitis is extremely low. If your puppy has not yet completed their puppy vaccine series, keep them away from other dogs and potentially-contaminated environments to prevent infection. 

Given the variety of potential causes involved in chronic hepatitis, prevention is rarely practical. Feeding a balanced diet, avoiding moldy foods, limiting your dog’s access to potential toxins, and keeping your dog’s vaccines up to date will protect against some potential causes of hepatitis, but the risk of chronic hepatitis cannot be entirely eliminated.  

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What is Gabapentin?

Gabapentin was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1993 for the treatment of epilepsy in humans. In addition to preventing seizures, gabapentin was later approved to treat neuralgia (nerve pain) occurring after herpes infection in people. 

Over time, veterinarians began adopting the use of gabapentin to treat pain and seizures in cats. A 2017 study determined that gabapentin was highly effective in alleviating the stress associated with veterinary visits in cats. This led to a dramatic increase in the use of gabapentin as a cat anxiety medication. 

Although gabapentin is not labeled for use in feline patients, it is frequently used in an “off-label” manner. This means that the manufacturer has not submitted the testing and documentation that is requires for FDA approval, but there are published research studies to support its use and veterinarians have safely used this drug for years. 

Most veterinarians in the United States stock gabapentin capsules that are appropriately sized for dogs and cats. If your veterinarian does not stock this medication, they may provide you with a prescription to obtain this medication from a human or veterinary pharmacy. Gabapentin does not require a visit to a veterinary specialist. 

What Does Gabapentin for Cats Look Like?

Most veterinary hospitals provide gabapentin to cat owners as 100 mg or 300 mg capsules. The color of these capsules may vary, depending on the manufacturer. 

How Does Gabapentin Work?

Gabapentin binds to multiple receptors within the brain and spinal cord, influencing the levels of certain neurotransmitters (chemical signals) that are circulating within the body. 

In the brain, gabapentin primarily acts to decrease the excitability of neurons. This slows the transmission of abnormal electrical signals, reducing the likelihood of seizures and exerting a calming effect. In the spinal cord, gabapentin limits the transmission of pain signals, reducing the sensation of pain.  

What Is Gabapentin Used For in Cats?

Gabapentin is primarily intended to control seizures and reduce neuropathic (nerve-associated) pain. 

However, this medication has also been shown to reduce stress associated with veterinary visits. Therefore, many veterinarians prescribe gabapentin for cats who become anxious or aggressive in the veterinary clinic.  

Common scenarios in which your veterinarian might prescribe your cat gabapentin include: 

• Anxiety with veterinary visits
• Anxiety in other short-lived situations
• Chronic pain
• Nerve pain
• Seizures
• Epilepsy

How to Give Gabapentin to Cats

Gabapentin is typically given by mouth. This medication can be given with or without food. 

You can also dissolve gabapentin in water for cats, but your cat might notice the taste of the medication and resist this method. Instead, consider mixing the contents of a capsule with wet cat food or another tasty treat. 

Gabapentin acts quickly and its effects are typically seen within one to two hours. The effects of gabapentin typically begin to wear off within approximately eight hours, though they may persist for 24 hours.  

Gabapentin for Cats Side Effects

The most common side effect of gabapentin is sedation or sleepiness. You might also notice that your cat cannot or will not walk after gabapentin, and they may appear extra-clumsy. Less commonly, gabapentin may cause vomiting. 

Fortunately, gabapentin side effects are often short-lived and resolve within 10-12 hours. 

Gabapentin side effects in cats may include:

• Drowsiness
• Sedation
• Inability to walk
• Reluctance to walk
• Clumsiness
• Vomiting 

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Gabapentin should be used with caution in cats taking morphine. Combining morphine with gabapentin may increase the amount of gabapentin that is present in the bloodstream, leading to an increased risk of side effects. 

Caution should be used when combining gabapentin with other sedating drugs, due to the potential for increased sedation. 

Antacids may decrease your cat’s ability to absorb gabapentin from the gastrointestinal tract. If your cat is taking antacids, your veterinarian may prescribe a higher dose of gabapentin to overcome this interaction.

Talk to your veterinarian about any medications, vitamins, supplements, or anxiety medications for cats that your pet is taking before starting treatment with gabapentin. 

Gabapentin Dosage for Cats

Your veterinarian calculates a gabapentin dosage for cats by weight, taking into account the medication’s intended purpose. 

Cats that are taking gabapentin for the control of seizures may require a relatively high dose of gabapentin, which may be given as often as every eight hours. In contrast, a gabapentin dose for cats with chronic pain is often relatively low and these cats may receive gabapentin just once daily. 

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of Gabapentin?

If your cat misses a dose of gabapentin, you should give the missed dose as soon as you remember. Adjust your cat’s dosing schedule and continue to give the rest of your cat’s doses at the recommended intervals. 

If it’s almost time for your cat’s next dose of gabapentin, you may want to wait and give the dose at the scheduled time. This will allow you to get your pet back on a regular dosing schedule. 

If your cat has a history of seizures, do not stop giving gabapentin abruptly. Cat gabapentin withdrawal could lead to a recurrence of your cat’s seizures. 

Cost of Gabapentin for Cats

Gabapentin is a relatively inexpensive medication and the generic form of medication is usually dispensed. In most cases, you will pay less than $1 per pill for gabapentin. 

A one-month supply of gabapentin for a cat that is taking this medication once daily will likely cost around $30. 

Keep in mind, however, that veterinary hospitals and pharmacies may charge a prescription dispensing fee to account for supplies and staff time spent labeling and dispensing medications. If you are purchasing a few gabapentin capsules to give before veterinary visits, you may spend approximately $15-$20 due to medication costs and dispensing fees. 

Gabapentin Storage Instructions

Gabapentin capsules can be stored at room temperature, in a cabinet, or on your kitchen counter. Liquid gabapentin may require refrigeration. Talk to your veterinarian or pharmacist if you have questions about appropriate gabapentin storage.

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Cancer in Cats Treatment Plan: What to Expect

Though a feline cancer diagnosis may seem scary and daunting, your veterinarian and veterinary team will be there to walk you through the care that your cat will need – both immediately and in the coming weeks and months.

Treatment options for cats with cancer can vary significantly. In some cases, a single surgery may be curative. For other forms of cancer, your veterinarian may refer you to a veterinary oncologist (cancer specialist) for advanced diagnostic testing and treatments. Your cat’s customized treatment plan will be based on their diagnosis, overall health, and other factors.

Your veterinarian, along with other members of your cat’s veterinary care team, will strive to answer all of your questions about cancer treatment to the best of their ability. They will recommend the best possible treatment for your cat and can also provide alternative treatment options (if necessary). They’ll also talk to you about the costs and side effects associated with recommended treatments, as well as your cat’s anticipated prognosis.

Cat Cancer Treatment Cost

Much like the available treatment options, the cost of cancer treatment for cats can vary dramatically, depending on the level of care your cat requires. There is no one-size-fits-all cat cancer treatment plan; the best treatment for your kitty will depend on a number of different factors.

If your cat’s cancer can be treated with surgery alone, the total cost may be less than $1,000. However, the costs associated with cat chemotherapy and/or radiation can be much higher. A full course of chemotherapy or radiation may cost $3,000-$6,000, and some cats require a combination of both chemotherapy and radiation in order to ensure the best possible prognosis.

Types of Cat Cancer Treatment

Feline cancer can be addressed through a variety of different treatments. Depending on the type of cancer and how far it has progressed, your cat may receive one form of treatment or a combination of treatments.

Surgery

Many cat tumors can be successfully treated with surgery. When removing a tumor surgically, your veterinarian will likely attempt to obtain wide “margins” of normal tissue around the tumor to increase the likelihood of removing the entire thing. The tumor will then be sent to a veterinary pathologist for analysis to ensure that the entire thing was removed. Even if removal is not curative, getting rid of the bulk of a tumor may help improve your cat’s prognosis. 

Chemotherapy

You are likely familiar with the use of chemotherapy in human patients. Fortunately, cat chemotherapy is often far better-tolerated than chemotherapy in humans. Some side effects are inevitable, but nausea and vomiting are relatively uncommon, and cats do not typically lose their hair. Chemotherapy for cats may be administered at home (as oral tablets) or in the veterinary hospital, depending on your cat’s particular cancer and recommended treatment protocol. 

Radiation

Radiation therapy is intended to kill off cancer cells while causing minimal damage to surrounding cells. This treatment is administered under general anesthesia in order to allow directed therapy and minimize risk to surrounding tissues. Depending on your cat’s particular cancer, radiation may be delivered with the intent to eliminate a tumor, or to shrink or control the tumor. 

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a relatively new addition to veterinary oncology. The idea behind immunotherapy is to administer an injection that directs your cat’s immune system to attack a specific type of cancer.

Cat Cancer Medications

While the above are the primary treatments used to address feline cancer, your veterinarian may also recommend a number of different medications.

Cat cancer medications may be used alone in the treatment of cancer (for palliative or hospice care) or in conjunction with more definitive treatments.

Common medications often recommended for cats with cancer include:

Pain medications. Some forms of feline cancer are painful, requiring the use of medications to alleviate discomfort.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs). These medications control both pain and inflammation, making them beneficial in cats with certain types of cancer.

Steroids. Some steroids, such as prednisone, can alleviate inflammation that may occur with cat tumors.

Antiemetics. If your cat’s cancer leads to nausea, your veterinarian may prescribe antiemetic (anti-nausea) medication.

Appetite stimulants. Cat cancer can lead to a decrease in appetite. Because a loss of appetite and a lack of adequate caloric intake may cause a worsening of your cat’s condition, your veterinarian may prescribe a stimulant to increase your cat’s appetite.

Antibiotics. Cancer and its associated treatments can weaken your cat’s immune system. Your veterinarian may recommend antibiotics to prevent or treat bacterial infections.

All of these cat cancer medications can have potential side effects. However, your veterinarian will carefully balance the risks versus benefits before recommending any meds for your cat. If you have questions about your cat’s medication, talk to your veterinarian.

Dietary Considerations for Cats With Cancer

A well-balanced diet is an essential component of cancer treatments for cats. Cancer can lead to changes in your cat’s metabolism, increasing their caloric requirements and making it difficult for them to maintain a healthy body weight. Cancer cachexia (weight loss caused by cancer) can negatively impact your cat’s prognosis.

Talk to your veterinarian about the best diet to support your cat through treatment. They may recommend a diet that is specifically formulated for cats with cancer or cachexia.

Additional Lifestyle Considerations

Cats with cancer should be kept indoors. This will reduce the risk of illness or injury, which could place additional stress on their immune system.

If your cat is receiving chemotherapy, your veterinarian will instruct you how to handle your cat’s bedding and litter box. Following these recommendations will limit your exposure to chemotherapy drugs.

Depending on your cat’s particular cancer, your veterinarian may make other recommendations regarding your cat’s lifestyle.

Prognosis for Cats Undergoing Cancer Treatment

The prognosis for cancer is highly variable. Factors to consider include what type of cancer your cat has, how aggressive your cat’s particular cancer is, and how far the cancer has spread at the time of diagnosis. In most cases, your veterinarian will be able to provide you with an estimated prognosis after performing diagnostic tests.

Early detection is key for improving feline cancer outcomes. If you suspect that your cat may have cancer, it’s important to schedule a veterinary visit as soon as possible. Early diagnosis allows for early treatment, which can help bring better results for your cat.

The post Cat Cancer Treatment Plan: What to Expect appeared first on Great Pet Care.

We get it. All species of ticks are gross, but the ick factor is nothing compared to their potential to transmit tick-borne diseases to your dog.

Different tick species can carry different diseases and pose a variety of risks to your canine companions. In this article, we’ll be focusing on the brown dog tick and what you need to be aware of if your dog is bitten by one.

What Is a Brown Dog Tick?

As you may have guessed, the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) was named for its color. These parasites are reddish-brown in color and have elongated bodies.

Nymphs (younger ticks) grow up to 1.3 millimeters long and 0.66 millimeters wide, with four pairs of legs. Adult brown dog ticks also have four pairs of legs and the same reddish-brown coloring but grow up to 3.18 millimeters long and 1.68 millimeters wide. After a blood meal, engorged female brown dog ticks can increase their size 100-fold.

The brown dog tick can be found in all 50 states, and it’s the most widespread species in the world. And even though brown dog ticks prefer tropical and temperate climates, the blood-sucking parasites can survive indoors anywhere in the world, says Dr. Katie Clow, veterinarian and assistant professor at Ontario Veterinary College at the University of Guelph. “Because dogs move all around the world, either with their owners or to find new homes, these ticks can be transported vast distances and end up in new places,” she explains.

In fact, Dr. Clow notes that one of the things that makes the brown dog tick unique is the fact that it thrives in indoor environments, including homes and kennels that are too arid for other tick species to survive.

“When [brown dog ticks] are not actively looking for a host…like a dog, they can hide in cracks and crevices within the home,” she adds.

Brown Dog Tick vs. Deer Tick

The deer tick (Ixodes scapularis) is another common tick species. It’s found mainly along the east coast of the United States, especially in forests, meadows, and wetlands where white-tailed deer are plentiful. Dogs pick up the ticks while hiking or running through these areas.

At first glance, the deer tick might be mistaken for a brown tick, but a closer look reveals some distinct differences between the species. For starters, male deer ticks are dark brown to black in color, and female deer ticks have colorful orangish-red markings on their backs.

Both male and female deer ticks have dark heads with dark spots behind their heads (called a dorsal shield) and four pairs of legs that are dark brown to black in color, earning them the nickname “blacklegged tick.” 

5 Brown Dog Tick Dangers

Brown dog ticks are known to carry diseases that can be potentially dangerous to our canine companions, causing symptoms ranging from mild illness to death. Let’s go over some of the most common brown dog tick diseases, as well as the dangers associated with them.

Anaplasmosis

Deer ticks and Western black-legged ticks are typically associated with anaplasmosis, but one form of the disease, Anaplasma platys, is transmitted by the brown dog tick.

Symptoms like lameness, joint pain, fever, and lack of appetite most commonly appear within one to seven days after an infected brown dog tick bites a canine. In more severe cases, dogs may experience vomiting, diarrhea, coughing, trouble breathing, and seizures.

Antibiotics are used to treat the disease. The prognosis is good, with most dogs showing significant signs of improvement within 24 to 48 hours of starting treatment.

Babesiosis

Brown dog ticks can transmit a number of Babesia species, intracellular parasites that attack red blood cells. The most common symptoms of babesiosis include fever, anemia-related low energy and weakness, and low platelets that can increase the risk of bruising and bleeding. 

“The symptoms range from mild to severe, with younger animals generally experiencing more severe disease,” Dr. Clow says.

Babesiosis is treated with a number of different medications. However, eliminating this organism can be challenging. Some dogs remain chronically infected, despite aggressive treatment.

is found throughout the United States. Ehrlichiosis can cause symptoms ranging from fever, low energy, and lack of appetite to weight loss and nosebleeds. These symptoms usually occur one to four weeks after infection. 

Although treatment for acute ehrlichiosis is available and can lead to recovery, some dogs don’t show any symptoms and are never treated. This can lead to infected dogs becoming

 “subclinical” carriers of the bacteria. “This means brown dog ticks that bite them can pick up the bacteria and then transmit it to other dogs,” Dr. Clow says. “It also means they may develop the chronic phase of disease, which can be severe and fatal.” 

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rickettsia rickettsii causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, and brown dog ticks are among the species that transmit the bacterium. “Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is a severe and potentially fatal disease in dogs,” Dr. Clow says.

The main symptoms include fever, loss of appetite, weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of balance, seizures, swelling of the limbs and muscle/joint pain that can make it difficult to walk, and other neurological signs.

Humans can also be diagnosed with Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. While you can’t get the disease from your dog, you can get it from tick bites, so it’s important to check yourself for ticks after being in the same environments as potentially infected brown dog ticks.

Hepatozoonosis 

Unlike other tick-borne diseases that are transmitted when an infected tick bites a dog, hepatozoonosis infection occurs when dogs ingest an infected tick. Hepatozoon, a single-celled organism, is released from the ingested tick into the dog’s intestine and travels through the liver, lungs, and other organs and bone marrow.

Hepatozoonosis can be found throughout the United States but it’s more common in warmer climates, including the southern and southeastern regions of the country. Most hepatozoon cases associated with brown dog ticks are asymptomatic, but signs may include fever, weight loss, and lethargy. Medications are used to manage the signs associated with symptomatic infection, but the infection typically cannot be cured.

Brown Dog Tick Symptoms

Dr. Clow notes that “tick bites are rarely noticed,” so it’s also a good idea to be on the lookout for signs that your dog may be sick from a tick-borne disease, including:

• Lethargy
• Joint pain
• Poor appetite
• Dark-colored urine
• Fever
• Muscle wasting
• Swollen lymph nodes

If you notice any of these symptoms, call your veterinarian.

What to Do if You Find a Brown Dog Tick on Your Dog

If a brown dog tick has chosen your pup as its host, grab the tweezers (or a tick removal tool)! You’ll need to remove it and you may want to take it to your veterinarian to have the species identified and talk about the next steps. 

You may also need to contact an exterminator. “If you find repeated brown dog ticks on your dog, you could have a home infestation,” says Dr. Clow. “Especially if you live in colder climate areas where ticks are not known to be found outdoors.”

Brown Dog Tick Bite Prevention

You might not always be able to prevent a brown dog tick from biting your dog, but you can take action to prevent the parasites from transmitting disease.

It’s important to do regular “tick checks” to make sure that a brown tick isn’t using your dog for a blood meal. Check your dog’s entire body but pay special attention to the head, ears and back, between their toes, and the area where their legs meet their bodies, which are favorite spots for brown dog ticks to attach.

But the best way to prevent brown dog ticks and other tick species is to give your dog regular flea and tick preventatives. “Pet parents should consider veterinary prescribed tick preventatives that are effective against brown dog ticks,” Dr. Clow says.

These easy-to-administer products can kill ticks as soon as they bite your dog, preventing disease transmission and ensuring your dog stays healthy. 

The post Brown Dog Tick: 5 Dangers for Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

We encourage you to contact your veterinarian if your dog is exhibiting abnormal symptoms after a tick bite. And although removing a tick from a dog isn’t too complicated once you get used to it, don’t be afraid to ask for help. “Most veterinarians will remove ticks in their office, so if you are not comfortable removing yourself, it is okay to consult the professionals,” says Dr. Katie Pagan, a partner veterinarian with Heart + Paw in Fells Point, Maryland. 

Dog Tick Removal: What You’ll Need

These items will help ensure safe dog tick removal and make the process easier.

• A tick removal tool. The best way to remove ticks from dogs is to use a specialty tool. They’re available in a variety of designs including specialized tick tweezers, tick keys, tick scoops, and tick twisters.

• Plastic gloves. Because ticks can transmit disease to humans, it’s always better to be safe. “Experts agree that it is best if the person removing the tick wears protective gloves to prevent possible infection,” says Dr. Jerry Klein, chief veterinary officer for the American Kennel Club, based in New York City.

• Isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol. This has multiple uses, such as lessening the tick’s grip on your dog’s skin, killing the tick after removal, and disinfecting your tick tool.

• A lidded container or plastic storage bag. A container or bag provides a place to kill and dispose of the tick after it’s been removed, or to safely hold it if you need to bring it to your veterinarian for inspection.

• Antibiotic ointment or antiseptic. You’ll use this to clean the bite spot and prevent infection after removing the tick.

• A magnifying glass. Ticks are small, so having a magnifier can make it easier to find them.

• A dog treat. A favorite treat or food placed in a dog puzzle toy is a good way to keep your dog occupied and calm during the process.

How to Remove a Tick from a Dog

Before getting started, be sure you know how to identify a tick. They’re generally small and brown with a hard oval body and eight legs, and they can resemble a skin tag when embedded in the skin.

Once you know what to look for, you can start removing the tick from your dog.

Removing a Tick with Tweezers

Tweezers can be used on all sizes of ticks, and because they’re made of metal, they can easily be sterilized. One thing to consider is that tweezers have sharp ends, which can inadvertently stick your dog during the process.

Step 1: Prepare for tick removal. Gather all your supplies and have a dog treat ready in case you need to distract your pup. Then put on your gloves and get ready to locate the tick.

Step 2: Distract your dog. If your dog is not a fan of sitting still, try offering a treat, puzzle-toy, or lick mat with peanut butter as a means of distraction. It will be easier to remove the tick if your dog isn’t trying to get away from you.

Step 3: Locate and stabilize the tick. Part your dog’s fur to find the tick, then work to loosen its grip. “Placing a small amount of rubbing alcohol on a cotton ball and applying the cotton ball directly on top of the tick can sometimes work in backing the tick off of the skin,” says Dr. Pagan.

Step 4. Grasp the tick and pull it out. Now you’re ready for the actual dog tick removal part. To do this, firmly grasp the tick as close to the dog’s skin as possible, recommends Dr. Klein. “In a sustained, non-twisting motion, gently but firmly pull the tick out of the dog. Avoid bursting the tick on the dog to prevent infection.”

Veterinarians say it can help to aim for grabbing the head and mouth area.

Using a Dog Tick Removal Tool

There are several different types of tick removal tools, so we’re going to go over how to properly use each one. 

Regardless of which tool you use, the first two steps listed above (prepare for tick removal and locate and stabilize the tick) will remain the same. Starting with step 3, here’s what you need to know about extracting a tick with different types of dog tick removal tools.

Tick Key

This tool resembles a metal key with a slot on the end. It’s simple to use, can easily be sterilized, and doesn’t have sharp edges. It may not be effective at removing smaller ticks, however.

How to use it: Instead of grabbing the tick as you would with tweezers, move the tick key across your dog’s skin, making sure the slot moves over the tick. Do this until the tick is removed.

Tick Scoop

A tick scoop is shaped like a measuring spoon, except that it has a v-shaped notch on the end for grabbing and removing the tick. This tool may not be as effective at grabbing smaller ticks, and because it’s made of plastic, it’s not as easy to disinfect as metal.

How to use it: Place the spoon’s notch on the skin near the tick, and using light pressure, slide the spoon forward so that the notch covers the tick. Keep sliding it forward until the tick is removed.

Tick Twister

This tool looks like something you might use in your garden to aerate soil and remove weeds. Tick twisters are available in two sizes, though both versions may be a bit cumbersome for pet parents with large hands and dogs with long fur.

How to use it: Slide the end of the twister toward the tick until it becomes stuck between the prongs. Then gently lift and twist it two or three times, and pull it up when the tick has released its mouth from your dog’s skin.

How to Remove a Tick Head from a Dog

If you’ve successfully removed the tick’s body but the head is still stuck in your dog’s skin, don’t panic. “The skin will eventually push the rest of the tick out over the next few days or weeks,” says Dr. Pagan.

Some dogs, she adds, may experience a reaction that can cause dermatitis, or a small area of redness on the skin, she adds. “Your vet may prescribe medication for this if it is severe, but most of the time it is very mild and goes away on its own once the entire tick is gone.”

You can always ask your veterinarian for guidance if the tick head is still embedded in the skin.

Things to Avoid When Removing Ticks from Dogs

There are some items that while convenient to use, are not recommended for removing ticks from dogs.

Your hands and fingers. Using your hands is an ineffective way to remove a tick, plus “It could burst and pass infectious bacteria into small cuts in your skin,” says Dr. Klein.

Improper tick remover tools. It may be tempting to use something you have around the house (like a credit card or lit match) for dog tick removal, but don’t. “These methods are riskier and may not cause proper removal of the tick,” Dr. Klein warns.

Olive oil. According to Dr. Klein, Some people have tried placing olive oil on the site to suffocate the tick, but he doesn’t recommend it. “This may make the tick too slippery to remove properly,” he explains.

Petroleum jelly. This is another slippery substance that “tends to irritate the skin more,” says Dr. Pagan. Petroleum jelly can also cause a tick to regurgitate saliva into the wound, which increases the risk of infection.

Vinegar. Apple cider vinegar has antiseptic and antibacterial properties and other beneficial uses for dogs. Still, Dr. Pagan recommends against using it to remove ticks because “It tends to irritate the skin more.”

Soap and water. Though soap and water is a must for washing your hands and the tick tool, current evidence shows that it’s minimally effective at removing a tick from a dog. It’s better to use tweezers or a proper tick removal tool.

What to Do After Removing a Tick from Dog

Now that you’ve removed the tick, there are a few important follow-up steps to remember.

Kill and dispose of the tick. You can kill the tick by dousing it in rubbing alcohol, says Dr. Klein. “Then either flush it down the toilet or place it in an airtight container and bring [it] into your vet in case they would like to visualize the tick and submit it for analysis.”

Apply an antiseptic to your dog’s skin. Veterinarians recommend dabbing some alcohol on a cotton ball to the area of the dog’s skin to help prevent infection. Or you can use an antibacterial cream or ointment designed for pets. 

Search for other ticks. Once a tick has been introduced into your home, it’s easy for them to reproduce, so be diligent about looking for others. “It is imperative to search your dog for any additional ticks,” says Dr. Pagan. If you do find one, repeat the steps for removing a tick with your tool.

Wash your hands and sterilize your equipment. Because humans are at risk for developing tick-borne illnesses, experts recommend washing your hands thoroughly with soap and warm water after removing a tick from a dog. You should also wash your tick removal tool with rubbing alcohol or soap.

Monitor your dog for signs of dermatitis. If your dog’s skin appears red and irritated, contact your veterinarian, recommends Dr. Pagan. “Most cases of tick dermatitis are mild, but if it is severe, your vet may need to prescribe medication.”

How to Prevent Tick Bites on Dogs

Though no technique is foolproof for preventing tick bites, a few basic practices can go a long way.

Use Proper Preventatives

Using a year-round preventative on your dog is essential. Formulas are usually combined with flea preventative medicine and come in a variety of forms including topical ointments, collars, and chews. “These products will kill the ticks right away before they have the chance to transmit any diseases,” says Dr. Pagan. Your veterinarian can recommend the product most appropriate for your dog.

Check Your Dog for Ticks on a Regular Basis

By performing daily tick checks on your dog, you’re in a better position to eradicate it and stop the spread of any disease. This is especially helpful, says Dr. Klein, “if [you’re] living in an endemic area or have pursued activities in areas such as grassy or sandy environments.”

​​Ticks like to hide around dogs’ ears and between the toes, so pay close attention to these areas and other “hidden” locations.

Maintain Good Sanitation Practices

Wash and (if needed) disinfect any blankets and sheets your dog sleeps on, and regularly vacuum your rugs, furniture, and drapes, Dr. Klein recommends. And don’t forget to clean your outdoor area. “Keep wood piles and leaves cleaned and away from your home,” he adds. Since ticks feed on other animals, finding ways to deter wildlife from entering your yard can also help reduce the risk.

The post How to Remove a Tick from a Dog appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Dogs with short spine syndrome often look like a cross between the Hunchback of Notre Dame and a frog, with an abnormally hunched back and strangely-bent hindlimbs. These dogs have also been called “Baboon Dogs,” due to their unique appearance and posture. The unusual appearance of these hunchbacked dogs can all be traced back to a spinal abnormality, which gives these unique dogs their characteristic appearance.

What Is Short Spine Syndrome?

Short spine syndrome is an incredibly rare spinal condition in dogs. Most veterinarians will never encounter a case of short spine syndrome during their career, and you will probably never personally meet a dog with short spine syndrome. However, even though this condition is rare, it can (and does!) occur. 

Dogs with short spine syndrome have a shortened, compressed spine. Their abnormal spine not only affects their overall body length, it also alters some of their bodily proportions. Short spine syndrome gives affected dogs a unique, characteristic appearance, and it can also have significant impacts on their mobility.

What Causes Short Spine Syndrome in Dogs?

Short spine syndrome is caused by a genetic abnormality. This abnormality was first noted hundreds of years ago, and it is thought to be associated with inbreeding. However, the exact genetic mutation that is responsible for this condition has not yet been identified.

In dogs with short spine syndrome, the vertebrae (back bones) do not develop normally. Instead, these bones remain in a softened or malleable state for a prolonged period of time, which allows them to become abnormally compressed. In some cases, adjacent vertebrae will fuse together into one larger vertebra. These spine abnormalities lead to the unique appearance of dogs with short spine syndrome.

Signs of Short Spine Syndrome in Dogs

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A dog with short spine syndrome typically has a hunchback appearance with no visible neck. The back is shortened and it often slopes steeply downward toward a tail that is twisted or kinked. Affected dogs often have fewer ribs that normal and they may have a “barrel-chested” appearance. Although the limbs are typically of normal length, the knees and elbows tend to be bowed outward. This can make walking and running difficult. 

Because short spine syndrome is caused by a genetic abnormality, the unusual body conformation and posture associated with this condition are typically apparent from an early age. 

Signs of short spine syndrome may include: 

• Hunchback appearance
• Lack of a visible neck 
• Short back
• Back slopes steeply toward the ground
• Barrel-chested appearance
• Missing ribs
• Twisted or kinked tail
• Outwardly bowed knees/elbows
• Difficult walking and running

Diagnosing Dog Short Spine Syndrome

Veterinarians can often diagnose short spine syndrome based on a physical exam alone. However, spinal radiographs (X-rays) are often performed to characterize the spinal abnormalities in affected dogs and rule out other conditions. Referral to a veterinary neurologist may be suggested for additional diagnostic testing. 

Managing Short Spine Syndrome in Dogs

There is no cure for short spine syndrome in dogs. Treatment is instead focused on keeping affected dogs comfortable and aiding their mobility. Veterinarians may treat short spine syndrome with pain medication, nutritional supplements, and/or physical therapy. Affected dogs may also require nursing care to help keep their bodies clean, prevent pressure sores, and prevent infection.

Short Spine Syndrome Life Expectancy

Because this condition is so rare, we do lack sufficient information to predict the expected lifespan of dogs with short spine syndrome. 

Short spine syndrome can affect a dog’s quality of life and lead to a variety of impacts that might decrease the dog’s lifespan. However, there are reports of dogs with short spine syndrome going on to live relatively normal lifespans.

Dogs with Short Spine Syndrome: Other Tips and Advice

Dogs with short spine syndrome are often unable to bend their neck. Placing their food and water bowls in an accessible location can help them eat and drink comfortably. Because they are unable to bend their neck and lick themselves, dogs with short spine syndrome may also require more frequent bathing and grooming than other dogs.

Short spine syndrome has significant impacts on a dog’s mobility. These dogs are typically unable to jump on and off furniture, so stairs or a ramp are recommended. Secured rugs can also be used to help these dogs navigate wood or tile floors and other slippery surfaces.

A dog with short spine syndrome will not be able to participate in the same activities as a normal dog. Swimming, jogging, and long games of Frisbee are out; instead, you will need to be creative in identifying your dog’s preferred method of play. 

Work closely with your veterinarian to determine that you are providing the best possible environment and lifestyle for your dog. 

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If your veterinarian has prescribed a course of Clavamox for your dog, you may be wondering what it is and how it works. Let’s take a closer look at Clavamox for dogs, including potential uses and side effects.

What is Clavamox?

Clavamox is an FDA-approved antibiotic that is labeled for use in dogs and cats. If you have ever taken Augmentin to treat a sinus infection or other illness, you are familiar with Clavamox. Clavamox is the veterinary equivalent of Augmentin, and it contains the same active ingredients. 

Clavamox was initially developed in the 1980s. For the last 40 years, it has been widely used by veterinarians to treat many different types of bacterial infections. Clavamox is effective against a broad range of bacteria, including bacteria that may be resistant to other antibiotics. It’s also well-distributed in the body, which means it can be used to treat infections in numerous organs/tissues.

Almost every veterinarian keeps Clavamox (or its generic equivalent) in stock and uses it regularly, and you will not need to see a specialist to obtain this medication. Many dogs are treated with Clavamox at some point during their lives. 

What Does Clavamox for Dogs Look Like?

Clavamox for dogs is available in three different forms: tablets, chewable tablets, and liquid suspension.

Clavamox tablets and Clavamox chewables for dogs will degrade with prolonged air exposure, so both are supplied in a blister pack. Clavamox tablets are white, round pills, while Clavamox chewables are square, brown/tan tablets that are scored down the center. 

Liquid Clavamox is shipped as a white powder in a small bottle. Your veterinarian will add a carefully-measured amount of water to this powder, creating a white suspension. Clavamox drops are typically dosed using a small dropper, with lines on the dropper to indicate dosing quantities. 

How Does Clavamox Work?

Clavamox is a combination of two drugs: amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. 

You are probably familiar with amoxicillin, a commonly-used antibiotic. This antibiotic kills susceptible bacteria by blocking their ability to create functional cell walls. 

Unfortunately, some bacteria have developed the ability to evade amoxicillin’s action, through the use of an enzyme known as beta-lactamase. Clavulanic acid inhibits beta-lactamase, overcoming this bacterial defense. 

Clavamox is capable of killing a far greater variety of bacteria than amoxicillin alone, thanks to the addition of clavulanic acid. 

What Is Clavamox Used for in Dogs?

Clavamox is one of the most widely-used antibiotics in veterinary medicine. It is effective against a broad range of bacteria and it reaches many different areas of the body. 

Common conditions in dogs that may be treated with Clavamox include: 

• Skin infections
• Wound infections
• Urinary tract infections
• Pneumonia
• Bone infections
• Infections of the mouth and teeth
• Infections of the inner ear (but not external ear infections) 

How to Give Clavamox to Dogs

Clavamox for dogs can be given with or without food. Giving Clavamox with a meal may help minimize the risk of gastrointestinal side effects, such as vomiting or diarrhea. 

When giving Clavamox tablets for dogs, you can hide the tablet in a small amount of canned food, peanut butter, or another soft treat. Crushing the pill is not recommended, because some dogs will taste the crushed pill and may be reluctant to take the medication. 

Clavamox chewable tablets are flavored to taste like pork. Most dogs will readily accept Clavamox chewable tablets, just as they would take a treat. If a dog is especially picky or stubborn, chewable tablets can be crushed and mixed with a small amount of canned food. 

Clavamox drops for dogs can be squirted directly into your dog’s mouth, using the provided dropper. Shake well before using. Clavamox drops can also be mixed with food, but the smell of the medication may lead your dog to not eat the food or medication.  

Clavamox for Dogs Side Effects

Clavamox is well-tolerated in most dogs, but side effects can occur. The most common side effect is gastrointestinal upset, which may result in decreased appetite, vomiting, or diarrhea. A small number of dogs may be allergic to Clavamox; fortunately, antibiotic allergies are relatively rare in dogs.

When giving Clavamox to dogs, watch for the following signs: 

• Decreased appetite
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Skin rash or hives
• Facial swelling
• Elevated heart rate
• Fever

If your dog develops any side effects that may be associated with Clavamox, contact your veterinarian as soon as possible. If your dog only has a mild decrease in appetite or slightly soft stools, you can continue giving Clavamox until you receive instructions from your veterinarian. However, if your dog is vomiting or showing signs of a potential allergic reaction, stop giving Clavamox immediately, and do not give any more doses until you are able to speak with your veterinarian. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Clavamox may interact with a number of other drugs, including tetracycline and other related antibiotics. 

Be sure your veterinarian is aware of any prescription or over-the-counter medications your dog is taking before starting your dog on Clavamox. 

Clavamox Dosage for Dogs

Your veterinarian will select the best Clavamox dose for your dog, based upon your dog’s body weight and the condition to be treated. Clavamox tablets/chews are available in a variety of sizes, so most dogs (except very large dogs) can be treated with one appropriately-sized tablet twice daily. 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Clavamox?

If your dog misses a dose of Clavamox, give the missed dose as soon as possible and continue dosing your pet as directed.

If it’s already time for your dog’s next dose of Clavamox, skip the missed dose and resume dosing at the next scheduled dosing time. 

Clavamox for Dogs Cost

The cost of Clavamox for dogs varies, depending on your dog’s dosage and the drug formulation (tablet, chewable, or liquid). In general, you can expect to spend anywhere from $2-$10 per day for Clavamox treatment for dogs. 

Generic formulations are available and may be slightly less expensive. 

Clavamox Storage Instructions

Clavamox tablets for dogs and chewable tablets can be stored at room temperature. These tablets are sensitive to air, which is why they are supplied in a blister pack. Do not open each dose until you are ready to administer the dose to your pet. 

Clavamox drops for dogs should be stored in the refrigerator, once reconstituted to their liquid form. 

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“Fleas are small insects that survive by feeding on animal or human blood,” explains Dr. Kathryn Duncan, DVM, Ph.D., DACVM, a parasitology field specialist at Merck Animal Health. “They’re found in many geographical locations and environments—even indoors—and can affect cats of all ages and breeds.”

To protect both pets and humans from these nasty critters, we’ve rounded up the most effective options for preventing fleas on cats. 

Flea Prevention for Cats: Why It’s Important

Once fleas find a steady food source, like your cat, they tend to remain on that animal. However, their eggs will fall off into the environment, becoming scattered throughout your home. These eggs will eventually hatch and become larvae, and then they will grow into biting adults. Once fleas invade your home, it could take months to get rid of them. 

“Fleas cause irritation and skin allergies, and can transmit other parasites such as tapeworms to your cat,” Dr. Duncan says. “In kittens, fleas can cause fatal anemia if present in large numbers.”

When not biting your cat—commonly around their neck, ears, and tail—fleas happily feast on humans. Duncan warns that fleas don’t just cause itchy welts; they can spread diseases to us, such as flea-borne typhus and cat scratch disease (CSD). 

In order to prevent the risky and unpleasant effects of fleas, it’s essential to ensure that all of your pets receive veterinarian-recommended flea prevention on a regular basis.

How to Prevent Fleas on Cats: 5 Methods to Try

Fleas are a problem for many cats; just ask Dr. Patrik Holmboe, DVM, who says treating and discussing cat flea prevention is an everyday occurrence at his Amsterdam-based clinic. But there’s good news: flea infestations are typically preventable—when your cat is routinely treated with preventative flea medication, he says.

While there are many ideas when it comes to flea prevention for cats, Dr. Duncan says she only trusts Federal Drug Administration (FDA)- or Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-approved products to be effective and safe.

In addition to giving prescription flea prevention for cats, the following steps can also help reduce the risk of fleas entering your home:

Limit travel. Anywhere other pets have been, like a boarding facility, is at risk of harboring fleas.

Keep a sanitary home. Rodents have their own fleas, but despite the name (rat fleas), they’ll happily hop onto you or your cat. 

Limit outdoor exposure. Even if your cat doesn’t venture outdoors, fleas from the environment can latch onto shoes or clothing from other flea-infested homes.

Don’t share pet supplies. This is especially true for any brushes, pet clothing, or carriers from friends or the thrift store. If bringing home any secondhand supplies, transport them in a sealed plastic bag and immediately wash them once home.   

Limit exposure to other pets. Since fleas can jump from pet to pet or humans—yes, dogs can give fleas to humans and cats—avoid spending time with any pets that aren’t treated with flea control medication. 

Vacuuming your home and furniture continuously for about three weeks is a crucial step in eradicating an established flea infestation. However, the veterinarians we spoke to say deep cleaning, pesticides, and natural remedies will not stop fleas from hitching a ride on your pet. Treating your home is unlikely to be fruitful unless you take steps to prevent reinfestation.

Remember, these measures are not as beneficial as the year-round use of an effective flea prevention product. To truly prevent fleas, you’re going to need to work with your veterinarian to develop a flea prevention plan. 

Flea Preventatives for Cats: Options to Consider

According to Drs. Holmboe and Duncan, preventative flea medication is the number one way to protect your cat, yourself, and your home from fleas. 

“We are lucky there are options for effective and safe flea control in cats, and product recommendations vary based on individual preferences,” Dr. Duncan says. When in doubt about the best flea prevention for cats, consider these options, then talk to your veterinarian.   

Topical Flea Treatment for Cats 

FDA- and EPA-approved topical or spot-on flea treatments for cats are a safe and effective way to prevent fleas—if applied correctly, our experts stress. “This involves placing the product on the animals’ skin, not their fur,” Dr. Holmboe says. “Additionally, make sure the animal doesn’t lick it off or otherwise get the medication washed off within 24 hours of application.” Some products are absorbed through the skin and enter the bloodstream [1, 2], while many topical preventatives instead distribute across your cat’s skin and oil glands.

A compelling perk of topical flea medications for cats is that they may protect your pet against other parasites, such as heartworms, hookworms, ear mites, and ticks, in addition to killing and preventing fleas. Topical flea treatments for cats should be applied every one to three months, depending on the medication you choose. Read the product label or ask your veterinarian if you have questions about the dosing frequency for your cat’s flea prevention.

Oral Flea Treatment for Cats

Oral medication is Dr. Holmboe’s go-to method of flea prevention for cats, and it works very quickly. Medications with the active ingredient nitenpyram, for example, start killing fleas within 30 minutes of taking the pill [3], however this product only remains in the bloodstream for a short time and does not offer any long-last prevention. In contrast, lotilaner (Credelio) begins killing fleas in as little as 8 hours [4] and prevents reinfestation for one full month. 

While oral medication allows you to avoid the need for skin application, you have to convince your cat to swallow a pill or eat a chewable tablet. Cats may readily accept the medication if it has an appealing smell and flavor. For example, Credelio CAT is a small, chewable tablet made with a vanilla and yeast scent and flavor to please even picky cats. Like topical flea treatments, FDA-approved oral flea treatments for cats are considered safe and effective. Depending on the product you choose, it should be administered every one to three months, according to the instructions on the label.

Flea Collars for Cats

According to Dr. Holmboe, the benefit of cat flea collars is that they are effective for six or more months. However, he says they’re not as effective as oral or spot-on flea treatments for cats [5] and can become a safety hazard if snagged. Many cat flea collars kill existing fleas and protect against fleas and ticks. 

Natural Flea Treatment for Cats and Other Product Considerations

Other cat flea treatments include medicated flea shampoos, powders, and dips made especially for cats and kittens. These can be useful for treating an initial flea infestation, but they won’t protect your cat from future fleas, Dr. Holmboe says. Additionally, some products may be toxic for cats. Unlike other cat flea treatments, there are some flea shampoos that may be safe for kittens. However, always consult your veterinarian before putting anything in your kitten’s fur on their skin.

As for natural flea remedies for cats, Dr. Holmboe says they’re just not effective. Rather than reaching for potentially dangerous essential oils or other natural remedies, discuss the pros and cons of each medicated option carefully with your veterinarian. They can help you decide which flea preventative is best for your cat. 

Cat Flea Preventatives: Safety Tips

According to the FDA, there have been limited reports of topical flea products with the active ingredient isoxazoline associated with neurologic adverse reactions, including muscle tremors, ataxia, and seizures [6]. However, Dr. Duncan says, “the benefits of flea prevention outweigh the potential, and rare, side effects.”

To ensure the safest and most effective application of flea medication, our experts offer a few tips:

Follow all product guidelines. If you have questions about how to apply or administer your cat’s flea medication, contact the manufacturer, or talk to your veterinarian. 

Use the correct dose and never split doses between pets. Because products made for dogs can be toxic to cats, only apply or administer flea medication labeled for cats. 

Don’t use expired medications. “It’s best to throw away expired products and purchase new as efficacy declines after expiration,” Dr. Duncan says. 

Follow the recommended application intervals. Dosing intervals vary by medication, so always read the label before applying or administering the next dose. Because fleas can survive indoors during winter months, Dr. Duncan recommends treating pets with flea preventatives year-round. 

Monitor your cat. “There are minor and rare side effects that may result from using flea and tick preventives, such as low appetite, lethargy, or vomiting,” Dr. Duncan says. “Pet owners should monitor their pet’s behaviors within the first few days of treatment and seek care from a veterinarian if side effects occur.”

What to Do if You Find a Flea on Your Cat

Look for signs of redness, crusting, or scabs on your cat’s skin if they’re scratching more than usual. When inspecting your cat’s skin, you may spot live fleas moving around in their fur and small black dots, which are flea dirt or flea waste material. Flea combs can also be used at home to routinely check your cat for fleas.

If you suspect your cat has fleas—or any other skin condition—call your veterinarian for care. They’ll likely recommend or prescribe medication to kill fleas and prevent their return.

The post Preventing Fleas on Cats: Methods, Tips, and Product Options appeared first on Great Pet Care.

In fact, a 2016 study found that 45 percent of clinically healthy cats undergoing necropsy (the equivalent of a human autopsy) at one veterinary school showed at least some evidence of pancreatitis. Granted, these cats had other medical conditions that may have predisposed them to pancreatitis, but this was still a surprising statistic and an eye-opener for many in the veterinary community.

In this article, we’ll explain what pancreatitis is, how cats develop this condition, and what veterinarians do to treat pancreatitis in cats. 

What Is Pancreatitis?

The term “pancreatitis” means “inflammation of the pancreas.”

The pancreas is an organ within a cat’s abdomen, sitting tucked up against the stomach and small intestine. This organ has two unique functions:

• It produces insulin, which is released into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar.
• It produces digestive enzymes, which are released into the intestines to aid in digestion.

There are two different forms of pancreatitis: acute and chronic pancreatitis. In the case of acute pancreatitis, inflammation develops suddenly. Cats with acute pancreatitis may become seriously ill within a very short period of time. Chronic pancreatitis, in contrast, refers to pancreatitis that persists over months to years. Chronic pancreatitis in cats is often accompanied by low-grade inflammation, which results in chronic, subtle signs.

Causes of Pancreatitis in Cats

In most cases, we don’t know what causes pancreatitis in cats. A limited number of cat pancreatitis cases have been associated with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii and other infectious organisms. 

Toxins, dietary factors, trauma, and autoimmune disease may also play a role in this condition. However, most cases of pancreatitis are “idiopathic,” which means they do not have a known cause.

Pancreatitis is often associated with inflammation of the liver and intestines. This condition is sometimes referred to as “triaditis,” due to the triad of organs involved (pancreas, liver, and intestines.) The cause of this condition is also unknown.

Symptoms of Pancreatitis in Cats

Signs of pancreatitis in cats may vary, depending on the severity of your cat’s pancreatic inflammation. In mild, chronic cases of pancreatitis, clinical signs may be subtle and vague, such as a slight decrease in appetite or mild lethargy. 

In the case of acute pancreatitis, cats may develop sudden signs of illness, which may progress to shock and even death.

The most common sign of clinical pancreatitis is loss of appetite and vomiting. Increased salivation and teeth grinding may also occur, due to underlying nausea. Diarrhea and abdominal pain may also be observed, although these findings are less consistent.

Pancreatitis symptoms in cats may include:

• Loss of appetite or anorexia
• Lethargy
• Nausea
• Increased salivation
• Grinding teeth
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal pain
• Shock

If your cat is showing signs of pancreatitis, seek veterinary care.

Diagnosing Feline Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis can prove challenging to diagnose. Unfortunately, there is no single, definitive diagnostic test for this condition.

Your veterinarian will begin by performing a thorough physical exam. During this exam, they will assess your cat’s hydration status, listen to your cat’s heart and lungs, and palpate for signs of abdominal pain or other abnormalities. Cats with pancreatitis may be dehydrated and may show signs of weight loss and abdominal discomfort, although some cats may appear completely normal on a physical exam.

Next, your veterinarian will likely perform screening blood tests, including a complete blood cell count (CBC) and serum biochemistry profile. Abdominal X-rays may also be recommended. These tests may be normal in cats with pancreatitis, but they help your veterinarian rule out other conditions that may cause similar signs.

The best test for feline pancreatitis is a blood test called feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity or fPLI. This test can be performed in-house by some veterinary practices, or it may be sent to an outside laboratory. 

While this test is the most specific test available for feline pancreatitis, it is not a very sensitive test and it may miss some cases of pancreatitis. Therefore, a normal fPLI test does not completely rule out the possibility of pancreatitis.

Abdominal ultrasound can also be a useful diagnostic tool, especially in the case of suspected acute pancreatitis. This test can allow a veterinarian to visualize inflammation of the pancreas and surrounding tissues. However, ultrasound is often less helpful in diagnosing chronic feline pancreatitis.

Your veterinarian will recommend the best diagnostic tests for your cat, interpreting the results of these tests in light of your cat’s physical exam and other findings. In some cases, veterinarians must rely upon their experience and clinical intuition in determining whether or not to treat a cat for pancreatitis.

Treating Pancreatitis in Cats

Early treatment of pancreatitis in cats is essential for improving outcomes. This is especially true in cases of acute pancreatitis, which can quickly become life-threatening.

Treatment for pancreatitis is primarily supportive in nature. In most cases, treatment is focused on reducing nausea and abdominal pain while preventing dehydration. 

In mild cases, treatment can be provided on an outpatient basis, using anti-nausea medications, pain medications, and subcutaneous fluids (administered under the skin). In cases of acute pancreatitis or severe chronic pancreatitis, your veterinarian will likely recommend hospitalization. While hospitalized, your cat will receive injectable medications and intravenous (IV) fluids.

Rarely, antibiotics or anti-inflammatory medications may be used to treat pancreatitis in cats.

When treating pancreatitis, restoring your cat’s appetite is a primary goal. Your veterinarian may recommend a prescription diet to meet your cat’s nutritional needs while minimizing the risks of exacerbating gastrointestinal inflammation. If your cat is especially reluctant to eat, your veterinarian may prescribe appetite stimulants.

Recovery times for pancreatitis in cats may range from a few days to several weeks, depending on the severity of your cat’s pancreatic inflammation. If you have additional questions about how to treat pancreatitis in cats, talk to your veterinarian.

How to Prevent Pancreatitis in Cats

Unfortunately, there is no sure-fire way to prevent pancreatitis in your cat. However, there are some measures that may decrease your cat’s risk.

Ensure your cat eats a healthy, well-balanced diet and limit their access to fatty treats. Rich table scraps have been shown to increase the risk of pancreatitis in dogs, and some veterinarians suspect the same may be true for cats.

Limit your cat’s exposure to potential toxins, including poisonous plants and pesticides. Additionally, reduce your cat’s risk of infectious disease through appropriate vaccination and keeping your cat indoors.

Finally, work with your veterinarian to keep your cat healthy. Regular wellness visits allow the early detection of medical problems, which can result in early treatment. If your cat is showing signs of illness, even if they are subtle, contact your veterinarian to arrange for an evaluation.

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Raw dog diets can be made from scratch or bought from commercial pet food manufacturers. These days, pet parents have access to a wide range of pre-made raw dog food options, including frozen, freeze-dried, and dehydrated meals, as well as hybrid products like freeze-dried raw and kibble blends.

We spoke to veterinary nutritionists about how to avoid some potentially dangerous mistakes if you want to feed your dog a raw food diet.

Mistake #1: Going the DIY Route  

Many popular videos on social media—not to mention the scads of raw food recipes you can find by Googling—tout the benefits of raw food diets for dogs. However, much of this content is not created by veterinary nutritionists or food scientists. 

“The problem with raw diets is the same one with home diets—dietary efficacy,” says Dr. Stewart Morgan of Los Angeles Animal Specialty Emergency & Rehabilitation (LAASER).

In other words, many homemade diets for dogs, whether raw or cooked, are not properly nutritionally balanced, Dr. Morgan says. They often lack nutrients that dogs cannot get from non-food sources, such as vitamin D and calcium. “Most raw diets are high in protein and phosphorus, but they’re calcium deficient,” he explains.

Dr. Belen Perez Marquez of ARCH Veterinary Services in San Jose, Calif., suspects that “99 percent of raw meals are unbalanced at home.” Unbalanced diets (raw or not) can cause major health problems in dogs, she warns.

One way to avoid nutritional deficiencies is to feed a complete and balanced commercial raw dog food, such as Instinct Raw Freeze-Dried Raw Meals, that follows the nutrient profiles established by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). Read the label closely to determine whether the product is considered a complete and balanced meal on its own, or if it’s intended for supplemental feeding, like a raw dog food topper.

Mistake #2: Not Storing Food Properly

Raw meats, bones, and organs are not like raw fruits and vegetables. They can’t just be left on the counter or even in the fridge for very long, and they need to be handled with care. To inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria like salmonella and listeria, store raw meat or commercially made fresh or frozen raw dog foods, like Instinct Raw Frozen Meals, in the freezer until you are ready to use them. If thawing meals seems like too much effort, consider a shelf-stable product, like Instinct Raw Freeze-Dried Raw Meals, that can be resealed between feedings.

When feeding a raw dog food diet, Dr. Morgan says pet parents need to ask themselves some critical food safety questions. This includes whether the food is being kept at a safe temperature at home and whether retailers are storing and handling raw foods and ingredients properly. If pet parents are taking the homemade route, they’ll also want to consider whether they are willing to put in the time and effort to freshly prepare these meals every day.

Mistake #3: Not Handling Food Properly

Unsafe storage of raw meals and ingredients is directly related to mishandling food in the kitchen. When handling raw dog food, remember that harmful bacteria like salmonella and listeria can easily spread. Anything that comes into contact with raw meat, organs, or eggs—kitchen utensils, pet food bowls and scoops, countertops, cutting boards, your fingers, and yes, your dog—can become contaminated.

Dogs can carry the bacteria in their feces or saliva and spread it to people and other household pets—and they might not even show signs of infection. Older adults, young children, people with weakened immune systems, and pregnant women are at higher risk for more severe symptoms. “Say you have a baby in the house, and the dog licks the baby,” Dr. Morgan says. “Or you take your dog into an assisted living facility with immunocompromised people.” Symptoms of salmonella infection in humans include diarrhea (that can be bloody), fever, and stomach cramps, and that’s not the only infection that can be spread by a raw diet. 

To prevent infection, you should thoroughly wash your hands after handling raw pet food and after touching potentially contaminated surfaces or objects, the FDA advises. You should also thoroughly clean and disinfect any surface or object that came into contact with raw food.

Do not let your dog lick your face or anyone else’s face, especially after your pet has eaten a raw meal. Likewise, you should wash your hands if your dog licks them. Finally, if you have young children or immunocompromised family members, think carefully about the risks before selecting a raw diet for your pet. 

Mistake #4: Romanticizing Raw Diets (Your Dog ‘Is Not a Wolf’)

Your bouncy (or maybe lazy) pooch has a wild bloodline. Somewhere around 15,000 years ago, give or take a couple millennia, domestic dogs diverged from wolves (1). And wolves, being wild, eat animals (meat, organs, blood, and bone) that they hunt. Obviously, they don’t cook their meals first.

This ancestry from wolves is the connection often made as to why a domestic dog should eat raw. But for Dr. Morgan, that’s a thin justification. “Someone’s French Bulldog or Chihuahua is not a wolf,” he says. “That is a domesticated animal that we’ve bred to rely on us.”

On average, wolves only live from 6 to 8 years in the wild, according to the PBS program Nature. Those years are often tough, Dr. Morgan says. “It’s feast or famine in the wild,” he says. “Malnutrition is a major cause of death. Animals in the wild are not necessarily healthy. Existence is a very, very low bar for health.”

Cooked and heat-treated pet foods, he says, have eliminated most of the problems that come with consuming animals caught in the wild—abundance and regularity of eating, for one, but also  problems that can arise from a lack of quality control. After all, not every animal caught and eaten is itself healthy or disease free, and that can cause problems for whatever eats it.

In other words, if romanticizing your dog as an ancient wild creature is the motivation for going raw, Dr. Morgan says, you might be barking up the wrong tree.

Mistake #5: Improperly Transitioning to Raw Food

Changing your dog’s diet should not happen overnight. A proper transition period can take from 10 days to three weeks, depending on the individual dog and their gut tolerance. Taking it slow will reduce—but is not guaranteed to eliminate—the likelihood of gastrointestinal issues or other digestive ailments that can come with switching your dog’s food.

Mistake #6: Not Weighing the Pros and Cons

Consider whether the benefits of feeding raw dog food outweigh the risks for your individual pet and your family. Formal scientific evidence is still lacking when it comes to the perceived health benefits of raw feeding. “There’s a lot of information on the internet that claims [a raw diet] is healthy, but none of these are proven,” Dr. Marquez says.

While there are plausible claims that raw feeding may lead to better digestibility and improved stool quality, many other claims remain anecdotal or opinion based (2).

Since research in this field is ongoing, if you do choose to feed your dog a raw food diet, be sure to look for brands that invest in science-led formulas. For example, Instinct has partnered with a university-led research program to better understand how raw diets affect dogs’ health. So far, they have demonstrated that puppies fed raw have fewer environmental allergies as adults and a reduced risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease later in life compared to puppies fed kibble (3), but research on these issues is still ongoing. Further research is being conducted to see how a raw diet can positively impact mobility issues, chronic ear infections, and cancer in dogs.

Mistake #7: Not Researching Raw Dog Food Brands

If you are feeding commercial raw dog food, look for reputable pet food manufacturers that demonstrate a commitment to food safety and quality. Many raw pet food manufacturers use a treatment method called High-Pressure Processing (HPP) on frozen and freeze-dried raw foods to kill harmful bacteria. Some brands may even carry special certifications, such as Safe Quality Food (SQF) certification. 

You should also check to see what types of experts the company has enlisted to develop their products—such as veterinarians, vet techs, food scientists, and nutritionists—and find out where the company sources their ingredients. 

Mistake #8: Not Involving a Veterinarian

If you really want to transition your dog to a raw diet, Dr. Morgan recommends speaking with your veterinarian or a veterinary nutritionist first. If you have a senior dog with a health condition, for example, your veterinarian might advise against feeding a raw dog food diet because certain pets can be more susceptible to food-borne illnesses. In addition, a high-protein raw diet is not recommended for dogs with kidney or liver issues. Raw diets might also contain bone fragments that can pose a choking hazard for your pet.

As mentioned earlier, feeding a homemade raw dog food diet can put your pet at risk of nutritional deficiencies. Even if you decide to go with a commercially made raw product, it’s still best to consult with your vet to ensure you are feeding the right formula for your dog’s life stage and the appropriate portion size. Overfeeding can lead to unhealthy weight gain or an overabundance of a particular vitamin or mineral. 

The Final Verdict

Being the curator of your dog’s diet should not be taken lightly. Given the risks of mishandling or misformulating raw meats, organs, or dairy products, or of improperly storing or handling ingredients or commercially made raw products, you have to be vigilant about safety and sanitation, as well as nutritional balance, with every single meal. 

Homemade and commercial raw dog food diets can work for your pup, but there is little margin for error. If you decide to go raw, the best advice is to consult a vet before you start introducing any raw foods, commercial or otherwise, to make sure it’s safe and appropriate for your dog—and keep your vet in the loop. 

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What is Glaucoma in Cats?

Glaucoma is a disease in which the intraocular pressure (IOP), or pressure within the eye, is abnormally high. This occurs when fluid in the eye, known as aqueous humor, is unable to drain effectively. The eye is constantly producing aqueous humor; if it cannot drain, the pressure in the eye will increase like a water balloon that is being overfilled.  

Fortunately, glaucoma is relatively rare in cats. Siamese and Burmese cats are predisposed to this condition, however, and therefore are more likely to develop glaucoma.

Glaucoma should not be confused with cataracts. Cataracts are caused by changes within the lens of the eye, while glaucoma is caused by increased quantities of the fluid that surrounds the lens. While both conditions can cause blindness in cats, they are separate diseases.   

Glaucoma in Cats Symptoms

Glaucoma can affect one or both eyes. Clinical signs may vary, depending on the severity of the condition. Without effective treatment (and sometimes despite effective treatment), glaucoma in cats will progress and symptoms may become more pronounced over time. 

In the early stages of glaucoma, you may notice a slight redness of your cat’s eye(s). Your cat may also squint or show other signs of discomfort. The surface of your cat’s eye (the cornea) may also become cloudy, due to inflammation. As glaucoma progresses, your cat will likely become blind in the affected eye(s). In severe cases, the eye may be visibly enlarged and bulge from the eye socket. 

Symptoms of glaucoma in cats include: 

• Redness of the eye(s)
• Squinting
• Pawing at the eye(s) as if uncomfortable
• Cloudy appearance of the cornea
• Blindness
• Bulging of the eye(s)

What Causes Glaucoma in Cats?

Glaucoma in cats can be divided into two broad categories: primary glaucoma and secondary glaucoma. 

Primary glaucoma is caused by an anatomical defect of the eye that blocks fluid drainage within the eye. This form of glaucoma is relatively uncommon in cats. It primarily affects Siamese and Burmese cats, though it has been uncommonly reported in other breeds, including Russian Blue and Domestic Shorthair cats. 

Secondary glaucoma, in contrast, occurs secondary to another condition. Most cases of feline glaucoma are secondary to another disorder of the eye that interferes with fluid drainage. Potential triggers of secondary glaucoma include eye inflammation, head trauma, tumors within the eye, damage to the lens, luxation (displacement) of the lens, and other conditions. 

Diagnosing Glaucoma in Cats

Your veterinarian will use a tool called a tonometer to measure your cat’s IOP (eye pressure). In most cases, this test can be done without anesthesia or sedation. Your veterinarian will administer numbing eye drops, then touch the tonometer to the surface of the eye. You may be familiar with these procedures from your own optometry appointments. 

In addition to assessing your cat’s IOP, your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical examination. Your veterinarian will also perform an ophthalmic examination, looking for other ocular conditions that may be associated with your cat’s glaucoma. 

Cat Glaucoma Treatment

Glaucoma in cats requires treatment, for a number of reasons. First, this condition is painful for a cat with glaucoma. Treating your cat’s glaucoma is essential, in order to keep your cat comfortable and maintain their quality of life. Additionally, untreated glaucoma will progress, causing damage within the eye and leading to blindness. This blindness is usually permanent, once it occurs. 

Glaucoma is often managed with eye drops, such as dorzolamide and timolol. These drops slow the production of aqueous humor and/or promote the drainage of aqueous humor. Your veterinarian may also prescribe medications to treat an underlying eye disease contributing to your cat’s glaucoma. It is important to give all medications consistently, as directed by your veterinarian. 

If your cat’s glaucoma does not respond to medical treatment, your veterinarian may recommend surgery. Rarely, surgery may be attempted to restore drainage of aqueous humor in an effort to preserve your cat’s vision. In most cases, however, surgical treatment involves enucleation or removal of the eye. If your cat’s eye is causing pain and has already lost vision, removing the eye may be the most humane option for your cat. 

Managing Glaucoma in Cats

Cats with glaucoma will typically remain on medication for the rest of their lives. Therefore, it’s helpful to make medication time as pleasant and low-stress as possible. Experiment with different locations for medication administration—are you and your cat more comfortable with your cat on the floor, on a countertop, or even sitting in your lap? Give your cat lots of affection before administering eye drops, and follow eye drops with a tasty treat to create a positive association. 

If your cat becomes blind due to glaucoma, they will likely adapt surprisingly quickly to their loss of vision. You can help your cat acclimate by not rearranging furniture or other items within your home, so they can learn their way around your home without sight. Within a few weeks, most cats are getting around so well that they may not even realize they are blind. For more information on coping with feline blindness, see our Guide to Life with a Blind Cat.

How to Prevent Glaucoma in Cats

There’s no surefire way to prevent glaucoma in cats. However, there are ways you can decrease your cat’s risk. 

Ensure that your cat receives regular veterinary care. Siamese and Burmese cats, in particular, should receive regular eye exams. Early diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma will maximize your cat’s wellbeing and minimize their risk of blindness. 

If your cat is showing signs of an eye issue, have them seen by your veterinarian as soon as possible. Even if their ocular issues don’t indicate glaucoma, many eye conditions can cause glaucoma if they are left untreated. Early diagnosis and treatment of eye issues can play a key role in preserving your cat’s vision.

Finally, minimize your cat’s risk of secondary glaucoma by reducing their risk of eye disease or injury. Keeping your cat indoors will not only reduce their risk of trauma, it can also reduce the risk of infectious and inflammatory diseases that may contribute to glaucoma. 

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But while toting small sticks is mostly harmless, oftentimes carrying, chewing on, and playing fetch with large sticks can be dangerous for your pet. 

In this article, we’ll go over why dogs are attracted to sticks and whether or not playing with them is a safe activity. 

Why Do Dogs Like Sticks?

Dog breeds such as Golden/Labrador Retrievers, Pointers, and Setters are predisposed or bred to carry objects in their mouths, as they were heavily relied upon during times of hunting. “Seeking out a stick and then chewing on it can be a way to carry out that natural behavior,” says Dr. Michelle Lugones, veterinarian at Best Friends Animal Society. 

Many dogs find fetching a stick entertaining, especially if their parents make the game part of playtime, adds Dr. Lugones. And you have probably seen some dogs carry sticks that seem way too large for them. Why do dogs like big sticks like this? According to Dr. Lugones, “They may enjoy the challenge, not see that size as a challenge, or they may just like how the weight of that stick feels in their mouths.” 

Puppies especially enjoy picking up sticks for play. This is part of how they interact with their environment. “Puppies frequently use their mouths and noses to investigate their surroundings, which may lead them to discovering the appeal of sticks,” says Dr. Alison Gerken, a veterinarian who exclusively treats pets with behavior disorders at the San Francisco SPCA.  

Why Do Dogs Like to Chew on Sticks?

Canines like to chew on sticks for a variety of reasons. Wild and domesticated dogs gnaw on bones as part of their natural behavior. Dogs enjoy chewing sticks because they resemble bones and the texture is appealing to nibble on or carry around in their mouths, according to Dr. Lugones. 

Chewing on things, adds Dr. Gerken, also helps to remove plaque from teeth to keep them clean. “Chewing can also occur to alleviate tooth-related pain (such as from teething in puppies or dental disease in adults) as well as frustration, anxiety or boredom.” 

However, praising your dog when they carry a sizable stick, or laughing at how silly your pup looks with a stick in their mouth, may cause them to think this behavior is acceptable.  

Can Dogs Eat Sticks?

The fact is, chewing on and eating sticks can lead to problems. “Sticks can splinter into smaller pieces that can be swallowed. If these pieces are too large to pass through the gastrointestinal tract, a potentially life-threatening obstruction may develop,” says Dr. Gerken. 

A stick splintering during chewing can also result in an infection or mouth pain. Or the stick could impale the tongue or the roof of the mouth during chewing, causing injuries. Sticks can also become wedged between the teeth, causing oral infections. Oral injuries are often some of the most common problems that land dogs in the emergency room.

If your dog is regularly seeking out sticks to snack on, it may be a sign of a condition called pica, which is the compulsive ingestion of non-food items. “The cause of pica can be anything from malnutrition, underlying diseases, gastrointestinal parasites, to stress or boredom,” says Dr. Lugones. 

If your dog is showing signs of pica, bring them to the veterinarian for an examination and screening tests for any underlying issues. “If there isn’t a medical reason, they may discuss training and behavioral strategies to promote calmness, decrease stress, and prevent any further pica,” Dr. Lugones adds.  

Is It Safe for Dogs to Play with Sticks? 

While it may seem harmless to throw a stick for your dog to fetch or catch, Dr. Lugones says it can cause severe injury if the dog doesn’t land the catch or the fetch goes awry.  

“Injury to the mouth, throat, face, and teeth can occur and a dog could accidentally be impaled with a stick when they accidentally land part of their body onto it instead of catching or fetching it,” she warns. 

If your dog unintentionally runs into a stationary object, such as a gate or door with a large stick in their mouth, it could also cause damage, says Dr. Lugones. It may lead to lacerations or splinters in the mouth, throat, or face, neck injury, or fractured teeth. “These may sound outlandish, but veterinarians see and treat dogs in the emergency room for scenarios like these.”  

How to Stop a Dog From Eating Sticks

Because of the dangers of chewing sticks, Dr. Gerken recommends that pet parents avoid playing fetch or catch using sticks. This includes keeping your yard free of sticks as best you can, and monitoring your dog closely on walks without distractions, such as phone calls or social media browsing. 

“With so many other dog-friendly toys that can be chewed, fetched and carried, there is no need for pet parents to take the risks associated with permitting their dog to chew sticks,” states Dr. Gerken. She recommends carrying a treat pouch with your pooch’s favorite snack, or keeping a small toy handy when outside to distract them from going after a stick.

For dental-related chewing, it’s best to utilize dog chew toys or treats specifically designed for teething, or keeping teeth clean. Heavy duty toys, such as Kongs or West Paw’s Zogoflex, can provide your dog with enrichment and help with their chewing urges. 

If your pet is excessively going after sticks, and it is hard to remove all small branches from the yard, Dr. Gerken recommends training your dog to wear a basket muzzle (that is not made of fabric) to prevent them from reaching for sticks. 

“A basket muzzle allows a dog to pant, drink water and even accept treats, but prevents dogs from picking up items that they should not chew or ingest, including sticks. Muzzleupproject.com is a great resource for training dogs to wear muzzles.” 

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Read on to learn more about tracheal collapse in dogs, including why it occurs and how it can be diagnosed and managed.  

What is Tracheal Collapse in Dogs?

Tracheal collapse refers to a narrowing of the trachea (windpipe). This is a relatively common condition in small-breed dogs, and it is most commonly reported in Yorkshire Terriers, Pomeranians, Shih Tzus, Chihuahuas, Lhasa Apsos, and Toy Poodles.

The trachea is a hollow tube that carries air from your dog’s mouth and nose to the lungs. In a normal, healthy dog, the trachea is held open by round cartilage rings. These rings go approximately three-fourths of the way around the trachea, and support the trachea much like tent poles support a tent. The remaining one-fourth of the trachea is covered by a thin membrane, which stretches between the two ends of the cartilage rings. This tubular structure allows the trachea to remain open, directing air to the lungs without any obstructions. 

In a dog with tracheal collapse, however, the trachea becomes narrowed. This narrowing is caused by two factors. First, the rings of cartilage are too weak to maintain their normal, round shape. Weakened tracheal rings can be compressed by external pressure or by sucking forces within the trachea, flattening the trachea and making it harder for a dog to breathe. Additionally, the membrane that stretches between the tracheal rings can also become weakened, causing it to sag or bulge into the trachea. This further interferes with the flow of air, worsening a dog’s respiratory difficulties. 

Dog Tracheal Collapse Symptoms

The most common sign of tracheal collapse is intermittent coughing. You might notice this coughing when your dog is excited, barking, exercising, or panting. Some dogs with tracheal collapse cough when eating or drinking, while others cough when pressure is placed on the throat (such as when the dog pulls against its collar). Many veterinarians and pet owners describe the cough associated with tracheal collapse as a “goose honk” cough, because of its characteristic honking sound. The cough may also be mistaken for vomiting, because it sometimes ends in a gag or retch. 

You may see other signs of respiratory issues. These may include increased respiratory rate, increased respiratory effort (struggling to breathe), increased breathing sounds, and an inability to exercise for long periods of time. In severe cases, tracheal collapse can cause life-threatening respiratory distress when a dog becomes excessively excited, anxious, or overheated. 

Signs of tracheal collapse in dogs may include: 

• Cough brought on by exercise or excitement
• Cough associated with eating or drinking
• Coughing when pressure is placed on the throat
• Shortness of breath
• Increased respiratory effort 
• Noisy breathing sounds
• Exercise intolerance
• Acute episodes of respiratory distress

Stages of Tracheal Collapse in Dogs

Tracheal collapse can be divided into four separate grades or stages: 

• Grade I: The tracheal membrane sags but the cartilage maintains its normal shape. The trachea is narrowed by approximately 25%. Most dogs with Grade I collapse have few, if any, respiratory symptoms at home or on a veterinary exam. 
• Grade II: The tracheal membrane sags and the cartilage is partially flattened. The trachea is narrowed by approximately 50%. Dogs with Grade II tracheal collapse often show symptoms, such as coughing and wheezing. 
• Grade III: The tracheal cartilage is nearly flattened and the tracheal membrane sags so dramatically that it periodically touches the opposite side of the trachea. The trachea is narrowed by 75%. These dogs experience severe symptoms and require urgent treatment. 
• Grade IV: Cartilage is flattened or inverted, with the tracheal membrane almost completely obstructing the trachea. Grade IV tracheal collapse is untreatable and often fatal. If your dog has Grade IV tracheal collapse, your veterinarian may talk to you about when to euthanize a dog with tracheal collapse.

Tracheal collapse is a progressive disease. Dogs that start with Grade I tracheal collapse may progress to Grade II or Grade III over time. Fortunately, Grade IV tracheal collapse is uncommon. 

What Causes Tracheal Collapse in Dogs?

We don’t know exactly what causes tracheal collapse in dogs.

Most cases of tracheal collapse are suspected to have an underlying genetic component. While we haven’t yet identified the exact genes that are responsible for this condition, tracheal collapse appears to be a hereditary condition in predisposed small breed dogs. 

However, tracheal collapse does occasionally occur in unexpected breeds. In these cases, the condition may be caused by the environment, underlying health conditions, and other factors. 

Diagnosing Tracheal Collapse in Dogs

A thorough physical exam is the first step in diagnosing tracheal collapse. Your veterinarian will listen closely to your dog’s heart and lungs and press gently on your dog’s trachea to elicit a cough. Your veterinarian may also recommend screening laboratory tests, to look for heartworm disease and other potential causes of illnesses. 

Next, your veterinarian will likely recommend X-rays. Images taken at specific points during your dog’s breathing cycle may clearly show the tracheal narrowing that accompanies tracheal collapse. Additionally, X-rays allow your veterinarian to rule out other heart and lung diseases that may cause coughing. 

If your dog’s X-rays do not provide clear evidence of tracheal collapse, your veterinarian may refer you to a specialist for more advanced testing. Fluoroscopy and/or endoscopy can be more accurate in diagnosing some cases of tracheal collapse, although these tests are more expensive and not always necessary for every patient. 

Tracheal Collapse in Dogs Treatment

Treatment for tracheal collapse in dogs typically involves using medication to manage (not cure) the condition. Your veterinarian may prescribe cough suppressants, corticosteroids (such as prednisone), bronchodilators, and even sedatives in an attempt to reduce your dog’s signs of tracheal collapse. 

If your dog is experiencing an acute episode of respiratory distress due to tracheal collapse, hospitalization may be required. An emergency veterinarian will administer oxygen therapy, along with injectable medications to aid your dog’s breathing. 

In severe cases, surgical treatment may be needed. This surgery is only performed by specialists, so your veterinarian will refer you to a veterinary surgeon at a specialty practice or veterinary teaching hospital. Surgical treatment of tracheal collapse requires placing a stent that will help hold the trachea open and allow smooth airflow. 

Managing Tracheal Collapse in Dogs

While medication is a mainstay of treatment for most cases of tracheal collapse, there are also lifestyle changes that you can make at home to help minimize your dog’s symptoms. 

Keep your dog at a healthy weight. Overweight and obese dogs have more fat surrounding their trachea. This can increase pressure on the trachea, worsening symptoms of tracheal collapse. 

Use a harness when walking your dog, instead of a collar. Neck collars place pressure on the trachea, which often triggers coughing in dogs with tracheal collapse. A harness distributes pressure across your dog’s chest, limiting pressure on the trachea. 

Avoid smoke and other airborne irritants, such as scented candles and strong cleaners. Many dogs with tracheal collapse are sensitive to these irritants, and they may trigger coughing episodes that can worsen signs of tracheal collapse. 

How long can a dog live with tracheal collapse? It depends on the severity of the dog’s tracheal collapse and your ability to manage their condition. Many dogs with mild tracheal collapse go on to live long, relatively normal lives. 

How to Prevent Tracheal Collapse in Dogs

There is no guaranteed way to prevent tracheal collapse in dogs. However, if you have a small-breed dog that is predisposed to tracheal collapse, keeping them at a lean weight and limiting your use of neck collars may help reduce the risk of this condition. 

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Down syndrome is a relatively common diagnosis in the human population. But if you’re a feline parent, you may be wondering: can cats have down syndrome? 

Here, we answer that question, plus provide insights into what may be at the center of your cat’s unique characteristics. As always, it’s best to contact your veterinarian if your cat is displaying any unusual signs.

What is Down Syndrome?

Down syndrome is a chromosomal condition that most often occurs when there’s an error during cell division. The medical term for this prevalent form of Down syndrome is called Trisomy 21 (or nondisjunction).

Each cell in the human body typically contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Most children born with Down syndrome, however, have three copies of Chromosome 21.

“The fetus gets three of these chromosomes when the egg is fertilized, rather than one from the egg and one from the sperm. The upshot is that either the egg or the sperm carried an extra Chromosome 21,” explains Dr. Liz Stelow, a board-certified veterinary behaviorist and chief of service of clinical behavior service at the University of California, Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital.

Instead of the typical 46 chromosomes, the cells of people with Down syndrome contain 47. Scientists theorize that the extra genes on Chromosome 21 disrupt how genetic information is decoded.

People with Down syndrome vary in their abilities and personalities, just as you’d expect in the general population. Common characteristics of the condition – which are present in varying degrees – include learning challenges, slower speech, a flattened face, slanted eyes, a short neck, small ears, low muscle tone, and a shorter stature.

Can Cats Have Down Syndrome?

The short answer is that Down syndrome in cats doesn’t exist. In humans, the condition is most commonly the result of an extra copy of Chromosome 21. Given that cats have just 19 pairs of chromosomes, they can’t have Trisomy 21.

There are, however, genetic mutations that can cause traits similar to those found in people with Down syndrome, says Dr. Sasha Gibbons, an associate veterinarian at Just Cats Veterinary Hospital in Stamford, Connecticut.  “But the etiology (cause) of these changes are slightly different than that of people.”

An example is the mutation linked to the UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase (UGDH gene), which results in the shortened legs in the Munchkin cat breed.  

Can Other Animals Have Down Syndrome?

Even if cats and other animal species could acquire three copies of Chromosome 21, their genes are structured differently than ours. This means that any condition or disease, if present, would be expressed uniquely.    

Though Down syndrome is a human condition, there are interesting genetic similarities to Trisomy 21 found in the animal kingdom.  

Mice

Mice have 20 chromosomes and are unable to develop Trisomy 21, but there are similarities between human Chromosome 21 and mouse Chromosome 16. Mice with Trisomy 16 exhibit learning difficulties.

More recently, mice who received an inserted copy of human Chromosome 21 have displayed characteristics consistent with Down syndrome in humans – including learning challenges, a greater risk for heart defects, and a marked facial structure.  

Chimpanzees

Chromosome 22 (of 24 pairs) in chimpanzees is structurally similar to human Chromosome 21. To date, scientists have identified two chimpanzees with Trisomy 22, including one with a shorter stature and a prevalence for heart disease, and who developed cataracts at a young age.

Cat Conditions That May Be Confused With Down Syndrome

While there’s no such phenomenon as a Down syndrome cat, some felines exhibit traits and behaviors – like a broad face, short stature, and poor muscle tone – that mimic those in people with the condition.

So, if Down syndrome in cats doesn’t exist, then what’s behind these traits? The following conditions may help explain what’s going on with your kitty. Always contact your veterinarian if you suspect something is amiss.

Cerebellar Hypoplasia

Cerebellar hypoplasia is a condition where the brain’s cerebellum fails to fully develop. It’s often brought on by the distemper virus infection (panleukopenia) that occurs during pregnancy, says Dr. Drew Weigner, past president of EveryCat Health Foundation. It “causes incoordination and tremors in affected kittens who appear otherwise normal.”

Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus is a birth defect that causes liquid in the brain to accumulate, says Dr. Weigner, who says that it results in “an enlarged head and neurologic symptoms.” Cats with hydrocephalus may also have a larger skull, a downward gaze, seizures, blindness, and a propensity to walk in circles. 

Seizures

According to Dr. Gibbons, seizure disorders that result in brain damage could cause symptoms similar to Down syndrome, such as “slower-than-normal nerve reflexes, and the appearance of lower-than-average intelligence.”

Head and Facial Trauma

A cat who’s had an accident at a very young age can develop head or face trauma, which Dr. Weigner says “can affect their appearance and coordination.”

Toxins

What seems like a cat with Down syndrome may actually be signs of exposure to lead and insecticides. Dr. Weigner notes that this can result in neurologic symptoms in cats. Certain flowers like lilies and foods like grapes and chocolate can also cause a range of unwanted symptoms, including lethargy and weakness.

Dysautonomia

Dysautonomia – the degeneration of nerve cells – presents signs similar to Down syndrome, says Dr. Weigner. Signs of feline dysautonomia include mental dullness and unresponsive pupils.

Eyelid Agenesis

Eyelid agenesis is a birth defect that can result in a flattened face or almond-shaped eyes, according to Dr. Gibbons. “That would give an appearance to cats that could resemble a human with Down syndrome.”

Strabismus

Cats with strabismus have eyes that appear crossed. “While they’re otherwise normal, they can be somewhat clumsy because, well, they’re cross-eyed,”  says Dr. Weigner. 

Chromosomal Abnormalities in Cats

It’s important to note that not every cat who looks or behaves differently has a chromosomal abnormality. “More commonly, certain behavioral abnormalities, such as wool sucking, or compulsive ingestion of wool in clothing, is associated with certain breeds, in this case in Siamese cats. But that doesn’t mean their genes are abnormal,” says Dr. Weigner.

Gene mutations do occur in cats, however, and they can cause health issues. One breed-specific genetic mutation called Burmese head defect causes a malformed skull and face. “Unfortunately, it’s usually fatal and these kittens don’t survive long after birth. There’s now a genetic test that detects carriers of this abnormality so they’re not used for breeding,” Dr. Weigner explains.

Though any form of trisomy (a third copy of a chromosome) in cats is considered rare, Dr. Stelow notes the exception is XXY trisomy, which results in a sterile male. “This is the feline equivalent of human Klinefelter syndrome and is the explanation for calico or tortoiseshell male cats.”

Female cats can acquire a rare single X chromosome that’s similar to Turner’s syndrome in humans, which Dr. Stelow says can lead to aggression issues.

Feline Genetic Research

Though Down syndrome in cats may not be a recognized condition in the veterinary community, scientists have been studying how gene abnormalities contribute to other conditions and diseases.     

One of these efforts is the Feline Genome Project at the Feline Genetics and Comparative Medicine Laboratory, University of Missouri in Columbia. The Project consists of scientists working to compile DNA sequencing in the cat genome, similar in scope to the Human Genome Project. Identifying gene mutations that cause disease can ultimately aid in improving cat health. If you’d like to participate, the Feline Genome accepts volunteer samples of cat DNA from the public.

In another recent large-scale study of more than 11,000 cats, researchers sought to identify genetic variants that cause diseases, as well as their frequency in both pedigreed and non-pedigreed cats. They’ve been able to identify 13 new gene variants linked to diseases in 47 breeds and found that three of these are unique to non-pedigreed cats. As with the Feline Genome Project, these types of studies provide information that can ultimately benefit the health and welfare of cats.

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However, many cats don’t receive an early diagnosis or prompt treatment. The symptoms of hyperthyroidism in cats can be subtle and often mistaken for normal age-related changes, leading to unnecessary delays in diagnosis and treatment.

If you share your home with an older feline, take a few minutes to familiarize yourself with these five signs of hyperthyroidism in cats. Also, learn what to do if you notice signs of hyperthyroidism in your feline companion.  

Cat Hyperthyroidism: A Common Condition

Feline hyperthyroidism is a common condition in middle-aged and older cats. In fact, it’s estimated that approximately 10 percent of cats over 10 years of age are affected by hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism is the most common endocrine (hormonal) disease in cats.

We don’t know exactly what causes hyperthyroidism in cats. Most cases are associated with a benign tumor of the thyroid gland. Many potential causes of these tumors have been considered, including dietary factors and environmental contaminants, but the truth is that we really don’t know why it’s such a common condition.  

5 Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism in Cats

Hyperthyroidism causes abnormally high levels of thyroid hormone in the bloodstream. The symptoms of hyperthyroidism are all caused by an excess of circulating thyroid hormone.

In most cases, symptoms of hyperthyroidism come on relatively gradually, over a period of weeks to months. However, given their subtle nature, it’s not uncommon for these signs to go unnoticed for a long period of time, until they become far more obvious and difficult to ignore. In this case, it can appear as though the signs of hyperthyroidism have come on relatively suddenly.

Common symptoms of hyperthyroidism in cats include the following:

Weight Loss

This is often the first sign of hyperthyroidism that owners notice, and it’s also the most common sign of hyperthyroidism. Because thyroid hormone regulates your cat’s metabolism, an increase in thyroid hormone will increase your cat’s metabolism and lead to weight loss.

Many older cats are overweight, and a cat with hyperthyroidism may first lose some of their excess body weight. Your normally-chunky cat may begin to slim down and look healthier, leading you to think that their weight loss is a positive change. However, weight loss that isn’t accompanied by calorie restriction suggests a possibility of hyperthyroidism (or other medical conditions). If left untreated, cats with hyperthyroidism will eventually begin to burn muscle, leading them to become excessively skinny.

Increased Appetite

In addition to burning fat and muscle, cats with hyperthyroidism will eat more to fuel their increased metabolism. If your cat is fed free choice, you may notice that you are needing to refill the food bowl more often than usual. If you feed your cat carefully-measured meals, you may notice that your cat is eating more quickly than usual and always begging for more food.

Even as you increase their food intake, however, cats with hyperthyroidism will continue to lose weight. Increased food intake accompanied by weight loss is a big red flag that suggests hyperthyroidism.

Increased Thirst and Urination

If your cat is drinking more water than usual and visiting the litter box more often than usual, this could be a sign of hyperthyroidism. (It could also be a sign of many other medical conditions!) Approximately 50 percent of cats with hyperthyroidism demonstrate increased thirst and urination.

Thyroid hormone can act on the brain to trigger an increase in thirst. Additionally, hyperthyroidism affects how blood flows through your cat’s kidneys, resulting in increased urine production. Your cat will drink more water to compensate for this increased urine output.

Changes in activity level

An increase in your cat’s metabolism can lead to behavioral changes. Your cat may become more active than usual, as if they’re full of “nervous energy. You might notice your cat pacing or acting restless. Muscle twitches and hyperreactivity can also occur.

Cats with hyperthyroidism also tend to become more talkative. They may be more likely to yowl (a loud, drawn-out meow), especially during the overnight hours, often appearing confused or restless.

Gastrointestinal upset

Vomiting, regurgitation, and diarrhea are relatively common symptoms of hyperthyroidism in cats.

An increased level of thyroid hormones may act on the chemoreceptor trigger zone, a part of the brain that recognizes and responds to abnormalities in the bloodstream. This causes nausea and vomiting.  

Gastrointestinal issues in cats may also be associated with increased food intake. Cats with hyperthyroidism tend to quickly scarf down large quantities of food, especially in multi-cat homes. This overindulgence can lead to regurgitation, vomiting, and diarrhea.

What to Do If You Notice Symptoms

Signs of hyperthyroidism, especially in a middle-aged or older cat, warrant a visit to your veterinarian.

Your veterinarian will begin by performing a thorough physical exam. They will look for signs of hyperthyroidism, as well as signs of other medical conditions that may cause similar symptoms. Your veterinarian may be able to palpate an enlarged thyroid gland. This finding is strongly suggestive of hyperthyroidism as the cause of your cat’s signs.

Next, your veterinarian will recommend laboratory testing. Blood tests will be used to evaluate your cat’s thyroid hormone (T4) level,  as well as your cat’s overall health and organ function. A urinalysis may be performed, to assess your cat’s kidney function and rule out other potential causes of urinary changes. Cats can have hyperthyroidism in combination with other conditions, such as feline diabetes and chronic kidney disease, so your veterinarian will perform a thorough workup before attributing your cat’s signs solely to hyperthyroidism.

If your cat is diagnosed with hyperthyroidism, there are several available treatment options. Most cats are treated with methimazole, an oral medication that is given twice daily for the remainder of your cat’s life. Alternatives include radioactive iodine therapy and dietary iodine restriction (with the use of a prescription diet). 

Your cat will be closely monitored during the early stages of treatment, with frequent physical examinations and blood tests. Once your cat’s hyperthyroidism has stabilized, recheck visits will decrease in frequency to once every 6-12 months.

With prompt and effective treatment, most cats with hyperthyroidism experience a complete resolution of clinical signs. With appropriate monitoring and treatment, these cats typically go on to live long, healthy lives.

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It’s estimated that 14 percent of dogs will be diagnosed with a UTI during their lifetime, and urinary tract infections are among the most common reasons dogs visit the vet. Some dogs may only get a single urinary tract infection, while others have chronic or recurrent UTIs, developing three or more infections in a year.

Read on to learn everything you need to know about dog UTI symptoms – and when it’s time to call the veterinarian.

Urinary Tract Infections in Dogs: An Overview

E. coli and other bacteria cause UTI in dogs. Bacteria enters the urethra and travel toward the bladder. Dogs have defenses – like sterile urine – that fight off infection-causing bacteria, but the system isn’t always effective.

Once bacteria reach the bladder, kidney, or prostate (in unneutered male dogs), it can grow and reproduce, causing symptoms of UTI in dogs. Treatment not only alleviates the symptoms, it also prevents the infection from spreading and causing additional damage.

“If a urinary tract infection is left untreated, a dog may develop complications like lower urinary tract dysfunction (or urinary incontinence), kidney infection, [chronic inflammation in the bladder], bladder stones, or an infected prostate gland,” explains Dr. Georgina Ushi, a veterinarian at Fuzzy.

Although male dog UTI symptoms and female dog UTI symptoms are the same, Dr. Ushi notes that females are more susceptible to infections, along with older dogs and dogs with underlying health conditions like diabetes, kidney disease, Cushing’s disease, bladder tumors, or weakened immune systems.

UTIs are also more common in breeds such as English Bulldogs, French Bulldogs, and Pugs that have excess skin folds around their vulvas that provide the warm, dark, moist environments where bacteria thrive.

8 Dog UTI Symptoms You Shouldn’t Ignore

Any of these eight symptoms could be a sign of a dog UTI and warrant a trip to the vet.

Straining to pee. Dogs with UTIs may whine, whimper, or arch their backs during their potty breaks because the infection causes pain during urination.

Bloody or cloudy urine. Any change in the color of your dog’s urine is cause for concern. “Cloudy urine can mean there is pus in the urine, which can indicate inflammation or infection of the bladder,” Dr. Ushi says. “[Blood in the urine] could also indicate infection or inflammation of the urinary tract, and possibly that there are stones in the bladder.” 

Frequent urination. A UTI can make your dog feel like she has to urinate even when her bladder isn’t full. This means that a dog that can normally go several hours between bathroom breaks starts asking to go out much more often.

Potty accidents. When a pup with an A+ track record for doing her business outside starts having accidents in the house, it can be a hallmark sign of UTI in dogs.

Peeing multiple times in a row. Urinary tract infections aren’t just painful; the infection makes it difficult for dogs to control the flow of urine, which means your potty-trained dog can’t hold it until she gets outside. A common symptom of UTIs in dogs is peeing again right after they go to the bathroom.

Increased genital licking. Most dogs are willing to get into some pretty tricky positions to lick their nether regions, and the occasional lick-a-thon is totally normal. However, pay attention to any increased licking of the genitals – it might be one of the first signs your dog has a UTI. “It is believed that dogs experience some pain and discomfort in the genital area from infection and inflammation [of a UTI],” Dr. Ushi says. “Increased licking is their way of trying to soothe the area.”

Low volume of urine. If words like “dribble” and “trickle” best describe your dog’s urine flow, pay attention. Dr. Ushi notes that, “not producing any urine or small drops is a symptom not to be ignored.” The reason: It could be a sign that something is blocking the passage of urine from the bladder.

“If you notice straining with little to no production of urine, an emergency trip to the vet is warranted,” she says. Your vet will want to rule out possible causes for reduced urine flow, including bladder stones, scar tissue that narrows the urethra, or tumors in the urinary tract.

Fever. A normal temperature for dogs is 99.5 to 102.5 degrees Fahrenheit. While fever is not a common sign of UTI in dogs, an elevated temperature in a dog diagnosed with a UTI could be a sign that the infection has spread. “There may be an underlying cause of the fever, such as a kidney infection…prostate infection in unneutered males or infection in another part of the body,” Dr. Ushi says.

Next Steps if You Suspect a Dog UTI

If you notice your dog has common symptoms of a urinary tract infection, call your veterinarian. “A urinary tract infection should be treated as soon as possible,” says Dr. Ushi.

Your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical exam, collect a urine sample, and run a urinalysis to detect the presence of white blood cells and bacteria that will help them diagnose a urinary tract infection.

In order to get the best results, they may want a sterile sample, which is collected by passing a urinary catheter into the bladder or using a needle to collect a sample through the skin and bladder wall. This method minimizes possible contamination from the urethra and genitals, according to Ushi.

Dogs that test positive for UTIs may be prescribed antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications to alleviate the symptoms and clear the infection. In the case of a recurrent or chronic UTI, your veterinarian will want to determine the bacteria causing the infection to recommend a targeted medication for treatment.

Not only is a UTI painful for your dog, it could cause additional health issues if left untreated, making it even more important not to ignore the warning signs and make an appointment to get immediate medical attention.

The post 8 Dog UTI Symptoms You Shouldn’t Ignore appeared first on Great Pet Care.

While smegma may seem a bit disgusting to us humans – leading us to wonder how to stop dog smegma production – this fluid is actually completely normal and natural. Read on to learn more about smegma in dogs, including when it should be ignored and when it’s a cause for concern.

A Brief Intro to Dog Penis Anatomy

When you look at the outside of a dog’s penis, what you are typically seeing is the prepuce (also known as the sheath or foreskin). The prepuce is a fold of skin that surrounds and protects the penis.

A dog’s penis lies inside the prepuce. The penis is bright red or pink in color, because it is covered in a mucous membrane (like your gums or the inside of your eyelids). A mucous membrane is more susceptible to drying out and becoming injured than normal skin, so the prepuce serves to protect this delicate mucous membrane.

A dog’s penis may extend from the prepuce under a variety of circumstances. Most obviously, the penis will protrude during sexual activity. In some dogs, however, the pink/red tissue of the penis will protrude anytime they are excited (even in a non-sexual way) or even when they are calm and relaxed. All of these variations can be normal for dogs.

What is Dog Smegma?

Smegma is a white, yellow, or green fluid found in the space between the penis and the prepuce. It contains a combination of dead skin cells and proteins. Smegma serves to lubricate and protect the penis, and it is completely normal.

In many dogs, smegma may be nearly invisible. It remains in the pocket of tissue between the penis and prepuce in very small quantities, where it cannot be seen.

In some dogs, however, larger quantities of smegma are produced. In these dogs, you may see drops of smegma leaking from the tip of your dog’s prepuce. Smegma may also coat the hair around the opening of your dog’s prepuce and small drops of smegma may be found on your floor and furniture. 

In many cases, visible smegma production is normal and doesn’t indicate a problem.

Dog Smegma and Signs of Infection

While occasional smegma in dogs is typically a normal occurrence, a sudden or dramatic increase in smegma can indicate an underlying medical issue. 

If you notice that your dog is producing more smegma than usual, this could indicate an infection or other medical problem. Dramatic changes in the color, odor, or other characteristics of your dog’s smegma can also suggest an issue. Finally, most male dogs attempt to clean away excess smegma through licking, so increased licking of the genitals could suggest increased smegma production associated with an infection or other medical issue.

A variety of medical conditions can cause changes in your dog’s smegma. Infections impacting the penis, prepuce, urinary tract, prostate gland, or other structures of your dog’s reproductive tract can lead to changes in your dog’s smegma. An increase in smegma could also suggest other urinary tract disorders, such as urethral stones, bladder stones, or urinary tract tumors. Even seemingly-unrelated issues, such as skin allergies, can lead to changes in your dog’s smegma.

If you’re concerned about the possibility of a dog smegma infection, it’s time to schedule an appointment with your veterinarian. 

Your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical exam, paying special attention to your dog’s genitals. Additional testing, such as bloodwork, urinalysis, or X-rays, may also be recommended. Based on your veterinarian’s findings, they can determine whether there may be an underlying health issue involved in your dog’s smegma changes.

Investing in a reliable pet insurance plan, such as a policy from Animalia, helps pet parents be more prepared. Pet insurance plans typically cover necessary tests and treatments associated with underlying smegma issues. Should your dog require the services of a specialist, you’ll have peace of mind without breaking the bank.

Does Smegma Require Treatment?

Most male dog smegma is completely normal. While it may be icky to us, it doesn’t present a problem for our dogs. Therefore, no treatment is required.

If your veterinarian determines that your dog’s smegma is associated with an infection or underlying medical issue, they will recommend appropriate treatment for your dog. Treatments may include cleaning or flushing of the prepuce, oral antibiotics, or other medications.

How to Clean Dog Smegma

Most dogs clean their own smegma by licking away excess discharge from the prepuce. If your dog is not cleaning their smegma and your vet has determined there is no underlying medical problem, you can use a warm, moist washcloth or tissue to wipe excess smegma away from your dog’s prepuce. If your dog has long hair, keeping the hair around their prepuce trimmed can reduce the accumulation of smegma.

Less commonly, your veterinarian may recommend more thorough cleaning of your dog’s smegma. Your veterinarian may provide an antiseptic solution and syringe, which you can use to flush excess smegma from your dog’s prepuce. Follow your veterinarian’s instructions carefully.

Do not attempt to put cleaner inside your dog’s prepuce unless you have been advised to do so by your veterinarian.

If your dog leaves small quantities of smegma on your floors or furniture, these can be cleaned with any cleaner that is approved for use on that surface. For example, you can use carpet cleaner on carpeted floors and upholstery cleaner on upholstered furniture.  

How to Stop Dog Smegma

Neutering your dog is the best way to reduce smegma production. Intact (unneutered) dogs produce larger amounts of smegma, increasing the likelihood that this smegma will drip onto your floors and furniture. In most cases, you will see a reduction in dog smegma after neutering.

Even neutered dogs, however, produce a small amount of smegma. In most cases, this is not apparent to owners, but you may occasionally notice a small drip of fluid. This is biologically normal and cannot be completely prevented.

The post Dog Smegma: Causes and Information appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But is tail chasing in dogs cute, or is it a sign of something wrong? We spoke with veterinary behaviorists to get the facts about why dogs chase their tails and what you might need to keep an eye out for.

Is It Normal for Dogs to Chase Their Tails?

So, is tail chasing something dogs just do? The short answer is yes, but with a big caveat. Dr. Leanne Lilly, a veterinary behaviorist at the Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, says tail chasing in dogs can just be a form of play—but only if it’s brief and intermittent and, generally, if your pup is still young.

“Silly play tends to happen in younger animals,” adds Dr. Julia Albright, a veterinary behaviorist at the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine. “Puppies, up to 18 months.” 

Playful tail chasing in dogs is fairly easy to recognize, Dr. Lilly says. “If they take one or two jumps, catch it, then let it go,” she says, then it’s probably play. “But if you see a dog who chases his tail obsessively, to the exclusion of everything else, it’s time to get him to a vet.”   

Some breeds are more inclined than others to chase their tails, Dr. Lilly adds. Bull Terriers and German Shepherds, in particular, are known tail chasers. 

But again, normal, harmless, playful tail chasing in dogs is a brief catch-and-release. Frequent, obsessive, or even aggressive tail chasing and chewing is likely a sign of something more concerning.

Why Do Dogs Chase Their Tails?

If your dog is whirling around in circles chasing his tail, this puzzling behavior likely raises a few questions, like: Why is my dog chasing his tail and biting it? Does he think it’s a toy? What could possibly be so interesting back there?

Let’s look at a couple possible emotional reasons and then some physical ones for dogs chasing their tails.

Stress

Wild dogs and wolves don’t typically chase their tails, Dr. Lilly says, but captive wolves (and some captive big cats, FYI) sometimes do. This points to one of the non-play reasons dogs might chase their tails: stress. 

“Dogs might do it as a coping mechanism,” Dr. Lilly says—something to fixate on when they are feeling anxious or frustrated.

Dr. Albright says that one of her three dogs loves to go for walks and gets frustrated when he can’t go out. Sometimes he goes after his tail. But his frustrated tail chasing looks different than a dog who might have a medical issue around back. “It’s not frantic,” she says, but it is clearly her dog working off some of his stress.

OCD

Just as some humans have OCD tics, Dr. Albright says, so do dogs, and tail chasing might be one of them. She says the behavior might start because of some kind of stressor, but continues when there isn’t anything presently stressing the dog out. This is where the tendencies of Bull Terriers and German Shepherds to chase might come into play. But it’s not wise to assume your dog is chasing his tail just because his breed is more prone to do that.

Pain, Discomfort, and Medical Issues

Dog tails are lively, complicated structures. They are, in fact, limbs made up of vertebrae, muscles, cartilage, and nerves, and that means dogs’ tails are as prone to injury, nerve damage, infection, and disease as any other part of their bodies. “Tail pain is a main cause of tail chasing,” Dr. Lilly says.

And if there is any kind of medical problem happening in your dog’s tail, he might try to catch and chew on it as a way of treating the issue. “A ton of medical issues can lead to tail chasing,” Dr. Albright says.

Some tail troubles in dogs can be fairly easy to address, such as:

• Fleas
• Hot spots (i.e., patches of raw, irritated skin)
• Anal gland irritation

Other reasons for tail chasing in dogs can be more serious, such as:

• Skin injury
• Tumors
• Arthritis
• Bone fractures or bone infections
• Spinal cord injury

And because dogs can’t just tell us what they’re feeling, some signs of tail trouble to watch out for include:

• Limp tail
• Pain when touched
• Swelling
• Kinks/bumps/bends in the tail

Dr. Lilly says that dogs obsessively chasing their tails or excessively spinning in one direction could be a sign of pain or discomfort on one side of the body, near the dog’s hind end. 

Excessive tail spinning also (though less frequently) could be a symptom of a deeper issue. “There’s always a small chance that a repetitive behavior is part of a seizure or other psychomotor disorder,” Dr. Lilly says. It’s why she says pet parents should default to going to a vet and not make assumptions.

How to Stop a Dog From Chasing Their Tail

The best way to stop dogs from chasing their tails is to find out why they’re chasing them in the first place.

Our experts stress that tail chasing lasting more than 10 seconds, or in dogs older than a year or two, should be addressed medically. “For any behavior that’s not normal, the vet is the best place to start,” Dr. Lilly says. “Always go to a vet first.”

In other words, don’t assume your pup is just acting up. Let your veterinarian or a veterinary behaviorist rule out more serious issues first. Once you do rule out medical trouble, there are steps pet parents can take to curb tail chasing in dogs:

Don’t: Encourage. There’s a chance your pup’s habitual tail chasing might actually be a way of seeking attention. If you laugh or in some other way reward your pup with attention when he whirls around chasing his backside, says Dr. Lilly, “it’s like yelling ‘ice cream’ at a kids’ party.” 

Do: Redirect. “Whenever we need a dog to be in a different place,” says Dr. Albright, “we redirect.” In the moment, mid-spin, she says, “call him away, calmly. Ask him to do other things.” If he does tricks, now would be a good time to break a few out. Or maybe take a walk, or play with a toy. And if he doesn’t know any tricks, well…maybe now you have a reason to teach him a couple.

Don’t: Redirect with food. Food rewards are a training tool for dogs. If you offer him treats in exchange for not spinning, he’ll probably figure out how to game you for post-spinny treats very quickly.

Definitely Don’t: Restrain. Dr. Albright says never try to physically stop or restrain your dog while he’s in the middle of chasing. It will just add to his stress and could make things worse.

Tail Chasing in Dogs: Other Advice

Tail chasing doesn’t happen in a vacuum. But it could happen because of the vacuum! In other words, stress reactions have precursors—something that signals that a behavior is about to start. 

Dr. Albright says the best thing pet parents can do is learn to recognize what triggers behaviors like spinning and tail chasing in dogs. And it could be anything—the vacuum cleaner, the mailman, loud garbage trucks, kids playing close by. Does your dog start chasing or spinning when these things show up in his space? Especially if he is blocked from seeing what’s causing him stress, or, conversely, feels he can’t get away from it?

Dr. Lilly says pet parents can work around these patterns once they recognize what triggers a bout of stressful tail chasing in dogs. If you know when the garbage truck shows up, for example, maybe leave on some music or another sound your pup likes as a way to drown out the noise of the truck. If you know what time a repeating stressor occurs, a food bowl with a timer could train your dog to think of the garbage truck or afternoon siren or mailman visit as time for a snack, Dr. Lilly says. Reassociation and avoidance, she says, go a long way.

The bottom line for dog parents is to pay attention to your pooch; to never assume behaviors like tail chasing are just your dog being weird; and to see a veterinary behaviorist or vet if your dog is chasing his tail a lot. 

That whole butt-sniffing thing, though—you’re just gonna have to live with that one.

The post Why Do Dogs Chase Their Tails? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Why do female dogs hump, though? Here we outline what to know about this behavior, then follow up with expert-vetted tips on how pet parents can work to correct it. 

Though dog humping is considered normal, there are times when it can signal that something is amiss. It’s why we recommend contacting your veterinarian if you suspect something’s off or if the humping starts suddenly.

Do Girl Dogs Hump?

Dog humping isn’t a behavior reserved just for males. “While it is less commonly seen, female dogs may also hump,” says Dr. Mary R. Burch, director of AKC Family Dog. And though it’s more common in younger, unspayed dogs, “Female dogs may hump both before and after being spayed,” says Dr. Burch, who is a certified applied animal behaviorist.

While any dog can exhibit this behavior, studies show a strong link between smaller breeds and compulsive behaviors, including dog mounting.

Researchers shed some light on why this may be. For one, smaller dogs are usually more reactive and excitable than larger ones, and they tend to be products of overprotective pet parents. It can also be that we perceive similar behaviors differently depending on the dog’s size. “It may be more tolerated in smaller dogs because it is less disruptive,” says Dr. Valli Parthasarathy, a board-certified veterinary behaviorist with Synergy Behavior Solutions in Portland, Oregon.

Why Do Female Dogs Hump?

There isn’t one specific reason. A female dog who mounts another dog may be frustrated, emotionally aroused, engaging in play, trying to establish status, or even seeking attention,  says Dr. Parthasarathy. “They can hump other people or inanimate objects such as pillows for similar reasons, except for social standing.”

How Sex Hormones Play a Role in Female Dog Humping

Though it may seem surprising, female dog humping is not usually sexual in nature, veterinarians say. One classic study examining the link between hormones and behavior found that estrogen levels (the hormone vital to sex and reproduction) didn’t impact whether a female dog mounted another dog, says Dr. Parthasarathy. “However, female dogs would mount other female dogs who were actively in heat more frequently than when not in heat.”

Anxiety and Emotional Arousal

Anxiety is a top cause of female dog humping, veterinarians say. In one study looking at undesirable canine behavior, 65 percent of the dogs classified as anxious had a tendency to hump people. One view is that it’s a way to release energy caused by anxiety or excitement.

Play and Social Interaction

Mounting can be a way for dogs (including puppies) to play and socialize with each other. For dogs, play is an important way to display camaraderie and build relationships.

For Pleasure

Sometimes the answer to why do female dogs hump? is straightforward: Because it feels good. It can also be soothing. A female dog who humps an object before settling in for sleep is akin to thumb sucking in a human child.  

Dominance Theory

Dog mounting can be a way to establish dominance with other dogs. Of course, if a dog is humping an object – whether it’s the furniture or a favorite toy – the dominance theory doesn’t apply.

Compulsive Behaviors

A dog with a malady like canine compulsive disorder may engage in excessive and repetitive behaviors. Though compulsive disorders are not a common reason for female dog humping, it should still be evaluated by a veterinarian.

Inadequate Physical or Mental Stimulation

Though it’s not a common cause, a lack of mental stimulation or exercise can contribute to some dog humping behavior, says Dr. Parthasarathy. “But often humping has other root causes other than this.” In these cases, “Mental enrichment can help provide dogs a healthy outlet if lack of stimulation is playing a role.”

Medical Issues

What looks like dog mounting may actually be a way for a pup to relieve the pain or discomfort associated with a medical condition. Medical issues that may lead to dog humping include skin allergies caused by a flea infestation, vaginitis, or a urinary tract infection.

Sudden Humping: What Does It Mean?

While dog humping is considered normal, it can sometimes be a sign of something more serious, especially when it starts suddenly. When this happens, it’s recommended that you contact your veterinarian, as it usually indicates a medical condition.

Why Does My Female Dog Hump All of a Sudden?

“While humping can be from stress, excitement, or dominance, it can also be the sign of a medical condition such as an allergy, an infection, or a skin irritation if the dog is not fully housetrained (think of diaper rash),” says Dr. Burch.

New stressors or anything that increases pain or discomfort can increase anxiety, and thus lead to sudden humping, says Dr. Parthasarathy. Additionally, “If a particular dog is being mounted, that dog should be checked as well for any health changes.”

How to Stop a Female Dog From Humping

A humping dog who has received a clean bill of health from the veterinarian may benefit from behavior training. “Training and redirection are good ways to stop humping,” says Dr. Burch. In the study where 65 percent of anxious dogs exhibited mounting behavior, 72.3 percent improved after receiving such training.

First, determine what precedes the dog humping behavior, says Dr. Parthasarathy. “Who is present and when is it happening?” Then, if possible, work to avoid or prevent those situations. “This may mean taking a break from dog parks, reducing situations that trigger emotional arousal, or removing favored items that are being humped.”

Behavior therapy can also encourage dogs to practice behaviors aside from humping in these situations, Dr. Parthasarathy says. “If humping does occur, then calmly redirect the dog to do a different activity. Avoid scolding or punishing the dog for humping.”

If the dog is humping for attention, playing a backyard game where the dog has to retrieve a ball may help, says Dr. Burch. “Chasing and retrieving a ball are incompatible with humping.”

If you need help applying these techniques, ask your veterinarian for guidance. Or consider working with a certified dog behaviorist or certified dog trainer.

The post Why Do Female Dogs Hump? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But if you’re wondering: can cats eat corn? You’re not alone. Many feline pet parents have the same question. 

Before you feed, hold onto that cob. Read on to learn whether or not cats can eat corn, if corn has any benefits for our feline friends, and what you should know before sharing corn-based dishes with your pet.

Can Cats Eat Corn? 

Yes! Cats can indeed eat corn. “Corn is a highly nutritious carbohydrate source that’s found in many manufactured cat foods,” says Dr. Nancy Welborn, an assistant professor of veterinary clinical sciences at the LSU School of Veterinary Medicine in Baton Rouge. 

However, just because corn is found in well-balanced, veterinarian-approved cat foods, that doesn’t mean it’s something you should go out of your way to feed your pet. “Cats are obligate carnivores,” explains Dr. Welborn, “which basically means they need a higher concentration of protein in their diets.”

A little bit of carbs in a cat’s diet, corn included, is okay. But a lot is not. To live her best life, your cat needs kitty chow with the right balance of macronutrients and a hearty portion of high-quality protein. Additional treats or supplements are rarely beneficial.

Can Cats Eat Corn on the Cob? 

Cats can technically eat corn on the cob. That said, it’s best to keep this treat in the “human food” category. Most of the time, corn on the cob is covered in salt, oil or fat, and seasonings—none of which are great for cat consumption. 

In this case, even a couple of licks can be a calorie bomb, especially considering how few calories the average cat’s compact body needs. Cats aren’t going to a job or the gym with you every day, so those extra calories can add up quickly. In fact, more than half of cats in the U.S. are overweight or obese, and overfeeding can lead to additional health problems over time like diabetes, says Dr. Welborn. 

But there’s a reason why videos of cats eating corn on the cob are a rarity. Compared to dogs, cats are much less likely to beg for a taste anyway—so they won’t even know what they’re missing. Keep corn husks and cobs off the menu, too; toys designed for cats to gnaw on are a safer option for a happy cat. 

Can Cats Eat Corn Tortillas? 

Keep corn tortillas off the menu for cats, too. They’re a high-calorie snack and don’t offer the right balance of proteins, fats, and carbs for the optimal feline diet. 

Can Cats Eat Corn Chips? 

Corn chips are another no-no for cats. Processed foods tend to be high in calories and contain ingredients your cat doesn’t need in her diet. 

Can Cats Eat Cornbread? 

While we all want to treat our pets and make them feel included, cornbread is another human food you can skip sharing with your cat for the same reasons you’d keep these other corn-based dishes out of her diet. 

Are There Benefits of Cats Eating Corn? 

Corn is found in many cat foods because it’s an inexpensive, healthful source of kitty fuel. The grain offers up nutrients including fiber, protein, and fatty acids, says Dr. Welborn. And corn byproducts found in kibble can help boost the palatability (a.k.a. tastiness) of food and support healthy digestion.   

Is Corn Bad For Cats? 

As the base for high-fructose corn syrup and other high-calorie, highly-processed foods, corn doesn’t always get the best rap in the human diet or the feline diet. 

But the good news is, corn and corn products are rarely bad for cats. Here are the answers to some of the most common corn-related concerns. 

Does corn provide empty calories for cats? 

There’s a common misconception that corn’s just a “filler” in pet foods that crowds cats’ bellies with empty calories. But the research does not back up this belief, per an article published in Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. As mentioned above, corn can be a nutritious part of a cat’s diet and is found in many veterinarian-approved cat foods.

Is corn gluten meal bad for cats? 

With the rise of “grain-free” diets and human concerns like food allergies and gluten intolerances, you may wonder if similar health problems could affect your pet. However, veterinary reports show the main cause of allergies in cats is actually from protein-based foods; grain-based foods are at the root of less than 1.5% of all food allergy cases. Honestly, “grain-free” is just a marketing term, says Dr. Welborn. (And even pet foods that claim to be grain-free may not be! One supposedly grain-free cat food, for example, was found to contain barley, according to a study by veterinarians at Tufts University.)

Feeding Cats Corn: Tips to Consider 

When it comes to cats and corn, there are two key rules to keep in mind, according to Dr. Welborn:  

1. Everything in moderation. Avoid extra corn products in your cat’s diet, especially if she is overweight. Occasionally, plain corn is okay as long as there’s no salt, butter, oil, or seasonings on it. 

2. But generally, just stick with cat food. For enrichment and training, opt for veterinarian-approved treats that are designed specifically for cats. Another cost-effective option? Simply take a portion of your cat’s kibble out of the bowl so you know she’s getting in the usual amount of calories she needs to stick with a healthy, balanced diet. 

The Bottom Line on Corn for Cats 

All in all, corn is rarely bad for cats. In fact, it’s a common ingredient that provides nutritional value in many high-quality cat foods. But if you’re worried something in your cat’s diet could be making her sick due to concerning symptoms like an upset stomach or diarrhea, by all means, contact your veterinarian. It’s better to figure out what’s going on together with a full exam than to try to rework your cat’s diet on your own. 

The post Can Cats Eat Corn? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Mulch is often made from tree bark, wood chips, grass clippings, or other plant material. It is used to maintain soil moisture, reduce weeds, provide insulation, and make the landscaping prettier overall. While mulch can help improve your home’s curb appeal, it’s not good for your dog to munch on. 

Keep reading to learn about some potential hazards of mulch for dogs, what types of mulch are safest, and what to do if your dog eats mulch. 

Why Do Dogs Eat Mulch?

Dogs, especially puppies, tend to be curious of their surroundings and explore everything they can get their mouths on, including the earthy-smelling mulch you put down in your yard. Some dogs like to gnaw on wood mulch chips because they like the textured feel of it in their mouth. In other cases, dogs are simply bored and are looking for something fun to do. 

Eating non-edible items like mulch is a form of pica. The condition is characterized by the compulsion to chew on and consume items like wood, bark, plastic, paper, or rocks. Pica can be seen in adolescent and adult dogs, and it can be caused by behavioral or medical problems. If your dog is bored, stressed, or anxious, he may opt to chew on mulch. Less commonly, pica may be caused by underlying medical conditions, such as anemia or mineral deficiencies. 

Is Mulch Bad for Dogs?

Mulch, as it is, is not toxic to dogs if consumed in small amounts. However, eating too much mulch can cause an upset stomach, leading to vomiting and diarrhea, according to Dr. Patrik Holmboe, head veterinarian for Cooper Pet Care, a veterinary telemedicine provider in the Netherlands. Your dog could also choke on mulch.

“Ingesting large amounts of mulch (or even a single large, solid piece) can also lead to blockages in the dog’s gastrointestinal tract,” says Dr. Holmboe. Stomach blockages can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention and, in some cases, surgery. 

Some mulch could also contain mold or mushrooms that can be toxic to dogs. However, Holmboe says that risk is rather low compared to the risk of blockages.  

Dog Eating Mulch: What to Do

If you see your dog bounding toward the garden, it’s best to try and stop him before he makes a picnic out of mulch. But if you catch your dog making an afternoon snack out of this multipurpose garden staple, or if you suspect your dog ate mulch when you weren’t looking, concerning signs to watch for include:

• Vomiting 
• Diarrhea 
• Abdominal pain 

If you notice any of the above signs, seek veterinary help or use telehealth for immediate guidance, Dr. Holmboe says. “If the dog is acting fine, it is still important to keep an eye on any potential signs of illness,” he adds. 

What Mulch Is Safe for Dogs?

If you are looking to add mulch to your yard, the best option is mulch made from natural wood. However, keep in mind that consuming any mulch can pose some risk to your canine, as it could cause stomach blockages and/or choking. 

Wood-based mulch chips are made mainly from cedar (reddish brown in color), pine (dark brown), cypress (golden brown), and hemlock bark (reddish brown). These dog-friendly mulch materials are the safest bet to use in your yard.  

Colored mulch, which typically comes in red and black, is made from wood chips that are dyed to be more attractive. Red mulch is colored with iron oxide and black mulch is colored with carbon black. This type of mulch is also deemed safe for pets, so long as it isn’t made from recycled pieces of wood. Recycled wood comes from demolition or construction sites and could contain chromated copper arsenate (CCA), which causes arsenic poison. For CCA-free mulch, look for the logo of the Mulch and Soil Council (MSC) on the packaging. 

Is Cocoa Mulch Safe for Dogs?

Cocoa mulch is made with leftovers from chocolate production. While it looks beautiful and smells delicious, it could have the same impact on your dog as chocolate. This is because it contains low concentrations of theobromine, which is toxic to dogs. If ingested, it could cause vomiting and diarrhea, according to the American Animal Hospital Association. If large amounts are consumed, it could lead to muscle tremors or serious neurological problems, elevated heart rate, and even seizures, the ASPCA warns. If you are looking for a cocoa option for your garden, look for a product that has been tested and certified theobromine-free. 

Is Rubber Mulch Safe for Dogs?

Rubber much is a durable option that is typically made from recycled tires. While it looks like wood, it’s not as fragrant, making your dog less likely to want to chew on it. However, it’s still best to keep your dog away from this type of mulch, as they are at risk of having an obstruction.

How to Stop Dogs from Eating Mulch

There is nothing positive about your dog chewing on mulch. If your dog is constantly going outdoors to grab a few pieces of mulch to gnaw on, Dr. Holmboe recommends the following tips: 

Supervise your pet when he’s outside. It’s important to redirect your dog with the use of treats or basic training cues. If you haven’t taught your dog to “leave it” or “drop it,” these potentially lifesaving cues are worth adding to his repertoire.

Provide your dog with mental enrichment. As mentioned earlier, a dog eating mulch could be a sign of boredom. This can be addressed by providing more opportunities for stimulation, such as playing with chew toys or using food puzzles.

Fence off the area(s) where mulch is used. If your dog is persistent, you might try installing a dog-proof garden fence, such as those made of chicken wire. This is a sure-fire way to keep your dog out of trouble and away from mulch and any other plants that may be toxic to pets.  

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The symptoms of arthritis in cats can vary from subtle to severe, depending on your cat’s joint changes and their pain sensitivity. However, even mild arthritis warrants treatment. Arthritis is a chronic, progressive disease, and early intervention plays a valuable role in maintaining your cat’s quality of life. 

Here is what you can expect when it comes to managing feline osteoarthritis, including cat arthritis treatment plan steps and tips for keeping your pet comfortable.

Cat Arthritis Treatment Plan: What to Expect

Once your cat has an official diagnosis of osteoarthritis, your veterinarian will recommend a treatment plan for your cat. This treatment plan will reflect the severity and location of your cat’s arthritis, other medical conditions your cat is dealing with, and your family’s lifestyle and financial considerations. 

Arthritis treatment for cats typically involves a combination of the following: 

• Medication
• Dietary changes
• Nutritional supplements
• Lifestyle changes

In rare cases, your veterinarian may recommend surgery for severe arthritis. The goal of surgery is to alleviate instability or correct misalignments in joints. 

Feline Arthritis Treatment Cost

The cost of arthritis treatment for cats can vary, depending on the severity of your cat’s condition and how your cat responds to therapy. In general, you can expect that your cat will see your veterinarian every three to six months for arthritis monitoring. Additionally, your cat may require a number of different medications and/or supplements. 

In general, you can expect to spend $200-$500 per year on arthritis treatments for your cat. If your cat needs surgery or other advanced treatments, this cost will be higher. 

Cat Arthritis Medications

Medications play a key role in the management of arthritis in cats. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) control pain and inflammation. For this reason, they are a commonly-used arthritis medicine for cats. However, there are risks associated with long-term NSAID use in cats. Your veterinarian will carefully weigh the expected benefits of NSAIDs against the potential risks for your cat when making treatment recommendations. 

There are two NSAIDs labeled for use in cats—meloxicam (Metacam oral liquid) and robenacoxib (Onsior tablets)—but neither is specifically approved for the treatment of chronic pain associated with arthritis (they are indicated for postoperative pain). 

Other pain medications can also be valuable in cats. These medications may be prescribed in addition to an NSAID or in place of an NSAID:

• Amantadine: This medication has multiple uses, one of which is to decrease the brain’s sensation of pain. 
• Gabapentin: This anti-seizure medication can alleviate the sensation of pain, especially nerve pain. 
• Tramadol: This pain medication has variable results in cats, but some studies have demonstrated that it may help relieve arthritis pain when combined with an NSAID (3).

Finding the best cat arthritis medicine may require some trial and error, because each cat responds differently to medication. Your veterinarian will work closely with you to develop an effective pain management plan for your cat’s arthritis. 

Finally, there is a new drug that has recently become available for the treatment of osteoarthritis in cats. Frunevetmab (Solensia) is an antibody injection that veterinarians give once monthly for the treatment of arthritis. This medication blocks the effects of certain chemicals involved in joint inflammation. 

Tips for Managing Arthritis Pain in Cats

Simple changes at home can keep a cat with arthritis more comfortable. Consider the following: 

• Be sure your cat’s litter box is easy to access. If your litter box has high sides, cut a low opening in the front so your cat can easily step in and out of the litter box. 
• Use a large litter box to provide plenty of room for your cat to maneuver.
• Elevate your cat’s food and water bowls to a comfortable height. 
• Place steps or ramps to allow your cat to access elevated surfaces, such as your bed, sofa, etc. 
• Use heating pads, set on a low setting, under cat beds to provide a comfy resting spot for your cat. Turn off heating pads when unattended. 

These simple steps can make your home environment more comfortable for a cat with arthritis. 

Dietary Considerations for Cats With Arthritis

One of the most valuable things you can do for your arthritic cat is to control their body weight. Excess weight puts extra pressure on your cat’s joints. Additionally, fat itself releases chemicals that promote inflammation, worsening your cat’s arthritis. In general, cats with arthritis should be kept at the low end of their healthy weight range. Talk to your veterinarian about your cat’s body weight and, if needed, work with your veterinarian to formulate a weight loss plan. 

Prescription diets are also available specifically to support joint health in cats. These diets are low in calories, but also contain supplements to promote joint health and control inflammation.

Arthritis Supplements for Cats

Cat arthritis supplements can play a valuable role in combating feline arthritis. 

Glucosamine and chondroitin are available in many over-the-counter and prescription cat joint supplements. These compounds work together to promote cartilage healing within the joints, while also improving the quantity and quality of your cat’s joint fluid. 

Omega-3 fatty acids, especially EHA and DHA, play a valuable role in combating inflammation within the body. Fish oil supplements are the best source of omega-3 fatty acids, as these fatty acids are more easily absorbed from fish sources than from plant-based sources. 

Nutritional supplements can vary significantly in quality, and they are not well-regulated. For this reason, it’s best to only purchase supplements from a trusted provider. Talk to your veterinarian to determine the best supplements for your cat’s arthritis treatment. 

Arthritic Cat Exercise Plan

Exercise can play a valuable role in the treatment of feline arthritis. Keeping your cat active and moving not only promotes weight loss, but it can also help strengthen muscles that provide support for your cat’s joints. 

Ideally, a cat with arthritis should receive low-impact exercise. Intense or prolonged exercise, such as an hours-long session of chasing a laser pointer, could lead to a worsening of your cat’s arthritis pain. 

Instead, increase your cat’s activity level in subtle, gradual ways. Consider using a hunting feeder for your cat, which is a small toy that dispenses food as your cat plays with it. Alternatively, you could hide your cat’s daily meals in multiple areas throughout your home. Find toys that your cat enjoys playing with and encourage short play sessions throughout the day. 

If you’re looking to be a bit more proactive in your cat’s exercise, purchase a harness and attempt taking your cat for leash walks. Swimming is also an excellent exercise for cats with arthritis, if your cat will tolerate it! 

Arthritis in Cats Treatment: Tips and Advice

Arthritis is a chronic condition, and it is likely to progress over time. Treatment for arthritis in cats is intended to reduce the discomfort associated with arthritis and slow its progression, not to completely cure the arthritis. Your cat will require lifelong treatment. 

With effective pain medication, you should see a significant improvement in your cat’s pain level. Limping may resolve (or at least lessen) and your cat’s overall activity level is likely to increase. Your cat may not become completely pain-free with treatment, but you should see an improvement in your cat’s signs of arthritis. 

Monitor your cat for any side effects associated with their medication or supplements. Side effects such as vomiting, diarrhea, decreased appetite, and lethargy warrant a call to your veterinarian. If your cat experiences side effects with a particular medication, your veterinarian can recommend measures to decrease side effects or prescribe an alternative treatment.

You may also want to consider alternative therapies for your cat’s arthritis. Acupuncture, laser therapy, and physical therapy have all been shown to be beneficial in managing feline arthritis. Stem cell treatments have also shown promising results in dogs, horses, and humans, but these treatments have not yet been studied in cats. 

Finally, remain in touch with your veterinarian. Managing arthritis is a long-term commitment, and it’s important to keep the lines of communication open. If you have any questions or concerns about your cat, reach out to your veterinary team. Your cat’s veterinarian is the best person to provide you with information about treatment for cat arthritis. 

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Despite these advances, deciding to euthanize a beloved dog is still excruciating. And if this is your first experience with dog euthanasia, the process can seem overwhelming and confusing. We hope our guide will help you navigate this difficult decision.

What is Euthanasia?

Euthanasia is the lawful process of humanely and painlessly helping an animal to pass. It’s considered a final option, reserved for animals who are terminally ill or whose quality of life has irreversibly been diminished. 

“The most important thing is that you know you are doing the best thing for your pet. And your pet trusts you and knows you love them and knows that everything you do is because you care about them,” says Dr. Gabrielle Fadl, director of primary care at Bond Vet, based in New York City.

Only veterinarians and veterinary technicians can perform euthanasia, though several states make exceptions for law enforcement officers in case of emergencies.

Dog Euthanasia Drugs

Veterinarians rely on a combination of dog euthanasia drugs to ensure a gentle and peaceful passing. In addition to the euthanasia injection of pentobarbital, this regimen may include sedatives, analgesics to relieve pain, and anti-seizure medication if the patient is prone to seizures, says Dr. Elke Rudloff, a veterinary emergency and critical care specialist with BluePearl Pet Hospice in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

The way these drugs are administered can differ. “Medications can be given into a vein with or without an intravenous (IV) catheter, under the skin, into the muscle, and into an internal organ,” says Dr. Rudloff, who is board-certified in veterinary emergency and critical care.

One sedative commonly used in euthanasia for dogs is propofol. “Propofol is often used as a sedative in the beginning of the procedure. This is the same drug that is used to induce pets going under anesthesia for procedures. Propofol causes the dog to be unconscious soon after it is given. There are other drugs that can be given in the muscle that will sedate your dog a few minutes after the injection is given,” says Dr. Amber Karwacki, a partner doctor at Heart + Paw at their Callowhill, Philadelphia location. Giving propofol prior to euthanasia helps ensure a more peaceful passing.

For the actual euthanasia, veterinarians most commonly use pentobarbital, which includes brands like Euthasol and SomnaSol. “It can be injected into the vein, kidney, abdomen, or heart. It causes cerebral death along with respiratory and cardiac collapse in a very quick, painless manner,” says Dr. Susan Jeffrey, an associate veterinarian at Odyssey Veterinary Care in Fitchburg, Wisconsin.

Only veterinarians can prescribe these medications, though they can also be administered by veterinary technicians, subject to the laws in their state.  

Dog Euthanasia Procedure: What to Expect

Once you’ve made the decision to proceed with euthanasia, “your veterinarian will review all the steps in the process to make sure you understand what will happen,” says Dr. Karwacki.

Euthanasia for Dogs: The Process

Veterinarians may first administer a combination of medications under the skin to induce a state of sedation, pain relief, and anesthesia, says Dr. Rudloff. “Sometimes an oral sedative is given first if the pet is anxious or fearful. This combination is intended to allow the pet to gently fall into a deep sleep, so that they are completely unaware when the final euthanasia injection is administered. This process can take 8 to 15 minutes.”

Once the dog is in a deep sleep, the veterinarian will inject the euthanasia solution, says Rudloff. “Prior to the injection, some veterinarians will place an IV catheter for easier access to the vein,” says Dr. Jeffrey. Death can occur within 5 to 30 seconds with an intravenous injection, and between 8 and 15 minutes if the solution is injected into an organ, Dr. Rudloff adds.

After the pet has passed (which a veterinarian determines by listening for a heartbeat), Dr. Rudloff says the dog’s body is removed and prepared for cremation or burial.  

Creating a comfortable environment for the dog and family is an essential part of the process. “This could be an area of your home, or a special room in the vet clinic that feels a little more homey and less clinical. You can bring along things your pet will enjoy such as a favorite toy, blanket, or even a special treat if your pet will eat at the vet’s office. If available, you might be guided to a separate entrance or exit from the clinic, to avoid crowds in the lobby,” says Dr. Fadl.

How Long Does Humane Euthanasia Take?

A number of factors, including the dog’s age, overall health, vital organ function, and level of hydration, can affect how quickly drugs are absorbed and how long the overall euthanasia procedure takes, says Dr. Fadl. 

“For the entire process – from walking into the clinic, to sedation, to a pet being euthanized and passing away and you being able to say some final goodbyes – many clinics will schedule 30 to 60 minutes. But this may vary by practice. Typically, these appointments are never rushed.”

How Dogs React to the Euthanasia Process

Some physical reactions that occur during humane euthanasia may seem unsettling but are a normal part of the process. For example, says Dr. Fadl, a dog’s eyes can stay open. Some dogs take deep breaths during or right after the procedure, which she says is reflexive.

Because the bladder and bowels relax​, veterinarians will usually place an absorbent pad under the dog’s bottom.

Though nausea is rare with the administration of sedatives, it can result in salivation or vomiting, says Dr. Rudloff. A seizure-prone dog may have a seizure, she adds, and “Occasionally the eyes will twitch or the tip of the tongue will protrude.”

Ultimately, the process can differ, depending on the dog, says Dr. Fadl. “The important thing to know is, these are physical reactions, not an indication of a dog being in distress or of anything going wrong. Remember, a dog is peacefully sleeping.”

Where Do Pet Parents Fit Into the Euthanasia Process?

Veterinarians usually leave this decision up to pet parents. “If you’d like to hold or pet your dog, that’s almost always okay and even encouraged. It can be a comfort to you and your dog alike to have that contact and connection in their final moments,” says Dr. Fadly. “That being said, everyone processes grief differently. Many pet owners are unable to even be present in the room, and there’s nothing wrong with that. In that case, the veterinary team will comfort a pet during the process.”

Depending on the practice, pet parents usually have the option of saying goodbye for as long as needed. “As animal lovers, veterinarians and their teams understand the need to have these final goodbyes and process the loss of a beloved pet,” adds Dr. Fadl.

Dog Euthanasia at Home Vs. the Vet Office

There are advantages, as well as things to consider for each option. It comes down to doing what’s best for your dog and family.

Dog Euthanasia at the Vet Office

The veterinary office is a good option if the dog’s health is rapidly declining and timing is critical, says Dr. Rudloff. Veterinarians also say it can be helpful to have the procedure done in a neutral setting to avoid equating your home with a sad event.

Pet parents who prefer privacy and quiet, however, may not do well in a clinical environment. “Some clinics have only one exit and entry door, in which case the family may need to pass by others in the waiting room when the procedure is complete,” says Dr. Rudloff. “Clinics can’t always control what is happening outside the room where a pet is being euthanized and there may be noise interruptions.”

Dog Euthanasia at Home

In-home dog euthanasia provides the opportunity for the dog and other members of the family to be together in familiar surroundings, says Rudloff. “Perhaps the pet’s favorite place is the backyard and this is where it would be most meaningful to say a final goodbye.”

Your dog’s physical limitations are another consideration, says Dr. Fadl. “For example, a giant breed dog who’s collapsed and has trouble getting into the car might benefit from a home euthanasia, since he would be physically difficult to transport to a veterinary clinic.”

The disadvantages mostly affect the veterinarian, says Dr. Karwacki. “For your veterinarian, they may have a more difficult time working in a smaller space or with lower light than usual. But make no mistake, your veterinarian will make sure to make everything as smooth as possible for your final goodbye.”

Some veterinarians perform house calls for home euthanasia. If your veterinarian is not able to perform house calls, they may recommend a housecall veterinarian who can help you and your pet.

Is Euthanasia Painful for Dogs?

Dog euthanasia drugs don’t cause pain. They put the animal into a deep sleep, similar to how anesthesia acts before surgery, says Dr. Fadl. “The only discomfort, which is minimal and temporary, would be from quick needle sticks for injecting sedation and placing an IV catheter.”

To ensure a dog isn’t in pain or discomfort, Dr. Jeffrey follows the pet’s behavior. If the dog seems uncomfortable, she’ll increase the dose of opioid medication. She also considers the family. “I do my best to alleviate fears the owners may have regarding pain. I tell them the poke of the needle to place the catheter is the most painful part. Most people can relate to this mild pinch.”

What to Do With Your Dog’s Body After Euthanasia

Pet parents have several options for handling a dog’s body after the euthanasia procedure.

Dog Cremation

The pet cremation process involves placing the body in an enclosed area then incinerating at a high temperature. Except for bone tissue, it becomes ashes.

There are two options within this category. With communal cremation, the dog is cremated with other pets. This is not a good option if you’d like to keep your dog’s ashes. Private cremation permits one animal into the chamber at a time, ensuring that you can have your dog’s ashes returned to you.

Dog Burial Services

You can work with a professional pet cemetery provider or bury the dog in your own backyard as long as you follow municipal or state laws regarding pet burials.

How to Bury a Dog After Euthanasia

Home burial is a cheaper option and lets you be close to your dog’s body. There are, however, some potential issues to consider. If you move, the dog’s body will remain with the new owners. Plus heavy rains can cause the body to resurface, which can be upsetting. Or if the body is not properly buried, another animal may ingest the euthanasia solution.

Also consider that dog burial laws vary by state. Most allow backyard pet burials but differ on details. For example, the state of Texas requires residents to bury the pet at least 3 feet underground; while Minnesota refers residents to their local to their city government. City and county governments may also have separate rules. Washoe County (Nevada), for example, requires you to own the property of the proposed burial site.

If in doubt about the rules in your region, ask your veterinarian or a local humane society. You can also check with your local government agency, whether the board of health, animal health, or agriculture department.

What to Know About Pet Cemeteries

Pet cemeteries will usually pick up a dog’s body from your home or veterinary clinic. They also offer memorial products and services, which vary in range and cost.

To find a pet cemetery in your area, check with the International Association of Pet Cemeteries and Crematories or the In-Home Pet Hospice & Euthanasia Provider Directory.

If you leave this decision up to your veterinarian, ask how they plan to handle the remains.

Dog Euthanasia Cost

Having euthanasia done at a veterinary clinic is typically more affordable. The base price for basic in-clinic euthanasia begins at about $50. In-home dog euthanasia starts at about $250.

These prices vary and are subject to increase based on a number of factors including travel fees, provider locations, the types of drugs used, and the dog’s size. These fees also don’t include cremation, transporting the animal, or memorial services and items.

A euthanasia package may offer a better value. Veterinarians with the Lap of Love network, for example, offer one package that includes a meeting with the veterinarian, dog euthanasia drugs, the procedure, a paw print impression keepsake, and lock of fur. Depending on the location, this service ranges from about $350 to $400.

Humane societies may offer low-cost dog euthanasia options. The Dane County Humane Society in Wisconsin, for example, charges $50 for basic euthanasia, but lowers the price to $25 for pets under 3 pounds.

Does pet insurance cover euthanasia costs?

If you have pet insurance, your provider may cover the euthanasia procedure. Additionally, some wellness plans offered through insurance companies may offer reimbursement for additional costs like cremation, burials, and memorials.

Dog Euthanasia FAQs

We asked veterinarians to answer common questions you may have about dog euthanasia.

How do you know it’s time?

Deciding when it’s time to put a dog to sleep comes down to quality of life. “It can be hard to decide, since many older or ill pets alternate between good and bad days,” says Dr. Fadl. “Think about the things your dog has always loved doing, and whether they are able to do them at all anymore.”

If you’re struggling with a decision, discuss options with your veterinarian. “Pet hospice and palliative care services may be available to promote the comfort of a pet who may be nearing their end of life, but not ready for euthanasia,” offers Dr. Rudloff. BluePearl Pet Hospice also offers quality of life assessments.

Can a dog wake up after euthanasia?

Euthanasia permanently ends brain function, so the dog won’t be able to wake up, says Dr. Rudloff. “There may be involuntary movements that can occur immediately after death as the muscles release energy, but this is not happening because the pet is alive.”

One exception, says Dr. Jeffrey, is if an inadequate amount of euthanasia solution is given.

Do dogs know they are being put to sleep?

It’s hard to know whether the dog is reacting to the given situation or their humans’ emotions. “There are certainly plenty of cases when a dog owner notes that their pet seemed to feel like it was time, or to feel some relief in letting go after they had been suffering from chronic pain or illness,” says Dr. Fadl. 

How long does dog euthanasia take?

Once the IV catheter is inserted and the drug administered, it takes about 1 to 2 minutes for the dog to pass, says Dr. Karwacki. The entire process – including sedation, placing of catheters, and saying goodbyes – generally takes between 30 minutes to an hour.

Grieving the Loss of a Dog After Euthanasia

It’s normal to grieve after you put a dog to sleep. “Everyone works through grief differently and you must do what you feel is best to process the loss of your pet,” says Dr. Karwacki.

The following may offer solace when you’re grieving the loss of a dog after euthanasia.

Memorialize Your Dog’s Life

Remembering your dog can help with closure, says Dr. Fadl. “This can mean anything from framing a photo of them, to getting a paw print in clay or some ashes in a necklace, to holding a funeral service for them, and anything in between.”

Dr. Rudloff says writing about your dog, having a celebratory get-together, or performing comforting rituals can also help.   

Once you’re ready, you may want to consider giving back to your local humane society, by volunteering or donating goods or supplies.

Support and Resources for Grieving the Loss of a Dog After Euthanasia

Most veterinarians offer resources for coping with grief, says Dr. Rudloff. “Some clinics have a veterinary social worker on staff who can be a valuable resource for anticipatory grief, how to talk to children about their pet’s death, how to get help when a family cannot deal with the grief of pet loss or the guilt that can accompany loss.”

Books on pet loss can help, as can support groups. If you’re not sure where to find a group, check with your veterinarian or humane society. Local support group networks like the Pet Loss Research Center may offer virtual options.

Additionally, these organizations provide support and resources.

• BluePearl Pet Hospice offers a Facebook support group.
• Association for Pet Loss & Bereavement has a directory of services, including for free support groups.
• Lap of Love provides grief classes, individual consultations, and a free support group.
• Dove Lewis Emergency Animal Hospital in Oregon offers a range of services including memorial art and writing workshops, some of which may be offered online.

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With so many choices available, it can be hard to know if you’re making the right dietary decisions for your dog — and there are several pitfalls pet parents can fall into when it comes to feeding their pets.

Great Pet Care spoke with two experts about typical dog food mistakes: Dr. Gabrielle Fadl of Bond Vet in New York City and Dr. James Cellini of Ocean State Veterinary Specialists in East Greenwich, Rhode Island. Here’s are their thoughts:

Mistake #1: Falling for Marketing Traps

Dr. Fadl says one of the most common mistakes pet parents can make is to select dog food with savvy marketing but without nutritional claims that can be verified.

“What you realize very quickly when you’re going to look for a pet food is that there are hundreds and hundreds of options and not a ton of information that’s reliable,” says Dr. Fadl. “Any person or group of people can come together and create a diet and sell it on the market, and they don’t need to pass any guidelines or standards in order to produce that diet. So they can claim lots of things such as being natural or holistic, and none of it actually means anything.”

Dr. Fadl says to look for veterinary-formulated dog food, which generally means that a veterinarian or veterinary nutritionist has approved the food for its nutritional content. She says you can also look for dog food with a nutritional adequacy statement from the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), which ensures the quality and safety of dog food.

Of course, it’s also helpful to check in with your veterinarian or a veterinary nutritionist about your dog’s diet, especially during puppyhood and older adulthood, says Dr. Fadl. She says you should also seek dietary advice if your dog is experiencing gastrointestinal issues, itchy skin, or another problem.

Mistake #2: Not Feeding For Your Dog’s Life Stage 

Puppy food, adult food, senior food — do these labels matter?

Dr. Fadl says it is essential to feed your dog food appropriate for his or her age.

“Their nutritional needs change as they grow,” says Dr. Fadl. “Puppy diets also tend to be more fatty and more calorie dense, and so feeding an adult dog puppy food will oftentimes result in a pretty chubby dog fairly quickly.”

Dr. Cellini agrees that it’s necessary to get your dog food tailored for his or her age — but adds that you shouldn’t stress if you’re a few weeks or months past the recommended range.

“I would not worry about that one,” he says. “What’s more important are the extremes. I wouldn’t give a 14-year-old dog 6-month-old puppy food.”

Mistake #3: You Give Your Dog Too Many Table Scraps or Treats

You’re eating dinner. Your dog plops down beside you and gives you puppy-dog eyes you can’t resist.

“I’m certainly guilty of treating my dog to a little something of what I’m eating,” says Dr. Fadl, “of course, making sure that it’s safe and not a toxic food, but you know in general I think a little taste here and there is okay.”

But what and how much you give your dog matters significantly. It’s important to research and avoid toxic foods (like chocolate and grapes), while giving all treats in moderation.

“I would stick to tiny small amounts as a little treat,” she says. “Just like us, when the majority of your diet is becoming donuts and sweets more so than healthy balanced foods, that’s when it really becomes a problem.”

Regarding commercially-sold treats, Dr. Fadl recommends that pet parents follow the daily recommended amounts to give their dogs.

If your dog does get too many table scraps or treats, he or she risks becoming obese, which can lead to other health problems, says Dr. Cellini.

“When you’re giving them these treats left, right, and center all day those calories add up,” says Dr. Cellini. “And it’s not too dissimilar from me or you just adding in a couple of Snickers bars every day.”

If you cannot control how many treats your dog is getting —  for instance, if a child in your household gives your dog more than he or she should — you can cut down on how much food the dog gets at meals, says Dr. Fadl.

Mistake #4: You’re Generally Overfeeding Your Dog

In addition to not giving your dog too many treats, you shouldn’t give him or her too much food at mealtime. According to a 2018 survey conducted by the Association of Pet Obesity Prevention, almost 56 percent of dogs are considered obese — and overfeeding is often to blame.

“It’s really important to maintain that ideal body weight in our dogs,” says Dr. Fadl. “They are susceptible to all the same illnesses people are with being overweight — diabetes, heart disease, high cholesterol, early joint disease, arthritis.”

Dr. Fadl says you should follow the instructions on the dog food packaging, which usually have recommendations based on a dog’s age, weight, and whether they are spayed or neutered.

“A lot of foods can vary greatly based on the brand … in terms of how many calories are in each serving,” she says. “So it’s hard to say that a dog that is five pounds should eat one cup because it really just depends on the diet they’re eating. Just follow the guidelines on the food.”

Mistake #5: You’re Storing Your Dog Food All Wrong

Believe it or not, there are right and wrong ways to store dog food.

“Most big brands recommend keeping it in the bag rather than the plastic because I think there is a tendency for the food to spoil when it’s not in its original container,” says Dr. Fadl.

If you do take the kibble out of its bag, make sure you put it into an airtight container, she adds. And if you’re giving your dog wet food, don’t forget to check the expiration date on the food and follow storage instructions for any wet food that’s left over.

Even if you do opt for a different storage option, it’s important to keep the original packaging on hand. This can help you check the packaging if a pet-food recall happens. 

Mistake #6: You Switch Your Dog’s Food Too Quickly

Humans might get bored eating the same thing each day — but Dr. Cellini says that dogs will not. So you don’t need to feel guilty about feeding your dog the same thing every day.

But if you decide to change your dog’s food for some reason, you should slowly mix the old and new food, says Dr. Cellini.

“You just don’t want to do it all at once … because then, a diet change can cause them to get a real upset stomach, and you’re back to square one,” he says.

Mistake #7: Not Getting Guidance on Homemade Dog Food

OK, but maybe you don’t want to buy pre-made dog food. Perhaps you’re the kind of pet parent who wants to make homemade food for your dog. But can you ensure your dog gets everything he or she needs with a home-cooked meal?

Dr. Cellini says it is possible to keep your dog healthy on a homemade diet but that you should seek advice from a veterinary nutritionist to ensure you’re doing it right.

“The problem is it’s really easy to get deficient in one or two micronutrients or macronutrients,” says Dr. Cellini. “Basically, you’re trying to play chef with a different species.”

He adds that a veterinary nutritionist can also be helpful if you’re looking to feed your dog other alternative diets, such as a vegan or raw food diet.

“A lot of times, nutritionists will just do phone consultations with you, so you don’t have to bring your dog to a clinic that’s an hour away,” he says.

Conclusion: Avoiding Dog Food Mistakes

Whatever you do, you must make informed decisions regarding your dog’s diet. If in doubt, talk to an expert.

“There are a lot of diet options out there, and it’s very easy to feel overwhelmed walking into a pet store or pet supply store and just being bombarded by people’s opinions,” says Dr. Fadl. “Be careful where you get the information. I think a vet is always the best source of information.”

The post 7 Dog Food Mistakes You Might Be Making appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Canine allergies can be challenging to manage. Veterinarians and pet owners often turn to a wide variety of dog allergy medicines in an effort to provide relief, including antihistamines such as Zyrtec.

What is Zyrtec?

Zyrtec, also known by the generic name cetirizine, is a second-generation antihistamine. It was developed in the 1980’s, with the goal of treating allergy symptoms while minimizing some of the side effects associated with Benadryl (diphenhydramine) and other first-generation antihistamines.

Zyrtec is FDA-approved for use in humans only. However, it is frequently used “off label” as an allergy medicine for dogs. Although the manufacturer of Zyrtec has not pursued the research and testing needed to receive FDA approval for its use in dogs, veterinarians have prescribed Zyrtec for canine patients for many years. Its use has been studied both in veterinary patients and in the laboratory environment.

Zyrtec can be purchased at any human drugstore, and it may also be available in some veterinary hospitals. Any veterinarian can make Zyrtec dosing recommendations for your dog.

What Does Zyrtec Look Like?

Zyrtec for dog allergies is most commonly supplied as a white, uncoated tablet. You may also find it as a colorless to pale yellow liquid suspension. Most veterinarians recommend tablets for larger dogs and the liquid suspension for small-breed dogs.

Zyrtec is also available as a chewable children’s tablet. However, it’s best to avoid the chewable version of Zyrtec for dogs. Some flavors and formulations may contain xylitol, an artificial sweetener that is toxic to dogs.

Liquid-filled capsules are also available, but these are larger than tablets and therefore less convenient for dogs.

Is Zyrtec Safe for Dogs?

Zyrtec, or cetirizine, is generally regarded as a safe medication for most dogs. In healthy dogs with no underlying medical conditions, and when given at appropriate doses, significant side effects are rare. When side effects do occur, they tend to be minimal.

However, not every dog is a good candidate for Zyrtec. Always talk to your veterinarian before giving your dog Zyrtec or any other over-the-counter medication. Your veterinarian is familiar with your dog’s medical history and risk factors. They can make the best medication recommendations for your individual dog.

Combination products containing Zyrtec can be highly toxic to dogs. For example, Zyrtec-D combines Zyrtec and a decongestant. Decongestants have a number of serious side effects in dogs and can even be fatal. Therefore, Zyrtec-D is NOT safe for dogs.

How Does It Work?

Zyrtec is an antihistamine. It works against histamine, a chemical substance produced during an allergic reaction. Histamine is responsible for many of the effects that we associate with allergies in dogs, such as itching and skin inflammation.

Zyrtec blocks the receptors on which histamine acts. This minimizes the impacts of histamine, reducing itching, inflammation, and other signs of allergies.  

What Is Zyrtec Used For in Dogs?

Zyrtec is an allergy medicine for dogs. It is frequently used to treat skin itching and inflammation associated with atopic dermatitis, a condition caused by a reaction to inhaled allergens. Zyrtec can also be used to treat other allergic reactions, including insect bites and stings and hives.

Common applications for Zyrtec in dogs include:

• Atopic dermatitis (atopy)
• Insect bites and stings
• Hives

Your veterinarian may also recommend Zyrtec to treat other allergic conditions. If Zyrtec doesn’t help or something else is needed, your veterinarian can recommend the appropriate treatments and testing.

Allergies in dogs manifest in many ways, including scratching and itching, sneezing, coughing, hives, skin infections, ear infections, and more. Pet insurance can help cover the costs associated with testing and treatment. Consider a plan with Animalia to help manage costs in diagnosing and treating your dog with allergies.

How to Give This Medication to Dogs

Zyrtec is typically given as a flavorless tablet or a liquid medication. It is given once daily and can be given with or without food.

When giving Zyrtec tablets, you can hide the tablet in a small piece of canned dog food, cheese, or peanut butter. (Avoid using sugar-free peanut butter, which may contain xylitol.) Be sure to take any food allergies into account when giving Zyrtec in food.

Liquid Zyrtec should be measured carefully with a syringe and squirted directly into your dog’s mouth. Giving liquid medication can be trickier than giving a tablet, but this may be a better option for small-breed dogs because it allows for greater accuracy in small doses.

Side Effects of Zyrtec for Dogs

Zyrtec is typically associated with minimal side effects in dogs. It’s less likely to cause sedation than other antihistamines, though drowsiness may occur at high doses. In contrast, some dogs become more excitable after taking Zyrtec.

Gastrointestinal effects, such as vomiting and diarrhea, may occur but are also relatively uncommon. You may also notice decreased appetite and increased salivation, both of which may indicate nausea.

Side effects to watch for with Zyrtec include:

• Drowsiness
• Hyperexcitability
• Vomiting
• Nausea
• Increased salivation
• Decreased appetite
• Diarrhea

If you see any of these side effects, stop giving Zyrtec and contact your veterinarian. Fortunately, any side effects associated with Zyrtec should wear off within approximately 24 hours.

Dogs with the following conditions may be at higher risk of side effects from Zyrtec:

• Seizure disorder
• Glaucoma
• Urinary issues
• Constipation
• Pregnancy
• Nursing mothers

If your dog has one of these conditions, avoid giving Zyrtec unless it is under the guidance of your veterinarian.

Avoid Zyrtec-D or any other formulations that may contain a decongestant. Pseudoephedrine, a common decongestant in human medications, is highly toxic to dogs.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Cetirizine can interact with a number of commonly-used veterinary drugs, including digoxin, selegiline, amitraz, ketoconazole, fluconazole, and azithromycin. Zyrtec can also worsen the drowsiness that may be caused by sedatives and anxiety medications.

Talk to your veterinarian before combining cetirizine with any other prescription or over-the-counter medications.

Zyrtec Dosage for Dogs

Your veterinarian will determine the best dose for your dog, based on your dog’s body weight, the severity of your dog’s allergies, and your dog’s expected susceptibility to side effects.  

Zyrtec is typically given once daily.

Cost of Zyrtec for Dogs

Zyrtec is an inexpensive medication, especially when purchased in its generic version (cetirizine). In general, you can expect to spend less than $30 per month for your dog’s cetirizine.

Zyrtec Storage Instructions

Zyrtec tablets and liquid suspension do not require refrigeration.

Zyrtec can be stored at room temperature, on a counter or in a medicine cabinet.

The post Zyrtec for Dogs: Is It Safe? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

To help pet parents navigate this topic, we talked to leading experts about the important role diet and nutrition play in treating kidney disease. Our dog food for kidney disease guide is designed to help you understand how specialized diets work to prolong kidney function, so you and your veterinarian can make the best treatment and feeding choices for your pup.  

Understanding Kidney Disease in Dogs

Kidneys are critical to a dog’s overall health. When they are working properly, kidneys remove waste from the blood, conserve fluids for optimal hydration, and maintain a healthy balance of essential minerals. 

However, when a dog’s kidneys aren’t working effectively, this is called kidney failure. It causes waste and toxins to build up in a dog’s bloodstream, making them sick. 

Dogs can develop two types of kidney failure: 

Acute Kidney Failure in Dogs

Acute kidney failure appears abruptly. It can happen after a dog ingests a toxic substance (like anti-freeze or aspirin), develops an infection, or has an underlying disease like kidney cancer or pancreatitis. 

Some signs that a dog might have acute kidney disease include an increase in urine production (sometimes followed by a decrease), sluggishness, reduced appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea. 

If detected and treated early, acute kidney failure may be reversed. However, a delay in treatment could result in permanent kidney damage.³

Chronic Kidney Failure in Dogs

Chronic kidney disease occurs gradually. A number of underlying conditions, including high blood pressure and acute kidney failure, are potential causes, as is heredity. Although dogs of any age can be impacted, it’s more prevalent in senior dogs.²

Chronic kidney disease in dogs occurs in four stages, with kidney function becoming more severely compromised as the stages progress. 

Signs of chronic kidney failure in dogs include excessive thirst and urination, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, and lethargy. However, veterinarians say these symptoms are often mild and may go unnoticed in the first two stages of the disease.

Because chronic kidney disease in dogs tends to develop gradually, proper management can delay its progression. In fact, even dogs with as little as 5 to 8 percent kidney function remaining can survive for long periods of time with appropriate treatment. And dog food for kidney disease often plays an important role in the treatment plan of affected dogs. 

Dog Food For Kidney Disease: How It Helps

Research shows that a veterinarian-prescribed therapeutic diet is critical to slowing the progression of kidney failure in dogs. In one study, dogs who were fed kidney disease food for dogs lived an average of 13 months longer than those fed a standard diet.⁴

Kidney disease diets are formulated to take the stress off a dog’s failing kidneys and remove toxins from the bloodstream, while also providing adequate nutrition, says Amber LaRock, a licensed veterinary technician for EmergencyVetsUSA. “If a dog has kidney disease, the organs are already struggling to carry out their basic tasks. A specialized diet allows the kidneys to essentially take a breath and focus on normal function, without having to filter out the ingredients of the food dogs consume.”

The best dog food for kidney disease contains reduced levels of protein and is balanced with an adequate amount of carbohydrates and fats for healthy weight control, says Dr. Jared Pitt, DVM, Partner Doctor at Heart + Paw, one of the fastest-growing veterinary care, grooming, and dog daycare center groups in the country. 

“Lower protein content means that there are fewer nitrogenous waste products produced by the kidneys,” Pitt says. “Also, there is less protein moving through the filtration system of the kidneys, which helps to preserve renal function.” 

In addition, therapeutic kidney diets are lower in sodium and phosphorus, which can help dogs maintain healthy blood pressure and slow the progression of chronic kidney disease, respectively, says Pitt.

Kidney disease food for dogs contains an increased amount of soluble fiber, omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants (like vitamins A and E), says Dr. Susan Jeffrey, Ms, DVM, an associate veterinarian at Odyssey Veterinary Care in Fitchburg, Wisconsin. 

“They give the kidney less work to do and slow the progression of renal disease. They also help reduce inflammation, which can reduce scarring of the kidney and help lower blood pressure to the kidney. All of these aspects of the diet are meant to slow disease progression.”

Standard dog food diets can’t accomplish this. “Over-the-counter pet food contains too much protein, phosphorus, and salt for pets with kidney disease. These diets also contain acidifiers (citric acid and lactic acid, for example) which can increase the speed at which the diseased kidneys deteriorate,” says Jeffrey.

3 Best Dog Foods for Kidney Disease

The best dog food for kidney disease is available exclusively through veterinarians, says Dr. Ashley Barnes, DVM, medical director at Louisville Family Animal Hospital in Louisville, Colorado. “There are currently no over-the-counter diets that fit these requirements as such diets could actually be detrimental to animals with normal kidneys.”

So which therapeutic dog food diets ranked highest with our experts? Here are the three veterinarian-recommended kidney disease diets for dogs that rose to the top. 

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author. However, Great Pet Care may make a small affiliate commission if you click through and make a purchase.

Royal Canin Renal Support Dog Food

As a trusted mainstay since 1968, Royal Canin relies on a team of board-certified veterinary nutritionists to develop its diets. In addition to containing the recommended amounts of protein, phosphorus, and sodium for dogs with kidney disease, the Royal Canin Renal Support diet is formulated with antioxidants like vitamins C and E, soluble fiber, and omega-3 fatty acids. This line is available in a variety of appealing textures — from cans containing a yummy loaf in sauce or thin slices in gravy — as well as delectable aromas and flavors. Why is this so important? “Many patients with kidney disease are pickier about their diet,” Barnes explains. It’s more likely a picky pet will eat a specialized diet when there are various flavor and texture options.

Highlights

• Contains the recommended levels of ingredients for a renal diet for dogs (protein, phosphorus, and sodium), plus antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, and soluble fiber.
• Royal Canin Renal Support comes in a wide variety of flavors, aromas, and textures designed to appeal to picky eaters.
• Formulated by a team of board-certified veterinary nutritionists.
• Royal Canin is a trusted brand that’s been in existence since 1968.

Things to Consider

• Requires a prescription from your veterinarian.
• It’s pricier than standard diets. The cost of a 17.6-pound bag is about $85.

Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diets NF Kidney Function Formula

In existence since 1894, Purina has become a household name and one that’s trusted by countless veterinarians. The Purina Pro Plan NF kidney diet is formulated by a team of veterinarians, nutritionists, and researchers to ensure properly restricted levels of high-quality protein, phosphorus, and sodium. It also delivers omega-3 fatty acids in the form of fish oil, balanced fiber, and antioxidants like vitamin E and manganese. 

Highlights

• Contains the recommended levels of protein, phosphorus, and sodium; as well as antioxidants, soluble fiber, and omega-3 fatty acids, to benefit dogs with kidney disease.
• Formulated by a team of veterinarians, nutritionists, and researchers
• Purina is a trusted brand that’s been in existence since 1894.
• Made with responsibly-sourced, high-quality ingredients.

Things to Consider

• It’s not available without a prescription from your veterinarian. 
• Though it’s the least expensive of our three recommended brands, it’s still considered pricey. An $18-pound bag runs about $77.
• The Purina NF line doesn’t carry the same range of flavors and textures as the other brands.

Hill’s Prescription Diet k/d Kidney Care Dog Food

Hill’s Prescription Diet is another trusted brand that veterinarians recommend. The Hill’s brand has a history rooted in therapeutic dog food diets, and this has long been their primary area of emphasis. In fact, the very first dog food formula created by Dr. Mark Morris, the brand’s founder, was the forerunner of Hill’s Prescription Diet k/d Kidney Care diet. 

Hill’s Prescription Diet k/d formula contains the proper balance of low-protein ingredients, as well as controlled levels of phosphorus and sodium. It also contains plenty of essential amino acids to help build muscle protein and therapeutic levels of L-carnitine and omega-3 fatty acids to boost vitality and energy. The formula also employs the brand’s proprietary Enhanced Appetite Trigger (EAT), an innovation designed to stimulate appetite and increase calorie intake in dogs with kidney disease. 

Highlights

• Contains the correct balance of protein, phosphorus, and sodium; and it’s formulated with soluble fiber, antioxidants, and omega-3 fatty acids. This combination has been clinically proven to decrease episodes of uremic crisis and lengthen and improve the quality of life for pets with chronic kidney disease.
• Uses exclusive EAT technology designed to stimulate appetite and calorie intake in dogs with kidney disease
• Hill’s Prescription Diet k/d dog food comes in both canned and dry food formulas in a variety of flavors, including chicken, beef, and lamb.

Things to Consider

• Requires a prescription from your veterinarian
• The cost. A 17.6-pound bag is about $84

Dog Food for Kidney Disease: Buying Guide

Not all food for dogs with kidney disease is the same. Here are a few key elements to consider when looking for the best diet for your pup.

They require a prescription. The veterinarians we spoke with don’t recommend non-prescription dog food for kidney disease. The best diets shown to reduce the progression of kidney disease are available exclusively with a veterinarian’s prescription, says Jeffrey. If you’d prefer to feed your dog a fresh diet, “There is also an option to consult with a veterinary nutritionist who can formulate a diet that is appropriate for a pet with kidney disease,” she suggests. 

One reason why these diets aren’t available for general sale, adds Jeffrey, is because they don’t contain adequate amounts of protein or phosphorus for dogs without kidney disease. Over-the-counter diets are required to contain certain protein levels, and these protein levels may make them inappropriate for a dog with kidney disease.

They’re more expensive than standard dog food. Therapeutic veterinary diets are pricier than standard dog diets. For example, a 17.6-pound bag of Hill’s Prescription Diet k/d dog food is about $84. In contrast, a 15-pound bag of their standard diet is about $41. 

Therapeutic diets are expensive, in part, because of the costs associated with research and development. “The manufacturers of these diets perform food trials with dogs and study how the dogs respond to each diet,” says Jeffrey. These efforts require time and resources.

They’re typically not approved for other conditions. Though diets for kidney disease in dogs don’t hinder the effectiveness of medications, they may interfere with other health conditions, says Barnes. “For instance, a kidney diet might exacerbate food allergies as most kidney diets are not hypoallergenic. Although recently Royal Canin did come out with a hypoallergenic kidney diet. Kidney diets are also not ideal diets for diabetes control.” 

You may have to try out different kidney diets. Barnes says dogs with kidney disease tend to be more finicky about what they eat. Her recommendation: “Consider buying a sampling of the different flavors and textures of the diets to find what your pet prefers.”

Kidney Diets for Dogs FAQs

What is the best dog food for kidney disease?

In general, low-phosphorus, low-sodium, low-protein dog food for kidney disease has been shown to delay the progression of the disease in dogs. These diets also contain omega-3s, antioxidants, and high-soluble fiber. Typically, LaRock says, “Your vet will help you determine what is best for your dog, and they can provide you with a prescription to purchase it at your local pet store.” Some kidney disease diets are also available from online retailers, though they require purchasers to upload a valid prescription from their veterinarian. 

How much phosphorus is allowed on a renal diet?

Food for dogs with kidney disease typically contains between 0.13 to 0.28 percent phosphorus, while standard maintenance diets contain between 1 to 2 percent phosphorus, says Jeffrey.

Is tuna good for dogs with kidney disease?

Protein and salt restriction are key elements of kidney diets, so adding tuna (or any other ingredient) to a balanced formula can decrease their effectiveness. If you’re opting for tuna because of its omega-3 content, look for renal diets that already include tuna in appropriate amounts. 

If you’d like to add more omega-3 fatty acids, Barnes suggests it would be better to use fish oil instead of adding tuna, because fish oil is higher in fatty acids and adds no protein. However, especially if your dog has kidney disease, always get guidance from your veterinarian before offering your dog any new supplement.

What vegetables are good for dogs with kidney disease?

Pitt usually recommends fresh or frozen carrots and green beans. “I also tell my clients that they can pick up sweet potatoes and cut them transversely, and bake them on a cookie sheet for a chewy, healthy snack.” Avoid giving your dog any vegetables — such as onions or garlic — that are toxic to dogs.

Can kidney failure be treated in dogs?

Though kidney disease in dogs can’t be cured or reversed, it can be treated and decelerated. Treatment is tailored to the patient, stage of disease, and intensity of symptoms. Generally, treatment might involve intravenous fluid therapy, prescription medications, phosphorus reduction, treatment of any underlying cause, and a therapeutic diet like the options reviewed here.

The post Dog Food for Kidney Disease: 3 Diets to Consider appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Read on to learn more about lactulose for cats, and why your veterinarian might prescribe this medication to your feline companion. 

What is Lactulose?

Lactulose is a synthetic (man-made) sugar. It is made by combining two natural sugars: galactose (a component of lactose, the sugar found in milk) and fructose (a sugar found in fruits). When these two sugars are combined to create lactulose, they can be used to treat both constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.  

Lactulose was first developed in 1929. However, it was not considered for medicinal use until the 1960s, when it was found to be an effective treatment for constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. Lactulose received FDA approval for use in human patients in 1977, and it is widely used off-label in veterinary patients. While the FDA has not formally studied or approved the use of lactulose in cats, this medication has been extensively researched and is widely used. 

Most veterinary practices keep lactulose in stock for their canine and feline patients. It may be administered to hospitalized pets in the veterinary hospital and it is often dispensed for clients to administer at home. If your veterinarian does not have this medication in stock when your pet needs it, they will write a prescription for it. This prescription will allow you to obtain lactulose from any human pharmacy. 

Lactulose should not be confused with Miralax. While both medications are laxatives and they work in a similar manner, lactulose and Miralax contain different chemical ingredients. Additionally, Miralax is available over-the-counter, while lactulose is available only with a prescription.

Lactulose is available in both generic and brand-name forms.

What Does Lactulose Look Like?

Lactulose is typically administered as an oral solution, which is clear yellow in color. A powdered or crystal form is also available, which can be added to your cat’s food. 

How Does Lactulose Work?

Lactulose is a synthetic sugar that cannot be digested or absorbed through the intestines. When your cat ingests lactulose, it passes unchanged through most of your cat’s gastrointestinal tract. 

When lactulose reaches your cat’s colon, the normal colonic bacteria metabolize the lactulose. This metabolism creates a number of acids, including lactic acid, acetic acid, and formic acid. 

The acids that are formed in your cat’s colon play two roles: they pull water into the colon, and they pull ammonia into the colon. Additional water in your cat’s colon results in softer stools, allowing lactulose to effectively treat constipation. Additional ammonia in your cat’s colon means this ammonia is removed from the bloodstream, minimizing the impacts of hepatic encephalopathy associated with liver disease. 

What Is Lactulose Used For in Cats?

Lactulose is most commonly used to treat constipation in cats. It helps promote soft, frequent bowel movements, preventing fecal impactions. Feline constipation can have a number of underlying causes, including: 

• Megacolon (a colon motility disorder)
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Colonic tumors
• Anal sac disease
• Arthritis pain
• Anxiety
• Overgrooming
• Dehydration
• Kidney disease
• Hyperthyroidism
• Diabetes mellitus

Lactulose can also be used to remove ammonia from the blood. Cats with severe, end-stage liver disease do not clear ammonia from their blood effectively, and the accumulation of ammonia can lead to a neurologic condition known as hepatic encephalopathy. 

In most cases, cats that are started on lactulose for constipation or liver disease will remain on lactulose for cats long-term. 

The most common side effect associated with lactulose is diarrhea. However, cats may also experience a variety of other gastrointestinal signs. 

Lactulose for Cats Side Effects

Side effects associated with lactulose include: 

• Flatulence (gas)
• Bloating
• Abdominal cramping
• Diarrhea
• Dehydration 

In general, side effects tend to be worse when a cat is first started on lactulose. As your cat acclimates to the medication, you can expect to see a decrease in bloating, gas, and abdominal cramping.

Diarrhea, however, may indicate that a change in lactulose dosing is needed. If your cat develops diarrhea while taking lactulose, ensure that they have access to plenty of water (to prevent dehydration) and contact your veterinarian for guidance.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Using lactulose with antibiotics could theoretically decrease its efficacy, by affecting the bacteria that metabolize lactulose in the colon. In practice, this does not appear to be problematic. However, it’s still best to talk to your veterinarian before combining lactulose with any antibiotics. 

Do not combine lactulose with other laxatives, unless directed to do so by your veterinarian. This could cause significant diarrhea. 

Finally, lactulose should not be combined with antacids in cats with hepatic encephalopathy. Combining these two drugs could reduce the efficacy of lactulose. 

Lactulose for Cats Dosage

Your veterinarian will determine an appropriate starting dose of lactulose for your cat. The lactulose dose for cats is calculated based on your cat’s weight and medical condition. This dose will initially be given every 8-12 hours. 

As you and your veterinarian assess your cat’s response to treatment, your cat’s dosage may be changed. Your veterinarian may increase or decrease your cat’s lactulose dosage, depending on how your cat’s medical issues respond to treatment. 

What If You Miss a Lactulose Dose for Cats?

If you miss a dose of your cat’s lactulose, give the missed dose as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your cat’s next dose of lactulose, skip the missed dose and continue giving lactulose on your cat’s regular dosing schedule. Do not give your pet two doses of this medication at once.  

Cost of Lactulose for Cats

Both the generic and brand-name forms of lactulose are relatively inexpensive. The cost of treating your cat will depend on their medication dosing requirements, but most cat owners will spend less than $40 per month on lactulose. 

Lactulose Storage Instructions

This medication should be stored at room temperature, with the container tightly closed. Do not freeze this medication. Keep this medication out of the reach of children. 

The post Lactulose for Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Best Dog Appetite Stimulants

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the author. However, GreatPetCare may make a small affiliate commission if you click through and make a purchase.

• Best Overall: Virbac Rebound Recuperation Formula
• Best Tasting: Nutrientboost Meal Topper for Dogs
• Best Prescription: Entyce Oral Solution
• Best Gel Formula: Tomlyn Nutri-Cal High Calorie Nutritional Gel for Dogs
• Best for Picky Eaters: Stella & Chewy’s Marie’s Magical Dinner Dust
• Best Dry Topper: Dr. Becker’s Bites Appetite Flakes 
• Best Freeze-Dried Formula: Raw Paws Boost Pet Food Topper

What Are Appetite Stimulants for Dogs?

There are two main types of appetite stimulants for dogs that you’ll find today: prescription and over-the-counter. 

As you might expect, prescription appetite stimulants are generally the most effective option. “Appetite stimulants in dogs work directly in the brain,” says Dr. Katie Pagán, partner doctor at Heart + Paw Fells Point. “They stimulate receptors, specifically the hypothalamus, that help with appetite.” Because these appetite stimulant medications must be prescribed by a veterinarian, they’re often used when underlying medical issues are causing your dog not to eat.

However, there are also over-the-counter dog appetite stimulants that you can try if your pup is just picky about their food. These non-prescription products come in a variety of forms — liquids, nutritional gels, meal toppers, and more — and they often have an enticing smell or taste that encourages your dog to eat. Many also contain vitamins, minerals, and more to ensure your dog is getting appropriate nutrients, even if they’re not eating as much as usual. 

Why Your Dog Might Need an Appetite Stimulant

There are a number of medical issues that can cause a decreased appetite in dogs, ranging from infections to more serious conditions like liver or kidney disease, so it’s important to talk to your dog’s veterinarian if a lack of appetite is an ongoing problem. “We usually prescribe appetite stimulants in dogs post surgery or if they have underlying issues, like cancer, where they may not want to eat,” explains Dr. Pagán. 

However, an occasional lack of appetite may simply be due to an upset stomach, old age, or emotional distress. For example, it’s common for dogs not to eat as usual when they’re boarded, as they’re stressed to be in a new environment without their owners. Some dogs also simply get tired of eating the same food every day and lose their appetite for it. 

7 Best Appetite Stimulants for Dogs

If you’re looking for a dog appetite stimulant to encourage your pup to eat, these are some of the most popular products you may want to try.

Best Overall Appetite Stimulant for Dogs

Our Pick: Virbac Rebound Recuperation Formula

If your dog isn’t eating after surgery or after having gastrointestinal problems, the Virbac Rebound Recuperation Formula is designed to help get them feeling back to normal. This over-the-counter appetite stimulant provides vital nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, fatty acids, and prebiotics, and it also encourages your pup to eat and hydrate during recovery. The liquid formula can be used for dogs of all ages, and it can be given with or without food. Just keep in mind that Rebound is meant to be a short-term solution, as it has a shelf life of just a few days after the bottle is opened. 

Pros

• Over-the-counter availability
• Helps dogs recuperate from surgery or sickness
• Appropriate for all ages
• Includes vitamins and minerals, prebiotics, fatty acids, and amino acids
• Can be given with or without food

Cons

• Short shelf life

Best Tasting Appetite Stimulant for Dogs

Our Pick: Nutrientboost Meal Topper for Dogs

Solid Gold’s new Nutrientboost dog food topper is fortified with an incredibly powerful and palate-pleasing ingredient — animal plasma! While this blood byproduct may not sound too appetizing to you, it’s a crave-worthy cornerstone of the canine ancestral diet. Plasma provides dogs with essential nutrients they used to get in the wild by eating the whole prey — blood, bones, and all. Just add a few tablespoons of the protein-packed morsels to any meal to entice your dog’s inner carnivore. The rich, meaty taste appeals to even the pickiest palates. Plus, Nutrientboost toppers deliver a host of health benefits, including improved digestion, nutrient absorption, and immune function.

Pros

• Provides the benefits of a raw, ancestral diet in a convenient, craveable format
• Plasma-powered morsels help promote gut health, immunity, digestion, and overall health
• Packed with protein, vitamins, minerals, antibodies, and 18 amino acids
• Made in USDA-approved facilities
• Great as a topper or a treat
• Feed your dog up to 2 Tbsp per 15 lbs of body weight, per day

Cons

• Package contains approximately 30 Tbsp, so it may not last long for larger dogs

Best Prescription Appetite Stimulant for Dogs

Our Pick: Entyce Oral Solution

If your dog isn’t eating due to a medical condition, your veterinarian may prescribe a product like Entyce. “The only FDA-approved appetite stimulant is Entyce,” says Dr. Pagán. “It is my personal favorite.” The liquid formula is given to your dog once a day via their mouth, and it mimics your dog’s natural “hunger hormone,” making them want to eat. Entyce for dogs comes in 10 ml, 15 ml, or 30 ml bottles, and while it is quite expensive, most pet parents report that it greatly improves their dog’s appetite. 

Pros

• Used to treat lack of appetite caused by chronic and acute conditions
• Liquid formula 
• Given once daily
• FDA approved

Cons

• Only available via prescription 
• Some owners say their dogs don’t like the vanilla flavor
• Higher price point

Best Gel Formula

Our Pick: Tomlyn Nutri-Cal High Calorie Nutritional Gel for Dogs

You can encourage your dog to eat and make sure they’re getting adequate nutrition with the Tomlyn Nutri-Cal Gel. This high-calorie nutritional gel is formulated with vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids for your dog’s health, and it contains 28 kcal per teaspoon to help promote weight gain. The over-the-counter gel is available for both dogs and puppies, and it has a malt flavor that may encourage your dog to eat when it’s mixed with their regular food. However, the brand notes that the product is intended for “intermittent or supplemental use only” and isn’t a long-term solution for inappetence. 

Pros

• Over-the-counter availability
• Veterinarian formulated
• Includes vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids
• High in calories to support weight gain
• Appealing malt flavor 

Cons

• Not intended for long-term use 
• Higher price point

Best for Picky Eaters

Our Pick: Stella & Chewy’s Marie’s Magical Dinner Dust

Designed with picky eaters in mind, this meal topper is made from freeze-dried raw meat and comes in several protein flavors, including chicken, duck, beef, and bacon. The formula contains 95% meat, organ, and bones, as well as some organic fruits and veggies, and it’s grain- and gluten-free with no binders. All you have to do is mix a little into your dog’s regular food, and the enticing smell and flavor will generally encourage them to eat up. 

Pros:

• Over-the-counter availability
• Multiple protein flavors available
• Made from responsibly sourced meat
• Easy to pour
• Made in the USA

Cons

• Some customers reported that once their dog got used to the product, it was no longer effective

Best Appetite Stimulant Topper

Our Pick: Dr. Becker’s Bites Appetite Flakes

You can give your dog a little extra incentive to eat with Dr. Becker’s Bites Appetite Flakes. A great option if your dog has grown bored with their regular kibble, these tasty flakes are made from 100% dried beef and bison liver, and they’re free of grain, gluten, and any filler. All you have to do is sprinkle some onto your dog’s food, and the tasty smell will encourage them to eat. The flakes come in a convenient shake-top 4.5 oz container, and they can be given to cats, as well. 

Pros

• Enticing flavor
• Suitable for cats and dogs
• No grains, gluten, or fillers 
• Shake-top container
• Made in the USA

Cons

• Large flake size allows pets to pick them out of their food and avoid eating the rest of their meal

Best Freeze-Dried Appetite Stimulant

Our Pick: Raw Paws Boost Pet Food Topper

Raw Paws Boost is another meal topper that you can use to stimulate your dog’s appetite. This natural appetite stimulant for dogs comes in several flavors, including freeze-dried beef liver, sweet potato, pumpkin, and cheddar cheese, allowing you to select an option that will appeal to your pup. The powder topper is made in the USA, and it comes in a convenient shake-top jar so you can simply sprinkle a bit of the mixture into your dog’s food. Alternatively, the brand says you can mix the powder with water to make a gravy-style food topper. 

Pros

• Multiple flavors available
• Contains beneficial vitamins and nutrients
• Convenient shake-top container
• No artificial colors, flavors, or preservatives
• Made in the USA
• 100% money-back guarantee

Cons

• Some pet owners report that their pets didn’t like the taste
• Higher price point for the amount of product you receive

Other Ways to Stimulate Your Dog’s Appetite

There are a number of other ways to stimulate your dog’s appetite, especially if they’re just bored with their regular kibble. “You can try stimulating your dog’s appetite by offering different types of foods,” recommends Dr. Pagán. “Microwaving wet food can work well or even adding a scoop or two of meat-flavored baby food to your dog’s food. Different smells or strong food smells can entice them to eat on their own.”

If you do microwave your pet’s food, check the food’s temperature before feeding to reduce the risk of burns. And if you add baby food, avoid any foods containing onion or garlic, which can be toxic to dogs.

You may also want to try cutting back on treats and scraps. A dog that is eating a diet high in treats may not eat much dog food for nutrition, because they’re getting plenty of calories from other sources. Additionally, frequent treats and table scraps can turn your dog into a picky eater, making them less likely to eat their own food.

Finally, increasing the amount of exercise your dog gets each day can ensure they’re hungry at meal time.

Appetite Stimulants for Dogs: Tips and Precautions

If your dog hasn’t been eating as usual, you’ll want to take them to the vet to confirm that there’s no larger medical condition at play. “Always consult with your veterinarian first before giving your dog an appetite stimulant,” recommends Dr. Pagán. They’ll be able to provide a prescription appetite stimulant as needed or recommend an over-the-counter option to try, as well as guidance on how to use the product effectively.

When giving your dog an appetite stimulant, it’s important to keep an eye on their well-being to ensure the supplement doesn’t cause any additional problems or gastrointestinal distress. “Appetite stimulants are typically prescribed to sick dogs, so owners must be mindful of that,” she says. “Pet parents should be watching at home for any vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, or anorexia.”

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If so, your dog may be knuckling. This condition can have a wide variety of potential causes, each of which requires different diagnostic tests and treatments.

Read on to learn more about knuckling in dogs.

What Is Knuckling in Dogs?

Knuckling describes a dog that is walking or standing with its paw folded abnormally. Knuckling dogs are said to be “knuckled over” – they are walking on the tops of their paws, instead of placing weight normally on their paw pads.

Knuckling over in dogs leads to the appearance that a dog is standing with their paws flipped upside-down. They also tend to be awkward and clumsy on the affected paw(s), not placing it on the ground normally when walking or running.

Knuckling has a number of potential causes, varying from mild to severe. Knuckling may affect one paw, two paws, three paws, or all four paws.

Causes of Knuckling in Dogs

Knuckling is often caused by a neurologic condition. Any disease affecting the spinal cord and/or the nerves traveling from a dog’s brain to its limbs can impact a dog’s ability to sense the location of their paws and position them appropriately.

The most common cause of knuckling in dogs is intervertebral disk disease (IVDD). In a dog with IVDD, the rupture or herniation of an intervertebral disk puts pressure on the spinal cord. This compression interferes with the transmission of signals between a dog’s brain and the paws, causing knuckling and other neurologic effects. Breeds at high risk of IVDD include the Dachshund, Beagle, Shih Tzu, Lhasa Apso, Pekingese, Corgi, Cocker Spaniel, and Poodle.

Other neurologic conditions that may cause knuckling include fibrocartilaginous embolism (also known as a spinal stroke), degenerative myelopathy in dogs, cerebellar abiotrophy, brachial plexus injury or other nerve injuries, and tumors affecting the spinal cord.

Less commonly, non-neurologic conditions may cause knuckling. Knuckling in puppies can be associated with carpal flexural deformity or other developmental abnormalities. In older dogs, arthritis pain can lead to knuckling or dragging the paws. Injuries affecting the tendons or ligaments of the limbs can also cause knuckling, due to decreased stability of the joints.

Conditions that cause knuckling may be degenerative (occurring in older dogs), developmental (occurring in young puppies), or related to trauma or injury.

Symptoms of Knuckling in Dogs

The primary symptom of knuckling in a dog is standing or walking on the tops of their paws. You may notice that your dog appears to be walking “funny,” with an abnormal gait. They may be lifting or placing their paws abnormally, as if they are drunk or not quite aware of where their paws are in space.

If your dog is calm and has a good temperament, you can actively look for knuckling. With your dog standing normally on all four paws, gently lift one paw and fold the wrist or ankle before lowering it to the ground with the top of the paw touching the floor. A normal dog should quickly correct this, by flipping the paw over and placing it back on the ground normally. If your dog’s paw remains upside-down, even after you let go of it, your dog is knuckling. See this video for how to test your dog.

Depending on the condition that is causing your dog’s knuckling, you may see other signs of neurologic dysfunction or pain. Your dog may be weak in the limbs, crying out in pain, or reluctant to move. In some cases, however, knuckling is the only sign of a problem.

Diagnosing Dog Knuckling

Your veterinarian will begin by performing a comprehensive physical exam. A neurologic exam will allow your veterinarian to assess your dog’s conscious proprioception (sensation and movement of the limbs) and other aspects of neurologic function. Your veterinarian will also look for signs of other illnesses or injuries that may impact your dog’s limb function.

Next, your veterinarian may recommend baseline laboratory tests. A complete blood cell count, serum biochemistry profile, and urinalysis can be beneficial in uncovering the underlying cause of your dog’s illness. Laboratory tests will help your veterinarian create a treatment plan for your dog, because underlying conditions may influence the best treatment approach for your dog.

Depending on the results of your dog’s physical exam and laboratory tests, additional testing may be recommended. Your veterinarian will likely begin with radiographs (X-rays) of the spine. Advanced diagnostic testing, such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may also be recommended. Based on the results of diagnostic tests, your veterinarian will be able to diagnose the cause of your dog’s knuckling and recommend an appropriate treatment plan.

Knuckling Treatment for Dogs

Treatment depends on the underlying cause of a dog’s knuckling.

The most common cause of knuckling in dogs is IVDD. Some cases of IVDD respond well to conservative treatments, such as anti-inflammatory medication and cage rest. In more severe cases, surgery may be required to alleviate pressure on the spinal cord and allow a return of normal neurologic function.

When knuckling is caused by a condition other than IVDD, treatment options may vary considerably. Your veterinarian will determine how to treat your dog’s knuckling based on exam findings and the results of diagnostic testing.

Cost to Treat Knuckling in Dogs

The cost to treat knuckling can vary considerably, depending on the underlying cause of your dog’s condition. Conservative treatment, such as rest and anti-inflammatory medication, may cost less than $100. Surgery is considerably more expensive, however, and may cost several thousand dollars.

How to Prevent Knuckling in Dogs

There is no single way to prevent knuckling in dogs, because this condition can have a wide variety of causes.

The most common cause of knuckling is IVDD. While IVDD is not entirely preventable, there are measures that you can take to reduce the risk in high-risk breeds. If your dog is at a high risk of IVDD, limit your dog’s jumping and rough play. Maintain your dog at a healthy weight and work to prevent obesity, which can predispose a dog to IVDD. Finally, talk to your veterinarian if you are concerned about your dog’s IVDD risk.

Developmental causes of knuckling in puppies can sometimes be prevented through the use of an appropriate diet and a good environment. Talk to your veterinarian about the best diet for your puppy, keeping in mind that the best diet for a given dog will depend on size, breed, and other factors. 

Also, ensure that your puppy has regular access to secure footing. Spending large amounts of time on slippery surfaces may predispose a puppy to knuckling and other joint conditions.

If you have specific questions about preventing knuckling, talk to your veterinarian for guidance tailored to your dog.

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Certain foods like chocolate are well-known no-nos for dogs. The risks of other foods are not as obvious, such as food that is on the spicier side.

Dogs are able to pinpoint foods that are salty, sweet, sour, and bitter (and they seem to have a particular affinity for cheese, cream, and butter), but can dogs taste spicy food? And if so, can dogs eat spicy foods?

Read on for everything you need to know about dogs and spicy food, as well as what to do if your pup isn’t feeling well after eating some.

Can Dogs Eat Spicy Foods?

“Yes, but that doesn’t mean they should eat spicy foods,” says Dr. Hunter Finn, a Texas-based integrative veterinarian.

Well-seasoned and fatty foods — which are often on the spicier side — can cause serious issues and even be toxic for dogs. So while it may not always be the actual spiciness of the food itself that’s harmful to dogs, dogs and spicy food generally do not mix.

Can Dogs Taste Spicy Food?

Yep, dogs can indeed taste spicy food, but in a slightly different way. “Similar to humans, dogs have the ability to detect capsaicin, the spicy part of peppers,” says Dr. Ashley Navarrette, a clinical assistant professor and director of primary care services at Texas A&M School of Veterinary Medicine.

When it comes to human favorites like salsa and chips or Indian food, studies suggest dogs may experience the hot scent of the peppers more than the spicy zing we love. That’s because, unlike us, a dog’s sense of smell is much stronger than their sense of taste.

While just how powerful a pup’s nose is can vary by breed, the average canine generally has around 125 million odor receptor cells. Bloodhounds — the reigning champs of super-sniffers — rock an astounding 300 million, according to research. Compare that to our measly 5 to 10 million, and it’s no wonder our canine companions taste more by sniffing. All in all, their sense of smell is about a thousand times more sensitive than ours. 

“Due to a dog’s heightened sense of smell, they may actually experience the burning sensation just by smelling spicy foods,” says Dr. Navarrette.

But do dogs like spicy foods? As stated above, dogs can categorize tastes and have a strong sense of taste for water — a helpful adaptation for survival in the wild. However, there’s no proof they’re particularly attracted to hot peppers or tabasco sauce.

Is Spicy Food Bad for Dogs?

According to Dr. Navarrette, most spicy foods like those with pepper or chili powder aren’t toxic to canines. But whether dogs can eat spicy foods (and should eat spicy foods) is a different story.

Spicy food can irritate a dog’s mucosal linings (the moist, mucus-producing surfaces of the mouth and GI tract). This could lead to signs of distress like drooling, vomiting, diarrhea, a dip in appetite, upset stomach, and dark, bloody stool. Obviously, these are side effects neither of you want.

An even greater concern is other ingredients that also tend to be found in spicy foods, says Dr. Navarrette. For example, avoid feeding your dog treats that contain onion, garlic, and chives. This includes spice rack versions like garlic and onion powders. These ingredients can damage a dog’s red blood cells due to a disorder called hemolytic anemia. Warning signs to look out for include confusion, fatigue, and pale gums. This condition may also be associated with vomiting, dark urine, and/or jaundice (yellowing of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin).

High-fat foods are also major no-nos, so it’s best to ignore your pup’s pleas for a taste of your fried chicken or cheeseburger and just enjoy it yourself. Fatty foods are a leading cause of pancreatitis in canines, says Dr. Finn. Pancreatitis is a condition that can cause the pancreas to become inflamed and lead to potentially life-threatening damage to your pet’s intestines. Alarm bells should go off if your dog is vomiting uncontrollably. In this case, it’s time to get emergency veterinary care ASAP.

While a few chips here and there are unlikely to hurt your dog, high amounts of salt can be toxic to canines. Sodium ion poisoning is also cause for action and can look like excessive thirst, diarrhea, seizures, and vomiting.

As is always the case, you’re better safe than sorry when it comes to addressing concerns about something your dog’s eaten. If you’re worried that they’re not acting like themself or notice any of the above red flags, contact your veterinarian to determine next steps. Depending on the details of your situation, they may ask you to watch and wait or have you come in for immediate medical attention.

Dogs and Spicy Food: The Verdict

It’s best to avoid giving your dog spicy foods of any kind. The joy of sharing table scraps just isn’t worth the discomfort it could cause your pet or the cleanup afterwards. This is especially true considering many spicy foods also include ingredients that are toxic for dogs.

Of course, this doesn’t mean you can’t treat your pup to some tasty human food from time to time. But stick with veterinarian-approved whole foods like certain fruits and vegetables in small portions. “If you wish to share some of your food, it’s best to stick to safe treats such as blueberries, slices of apple, carrots, or cucumber slices,” says Dr. Navarrette.

When in doubt, remember this mantra, courtesy of Dr. Finn: “The blander the food, the better for your pets.”

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There are many potential causes of syncope in dogs, and these causes can range from severe and life-threatening to relatively insignificant. 

Before your mind jumps to a worst-case scenario, it’s important to work with your veterinarian to determine the cause of your dog’s syncopal episodes. Fortunately, with proper treatments, many dogs with syncope go on to lead normal, healthy lives.

What is Syncope in Dogs?

Syncope is the term used to describe fainting in dogs. It is defined as a temporary loss of consciousness that occurs when the brain is not receiving enough oxygen. Just like humans, dogs can experience episodes of syncope or fainting. In most cases, this is due to a temporary decrease in blood flow to the brain.

Syncope in dogs is relatively uncommon. Senior dog syncope is more common than syncope in puppies and younger dogs. Syncope is also seen more frequently in dogs with heart disease.

Causes of Syncope in Dogs

Anything that disrupts blood flow to the brain can lead to syncope. Heart disease is the most significant (and potentially risky) cause of syncope. However, any disruption to your dog’s circulation can potentially cause syncope.  

Stress and fear are relatively common causes of syncope in dogs. In fact, some dogs faint nearly every time that they are taken to the veterinary hospital or grooming salon! Nail trims can trigger syncope in dogs. Episodes of syncope in dogs may also happen after coughing or vomiting.   

Medications that affect the circulatory system and decrease blood pressure can also lead to syncope. These medications include ACE inhibitors, amlodipine, hydralazine, atenolol, and nitrates. Phenothiazine sedatives (such as acepromazine) and diuretics can also increase a dog’s risk of syncope.  

Finally, a variety of heart diseases can cause syncope. Abnormalities of the heart valves and cardiac muscle can interfere with the heart’s ability to move blood throughout the body efficiently. Cardiac arrhythmias can cause periods of decreased circulation to the brain, resulting in syncope. Less common conditions, such as blood clots within the heart and blood vessels, fluid surrounding the heart, and cardiac tumors, can also interfere with a dog’s circulation and result in syncope.

Symptoms of Fainting in Dogs

While syncope may seem like a relatively straightforward condition to recognize, that isn’t always the case. It can be especially challenging to differentiate syncope from a seizure.

In general, the signs of a fainting dog are:

• Sudden loss of consciousness: Your dog may abruptly go from running laps around your backyard to taking a few weak or wobbly steps and suddenly collapsing on their side, unconscious.

• Loss of bladder and/or bowel control: Many (not all) dogs will urinate or defecate on themselves during a syncopal episode.

• Lack of movement: The legs may be either stiff or relaxed, but your dog will generally be relatively still during the period of unconsciousness.

• Rapid recovery: Within a period of seconds to minutes, your dog will recover and carry on with their activities as if nothing happened.

A dog with a seizure, in contrast, will often show several signs that can help distinguish seizures from syncope. Seizures tend to come on relatively gradually, with a dog experiencing several minutes of unusual behavior prior to entering a seizure. During a seizure, dogs typically will “paddle” with their legs, swinging them widely in a rhythmic manner. Finally, when a dog recovers from a seizure, their recovery is typically slow and gradual. They may act disoriented for several minutes to hours after a seizure, in contrast to a dog that “bounces back” almost immediately after fainting.

Other clinical signs will depend on the underlying cause of your dog’s syncope. Dogs with excitement-induced syncope, for example, often show signs of extreme stress or agitation under certain circumstances. Low blood pressure caused by medication may be associated with generalized weakness or lethargy. Dogs with heart disease may exhibit signs of heart failure, including coughing, weakness, lethargy, and weight loss.

Diagnosing Causes of Syncope in Dogs

Your veterinarian will first attempt to determine whether your dog is experiencing syncope or seizures. They will likely ask you a number of questions about your dog’s episodes, including frequency, known triggers, and what happens during and after an episode. 

Taking a video of suspected syncopal episodes in dogs can help you and your veterinarian work together to determine whether your dog is experiencing seizures or syncope.

Your veterinarian will also perform a thorough physical exam. They will check your dog’s pulse and listen carefully to your dog’s heart and lungs. They will also palpate your dog’s abdomen, looking for any evidence of fluid or other abnormalities, and examine the rest of your dog’s body. In some cases, the physical exam can suggest a specific cause for your dog’s syncope.

Diagnostic testing will be guided by your veterinarian’s observations. Common tests for suspected syncope include:

• Complete blood cell count (CBC) and serum biochemistry profile
• Urinalysis
• Chest radiographs (X-rays)
• Electrocardiogram (ECG)
• Ultrasound of the heart
• Blood pressure measurement
• Holter monitor (24-hour ECG monitoring)

Your veterinarian may refer your dog to a veterinary cardiologist for a full cardiology workup.

How to Treat Syncope in Dogs

Effectively treating syncope requires targeting the underlying cause of your dog’s episodes.

In the case of a dog fainting when excited, your veterinarian may talk to you about avoiding triggers that tend to incite syncope in your dog. They may also recommend anti-anxiety medications to reduce your dog’s overall anxiety level and/or working with a veterinary behaviorist to desensitize your dog.

Medication-associated syncope is typically addressed through a change in medication dosing or medication types.

Syncope associated with heart disease often requires medications to promote circulation and address any arrhythmias that may be present. In most cases, your dog will remain on these medications for the rest of their life.

Cost to Treat Fainting in Dogs

Fortunately, most of these treatments are relatively inexpensive. While you may spend several hundred dollars diagnosing the cause of your dog’s syncope, ongoing treatment and monitoring is typically relatively affordable.

Home Remedies for Syncope in Dogs

There are no effective over-the-counter treatments or other home remedies that can be used to treat syncope in dogs. If your dog faints, you should first ensure that your dog has a heartbeat, then attempt to record the episode. If this is your dog’s first episode of syncope or if your dog does not begin to recover within a few seconds, seek veterinary care immediately.

How to Prevent Syncope in Dogs

Preventing fainting in dogs will depend upon the underlying cause.

If you have a dog that faints due to excitement, you may be able to prevent these episodes by avoiding known anxiety triggers.If your dog has heart disease or is on medications that may cause syncope, careful monitoring is the best way to prevent syncope. Any evidence of weakness or ataxia (loss of balance or clumsy walking) could indicate an increased risk of syncope. If your dog appears weak or wobbly, contact your veterinarian to determine whether additional treatments or a change in medication may be beneficial.

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While we often think of bacterial and viral illness being spread through travel, the same can be said for parasitic diseases. Mango worm, for example, is a parasite that can affect both humans and pets. 

This parasite was once found only in Africa, but it is now occasionally seen in other parts of the world. Mango worms (and mango flies) cannot travel across oceans without human help. Instead, they expand their range by traveling with animals, people, and luggage coming from affected areas, crossing oceans on both airplanes and ships.

While mango worms in dogs are certainly more of a concern in Africa or for pets traveling to that region, occasional cases have been reported in the United States.

What Are Mango Worms?

Mango worms are a developmental stage of the mango fly. Mango flies are tropical blowflies that are typically found in Western and Central Africa. Other names for the mango fly include putsi/putzi fly, skin maggot fly, or tumbu fly.

Adult mango flies pose little risk to pets or people. However, the larval stage of their life cycle can be problematic for both humans and animals.

Female mango flies lay their eggs on the ground (in soil or sand) or on fabric. Once these eggs hatch, mango fly larvae (also known as mango worms) begin looking for a human or animal host in which they can develop. They must find a host within a few weeks in order to survive and continue their development towards adulthood.

Once a mango worm finds a host, such as a dog, rodent, or human, it burrows into the skin. The worm lives in the tissues underlying the skin for two to three weeks, eating the animal’s tissues to provide energy for growth and development. Once the worm has fully matured, it will exit the skin as a maggot.

Once mango fly maggots exit the skin, they mature into adult flies over a period of several weeks. These adult flies lay eggs, and the cycle repeats itself.

How Do Dogs Get Mango Worms?

Dogs become infected with mango worms after digging, laying, or rolling in soil that is contaminated with mango worm eggs. They can also become infected by laying on contaminated bedding that contains mango fly larvae.

A dog cannot contract mango worms directly from another infected animal, even with close contact. Human mango worms cannot be obtained directly from dogs with mango worms, and vice versa.

Instead, the mango worm life cycle requires the eggs to mature in sand, soil, or fabric. Infection occurs in these locations. However, if humans and dogs are both in contact with a contaminated environment, multiple family members may become infected with mango worms.

Symptoms of Mango Worms in Dogs

The symptoms of mango worms on dogs are attributable to the mango worms developing in the tissues under the skin. Signs of mango worms may include:

• Itchy red bumps
• Pus-filled bumps
• Blister-like lesions
• Central breathing hole associated with a skin bump
• Extreme itching and discomfort
• Restlessness and inability to sleep
• Decreased appetite
• Fever (if wounds become infected)

Mango flies share symptoms with a number of other skin conditions, including other blowfly species and other skin parasites. Therefore, a veterinarian’s guidance is needed to diagnose mango flies.

Diagnosis

The first step to diagnosing a mango fly infestation is a thorough physical exam. Your veterinarian will carefully and thoroughly examine your dog’s skin, looking for the characteristic bumps that suggest the presence of mango worms or other blowflies.

If your veterinarian sees lesions that suggest mango worms or blowflies, your veterinarian will likely recommend exploring the wound. The only way to diagnose mango worms is to confirm their presence in a skin lesion, because there are a number of other conditions that can cause itchy bumps on a dog’s skin.

Your veterinarian will likely administer a local anesthetic or a sedative, to help your dog remain calm during the procedure. Next, your veterinarian will attempt to remove mango fly larvae that may be present in your dog’s skin. This requires carefully enlarging the worm’s breathing hole and slowly removing the worm with hemostats. Removing mango worms requires care, to minimize the risk of tearing the worm and leaving worm fragments behind in your dog’s skin.

There are several different blowfly species that can infect dogs, so the presence of a worm in the skin does not necessarily indicate mango worms. Your veterinarian may recommend sending fly larvae to a parasitologist, to allow for a definitive diagnosis.

Mango Worm Treatment

In general, mango worm removal is curative. Once the worm is removed, it will not cause further problems. However, a dog with one mango worm may have other mango worms present (due to contact with a contaminated environment), so it’s important to closely examine the rest of your dog’s skin and remove any other potential mango worms.

Mango worm sites may become infected, before or after removal. Therefore, your veterinarian may prescribe oral or topical antibiotics for your dog’s skin lesions.  

How to Prevent Mango Worms in Dogs

The best way to prevent mango worm infection is to prevent exposure to mango flies. If you live in Africa or plan to travel to Africa with your dog, try to ensure that your dog does not lay or roll in potentially-contaminated soil.  

If you plan on visiting an area where mango worms are common, talk to your veterinarian about oral parasite preventatives that may help prevent mango worms. A number of common oral heartworm/flea preventatives, which circulate in a dog’s bloodstream, will kill mango worms in the tissues before they have an opportunity to cause problematic discomfort.  

In the United States, mango worms are an uncommon parasite of the skin. However, there are other blowflies that can cause similar lesions. A broad-spectrum parasite preventative, combined with keeping your dog out of fly-infested environments, is the best way to prevent blowflies.

The post Mango Worms in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Unfortunately, the symptoms of diabetes in cats can mimic those of many other feline diseases. If you notice these signs, it’s important to get your cat checked out by a vet. Your vet can help you determine whether your cat’s signs are caused by diabetes or some other medical condition.

Here are some signs that your cat may have diabetes. 

5 Signs of Diabetes in Cats

Frequent Urination

Cat diabetes, also known as feline diabetes, is caused by the body’s inability to move sugar (glucose), from the bloodstream into cells where it is needed for fuel. This leads to increased blood sugar, also known as hyperglycemia. 

The kidneys detect increased blood sugar levels and release excessive sugar into the urine. “Excessive sugar in the urine pulls body water with it, leading to excessive urine production and more frequent trips to the litter box,” says Dr. Sarah Wooten, a veterinarian based in Colorado. You may see that your litter box gets full faster or that the clumps of pee (if you use clumping litter) are significantly larger. Cats with diabetes may also suddenly have trouble making it to the litter box. 

Other possible reasons for changes in urinary habits include kidney problems, urinary tract infections, bladder inflammation due to stress, other hormonal conditions, or simple aging. If you notice that your cat is urinating more than usual, schedule an appointment with your veterinarian.

Increased Thirst

As cats produce more urine to rid their system of excess glucose, they become dehydrated and will drink more than usual. One common sign of diabetes in cats is that they are constantly thirsty and you have to refill your cat’s water bowl more often than normal. Your cat may also seek other places to get a drink, such as the toilet bowl, sink, or saucers under houseplants, when they weren’t doing this before.

“if your cat is drinking excessive amounts of water, or urinating more frequently than normal, there could be a deeper health issue to look into,” says Dr. Chris Roth, resident veterinarian at Pets Best Pet Health Insurance. 

Increased Appetite

Diabetic cats’ inability to use the glucose in their system sends signals to the brain that they need to eat more. This often looks like having to fill up the food bowl more frequently. If your cat has always been a big eater, that may just be part of their personality. However, cats who have sudden changes in appetite, on the other hand, may need to be tested for diabetes.

Unexplained Weight Loss

While carrying excess weight can be a risk factor for developing diabetes, one of the signs that your cat may be suffering from diabetes is that they lose weight despite eating more. This is due to their body being unable to use glucose from their food. Instead, their body uses up fat and muscle to provide energy. This means that they actually lose weight because their body is burning fat and muscle rather than glucose from their food.

Taking your cat to the veterinarian for periodic checkups is a great way to monitor their weight over time. If they are at higher risk for diabetes due to being overweight, your care team can help you keep your cat’s weight in check and watch out for feline diabetes symptoms. If your cat develops weight loss that cannot be explained by other changes, such as dietary changes or increased physical activity, it may be a sign of diabetes.

Unusual Gait

Diabetes can lead to a loss of muscle mass and decreased nerve function. Therefore, diabetic cats may have trouble getting around. Cats with advanced diabetes may have weakness in their legs and look odd as they walk. They may also miss steps and stumble. Not only can this result in an injury, it also may mean that their diabetes is causing major problems and needs to be managed.

What to Do If You Suspect Your Cat Has Diabetes

The first thing to do is record in detail the cat diabetes symptoms that you see. This information will help your veterinarian determine what further testing may be needed. “You know your cat best, and as soon as the pet shows signs outside of their ‘normal routine,’ it’s worth looking into it with your veterinarian,” says Dr. Roth.

If your cat shows signs of diabetes, your veterinarian will do a blood test to see how much glucose is in your cat’s blood. Because healthy cats can experienced brief periods of high blood sugar in response to stress (after car travel or during a vet visit), your veterinarian may also run a serum fructosamine blood test to provide a longer-range look at your cat’s blood sugar levels. This test can help determine whether your cat is truly diabetic or just stressed, according to Dr. Wooten. Your vet may also run routine blood work that can test for kidney problems, hyperthyroidism, and urinary tract infection, which can have signs similar to feline diabetes.

If your cat is diagnosed with diabetes, your veterinarian will probably prescribe insulin injections. They will teach you how to administer injections at home as well as what dosage and insulin are right for your cat. Most pet owners find that they learn quickly, and their diabetic cat tolerates the small needle injections easily. Giving insulin is by far the best way to manage diabetes in cats, which is why it is typically the preferred method of treatment.

Diabetes in cats is often categorized as Type 2 diabetes, associated with obesity. This type of diabetes can sometimes be reversed over time, with appropriate treatment and weight loss. Signs of diabetic remission in cats include the return of normal levels of thirst and urination, as well as a stable weight and appetite. Because these cats can change their response to insulin over time, it is very important to monitor their health at home and take your cat to the veterinarian for check-ups to adjust insulin dosage and response to therapy.

Along with insulin, your veterinarian may recommend dietary changes to keep your cat’s blood sugar under control. Diabetic cats often benefit from a diet that is higher in protein and fiber and lower in carbohydrates. Veterinarians will typically prescribe a therapeutic food that is available by prescription only and is designed to keep blood sugar levels within normal limits and facilitate weight loss if needed.

Fortunately, if your cat has been diagnosed with diabetes, there are good treatments available. By working with a veterinarian you trust, you can still help your cat live a long and even healthier life.

The post 5 Signs of Diabetes in Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Also referred to as the “frog leg” position, splooting is extremely cute. But you might wonder if this position is normal or if it could be a cause for concern.

Read on for a comprehensive overview of dog splooting, including what it is, why dogs do it, and if it’s ever a sign of discomfort or a joint issue.

What Is Dog Splooting?

You probably didn’t know this funny position had a name, but splooting is fairly common among dogs. Splooting refers to a dog (or other animal) lying on their belly on the ground, with their rear legs extended straight back and flat against the ground. 

Although the Corgi sploot may be the most recognizable, any breed of dog can sploot. In fact, splooting is not even unique to dogs. Cats, chipmunks, and squirrels do it, too. Splooting is also quite common in wild and domesticated rabbits.

Why Do Dogs Sploot?

The answer to the question of why dogs sploot is quite simple: because they like it! According to Dr. Peter Vogel, owner of the Animal Orthopedic Center in Anaheim, California, dogs lie in whatever position feels good to them. 

Lying in the sploot position simply may feel comfortable to your dog. The position can provide a good stretch, and if the weather is hot, splaying out completely flat against the cold ground can help a dog cool off.

“We see it pretty often in brachycephalic breeds as a way to cool down,” says Alison Creighton, a registered veterinary technician supervisor for VCA Animal Hospitals in Lakewood, Ohio. “Their shorter muzzles and smushed faces can make it more challenging for them to regulate their body temperature when they get hot.”

When Is Splooting Bad for Dogs?

Some pet owners worry that if their dog is lying in the sploot position it might mean they have hip or joint issues. As it turns out, splooting because of dog hip dysplasia or dog arthritis is an unfounded worry. If your pup sploots a lot, it could actually mean that their hips are healthy. Young puppies often enjoy lying in the sploot position, likely due to the greater flexibility in their hips. 

“It does not indicate a problem,” assures Dr. Vogel. “In fact, dogs with painful hips do not like their hips extended and would avoid laying stretched out.”

That said, if your dog develops a painful joint injury or condition, they may lie or sit differently than usual, and this can be a signal that something is not right. “Dogs with cruciate ligament ruptures tend to sit with the affected leg sticking out,” Dr. Vogel says. “Other symptoms are difficulty rising, difficulty sitting, sitting down on walks, and obvious limping.”

Creighton points out that you might see a dog with rear-end paralysis in the sploot position, but this is the result of dragging themselves along the ground. Aside from paralysis – which would be apparent to even a casual observer – splooting on its own does not usually indicate an injury or joint concern. However, if you see any of the other signs above, your dog might be in some pain.

Dog Splooting: What to Do If You’re Concerned

If, in addition to your dog splooting, you do notice signals of pain or discomfort (limping, difficulty standing up from a lying down position, reluctance to walk, sit, or stand, or sitting down during walks) it’s important to get your dog checked out by a veterinarian.

To prepare for your visit, write down the symptoms you’ve been noticing. If possible, take a video of your dog limping or struggling to rise from the ground.

“First, your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical exam,” Creighton explains. “This will include assessing the range or motion of your pet’s hips and joints. You may also notice your veterinarian lightly pushing each vertebra down your pet’s back. This is a noninvasive way to check for spinal arthritis.”

Your veterinarian might also recommend taking X-rays (radiographs) of your dog’s spine, hips, and/or knees. When taking X-rays to assess joints, it’s common for veterinarians to lightly sedate the pet. This might raise a bit of concern, but Creighton points out that there are some very good reasons to use sedation during X-rays.

“Sedating your pet for this process is your vet’s way to ensure that your pet is as comfortable and pain free as possible,” Creighton says. “To get the best possible images of your pet, it is very important for them to stay still. If they are experiencing joint pain, they will understandably want to resist doing this. There also can be a lot of stretching and joint manipulation to get proper images, which can be painful for pets with arthritis or a sudden injury.”

If an injury or joint disorder is causing your dog’s pain and discomfort, your veterinarian can recommend the proper treatment, which, depending on the issue, might include medication, surgery, physical therapy, joint supplements, and/or a therapeutic diet.

Keeping Dog Joints Healthy

According to Dr. Vogel, several supplements are good for joint health, though he cautions against using human formulations. Talk to your veterinarian about giving your dog joint health supplements, including glucosamine and chondroitin, and omega fatty acids.

Creighton reminds us that one of the most important factors in healthy joints is keeping your pet at a healthy weight. “Excess weight will put strain on your pet’s joints and can exacerbate arthritis and discomfort,” she says. “It can also increase the risk of acute injuries, such as cruciate tears.”

The post Dog Splooting: Is It a Cause for Concern? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

As bacteria evolve new ways to evade our antibiotics, we must constantly develop new antibiotics that can give us the upper hand against infections. Baytril, or enrofloxacin, is one such antibiotic. It was developed to treat challenging bacterial infections and is now used to treat a variety of infections in cats, dogs, and other animal species.

What is Baytril?

Baytril is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, known by the generic name of enrofloxacin. It belongs to a class of antibiotics known as fluoroquinolones.

Baytril was developed in 1983. It became commercially available in 1988. Since then, it has been widely utilized to treat a variety of infections in cats. It is also used in dogs and other species, including cattle, rabbits, hamsters, birds, and reptiles.

Baytril is most commonly prescribed as an oral tablet. In the case of an external ear infection, however, your veterinarian may instead prescribe Baytril otic drops, which are designed to be instilled into the ear canal. Hospitalized cats may receive injectable Baytril, especially if they are not eating or drinking.

Is Enrofloxacin Safe for Cats?

Enrofloxacin is widely used in cats, with most cats experiencing few (if any) side effects. When side effects do occur, they are typically mild.

Most veterinary practices stock Baytril, so you can often obtain this medication from your regular veterinarian. A visit to a specialist is not needed for treatment with Baytril.

What Does It Look Like?

Baytril’s appearance may vary, depending on the formulation that is prescribed by your veterinarian.

In most cases, veterinarians prescribe oral Baytril pills for cats. These pills may be a tan/brown chewable tablet or a purple coated tablet.

In the case of a cat ear infection, your veterinarian may prescribe Baytril otic drops. These ear drops come in a white bottle with a purple label.

How Does Baytril Work?

Baytril kills sensitive bacteria by preventing the replication of bacterial DNA (genetic material).

Unlike some other cat antibiotics, Baytril reaches a wide variety of tissues within the body. This includes areas that may have poor circulation, such as abscesses. This characteristic makes Baytril a commonly-used antibiotic for certain types of infections.

What Is Baytril Used For in Cats?

Baytril is effective against a broad range of bacteria, and it can penetrate a wide variety of bodily tissues. While it may be a veterinarian’s first choice of antibiotics for a particular infection, it can also be used to treat infections where antibiotics have proven ineffective.

Infections for which your veterinarian may prescribe Baytril include:

• Cat bite abscess
• Skin infection
• Ear infection
• Anal sac infection
• Pneumonia
• Osteomyelitis (bone infection)
• Urinary tract infection

How to Give Baytril to Cats

Baytril tablets are best given on an empty stomach. This increases the drug concentration in your cat’s body, maximizing its antibiotic effect. However, if your cat experiences vomiting, diarrhea, or other gastrointestinal effects, you may choose to give Baytril with food. Giving Baytril with food can reduce the risk of an upset stomach.  

Baytril tablets come in two forms: chewable or enteric coated tablets. The chewable tablets can be crushed and mixed with a small amount of canned food or soft treats. The enteric-coated tablets, however, should not be crushed. Enteric coated tablets have a bitter taste once the coating has been removed. If your veterinarian prescribes enteric coated tablets, you will need to learn how to pill your cat.

Baytril otic drops are administered directly into your cat’s ear(s).

Enrofloxacin for Cats Side Effects

Baytril is typically well-tolerated by cats. However, like any other antibiotic for cats, Baytril can have side effects.

The most common side effects in cats include vomiting, diarrhea, decreased appetite, and lethargy. These effects are more common if Baytril is given on an empty stomach. Giving your cat Baytril with food may reduce the risk of these side effects.

Rarely, cats experience seizures or retinal degeneration (blindness) when treated with high doses of Baytril. These effects are rare in healthy cats. If your cat falls into a group that places them at higher risk of severe side effects, your veterinarian will carefully balance the risks and benefits of Baytril.

Potential Baytril side effects in cats:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Decreased appetite
• Lethargy
• Seizures
• Retinal degeneration
• Blindness

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Baytril can interact with other medications. Be sure your veterinarian is aware of any prescription or over-the-counter medications you are giving your cat.

Sulcralfate (a medication used to treat stomach ulcers) and antacids can bind to Baytril in your cat’s stomach, preventing its absorption. If your cat takes antacids or sucralfate, separate these medications from Baytril by at least two hours.

Cats that are taking both theophylline (a cough medication) and Baytril may have higher-than-expected blood levels of theophylline, increasing the risk of side effects.

Baytril can also interact with other antibiotics, enhancing or inhibiting their effects.

Baytril Dosage for Cats

Your cat’s Baytril dose depends on a number of factors, including the infection requiring treatment and your cat’s size. Some infections respond to a relatively low dose of Baytril, while others require higher doses.

Baytril is typically administered once daily. In some cases, your veterinarian may divide your cat’s daily Baytril dose into two smaller doses.

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of Baytril?

If your cat misses a dose of Baytril, give the missed dose as soon as possible. Then, continue giving Baytril every 24 hours (or as directed by your veterinarian) until you finish giving the entire course of antibiotics. It’s important to wait the full prescribed time between doses, in order to minimize the risk of side effects.

Cost of Baytril for Cats

The cost of enrofloxacin for cats can vary significantly, depending on your cat’s dose and your location.

In general, a one-week course of Baytril tablets should cost approximately $30 (or less). You may be able to obtain a generic medication at a lower cost.

Enrofloxacin Storage Instructions

Baytril tablets can be stored at room temperature, out of direct sunlight.

Keep Baytril (especially chewable tablets) out of reach of children and pets, to prevent a potential overdosage.

The post Baytril (Enrofloxacin) for Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

While these two conditions are nearly identical (except for the fact that they affect different joints), hip dysplasia tends to get a lot more publicity. However, elbow dysplasia can have just as many negative impacts on a dog’s life as hip dysplasia, and is deserving of more attention than it currently receives. 

What is Elbow Dysplasia in Dogs?

Elbow dysplasia is a broad term that refers to an inherited abnormality of the elbow. 

The elbow joint is the union between three bones: the humerus (upper arm) and the radius and ulna (lower arm). Any inherited abnormality in how these three bones fit together and align can cause elbow dysplasia. Over time, elbow dysplasia predisposes a dog to arthritis of the elbow. 

What does elbow dysplasia look like in dogs?

A dog with elbow dysplasia may look normal when resting or standing. In other cases, the elbows may be tucked in or bowed out a bit when the dog is at rest. When a dog with elbow dysplasia begins to walk or run, though, they often limp on one or both front legs. 

Causes of Elbow Dysplasia in Dogs

There are four unique conditions that can cause elbow dysplasia. 

• Ununited anconeal process (UAP): In this condition, a bony projection on the end of the ulna called the anconeal process doesn’t fuse correctly with the rest of the ulna. The anconeal process may completely separate from the ulna, interfering with the movement of the joint. 
• Fragmented medial coronoid process (FMCP): This is another abnormality of the ulna, in which  another bony projection of the ulna called the medial coronoid process is malformed or separated from the ulna. 
• Osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD): This condition occurs within the joint, when the cartilage does not mature normally. A flap of retained, abnormal cartilage can interfere with the function of the elbow joint. 
• Joint incongruity: If the radius and ulna do not grow at the same rate, these bones may become misaligned and interfere with the smooth surface of the joint. 

While these conditions all cause similar signs, each form of elbow dysplasia has its own unique risk factors and treatments. 

The most important risk factor in elbow dysplasia is genetics. High-risk breeds include Rottweilers, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, German Shepherds, English Springer Spaniels, Bernese Mountain Dogs, and Newfoundlands. However, any dog can be diagnosed with elbow dysplasia. While elbow dysplasia is most common in large-breed dogs, even small-breed dogs can be affected.

Nutrition can also play an important role in elbow dysplasia. An imbalanced diet in young puppies can lead to rapid growth, predisposing dogs to elbow dysplasia, hip dysplasia, and other orthopedic conditions.  

Elbow Dysplasia in Dogs Symptoms

Symptoms of elbow dysplasia in dogs typically develop at 6-12 months of age, though signs may occur earlier or later. The most common sign of elbow dysplasia is limping on the affected leg(s). Dogs may limp on one or both legs, or they may walk with the front legs held stiffly or rigidly. 

You may also see visible swelling around the affected elbow. The dog may be painful when moving and reluctant to bend the elbow, leading to difficulty when lying down or rising.

Signs of elbow dysplasia in dogs include: 

• Limping on one or both front legs
• Stiff gait affecting one or both front legs
• Swelling of the elbow
• Pain when moving the elbow
• Decreased range of motion of the elbow
• Difficulty lying down or standing

In some cases, signs of elbow dysplasia may only be detected during a physical exam by a veterinarian. 

Diagnosing Elbow Dysplasia in Dogs

The first step in diagnosing elbow dysplasia is to schedule an appointment for a thorough physical examination. Your veterinarian will pay special attention to your dog’s elbows, flexing and extending them to put them through their entire range of motion. Swelling in the elbow and pain on range of motion can increase your veterinarian’s suspicion of elbow dysplasia. 

Next, your veterinarian will likely recommend radiographs (X-rays). Diagnosing elbow dysplasia often requires a number of different radiographic views, and your dog may need to be sedated for these images. Characteristic radiographic changes can indicate the presence of elbow dysplasia. 

In some cases, radiographs alone are insufficient to diagnose elbow dysplasia. Your veterinarian may refer your dog to a specialist for further evaluation. Additional diagnostic tests may include advanced imaging (CT, MRI) and/or inserting a camera into the joint (arthroscopy). 

Dog Elbow Dysplasia Treatment

The treatment of elbow dysplasia depends on the underlying cause of your dog’s condition. Each form of elbow dysplasia has a different recommended treatment. Definitive treatment for any of these conditions, however, often requires surgery. 

Supportive care measures can also be beneficial, in addition to surgery or in place of surgery. Dogs with elbow dysplasia should be maintained at a healthy body weight, because obesity will place more stress on the joint. Low-impact exercise and physical therapy can build the muscles around the elbow without leading to increased inflammation. 

Dogs with elbow dysplasia may benefit from a sturdy, reliable pet ramp, which can help reduce the amount of stress placed on joints.

Nutraceuticals, such as glucosamine, chondroitin, and omega fatty acids, can also help support joint health and reduce inflammation. Alternative therapies, such as platelet rich plasma injections, are also being studied for their use in canine elbow dysplasia. 

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can also play a valuable role in the treatment of elbow dysplasia. Not only do these medications alleviate pain, they also reduce inflammation within the joint. These medications can have side effects, so it’s important to talk to your veterinarian to determine the best treatment for your dog. 

Do not give any over-the-counter human pain medications to your dog, because human medications can have significant negative impacts on dogs. Do not use any dog elbow dysplasia brace without talking to your veterinarian, as some of these products can do more harm than good. 

Elbow Dysplasia in Dogs Surgery

Surgery is the only way to definitively treat elbow dysplasia. Your surgeon’s goal will be to correct the hereditary defect causing your dog’s elbow dysplasia, restoring proper alignment to the elbow. In general, this means removing bone fragments that are present within the joint and/or surgically realigning the bones.

The prognosis associated with surgery varies, based upon your dog’s underlying abnormality and the severity of your dog’s abnormality. A veterinary surgeon will be able to give you more information on your dog’s specific prognosis after pre-surgical testing. Most dogs respond well to surgery, although some long-term arthritis is often inevitable. 

The cost of elbow dysplasia surgery can vary significantly, depending on the procedure that is required. In general, however, you can expect to spend approximately $2,000-$4,000 per elbow. 

Managing Elbow Dysplasia in Dogs

You can make your dog more comfortable with some simple changes to your dog’s environment and behaviors. 

First, use rugs to create non-slip surfaces throughout your home. Tile or wood floors can be slippery, making a dog with elbow dysplasia more likely to fall and injure themselves. Additionally, ramps can help your dog get on and off furniture without the need to jump, minimizing impact to the elbows. 

Finally, work on training your dog while they are young to minimize jumping up on people and other “crazy” behaviors. Signs of elbow dysplasia often develop in young dogs, and their high activity levels can exacerbate this condition. Keeping your dog relatively calm can reduce their risk of elbow injury. 

Exercising a Dog with Elbow Dysplasia

If your dog has elbow dysplasia, you’ll want to stick with low-impact forms of exercise. Avoid frisbee and fetch in favor of neighborhood walks and swimming in a pool. 

Avoid prolonged periods of exercise. You’re better off taking a few short walks each day than one marathon 5-mile walk. Many dogs won’t tell you when walking starts to hurt, so you will need to pay careful attention to your dog’s cues. If your dog starts every walk by pulling you down the street and then begins to fall behind, this is a sign that you have walked too far. Similarly, if your dog seems stiff or sore after your walk, you should make sure that your next walk together is a bit shorter. 

Dogs with elbow dysplasia don’t need to be complete couch potatoes, but it’s important to avoid prolonged, high-impact, or otherwise stressful exercise.

Preventing Elbow Dysplasia in Dogs

The best way to prevent elbow dysplasia is to stop breeding affected dogs. Dogs belonging to commonly-affected breeds should be screened for elbow dysplasia prior to breeding, even if they aren’t showing clinical signs of disease. Even low-risk breeds should be evaluated for elbow dysplasia if they show signs of lameness, and removed from a breeding program if there’s any suspicion that they may have elbow dysplasia.

Some cases of elbow dysplasia have an underlying nutritional cause. Excessive calories or an imbalanced diet during puppyhood can affect bone growth, increasing the risk of elbow dysplasia and other orthopedic issues. Feed your puppy a well-balanced diet that is appropriate for their breed. Large-breed dogs need a food that is intended for large-breed puppies, because these foods have an optimal energy and nutrient balance to reduce the risk of orthopedic conditions. 

Related Conditions 

• Osteochondrosis
• Ununited anconeal process
• Fragmented medial coronoid process
• Elbow incongruity
• Osteoarthritis/degenerative joint disease
• Hip dysplasia

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Being itchy is uncomfortable for dogs and unsettling for pet parents. Determining the cause isn’t always straightforward. It could be anything from dry skin to food allergies. It’s important to determine the root cause and get your pooch the help he needs to start feeling better. 

Keep reading for an overview of what causes dogs to itch and scratch, and how best to alleviate itchy skin. 

Dog Itching: An Overview 

Your dog may be itching because of a number of different conditions. The main reason, according to Dr. Amber Karwacki, partner doctor at Heart + Paw, is from an underlying allergy. 

“Dogs can be allergic to the environment, food, or fleas,” she says. Secondary effects of these allergies — including hot spots, yeast infections, and bacterial infections — can make your dog’s itching even worse. 

Dogs may also experience itching due to mange, lice, or mites. Some itching can be behavioral and triggered by stress and anxiety, according to Dr. Karwacki. 

Uncontrolled itching and scratching can cause redness, hair loss, flaking, bumps, and skin wounds, among other symptoms. To figure out what is causing your dog discomfort, it’s best to take him to the veterinarian. 

Why is My Dog Itching? 7 Common Causes

Below are some common causes of itching in dogs and the symptoms that are often associated with them. 

Dry Skin

Excessive bathing can lead to dry skin/itching. Dr. Karwacki recommends bathing your dog only once monthly to avoid dry skin. Dry winter air may also increase dryness in your dog’s skin. Using a humidifier can increase the moisture level of your home. Pet parents can also ensure the dog is drinking enough water to stay hydrated. 

Flea Allergy Dermatitis

Did you know that it only takes one flea to cause Flea Allergy Dermatitis (FAD) in some dogs? FAD is an allergic reaction to a flea’s saliva and it is a leading cause of skin allergies in dogs. When fleas are feeding, they inject a small amount of saliva into the dog’s skin and the antigens or proteins in the saliva cause an itchy response in sensitive dogs. Red or inflamed skin, missing patches of fur/hair, and repeated scratching or biting of the skin are common symptoms of flea allergies. Strict flea control is key to keeping your pet from contracting FAD. 

Mites

Mites are tiny creatures, usually around a millimeter long, that can burrow into the dog’s skin and cause mange. Some types of mange are also highly contagious, transferring to other dogs when they come into close contact. Common symptoms of mange include hair loss in patches or all over the coat, dandruff, red skin, swelling, crusty patches of skin, and excessive scratching and biting. According to Dr. Karwacki, mite infection is often diagnosed by a physical exam and skin scrape which can be performed by your veterinarian.  

Environmental Allergies

Similar to humans, dogs can be allergic to many everyday allergens such as pollen, dust, dander, and grass. Common symptoms of environmental allergies include scratching, licking paws, and rubbing the face. An allergy test administered at the veterinary clinic can help your veterinarian identify the source of your dog’s allergies. 

Food Allergies

Dr. Karwacki says that dogs are most commonly allergic to beef or chicken in commercial dog foods. If your dog has a food allergy, consult with the veterinarian to identify the cause and find an appropriate dog food that can help with allergies. 

Hot Spots

Hot spots are secondary to an underlying cause, such as environmental, food, or flea allergies, says Dr. Karwacki. Small areas of redness, raw skin, inflammation/swelling, accompanied with hair loss, are indicators of hot spots. With continued licking, the impacted skin becomes moist and extremely painful, and it begins to spread to other areas of a dog’s body.  

Yeast or Bacterial Infections

Excessive scratching/licking, caused by any of the above, can cause yeast and bacterial infections of the skin in your dog. These infections can be identified by taking a cell culture from the infected area and examining it microscopically at the clinic/lab. 

Diagnosing Causes and Treating Itchiness in Dogs

To find the right treatment for dogs suffering from itchy skin is to first identify the underlying cause. Pet parents can work with their veterinarians to diagnose the cause of itchiness. 

“A thorough history is very important for diagnosing itchiness in your dog,” says Dr. Karwacki. This includes information about the dog’s daily routine, diet, and behavior. 

Your veterinarian will first perform a physical examination and may also recommend skin scrapings, fungal cultures, bacterial cultures, blood tests, a food trial, or other testing to get to the bottom of the itchy skin condition.  .  

Products to Help Relieve Your Dog’s Itching

Itchy skin and unabated scratching need to be addressed right away to provide relief for the pet. Upon determining the root cause, the first step is to begin treatment. This may include either switching the diet, using medicated shampoos, or administering oral medications.

“If there is no secondary infection of the skin, prescription shampoos are a great first step,” recommends Dr. Karwacki. She does not typically recommend creams or sprays, as they could potentially irritate the pet further to the point of them licking it off. 

In some cases, Dr. Karwacki prescribes anti-allergy medications, such as Cytopoint and/or Apoquel, that can relieve and control allergic itch in dogs. Apoquel is a daily oral treatment that can get itching under control within 24 hours. Cytopoint is an injection given at your veterinarian’s office that provides long-lasting relief for up to 8 weeks.

In severe cases, a follow up with a board-certified veterinary dermatologist is needed. 

The post Why is My Dog Itching So Much? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

The truth is, dogs generally sigh when they are happy, relaxed and – in some cases – dismayed at not getting that evening walk or favorite toy from under the couch. 

There are, however, some circumstances where dog sighing could indicate that something is amiss. This article will explain what a dog sigh sounds like, why they do it, and when to bring the dog to the veterinarian.  

Dog Sighs: What Do They Sound Like?

Dogs communicate with us through a variety of vocalizations and behavior, including moaning, grunting, whining, groaning and barking. However, sighing isn’t exactly a vocalization. 

Similar to humans, this behavior is a deep and audible long exhalation of breath. It is different from breathing because it’s not quiet and it’s not like panting, which is a series of short breaths. 

Sighing is similar to low-pitched moaning and dog grunting, which puppies and adult dogs do when they are relaxed and content, especially when they settle down on a nice, comfortable bed. The process of moaning, however, is not like sighing, because it involves the vocal cords. Grunting takes sighing a step further with a more forceful exhalation of air. A groan is a deep-throated sound, often emitted when the animal is in discomfort or pain. 

Dog sighing is also unlike dog whining, which is done nasally with their mouth closed, to communicate that they want something, or to express pain, fear or anxiety. 

Why Do Dogs Sigh?

You may wonder why dogs sigh before sleeping or on the car ride home after a fun outing at the park. The main reason dogs sigh is to express contentment and relaxation, says Dr. Amber Karwacki, partner doctor of Heart + Paw. “Dogs usually do not sigh when they are tired or bored.” 

In an adult dog, if the sigh is accompanied with other audible expressions such as a moan or a groan, Dr. Brian Evans, medical director at Dutch, says that it could be an indication that something else is happening. This is why it’s important to pay attention to certain cues to understand why your dog may be sighing. 

How to Interpret Your Dog’s Sighs

The best way to figure out why your dog may be sighing is by paying attention to body language. “A sigh by itself isn’t specific and only gets meaning based on the context of their body language,” explains Dr. Evans. 

Here’s a breakdown of how sighs go along with what other indicators tell us: 

1. You know you have a contented, happy dog when she sighs with her eyes closed, or in combination with laying down or being pet, says Dr. Evans.
   
2. If the dog’s eyes are wide open and alert, Dr. Evans states that the dog may be trying to communicate that she is disappointed she isn’t going for a walk or having the ball thrown at that moment. This is often accompanied by the dog sighing while looking at the object of her desire, like the front door or the ball. 

3. If the dog has a rigid body posture, ears back, or is panting in addition to sighing, it could indicate pain or discomfort, according to Dr. Karwacki. Your dog could be experiencing pain due to an upset stomach, joint pain, or another ailment. In this situation, it’s best to get the dog evaluated by a veterinarian to make sure there’s nothing more serious happening, including untreated pain.  

4. When the sigh turns into a groan when sitting down, Dr. Evans says, “that could indicate that the process of laying down isn’t comfortable for them and there could be some associated pain from a disease, like arthritis or hip dysplasia.” 

When Dog Sighing May Indicate a Problem

While a dog’s sighs are likely nothing to worry about, there are some instances when they could indicate an underlying condition. In some cases, the underlying condition could be very serious. Usually, these sighs are accompanied by signs of illness such as lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, groaning, and whining. 

Repeated sighing, according to Dr. Evans, “may be a sign they are actually struggling to breathe and need to be seen immediately by a veterinarian”. This type of sighing includes a whistling noise, indicating that inflammation or something else is obstructing the airway in the throat or nose. 

“I have seen dogs in heart failure look like they are sighing every two seconds and that is a very concerning sign,” adds Dr. Evans. It’s important to bring your dog to an emergency clinic if you notice excessive sighing. 

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“A dog that drinks alcohol is at risk for some serious health-related side effects,” says Renee Schmid, a senior veterinary toxicologist at the Pet Poison Helpline. In fact, consuming alcohol can even be fatal in some dogs. How fast you act can dictate the severity of the consequences.

We asked the experts what to do if a dog drinks alcohol, signs to watch for, and how to help your pet.

Can Dogs Drink Alcohol?

A better question might be “Can dogs drink ethanol?” Ethanol is the compound produced when yeast ferments the sugars found in things like grains (beer), grapes (wine), or agave (tequila). Notably, ethanol is also present in other common household products, some of which are consumable (like cooking extracts and mouthwash) and some of which are not (antifreeze, rubbing alcohol).

While dogs are able to metabolize ethanol, which means the alcohol your dog drank will leave his system eventually, it doesn’t mean it won’t wreak havoc while it’s present, Schmid says.

The two biggest factors in determining the severity of alcohol poisoning in dogs, Schmid says, are the amount of alcohol consumed and the dog’s size. 

“In toxicology, we have a saying: ‘The dose makes the poison,’” she says. “With alcohol, it matters how much they get into, as well as the animal’s size. A Lab would be able to consume more than a Chihuahua.”

Other important factors include the dog’s age—younger and older dogs are more susceptible than those in their peak adulthood—and his overall health profile.

Dogs and Alcohol: A Closer Look by Type

Can Dogs Drink Beer?

Beer has a percent of ethanol by volume between 4 and 6, which is considerably less than other alcoholic beverages. However, that’s still more than enough to cause problems for your dog. On top of that, beer is very rarely mixed with another non-alcoholic beverage the way we might with liquor, so Schmid says a neglected beer will sometimes introduce a similar amount of ethanol as a stronger mixed drink might to a curious canine.

But the problems with beer don’t end there. Hops, which are flower buds used as flavoring agents in all types of beer, can potentially be toxic for dogs, says Dr. Gabrielle Fadl, director of primary care at Bond Vet in Brooklyn, New York.

Then there’s the case of non-alcoholic beer. Despite the descriptor, these still may contain trace amounts of alcohol, says Fadl. This means pet parents drinking them should exercise the same caution as those who consume the more popular alcoholic version of the beverage.

Can Dogs Drink Wine? 

Even a single grape can be fatally toxic to a dog. So can a raisin. But when it comes to wine, Schmid says the fermentation process might actually neutralize that effect, though there’s still some uncertainty in the veterinary research community about this. 

Unfortunately, this doesn’t mean that wine is safe for dogs. Fadl adds that the effects of the alcohol in wine, which has 10 to 20 percent ethanol by volume, would likely hit the dog and create a more acute medical problem well before anything associated with the grapes in wine.

Can Dogs Drink Liquor? 

Spirits contain significantly more ethanol by volume than beer or wine. Vodka, rum, whiskey, tequila, and gin all come in between 40 to 50 percent ethanol by volume. This of course means the ill effects of alcohol poisoning will likely hit faster and harder than with most other drinks. However, Schmid says context matters when it comes to how serious alcohol poisoning by liquor might be for your canine companion.

“Straight liquor is naturally going to be a more serious situation than a mixed drink cocktail,” she says. But both will most likely require immediate medical attention. 

Dog Alcohol Poisoning Symptoms

The most immediate symptoms of alcohol poisoning in dogs resemble those of alcohol poisoning in humans, Schmid says. “They may appear dazed or sedate and have some difficulty walking.” 

Vomiting, she adds, is a common symptom for any pet poisoning, including from alcohol. Dogs with alcohol poisoning may have dulled reflexes, increasing their risk of aspirating (inhaling) their vomit. This can lead to aspiration pneumonia, a serious condition. Alcohol ingestion can also lead to a rapid decline in blood glucose levels. “When that occurs, you might observe seizures, body tremors, a declining body temperature, or respiratory distress,” she says.

“Symptoms can develop as early as 15 minutes after consuming alcohol or up to an hour afterward,” Fadl adds.

What to Do if Your Dog Drank Alcohol

If you know your dog consumed even a small amount of alcohol, or he is exhibiting some of the signs of drunkenness listed above, Fadl says it’s important to call an emergency veterinarian or a pet poison helpline right away.

“For mild ingestions and minimal symptoms, you might be advised to keep a close eye on your pet at home,” she says. “Keep them somewhere warm, keep plenty of drinking water available, and block off stairs or other areas where your dog could fall and become injured.”

When symptoms are more severe or the amount of alcohol consumed is greater, emergency care is advised. Schmid says it’s a good idea to have treats on hand in case there’s some delay getting to a clinic, because they can help keep your dog’s blood sugar levels in a healthy place. 

“Once at a clinic, a vet will check those levels, as well as your dog’s oxygen, and supplement them if necessary to keep them stable,” she says. Additionally, medication can be given to stop any vomiting and IV fluids can be administered to keep your dog hydrated.

In most cases, veterinary professionals will continue to monitor your dog until his levels have stabilized and the effects of the alcohol have worn off. Schmid says this may take anywhere between 12 to 36 hours, depending on the dog and the amount of alcohol consumed. 

If overnight monitoring is not an option, the medical team will likely increase the amount of fluids administered on site and provide you with a detailed care plan to make sure there’s no backsliding at home. Schmid says this is not most veterinarians’ preference, but it may be unavoidable in certain cases.

How to Prevent a Dog from Drinking Alcohol

To help prevent a dog from drinking alcohol, use common sense: Don’t leave drinks in a place where your dog can easily lap them up. If you want to show off your cuddly canine during a party, you should specifically request that your houseguests keep drinks out of your dog’s reach, Fadl advises. Make it easier for them to do so by clearing off high tables, mantels, or shelves where everyone can safely place their drinks.

But if you and other revelers can’t ensure that alcoholic beverages—not to mention any other foods or favors that pose a risk—are completely out of your dog’s reach, you should keep your pet off the guest list. 

“When in doubt, it’s safest to keep your pet confined to a safe, private room during a party,” Fadl says.

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If you’ve ever asked the question, “Why is my dog peeing so much?” read on to learn what normal volume and frequency looks like, what is and isn’t normal, and what to do if your dog is peeing too much.

Dog Peeing: What’s Normal? 

According to Dr. Sarah J. Wooten, a veterinarian based in Colorado, all dogs create the same normal amount of urine based on their body weight. This can vary depending on the dog’s hydration status, but in general, dogs produce 2 milliliters (ml) of urine per kilogram (kg) of body weight per hour. For a 20-pound dog, that works out to 18 ml of urine per hour or a little under half a liter of urine per day. 

Frequency of urination can vary, but dogs usually go first thing in the morning, then every 5 to 6 hours throughout the day. Most adult dogs can hold their urine overnight, but it’s not uncommon for young puppies to have to go out to pee in the middle of the night while their bladders are still maturing. 

Though male and female dogs produce the same amount of urine according to body weight, male dogs, especially those out for a walk, often pee smaller amounts more frequently. Male dogs that lift their leg to urine mark will pee small amounts many times until their bladder is completely empty. Determined boy dogs might keep lifting their leg and squeezing out one or two drops long after their bladder is empty. Some males forgo the marking and just go all at once, especially first thing in the morning. Though some female dogs also urine mark, females more often void their bladder completely at the first opportunity. 

Why is My Puppy Peeing a Lot? 

Peeing frequency is a little different in puppies, though the volume of urine is the same as it is for adult dogs (2 ml of urine per kilogram of body weight per hour). 

“Puppies have not trained their bladders to hold urine as long as adults,” Dr. Wooten says. “They will need to go more often – every hour in very young puppies and every 3 hours in puppies 8 to 12 weeks of age.”

As puppies grow, they are able to hold their pee longer until they are going every 5 to 6 hours during the day and holding their urine overnight.

What is Pollakiuria in Dogs?

When you’re wondering if your dog is peeing too much, there are two parameters to consider: urine frequency and urine volume. 

The scientific term for frequent urination in dogs is pollakiuria, from the Greek pollakis, which means often, and uria (urine). The scientific term for abnormally large amounts of urine is polyuria, from poly (many or much) and uria (urine). 

Both frequent urination and excessive urination are common issues among dogs. Let’s take a look at the possible causes.

8 Common Reasons for a Dog Peeing a Lot 

Some causes of frequent or excessive urination are normal and some are not. A dog that is peeing a lot may be suffering from a medical problem like an infection or disease, or it can be caused by a behavioral issue, like territorial marking or stress.

Urine Marking 

Male dogs (and some female dogs) pee small amounts frequently in multiple places, usually on vertical surfaces like trees, walls, and fire hydrants. Urine marking serves many purposes, from claiming territory to sending messages to other dogs. Pheromones and other chemicals found in a dog’s urine can communicate a lot to other dogs, including the dog’s sex, reproductive status, health status, and even size (the higher the urine, the bigger the dog). 

Urine marking is a normal dog behavior, but it can become problematic if the dog is urine marking in the house. Neutering an intact male dog can help reduce urine marking behavior, especially if it’s happening indoors. 

Submissive or Excitement-Induced Urination

Some dogs, especially young puppies, might pee when they meet new people or dogs. This can be due to fear, shyness, or excitement. The amount of pee is usually small, though some puppies might pee larger amounts. This type of frequent urination usually resolves itself as the puppy grows older.

Incontinence

Middle aged and senior dogs sometimes begin to lose control of their bladders, involuntarily dribbling urine during the day and/or night. Dogs with incontinence can leak small amounts of urine or larger amounts. Incontinence can be caused by old age, be a side effect of spaying (called spay incontinence), or be caused by certain diseases or medications. Doggie diapers can contain the pee, and your veterinarian might be able to prescribe certain medications to help.    

Side Effects from Medications

Certain medications can cause dogs to drink and urinate more than usual, or leak urine involuntarily. Talk to your veterinarian for advice if you suspect your dog’s peeing problems are being caused by a new medication.

Urinary Tract Infections/Bladder Issues

Bladder issues, including urinary tract infections, bladder inflammation and bladder stones, are associated with an increased urge to urinate, causing dogs to pee small amounts very frequently. Sometimes dogs strain to go, but don’t pass any urine. You might also see blood in the urine. According to Dr. Wooten, these can be very painful, so it’s important to seek veterinary care immediately if you suspect a UTI or other bladder issue. 

Cushing’s Disease

Cushing’s disease (also known as Cushing’s syndrome) causes the adrenal glands to produce too much of certain hormones. In addition to excessive drinking and urination, dogs with Cushing’s disease may also develop an increased appetite, pot-bellied appearance, poor coat and skin, and bladder infections. Without treatment, Cushing’s disease can be life-threatening.

Diabetes

Dogs with diabetes might drink more water than normal, and as a result, pee large volumes of very dilute urine (which can be clear like water). Diabetes can also cause increased appetite and weight loss. This disease is life-threatening if left untreated. Dogs with diabetes need special treatment, including insulin. 

Kidney Disease

Dogs with kidney disease can suffer from pollakiuria (frequent urination) and/or polyuria (urinating large volumes). Kidney disease is a serious condition that requires urgent veterinary attention. Dogs diagnosed with kidney disease usually need treatment, a special diet and supportive care for the rest of their lives. 

Frequent Urination in Dogs: When to Worry

If your dog is peeing a lot, it could be normal dog behavior or it could be a symptom of something more serious. 

Some signs that a medical concern might be causing your dog to pee a lot include:

• Excessive thirst (emptying their water bowls)
• Increased or decreased appetite
• Bloody urine
• Straining to pee but nothing comes out
• Excessively licking their private parts
• Vomiting or diarrhea
• Sudden/frequent accidents inside house

What to Do About Your Dog Peeing a Lot 

Even if you suspect that your dog’s frequent urination is behavioral, the first step should always be a veterinary exam to rule out any medical causes. A vet checkup is especially important if your dog is drinking a lot of water and peeing a lot. “Problems that cause a dog to drink more than usual can get serious fairly quickly,” Dr. Wooten says. 

The vet will perform a thorough exam, and may want to run tests, including analyzing your dog’s urine. “You can bring in a sample, but often your vet will want to collect a sterile sample at the office,” Dr. Wooten says. “If they suspect an underlying medical condition like diabetes or Cushing’s disease, they will also want to run blood tests.” 

If your vet suspects bladder stones or bladder abnormalities, they might also want to take X-rays (radiographs) or do an abdominal ultrasound of your dog’s bladder. 

If your vet gives your dog a clean bill of health, the frequent urination could be behavioral. To get help for urine marking, or excitement-induced or submission urination, Dr. Wooten says it’s best to talk to a trainer or animal behaviorist. Your vet can give you a referral to someone in your area. 

One thing you should never do if your dog is peeing a lot is withhold water. It might be tempting, but this is dangerous. Not letting your dog drink can dehydrate them and make them sick. And don’t scold your dog for peeing a lot. If it’s a medical issue, it’s likely out of your dog’s control. 

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So if your dog’s nose suddenly feels warm when it’s normally on the cool side, it’s easy to worry that something is wrong. But what does it actually mean when a dog’s nose is warm, and is it really a cause for concern?

Is a Dog’s Nose Supposed to Be Cold or Warm?

A dog’s nose is information-gathering central. Aside from breathing in oxygen (certainly an important assignment!), it can sniff out almost anything—just think of the working dogs who can locate explosives, missing people, and even cancer simply by using their noses.

But what is a dog’s nose supposed to feel like when you touch it? “People think that dogs have to have these ice-cold noses, but that’s not the truth,” says Dr. Tyra Davis Brown, a veterinarian at Hammond Animal Hospital and Pet Lodge in Hammond, Louisiana, and assistant professor of animal science and pre-veterinary medicine at Southern University and A&M College. “Most of them do have a cooler nose, but if they don’t, it doesn’t necessarily mean something’s wrong with them.” 

As for why a dog’s nose is typically cool, scientists in Sweden and Hungary uncovered the answer in 2020. According to their published research, a dog’s cool nose is what makes it “particularly sensitive to radiating heat.” 

The dogs they studied could detect very faint heat sources that were too weak to be felt by human hands. In other words, pups’ cold sniffers mainly serve a sensory role—and can even help them find the warm bodies of small prey animals—rather than regulating or even reflecting their own body temperatures. 

Why Is My Dog’s Nose Warm?

Just like humans, not all dogs’ bodies behave in the same ways. While a cool nose is normal for most dogs, it’s not necessarily the case for all of them. Dr. Brown says that a room temperature or even semi-warm nose isn’t typically a cause for concern—especially if that’s normal for your pup. 

The temperature of a dog’s nose also changes throughout the day, shifting from warm to cold, wet to dry, often based on the weather or his activity level. At times, your dog’s nose may feel warm simply because he’s been running outside on a hot day and needs some water and time to cool down. Or it could be dried out from sleeping (a time when dogs aren’t licking their noses) or because of the hot air streaming from your vents in winter.

However, Dr. Brown notes that a very warm or hot nose can sometimes be a sign of something more serious—like an illness, a skin condition, or severe allergies. 

Does a Warm Nose Mean a Dog is Sick?

In some cases, a warm nose can signal that a dog is sick. If you notice that your dog’s nose feels very warm and dry—and that his ears feel hot, too – Dr. Brown says it’s a good idea to check him for a fever. She says a rectal thermometer reading, rather than a feel of the nose, is the only sure way to know if your dog is running a high temperature.

Dr. Brown notes that an overly warm nose can also be the result of nasal inflammation from allergies or another disease. And hyperkeratosis—a skin condition caused by an overgrowth of keratin—can create rough, crusty patches on your dog’s nose, often making it feel warm and dry to the touch rather than cold and wet. 

When Should You Worry About Your Dog’s Warm Nose?

If your dog’s nose is simply feeling warm, it isn’t usually something to worry about. But Dr. Brown says to be on the lookout for additional symptoms—especially nasal discharge, which could indicate anything from sinusitis or polyps to allergies or a viral/bacterial upper respiratory infection. “It’s not normal for their nose to just run,” she adds.

She also recommends a trip to the veterinarian if you notice that your dog is excessively licking her nose in a way that is abnormal for her, or if her nose suddenly feels crusty and dry to the touch. “If they’re constantly licking their nose, something’s going on inside of that nose and they should be checked out.”

If your dog’s nose feels hot, rather than simply warm, it could be the sign of a fever or some type of inflammation, both of which warrant a veterinarian visit. And on the flip side, even if your dog’s nose is cold and wet, that doesn’t necessarily mean he is in perfect health. So always make sure to look beyond just the nose for other signs of possible illness—from withdrawal and lethargy to refusing food or water.

“People tend to overthink this,” Dr. Brown adds. “If your dog’s nose is crusty and hot, that’s a problem. But just because it’s room temperature and not ice cold doesn’t mean something’s wrong with your dog.”

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As the public becomes more aware of autism, it’s only natural to ask: Can dogs be autistic, too? Given that we share other similarities with dogs, it’s not a stretch to wonder if that obsessive tail chasing and pacing might be signs of an autistic dog. 

With insights from veterinarians and behaviorists, we help answer this question. To make sure your dog receives a proper diagnosis and the best possible treatment, we recommend contacting your veterinarian if you notice any behaviors that seem unusual. 

What Is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

The definition of autism has evolved considerably since it first came to light in the early 20^th century. Scientists originally theorized that it was a form of childhood schizophrenia, or that affected children were products of detached parenting. Though scientists are still learning about autism spectrum disorder (ASD), they believe that genes and environmental factors, like low birth weight and having older parents, play a big role. 

While autism spectrum disorder is different for every affected individual, some characteristics of autism may include difficulty with social interactions, an inclination to repeat behaviors, and a laser focus on specific interests. Other signs might include excessive anxiety, issues with impulse control, epilepsy, resistance to change, and sudden outbursts of aggression. 

Autism spectrum disorder is classified as both a neurological and developmental disorder that usually surfaces during a child’s first two years. About 75 percent of people with the disorder have a secondary diagnosis for conditions like ADHD, anxiety, depression, or Tourette syndrome.

Research on Autistic Animals

Though the study of autism in dogs and other animals is fairly new, there have been several notable studies. 

In a 2016 study, researchers identified monkeys who displayed behaviors (like poor communication ability and repetition) similar to those in humans with autism. They also found that the genetic patterns of the monkeys exhibiting autistic-like behaviors correlated with those of humans with autism. 

In another often-cited 2011 study of Bull Terriers, a portion of the dogs displayed behaviors (most notably tail chasing, trance-like behavior, and irregular incidents of aggression) consistent with autism in humans. 

Can Dogs Have Autism?

Some dogs exhibit behaviors that follow a similar pattern to those in people with autism spectrum disorder. “Similar signs may include reluctance to make eye contact, repetitive behaviors, and lack of overall responsiveness to social interaction,” says Dr. Valli Parthasarathy, a board-certified veterinary behaviorist with Synergy Behavior Solutions in Portland, Oregon. Other behaviors can include poor impulse control, incessant staring, and outbursts of aggression.

The correlation isn’t just behavioral, though. “There are clearly many similarities between dog and human neurochemistry, and it is reasonable to consider that neurodivergent disorders can exist,” says Parthasarathy.

Dogs with autistic-like behaviors even share physical characteristics (like an arched palate and distinct ears) found in people with Fragile X Syndrome, a condition linked to autism.

Despite the behavioral, genetic, and physical similarities, veterinarians and behaviorists hesitate to apply the term autism to animals.

“In veterinary behavior, we try to avoid using human neuropsychological terms for disorders in non-human animals,” says Dr. Liz Stelow, chief of behavior service at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of California, Davis. “For instance, we refer to cognitive changes in aging dogs and cats as canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome and feline cognitive dysfunction syndrome. These processes may or may not be similar to Alzheimer’s or dementia, but we avoid the human terms.” 

Making a definitive diagnosis of autism in dogs is complicated by several other factors, Dr. Stelow says. For one, “Autism spectrum disorder in people refers to an assortment of neuropsychologic symptoms or developmental tendencies that lead to a range of specific diagnoses, like Asperger’s syndrome or pervasive developmental disorder,” she explains. “A canine diagnosis would need to be similarly nuanced.”

Additionally, she says the ASD diagnosis is centered on behaviors recorded in humans. For example, absent non-verbal interactions with other people, repetitive body movements, a high level of sensitivity to environmental stimuli, and shortfalls in social interaction. “These criteria are challenging to identify in dogs.” 

Autism in humans is also subject to a wide range of predisposing factors, says Dr. Stelow. “This makes it difficult to track any possible relationship to socially awkward dogs that display repetitive behaviors.”

Another reason for the hesitancy is the lack of available research on dogs with autism. “Both researchers and dog behaviorists have reported cases where a dog may display behaviors that are sometimes associated with autism in humans,” says Dr. Monique Udell, an animal behaviorist and director of the Human-Animal Interaction Lab at Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon. “For example, some studies have focused on repetitive behaviors, however there is not enough research in this area yet to say for sure if the underlying causes for these behaviors are similar, or if the behaviors just look similar.”

For now, “We don’t have the means to accurately diagnose it separately from the anxiety-based disorders we currently diagnose,” says Dr. Parthasarathy.

Research About Autism in Dogs

Unlike autism research in humans, the question of whether autism in dogs even exists is relatively new. “As our fondness and curiosity about dogs grows, we have also seen increased interest in understanding if dogs and humans share commonalities including different ways of experiencing the world, due to their genetics, development or lifetime experiences, that may influence their behavior,” says Dr. Udell.

One widely referenced 2011 study evaluated 333 Bull Terrier dogs, 145 of whom exhibited tail-chasing behaviors.

The research team distributed surveys to pet parents of the tail-chasing dogs to understand more about the behavior. They asked about factors like age of onset, known triggers, frequency and duration of the behavior, and how severely the behavior impacted the dogs’ ability to function. They also examined the dogs of both groups to compare physical and behavioral differences.

What they discovered were close ties between tail-chasing behavior and sex (males were at an 8 percent greater risk), trance-like behavior, and spontaneous aggression. 

“There is also genetic research that has found that genetic regions relevant to autism diagnosis in humans also appear to influence aspects of dog social behavior,” says Udell.

In one study from 2014, Bull Terriers with autistic-like symptoms had elevated levels of neurotensin (an amino acid that acts like neurotransmitter) when compared with the non-impacted dogs. This correlation is similar in human children.

“But again, more research is critical to understanding what this tells us about dog cognition and behavior,” says Dr. Udell. “What we can say for sure, is that there is growing scientific interest in whether dogs may be a useful model for studying autism as well as other developmental and neurological conditions, which will likely lead to better answers to these questions in the future.”

Behaviors That May Look Like Autism in Dogs

Can dogs have autism symptoms even though veterinarians and behaviorists are hesitant to offer a definitive diagnosis? Yes, and in fact, they’ve recorded several behaviors consistent with autism in humans. These include:

• Repetitive behaviors, like tail-chasing and pacing
• Entering a trance-like state
• Irregular incidents of aggression
• Anxiety
• Reluctance to make eye contact
• Poor impulse control

Several conditions can cause these symptoms. For example, signs of canine cognitive dysfunction, a degenerative disease likened to human dementia and that affects older dogs, include anxiety, aimless pacing, and decreased interaction.  

Fear and anxiety can cause a range of symptoms like aggression, pacing, and compulsive behaviors. And dogs with canine compulsive disorder (CCD) engage in repetitive behaviors like excessive self-grooming and tail-chasing.

A medical condition may also be responsible. “These clinical signs can have very different causes, including medical,” says Dr. Parthasarathy. “For example, if a dog is spinning compulsively, this can be related to neurologic pain, orthopedic pain, seizure disorder, gastrointestinal disorder, or various behavioral disorders.”

This is why consulting with a veterinary professional when you notice anything off with your dog is so important.

Understanding Canine Compulsive Disorder (CCD)

Canine compulsive disorder is comparable to obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), a chronic and potentially debilitating condition in humans marked by intrusive thoughts and a need to engage in repetitive behaviors.

Though nobody knows for sure whether dogs have intrusive, nonsensical thoughts that impact their ability to function, dogs with CCD do engage in repetitive behaviors like over-grooming, pacing, and frenetic tail chasing. 

These types of repetitive behaviors can also be present in humans with autism. Though more studies are needed, a gene (CDH2) that’s been linked to canine compulsive disorder, is also possibly linked to OCD and autism in humans.  

While any dog breed can develop CCD, some breeds, including Bull Terriers, German Shepherds, Doberman Pinschers are at higher risk.

Symptoms of CCD in Dogs

Some of the more common compulsive behaviors dogs with canine compulsive disorder exhibit include 

• Continually circling a room
• Obsessive chewing
• Incessant tail chasing
• Teeth grinding
• Repetitively sucking or holding a piece of side skin (known as flanking)

There’s also a correlation between certain breeds and the types of compulsive behaviors each breed exhibits. For example, Bull Terriers tend to spin, chase their tails, and freeze. Border Collies stare at shadows. Dachshunds may self-mutilate. And Doberman Pinschers are known for flank sucking.

Managing CCD in Dogs

Treatment options for dogs with canine compulsive disorder exist, so no pup has to needlessly suffer. “Dogs who are showing unwanted behaviors can have behavioral training and management specific to those behaviors,” says Dr. Parthasarathy. “Medications may be indicated based on the extent and severity of clinical signs.” 

To treat CCD, veterinarians prescribe medications used to treat OCD in humans. These include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like fluoxetine and tricyclic anti-depressants like clomipramine. Some veterinarians recommend products with pheromones as a complementary tool to help alleviate anxiety. 

We recommend speaking to your veterinarian about the best treatment option for your dog.

Autism in Dogs: The Bottom Line

There are definite behavioral, genetic, and physical similarities between humans with autism and dogs who display autistic-like behaviors. Given this evidence, can dogs be autistic? Because the research is still so new, veterinarians hesitate to assign this diagnosis to animals, including dogs. Autism is a human disorder and it remains difficult to compare and contrast between dog and human experiences. This status may change, of course, as scientists uncover new information. 

For now, treatments are available to help dogs suffering with compulsive behaviors, whether it’s a result of canine compulsive behavior, canine cognitive dysfunction, anxiety, or a medical condition.

“There are many similarities between dog and human brains and behavior, but there are differences as well. While I think that further research on conditions such as autism is a worthwhile thing, I also would encourage veterinarians and clients not to become too focused on that as the only reason for their dogs’ behavior,” says Dr. Parthasarathy.

Your veterinarian is in the best position to offer a proper diagnosis and prescribe treatment that will enhance your dog’s life. 

References

• Autism fact sheet. (n.d.).  National Autism Association. Retrieved from https://nationalautismassociation.org/resources/autism-fact-sheet/
• Autism Explained: The History. (2015, April). Developmental Disabilities Service Organization. Retrieved from https://ddso.org/history-of-autism-pt2/
• Autism Spectrum Disorder. (2022, March). National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd
• Sharma, S., Gonda, X., etal. (2018, May 12). Autism Spectrum Disorder: Classification, diagnosis and therapy. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. In National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29763648/#:~:text=Abstract,specified%20(PDD%2DNOS)
• Yoshida, K., Yasuhiro, G, etal. (2016, September). Single-neuron and genetic correlates of autistic behavior in macaque. ScienceAdvances. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved from https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.1600558
• Moon-Fanelli, A., Dodman, N., etal. (2011, April). Characteristics of compulsive tail chasing and associated risk factors in Bull Terriers. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. In National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21453176/
• Are Some Dogs Autistic? (2018, July). Your Dog. Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.tuftsyourdog.com/dogtrainingandbehavior/are-some-dogs-autistic/
• Tsilioni, I., Dodman, N., etal. (2014, October). Elevated serum neurotensin and CRH levels in children with autistic spectrum disorders and tail-chasing Bull Terriers with a phenotype similar to autism. Translational Psychiatry. In National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5190146/
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. (2019, October). National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd#:~:text=Obsessive%2DCompulsive%20Disorder-,Overview,to%20repeat%20over%20and%20over
• Moon-Fanelli, A. (2011). Genetic Underpinnings of Anomalous Canine Behaviors. Tufts’ Canine and Feline Breeding and Genetics Conference, 2011. In VIN: Veterinary Information Network. Retrieved from https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?id=5101834&pid=11340&
• Ogata, N. (2015). Canine Compulsive Disorder. World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Congress Proceedings, 2015. In VIN: Veterinary Information Network. Retrieved from https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=14365&catId=73675&id=7259303 

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Knowing what to watch for, preventing dog marijuana accidents, and having a plan in place if exposure does occur can help spare your dog from developing serious health problems. If your dog ate edibles or other products containing THC, we recommend calling your veterinarian as soon as possible for guidance.

Can Dogs Get High From Weed? 

Dogs and marijuana are not a good combination. Our pups are more deeply affected by the main psychoactive ingredient in weed (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol or THC) than humans are, says Dr. Karyn Bischoff, a diagnostic toxicologist and professor of practice at New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory and Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. “THC acts on a receptor in the nervous system called the CB1 receptor, and dogs have more of them than humans do, so they are much more sensitive to THC than people.” 

So, can dogs get high from weed? Yes, though the effects are not the same as they are in humans. “Dogs are generally more sensitive to THC and marijuana, so do not generally show signs of relaxation and euphoria, but more significant sedation or agitation,” says Dr. Renee Schmid, senior veterinary toxicologist at Pet Poison Helpline. And because dogs don’t understand what’s happening to them, the experience can be frightening, adds Bischoff, who is board certified in veterinary toxicology.

Though larger amounts of THC can intensify symptoms, veterinarians say that even small doses can cause harm. Dosing is further complicated by another factor: “Different cultivars of marijuana and different products are going to have different concentrations of THC,” says Bischoff. “Selective breeding of marijuana plants over the past 50 years have led to much higher THC concentrations in the plant than what was common in the 1970s.”

Marijuana Toxicity in Dogs: Symptoms and Risks

The risks and symptoms of a dog eating weed vary by the individual dog and the amount consumed (though even a little can cause harm). Generally, common signs of marijuana toxicity in dogs include: 

• Sedation
• Lethargy
• Agitation
• Dilated pupils
• Heavy salivating
• Dribbling urine
• Vomiting

“Depending on the toxic dose, they may fall or stumble, as they are weak and can injure themselves,” says Dr. Sara L. Ford, a veterinarian with BluePearl Specialty + Emergency Pet Hospital in Scottsdale, Arizona.  

Other symptoms of THC toxicity in dogs may include decreased heart rate, low blood pressure, low body temperature, and slower, more inefficient breathing, says Schmid, who has dual board certification in toxicology and veterinary toxicology.

Dogs may also exhibit nervous system issues like extreme depression, shaking, seizures, head bobbing, and increased vocalizations, says Bischoff. Additionally, “A lot of the dogs that have THC poisoning can no longer control their urinary bladder and will wet themselves and drip urine.”

While THC poisoning in dogs usually isn’t fatal, it can result in organ damage. For example, “Persistent low heart rate and low blood pressure can decrease oxygenation to tissues and organs and potentially result in damage,” says Schmid. And vomiting can cause the stomach contents to enter the lungs, which Ford says can rapidly become fatal.

How Long Do Dogs Stay High Off Weed?

Clinical signs from marijuana toxicity in dogs typically last between 12 and 24 hours, says Schmid. “If the dog has mild signs, they are often well within 12 hours. If more severe signs occur, they can persist for 24 or more hours.”

Marijuana Edibles Can Contain Other Harmful Ingredients

Ingredients added to marijuana edibles (like gummies, brownies, or cookies) can also damage your dog’s health. Ingredients may include: “chocolate, which can cause rapid heart rate and tremors; macadamia nuts, which cause extreme muscle weakness; raisins, which can cause kidney damage; xylitol (a sugar substitute) can cause a rapid drop in blood sugar and it can cause liver damage; and all the butter, oil, or other types of fat that can cause pancreatitis,” says Bischoff. 

Of the two reported cases of fatal THC poisoning in dogs Bischoff is aware of, both were linked to chocolate contained in the baked goods. 

My Dog Ate Weed: What to Do

Marijuana consumption in dogs is considered a medical emergency, veterinarians stress. If you suspect your dog ate edibles or another marijuana product, contact your veterinarian or an animal poison control center like Pet Poison Helpline, says Schmid. (The ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center is another option.) “Clinical signs can develop in less than one hour, so pursuing care right away is very important.”  

A dog who has consumed a small amount of THC—like a few brownie crumbs—will probably be fine, says Bischoff. Still, “You can’t rely on that because there are too many other factors to say for sure: the size, weight, and health condition of the animal can make them more or less susceptible, plus all the other potentially toxic ingredients in marijuana products that can add complexity to the exposure.”

Treating Marijuana Toxicity in Dogs

Treatment largely depends on the amount of marijuana the dog consumed, as well as the severity, type, and timing of symptoms. 

It typically consists of supportive care, which may include administering intravenous fluid therapy to maintain hydration, and monitoring heart rate, blood pressure, respirations, and body temperature. Treatment is also based on symptoms the dog is exhibiting. For example, “Treating clinical signs like vomiting, tremors, or changes in heart rate, are done on an as-needed basis,” says Bischoff.

Veterinarians may choose to induce vomiting if clinical signs haven’t yet developed. “We usually do not induce vomiting because by the time they are showing clinical signs, that marijuana has been absorbed into the bloodstream,” says Ford, who is board-certified in veterinary internal medicine. Inducing vomiting in a dog that’s already in an altered mental state increases the risk of vomit inhalation, leading to a serious condition known as aspiration pneumonia. 

For extreme cases, more aggressive therapy is an option, but Bischoff says it’s not typically needed. “If it was a large contamination, they may want to do gastrointestinal detoxification, which can involve ‘pumping the stomach’ in the anesthetized dog; or giving oral compounds that bind to toxins and prevent them from being absorbed into the blood.”

My Dog Ate Weed: What Can I Do at Home?  

If your dog ate edibles or weed, always contact your veterinarian for guidance before attempting any DIY options. At-home remedies consist of keeping the dog warm in case their body temperature is low, as well as keeping them safe from harm. “Pet parents should keep pets away from areas that they could injure themselves if they are not able to walk well or if they are not mentally alert,” says Schmid.

Never induce vomiting without a veterinarian’s supervision, says Bischoff. “Inducing vomiting makes it much more likely that they’ll seizure, and again they can’t regulate their airway, so they can end up with vomit in the lungs.”

How to Prevent Dogs From Eating Weed

Treat marijuana and edibles as you would any other medication. Keep them up high and well out of your dog’s reach, says Schmid. “Animals often like the smell of marijuana and THC products, especially edibles, and having one of these products sitting on a table or counter may be too tempting for animals to pass by.”

Baked goods containing weed can also be a strong source of THC poisoning in dogs, says Bischoff. “Adults are only supposed to consume a certain portion size, like a one-inch square brownie or half a cookie. But it’s difficult to explain this to a dog or a child, so if they come across a tray of brownies or a plate of cookies, they can easily eat far more than a safe dose of THC.”

Also watch what your dog picks up while outside, as there have been instances of dogs showing symptoms after eating marijuana butts on walking trails. Most importantly, be honest with your veterinarian if your dog ate weed. “This is less of a problem with THC now that marijuana is legal in most states, but it’s been a problem in the past when people didn’t want to admit that their dog got their stash,” says Bischoff. “Most veterinarians are more interested in helping your pet than they are in judging you.”

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The good news is that it’s easy to treat worms in dogs and protect your canine companion against future infections. There are several dewormers for dogs available on the market that can be used to get rid of worms. There are also long-term parasite control products that are effective against multiple types of worms and can be used year-round. 

Let’s take a closer look at why deworming dogs is so important, plus explore some of the top dewormers for dogs.

Our List: Dog Dewormers

• Best with 5-Worm Protection: Interceptor Plus 
• Best with Flea Control: Trifexis 
• Best Broad-Spectrum: Drontal Plus
• Best with Heartworm Prevention: Heartgard Plus

What Is Deworming for Dogs?

All dogs are at risk for encountering worms, such as hookworms, roundworms, whipworms, and tapeworms. Dewormers are medications that kill intestinal parasites that your dog may have contracted. “Broadly, these medications are called anthelmintics,” explains Dr. Audrey Wystrach, DVM, CEO of Petfolk. Some medications also help to prevent reinfection for a period of time. 

“Many deworming products are effective for more than one type of worm,” Dr. Wystrach adds. “There are many different varieties and drug classes; generally, products that are effective against flat-shaped worms like tapeworms are not effective against round-shaped worms, such as roundworms, whipworms, and hookworms.” 

Dewormers are available in a variety of forms, such as pills, chewable tablets, and liquids. Some of the common active ingredients you’ll see in dewormers for dogs include:

• Febantel or Fenbendazole : Used to treat roundworms, hookworms, lungworms, whipworms, and some rare species of tapeworms
• Ivermectin: Heartworm preventative that’s also effective against hookworms and roundworms
• Pyrantel Pamoate: Effective against intestinal roundworms and hookworms
• Praziquantel: Most commonly used to treat tapeworms

Wystrach notes that while most dewormers for dogs need to be prescribed by a veterinarian, there are some over-the-counter options available. 

How Do Dogs Get Worms?

You might not think your dog has worms, but unfortunately, your pup can pick up these parasites just from being outside. From sticking their nose in the dirt at the dog park to chasing and eating small animals, there are many scenarios that can put dogs at risk of contracting worms. 

“Intestinal worms, such as hookworms, roundworms and whipworms, are commonly transmitted when dogs ingest contaminated soil or feces containing eggs, or immature worms that have been passed from other infected animals in the environment,” explains Dr. Wystrach. 

Your dog can also become infected with a common species of tapeworm by accidentally ingesting an infected flea while grooming themselves. 

Another type of worm that dogs are at risk of, though it’s not an intestinal worm, is called a heartworm. Heartworm is an internal parasite that lives in the blood vessels inside the lungs and heart. Dogs can get heartworms after being bit by an infected mosquito. Heartworms can cause organ damage, heart failure, and death if left untreated. 

Why Dewormer for Dogs Is Important

Dewormer for dogs is not only important to rid your pet of an infection but also to keep the entire household healthy. Some intestinal worms, like roundworms and hookworms, are also infectious to people.

If left untreated, these parasites can cause serious health problems for your dog. Intestinal worms can lead to a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and vomiting. As such, most veterinarians recommend using year-round parasite protection to keep your dog healthy and avoid reinfection. 

If your dog has intestinal worms, your veterinarian will prescribe a deworming medication. Once the infection has cleared, your veterinarian may recommend year-round parasite protection medication. In other cases, your veterinarian may just recommend treating the infection with a long-term parasite protection medication and keeping your dog on it year-round. In other words, year-round parasite protection medications are dewormers. 

If your dog is on a heartworm preventative, know that these are often effective against some intestinal worms, too.

4 Vet-Approved Dewormers for Dogs

It’s important to talk with your veterinarian to choose the best dewormer for your dog. “Product type, dosing, and frequency are all very important factors when considering treatment,” explains Dr. Wystrach. Your veterinarian will also consider factors such as your dog’s age, breed, and other medical conditions to select the best option for the treatment and/or control of worms.

Best Dewormer for Dogs with 5-Worm Protection

Our Pick: Interceptor Plus 

Interceptor Plus is a monthly, chicken-flavored chewable that covers five types of dangerous worms. It protects dogs against heartworm disease and hookworm, roundworm, tapeworm, and whipworm infections. The active ingredients in Interceptor Plus are milbemycin oxime and praziquantel. This prescription medication is suitable for dogs 6 weeks or older and 2 pounds or greater.

Highlights:

• Prevents heartworm disease
• Treats and controls roundworm, hookworm, whipworm, and tapeworm infections
• Given once monthly
• Chicken-flavored chewable tablets

Things to Consider

• Available by prescription only

Best Dewormer with Flea Control

Our pick: Trifexis 

Because fleas can carry a common species of tapeworm, you may want a product that offers flea control in addition to deworming. Trifexis is a comprehensive option in this regard—it not only deworms but also offers heartworm prevention and kills adult fleas. The prescription medication is effective against hookworm, roundworm, and whipworm infections, and it comes in small, beef-flavored tablets. It can be given to dogs 8 weeks and older, and it’s designed to be used on a monthly basis.  

Highlights

• Prevents heartworm disease
• Treats and controls hookworm, roundworm, and whipworm infections
• Kills adult fleas and prevents flea infestations
• Beef-flavored tablet

Things to Consider

• Available by prescription only
• Does not treat and control tapeworm infections. However, it kills fleas, which can carry tapeworm
• More expensive than other dewormers

Best Broad Spectrum Dewormer for Dogs

Our pick: Drontal Plus

For a dewormer that’s effective on a wide range of parasites, Dr. Wystrach’s top choice is Drontal Plus. “We recommend Drontal Broad Spectrum Dewormer because it is safe, effective, and eliminates all parasites within seven days,” says Dr. Wystrach. This prescription medication treats tapeworms, hookworms, roundworms, and whipworms using a combination of praziquantel, pyrantel pamoate, and febantel. This dewormer comes in both tablet or chewable forms, and it can be given to dogs over 3 weeks old. 

Highlights

• Kills nine species of intestinal worms
• Available in tablet or chewable form
• Suitable for dogs and puppies over 3 weeks old
• FDA-approved
• Affordable

Things to Consider

• Available by prescription only

Best Dewormer with Heartworm Prevention

Our pick: Heartgard Plus

Many pet owners like to take care of regular deworming and heartworm prevention in one step, which is why Heartgard is so popular. When given on a monthly basis, the prescription medication uses ivermectin to kill heartworm larvae, and it also treats several types of hookworms and roundworms. Heartgard tablets have a chewable beef-flavored form, and the medication can be given to puppies starting at 6 weeks old. 

Highlights

• Provides heartworm prevention
• Kills hookworms and roundworms
• Beef-flavored chewable tablets
• Suitable for dogs and puppies over 6 weeks old

Things to Consider

• Available by prescription only
• Certain dog breeds are sensitive to ivermectin
• Doesn’t treat or control whipworms or tapeworms

Buyer’s Guide: Dewormer for Dogs

Here are some factors to take into consideration before choosing a dewormer for dogs:

Proper diagnosis: If you think your dog has worms, it’s essential to bring your dog to the veterinarian to get a proper diagnosis before treatment. “Parasitism is an important conversation to have with your veterinarian,” Dr. Wystrach says. “A fecal evaluation is critical to define and diagnose the type of parasitism present, as well as the proper treatment protocols and safety precautions. It is important to note that, many times, pets harbor more than one parasitic infection at a time.”

Types of parasites: There are several types of intestinal worms that can affect dogs. Different medications are effective against different parasites, such as tapeworms, hookworms, roundworms, and whipworms. Some dewormers also help to prevent heartworm disease, which can cause serious illness and death. 

Active ingredients: Some of the most common active ingredients in dog dewormers include febantel, ivermectin, pyrantel pamoate, and praziquantel. Each one is effective against specific types of worms. Talk to your veterinarian about which ingredients make sense for your pet.

Frequency and dosing: When selecting a dewormer, you’ll also want to consider how often it needs to be administered and the proper dose for your pet. Medications that contain a heartworm preventative are typically given on a monthly basis.

Parasite prevention: Even if your dog doesn’t currently have worms, your veterinarian may recommend a year-round parasite protection product based on your pet’s individual needs and offer guidance on the proper dosage and frequency.

Dog Dewormer FAQs

How often should you deworm your dog?

The Companion Animal Parasite Council recommends that all dogs be on year-round parasite prevention that protects against both heartworms and intestinal worms. If you do not give monthly heartworm prevention to your dog, you should administer a dewormer at least once every three months. 

How long does it take for a dog dewormer to work?

Dog dewormer starts working quickly, usually within a few hours of administering the product. However, it may take up to a week to completely rid your dog of parasites.

Does dewormer cause diarrhea in dogs?

Side effects after deworming are relatively uncommon. When they do occur, side effects include lack of appetite, gastrointestinal upset, vomiting, and diarrhea. You may notice visible worms passing in your dog’s stool, as the worms die and leave the intestines.

Is there such a thing as a natural dewormer for dogs?

If you believe your dog has worms, Dr. Wystrach advises against using a natural dewormer. “Many naturally occurring plants and remedies can be toxic or harmful to pets,” she says. “Natural does not equate to safe.”

The post Best Dewormer for Dogs: 4 Vet-Approved Picks appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But when temperatures drop, cats – especially those who roam outdoors – are at risk of dangers such as hypothermia and frostbite. We asked veterinarians and cat experts for tips on how to keep cats warm in winter. Here’s what they had to say.

Do Cats Get Cold?

Just like humans, cats can feel cold when the mercury drops, especially when they spend time outdoors. Yet, cats handle low temperatures pretty well, says Dr. Kristopher Sharpe, a veterinary staff internist and the medical director at BluePearl Veterinary Partners in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

“Most cats deal with cold, cooler temperatures quite well, particularly if they have time to acclimate to what they’re in and their surroundings,” says Sharpe. “They can get thicker fur and longer fur during the colder months. They’re pretty good about being active as well to keep their metabolism and body heat up.”

He added that cats are generally more tolerable to low temperatures inside a house than people are. “As long as they have blankets available they should be fine,” he says.

While Dr. Sharpe does not recommend a particular temperature at which you should keep your house, the American Veterinary Medical Association suggests keeping rooms above 50 degrees Fahrenheit (10 degrees Celsius), and below 80 degrees Fahrenheit (26.6 degrees Celsius), for both dogs and cats.

What can be worrisome is when a cat is suddenly exposed to an environment they aren’t used to, says Dr. Sharpe. For instance, a cat accustomed to a very warm environment might not cope well if abruptly exposed to a very cold environment. The same is true in reverse.

“It’s the change in temperature that’s probably the biggest problem,” Sharpe says.

Pet parents should also be aware of exposing cats to extremely cold outdoor temperatures for long periods of time, which can lead to hypothermia and frostbite. 

Senior cats, kittens, cats with underlying diseases, and hairless cat breeds, including Sphynx and Lykoi cats, tend to be more sensitive to cooler temperatures and temperature variances. 

How to Keep Cats Warm: Tips and Recommendations

Cats might be able to tolerate a range of temperatures, but let’s face it — most cats love being warm and snuggly. Why is that? Jane Ehrlich, a professional cat behavorist based in Arizona, says it’s likely to do with the fact that domestic cats originated from wildcat species that lived in hot, arid parts of the world.

“Cats were, after all, desert animals — despite the full-furred breeds,” says Ehrlich.

Sharpe says that while cats can tolerate a range of temperatures, they “prefer the option to be in warmer areas.”

How to Keep Indoor Cats Warm in Winter

Give your cat plenty of space. Dr. Sharpe suggests making sure your cat has a good amount of space so he or she can move around and self-regulate their body heat. Cats will often stay active as a way to keep their metabolism and body heat up, and they need space to play and roam.

Break out the blankets and cozy bedding. Dr. Sharpe recommends furnishing your home with beds and blankets for your cat to cuddle in. You can also try a heated cat bed, which can provide extra warmth during cooler months. 

Take extra precautions when going outdoors. When taking an indoor cat outside in the cold — say, on a trip to the vet — Dr. Sharpe says you can help keep your cat warm by adding an extra blanket or two to their carrier during transport. You can also look for cat carriers that provide extra warmth and comfort. 

How to Keep Outdoor Cats Warm in Winter

The most effective way to keep a cat warm in the winter is to keep them indoors. But for some cats, that’s easier says than done, especially if a cat is feral. So how can pet parents and cat lovers keep outdoor cats warm and safe in the winter?

Provide access to enclosed spaces. The most important thing is giving an outdoor cat “access to a place where they can get warmer, like a garage,” says Sharpe. “You can also buy little igloos or enclosures where they can get out of the elements.”

Use heated blankets and beds. Heated blankets and beds are very useful to outdoor cats, says Sharpe. However, he stresses the importance of making sure there’s a blanket between the cat and heating element for safety reasons, as well as checking cords regularly for signs of wear that could pose an electrocution risk.

Make DIY cat shelters. Alley Cat Allies, an advocacy group working to protect feral and stray cats and kittens, suggests making winter cat shelters out of plastic tubs filled with straw. Not only will these DIY-cat shelters insulate cats in cold weather, they can save lives.

Dangers of Cold Weather for Cats

While cats can tolerate a range of temperatures, there are situations in which cold weather can become dangerous. If a cat is exposed to cold weather for too long and does not have a warm, dry place to retreat to, they can get hypothermia or frostbite. 

Hypothermia in cats is a condition characterized by unusually low body temperatures. Dr. Sharpe says that cats suffering from hypothermia would be “acting very sick.”

“They may be very quiet, they may be lethargic, they may not be very responsive,” he says. “They could be shaking, although their body temperature gets colder … they won’t even shiver or shake anymore.”

If you think your cat has hypothermia, you should wrap them up in a towel or blanket. However, don’t place them directly on a heating element because rewarming needs to be done gradually. Instead, seek veterinary care as quickly as possible.

Another cold weather risk for cats is frostbite, a condition in which the extreme cold damages your cat’s body tissues. According to Dr. Sharpe, frostbite in cats is rare, but it can happen when they’re exposed to extreme cold or have poor blood circulation. 

“We see it on the paw pads and ear tips,” he says. “How long it would take to develop frostbite is hard to say because it would be dependent on the severity of the cold temperature and direct exposure.”

But you can greatly reduce cats’ risk of getting these conditions by keeping them in an indoor environment replete with blankets and beds. Or, at the very least, providing a refuge for outdoor cats so they can warm up.

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Unfortunately for our pups, this is a common problem. Dr. Jodi Lynn Smith is a veterinarian at Animal Care Unlimited in Columbus, Ohio, and she says, “I see itchy ears multiple times a day, every day of the week, all year long across many species of animals.”

Understanding the signs and causes of itchy ears can help you give your dog what he needs to feel better. 

Signs of Itchy Ears in Dogs 

In addition to scratching at their ears more than usual, a dog who has itchy ears might exhibit other symptoms, such as head shaking. And, when examining your dog’s ears, you might notice redness or swelling of the ear canal, increased ear discharge, bloody discharge, or bumps on the surface of the ear. 

According to Dr. Smith, obvious signs that something is wrong with your dog’s ears include “notable odor, redness, swelling, or discharge.” She also advises looking for symptoms like the following:

Rubbing his head on things. Your dog might rub his head on the furniture or floor, or he might excessively dig at the ear(s) with his paws.

Head tilt. Your dog’s head might tilt to one side. You might also notice that he’s sensitive to being touched on the painful side of his face. 

Lethargy or inappetence. Your dog might not want to eat as much. Or, he might become lethargic, with a lack of interest in normal activities like playtime. 

Vocalizing. Your dog might start to whine, cry, or yelp when his ear is touched.

Visible scabs. There might be scabs or hair loss on your dog’s ear flap, around the base of the ear, or on the side of the head.

Loss of balance. A loss of balance might occur or your dog might start circling, particularly if there’s a severe ear infection.  

Loss of hearing. Your dog might experience hearing loss, which might be temporary or permanent. 

It’s important to be on the lookout for these signs, and to get veterinary help as soon as possible if they occur. If your dog is constantly scratching at itchy ears, he’s uncomfortable and might even be in pain. Plus, taking action quickly can help ensure a problem won’t worsen. 

Dog Itchy Ears: 5 Common Causes

Some of the causes of itchy ears in dogs include:

Dermatitis, Hot Spots, or Allergies

Dermatitis is a skin condition with multiple causes, and it can lead to symptoms that include itchiness. Also, hot spots can cause your dog to scratch his itchy ears in an attempt to get relief. 

A variety of allergens could be to blame for itchy ears, too. Food allergies are one example. “Pets with sensitivity to pork, beef, chicken, or any other type of documented allergen typically will have notable to intense pruritus (itchiness) of both of their ears during a flare-up,” Dr. Smith says. 

In addition to allergens in food, your pet might be allergic to things in the environment, such as mold, dust, or pollen. A dog might be exposed through direct contact with an allergen or by ingesting or inhaling it. 

Bacterial, Fungal, or Yeast Infections

Infections due to bacteria, fungus, or yeast are a common cause of itchy ears in dogs. These types of ear infections can cause various symptoms, such as discharge, odor, redness, swelling, and hair loss. Because infections can become severe if not treated, and might even result in hearing loss, take action promptly. 

If there’s an infection, your veterinarian can work on determining the cause, and will prescribe the appropriate treatment to clear it as quickly as possible. They might also give you advice on how and when to clean your dog’s ears. 

According to Dr. Smith, some dog breeds, such as those with floppy ears — like Beagles and Dachshunds — and those with a lot of hair in the ear, might be more prone to infections. Simple steps like working with a groomer and keeping the ears clean and dry might help prevent problems.   

Ear Mites or Fleas

Ear mites are parasites that can cause symptoms like itchiness, redness, irritation, head shaking, odor, and a dark discharge similar to coffee grounds. Fortunately, they are relatively uncommon in adult pet dogs. Your veterinarian will be able to diagnose an ear mite infection and provide medication to clear it up. 

Also, fleas might cause itchy ears, so it’s wise to talk to your veterinarian about the best ways to get rid of fleas and keep them off your dog. 

A Foreign Object in the Ear

If there’s a foreign object in your dog’s ear, he might try to get it out by scratching at it. Instead of attempting to remove the object on your own, consult your veterinarian to be sure your dog isn’t hurt in the process. A veterinary team will be able to safely remove it without causing additional harm.

Polyps or Tumors

If your dog is scratching at his ears a lot and you can’t figure out why, polyps or tumors might be the culprits. Your veterinarian can perform a thorough exam of the inside of the ear to figure out if there’s a serious problem. 

How to Help Your Dog’s Itchy Ears

Whether your dog has itchy ears to the point that he can’t stop scratching, there’s discharge or redness in your dog’s ear, or your dog’s ears smell, call your veterinarian. That way, you can get an accurate diagnosis and provide targeted treatments to resolve the problem.

“Itchy ears are most commonly painful ears, so all possible ear infections should be addressed as soon as possible by your veterinarian before symptoms start to snowball and your pet suffers unnecessary discomfort,” Dr. Smith says. “The more time bacteria and fungi have to populate your dog’s ear, the more intense the burning, itching, pain, and suffering that your pet will have to experience.”  

The solution will depend on the cause of the itchiness. For example, if there’s an infection or parasites, oral and/or topical medications may be prescribed. As another example, if a food allergy is causing your pet’s symptoms, your veterinarian may recommend changes to your dog’s diet. If your dog is scratching at their ears due to food, environmental, flea, or contact allergies, your veterinarian may prescribe an oral allergy medicine, such as Apoquel.

Vet-Approved Home Remedies to Help Itchy Dog Ears 

Your veterinarian might direct you to over-the-counter remedies that can help relieve itching while you’re working on treating the underlying cause. These might include antihistamines, and ear cleansers or wipes that are safe for dogs. 

Only use products that have been approved by your veterinarian, and follow the directions carefully to administer them correctly and safely. Even if you need to clean your dog’s ears, follow your veterinarian’s instructions, as you don’t want to overdo it. 

“Never use rubbing alcohol, peroxide, or any kind of liquid/oil in your pet’s ears without veterinary guidance,” Dr. Smith warns. She also advises against using home remedies you might read about online, as the wrong products could cause more harm.  

Remember, providing the right treatment is critical, whether the goal is killing ear mites in dogs or clearing a dog yeast infection. Otherwise, the problem could worsen. 

How to Prevent Itchy Ears in Dogs

Once you know what caused your dog’s ears to become itchy and irritated, you can work with your veterinarian to prevent the problem from recurring. This might involve removing allergens from your pet’s food or home or treating your dog’s allergies with an allergy medicine like Apoquel (if your veterinarian prescribes it), as well as keeping your dog’s ears clean and dry. 

Even if your pet has never experienced an ear problem, it’s a good idea to check his ears on a regular basis to make sure they look healthy and don’t have any strange odor or discharge. This is a basic way to find problems in their earliest stages before they become more difficult to treat. 

The post 5 Reasons Your Dog Has Itchy Ears appeared first on Great Pet Care.

These insect parasites can cause serious itching in kids and can easily spread to other individuals in the household, making them a tremendous headache (no pun intended!) for affected families.

Although dogs aren’t susceptible to our human lice, they can become infested with their own species of canine lice. Continue reading to learn more about these parasites, including how to diagnose, treat, and prevent canine lice. 

Do Dogs Get Lice?

Just like humans, dogs are susceptible to lice. Lice can also affect cats, birds, horses, and many other pet species. However, the type of lice that dogs get are different from those that affect humans.  

Can dogs get lice from humans? 

Fortunately, the answer is no. Lice are highly species-specific. This means that humans can only contract lice from other humans, and dogs can only contract lice from other dogs. 

Your dog cannot get lice from you or your human family members; similarly, you cannot contract lice from your dog. Cats and other pets have their own lice species, which also cannot be shared with dogs. 

What Exactly Are Lice?

Lice are small, flightless insects that are difficult to see with the naked eye. In dogs, lice are typically just 1-2 mm long, or about half the size of a flea. 

Adult lice live on their host’s skin, feeding and laying eggs. These eggs, called nits, typically become securely attached to the dog’s hair. Less commonly, nits and adult lice may fall off the dog into the surrounding environment, where they will wait for a new host.  

There are two separate categories of lice: chewing and blood-sucking lice. Chewing lice feed on dead skin cells and oils that are present on the surface of your dog’s skin. Blood-sucking lice, in contrast, attach firmly to the skin and feed on an animal’s blood.

There are three species of dog lice that can be found in North America: 

Linognathus setosus: This blood-sucking louse attaches securely to the skin and feeds on a dog’s blood. It is found worldwide, including in North America. 

Trichodectes canis: This species of chewing lice on dogs feeds on canine skin cells and oils. It is found worldwide, including in North America. 

Heterodoxus spiniger: This chewing louse is relatively rare. It is an uncommon cause of dog lice in North America, but it is occasionally reported.

What Are the Signs of Dog Lice?

Both chewing and blood-sucking lice can cause significant skin irritation in dogs. The lice themselves may be difficult to see, although chewing lice are often more active (and therefore more visible) than blood-sucking lice. In most cases, you will see the skin damage caused by lice before noticing the actual parasites. 

Signs of lice in dogs may include: 

• Itching, scratching, chewing, or rubbing of the skin
• Redness and irritation of the skin
• Restlessness, inability to get comfortable
• Matted fur
• Rough, dry, dull coat
• Small scabs on the skin
• Hair loss (especially around the head, groin, and rectum)
• Visible lice on the skin
• Visible nits in the hair (translucent oval eggs attached near the base of the hair)
• Anemia (with severe blood-sucking lice infestations)
• Lethargy (with severe infestation)
• Weight loss (with severe infestation)

The signs of lice can easily be confused with a number of other canine skin conditions and parasites.

How Do Dogs Get Lice?

Lice spreads among dogs that are in close contact with each other. They are most common in dogs that are living in large groups or crowded animal shelters. Lice can also be transmitted via close contact at dog parks, dog daycare centers, dog shows, or any other setting where dogs are permitted to interact closely. 

Lice can also be spread on contaminated bedding or other objects. Therefore, dogs can catch lice in boarding facilities, grooming facilities, and other locations where dogs are housed. It’s important to thoroughly clean bedding and other objects that are shared between dogs. 

In general, lice pose a greater risk to dogs with underlying health conditions and dogs living in unsanitary conditions. While any dog can contract lice, unhealthy dogs are more likely to develop serious, problematic lice infestations.  

Dog Lice Treatment

Lice can be treated with a variety of topical medications. Once your veterinarian confirms that your dog is infested with lice, they will recommend the best treatment option for your dog. 

There are a variety of treatment options available for canine lice, including: 

• Lime-sulfur dips
• Topical selamectin (Revolution)
• Ivermectin, which may be given orally or via injection
• Frontline Plus
• Seresto collar

While some of these treatments are available over-the-counter, it’s important to talk to your veterinarian before implementing any treatment at home. Using these products for lice may require different dosing instructions than what is recommended on the product label. This should be performed only under the guidance of a veterinarian. 

Here are some other steps for getting rid of canine lice:

Treat all dogs in your home. Your veterinarian will likely recommend treating all dogs who live with you, given the contagious nature of lice. Remember, lice are species-specific so there is no need to worry about humans or other non-canine pets in your home. 

Clip or shave your dog’s hair. If your dog has long hair, your veterinarian may recommend clipping or shaving your dog. Removing your dog’s long hair will allow you to reduce the number of nits on your dog, making it easier to treat a lice infestation. 

Do a deep clean. Additionally, it’s important to thoroughly disinfect your dog’s environment. Dog beds and blankets should be washed in hot water and dried on high heat. Brushes, toys, bowls, and other items should be soaked in hot water. Your couch and carpets should be vacuumed thoroughly, to remove adult lice and nits.  

How to Prevent Lice in Dogs

The same parasite preventatives that you use to protect your dog against fleas and ticks can also protect your dog against lice. These parasite preventatives should be administered year-round, even during the winter. Talk to your veterinarian to determine the best parasite preventative for your pet. 

Also, remember that lice is most problematic in dogs that are in poor health. Good nutrition and regular veterinary care will help keep your dog healthy, reducing their risk of lice and other parasites. 

The post Can Dogs Get Lice? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

The following is what you need to know about dog food allergies, what causes them, and the best dog food for allergies to help your pet start feeling better. 

What Are Dog Food Allergies?

“Food allergies can cause a lot of distress for both the dogs and their owners,” explains Dr. Melissa M. Brock, DVM. “To understand the causes of food allergies, it’s important to understand how they develop. Food allergies are triggered by an interaction between your dog’s immune system and certain proteins in his diet. These proteins stimulate an immune response that results in inflammation of the skin or gastrointestinal tract, which is why they’re often referred to as ‘allergic reactions.’”

Dogs of all sizes, breeds, and ages can develop food allergies, and it’s important to note that a true allergy is different than a food sensitivity or intolerance. Food sensitivities, which often present similarly to allergies, refer to any adverse food reaction that’s non-immunologic—basically, a food that just doesn’t sit right with your pet’s stomach. 

Common Dog Food Allergies

There are several ingredients in dog food that your pet might be allergic to. “The most common food allergens in dogs include beef, dairy products, chicken, eggs, and fish,” explains Dr. Brock. Uncommon food allergens may include:

• Shellfish
• Nuts (including peanuts)
• Wheat
• Corn
• Rice
• Soy

Dog Food Allergy Symptoms

The symptoms of a food allergy in dogs can be subtle, and they may often overlap with symptoms of an environmental allergy. “The symptoms of a dog food allergy are often difficult to diagnose,” explains Dr. Brock. She notes that some of the symptoms you might see include: 

• Itching and scratching around the face, paws, and neck
• Redness and swelling of the skin
• Chewing paws or rubbing them against the ground
• Hair loss

Dr. Louis DelGiudice, national emergency medical director at AmeriVet Veterinary Partners, adds that your dog may experience symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and chronic skin and ear infections. There may also be more subtle signs, such as hyperactivity, weight loss, or lack of energy. If you’ve noticed any of these problems with your pet, you’ll want to bring them to the vet for a professional diagnosis. 

11 Best Dog Foods for Allergies: Our Top Picks

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the author. However, GreatPetCare may make a small affiliate commission if you click through and make a purchase.

• Best Overall Dog Food for Allergies: Royal Canin Veterinary Diet Adult Hydrolyzed Protein HP Dry Dog Food
• Best Dry Dog Food for Allergies: Hill’s Prescription Diet z/d Skin/Food Sensitivities Dog Food
• Best Fresh Dog Food for Allergies: Chi Dog Water Diet
• Best Wet Dog Food for Allergies: Royal Canin Veterinary Diet Hydrolyzed Protein
• Best Custom Dog Food for Allergies: JustFoodForDogs Custom Diet
• Best Hypoallergenic Dog Food for Allergies: Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diets Dog Food HA, Hydrolyzed
• Best Limited Ingredient Dog Food for Allergies: Hill’s d/d Potato & Duck Recipe Dry Dog Food
• Best Freeze-Dried Dog Food for Allergies: Nulo Freestyle Freeze Dried Raw Dog Food
• Best Novel Protein Dog Food for Allergies: Wellness Simple Natural Limited-Ingredient Dry Dog Food
• Best Affordable Dog Food for Allergies: Natural Balance Limited Ingredient Diet
• Best Puppy Food for Allergies: CANIDAE Pure Limited Ingredient Puppy Food

If your dog has been diagnosed with a food allergy, your vet will likely provide recommendations on an appropriate food for their needs. When dealing with food allergies, common food choices include a hydrolyzed protein diet (sometimes called hypoallergenic dog food), a novel protein diet, or a limited ingredient dog food. 

Best Overall Dog Food for Allergies

Our pick: Royal Canin Veterinary Diet Adult Hydrolyzed Protein HP Dry Dog Food

If your dog is diagnosed with a food allergy, your vet may prescribe a hydrolyzed protein diet, such as this dry food from Royal Canin. “Prescription diets generally work the best because of the science these companies put behind the food they craft and the consistent quality it provides,” explains Dr. DelGiudice. 

This formula is a highly palatable kibble that’s suitable for both adult dogs and puppies, and it’s formulated with hydrolyzed proteins, which are broken down into a small enough size that the nutrients can be absorbed into your dog’s digestive tract with a reduced risk of triggering an immune reaction. The food has omega-3 fatty acids to promote skin and coat health, as well as fiber and prebiotics for healthy digestion.

Highlights:

• Appropriate for adult dogs and growing puppies
• Formulated with hydrolyzed proteins
• Highly palatable dry food
• Omega-3 fatty acids promote healthy skin and coat
• Fiber and prebiotics support healthy digestion

Things to Consider:

• Prescription required
• Expensive

Best Dry Dog Food for Allergies

Our pick: Hill’s Prescription Diet z/d Skin/Food Sensitivities Dog Food

This dry dog food from Hill’s is another prescription diet option that’s formulated with hydrolyzed proteins to minimize the risk of adverse reactions. It’s made using a single, purified carbohydrate source, and the food is clinically proven to be beneficial to dogs with food allergies and sensitivities. There are no artificial colors, flavors, or preservatives in the kibble, and many pet owners say their dogs love the taste. The food is also formulated with vitamin E and fiber to help support digestive health. 

Highlights:

• Formulated with hydrolyzed proteins
• Single carbohydrate source
• No gluten, soy protein, lactose, artificial colors, flavors or preservatives
• Fiber supports healthy digestion

Things to Consider:

• Prescription required
• Expensive

Best Fresh Dog Food for Allergies

Our pick: Chi Dog Water Diet

Chi Dog prides itself on providing freshly made meals developed according to Eastern and Western veterinary philosophies for balanced, holistic nutrition. For dogs with allergies, Chi Dog’s Water Diet features pork as a novel protein — a Western medicine approach to combat food allergies. This hypoallergenic, limited-ingredient recipe also includes pearled barley, green peas, watercress and sweet potato to nourish your dog with healthy whole ingredients recommended by Eastern medicine. It’s ideal for dogs with sensitivities, urinary incontinence, back pain, ear infections and more – as well as healthy pups that are simply picky. Plus, it’s always fresh (no preservatives here!) and delivered right to your doorstep for complete convenience.

Highlights:

• Holistic water diet inspired by the elements
• Novel protein diet features pork
• Made with human-grade meats, fresh veggies and whole grains
• Limited-ingredient recipe is full of vitamins and minerals
• Low in carbohydrates
• Freshly made and delivered to you

Things to Consider:

• Higher price point
• Food must be stored in the freezer/refrigerator 

Best Wet Dog Food for Allergies

Our pick: Royal Canin Veterinary Diet Hydrolyzed Protein Wet Dog Food

If your dog prefers wet food, this prescription diet from Royal Canin is highly palatable and formulated with hydrolyzed proteins for a reduced risk of triggering an allergic reaction. It comes in 13.7-ounce cans and contains an exclusive blend of fibers to support healthy digestion. The wet food also helps to reinforce your dog’s skin barrier thanks to essential nutrients, minimizing the chances of skin irritation and sensitivity. Omega-3 fatty acids will leave your dog’s coat shiny and lush, and pet owners say that their dogs seem to enjoy the taste and texture. 

Highlights:

• Highly palatable wet formula
• Formulated with hydrolyzed proteins
• Fiber supports healthy digestion
• Omega-3 fatty acids promote healthy skin and coat

Things to Consider:

• Prescription required

Best Custom Dog Food for Allergies 

Our pick: JustFoodForDogs Custom Diet

A JustFoodForDogs Custom Diet is an ideal fresh food diet for dogs with food allergies, as the brand will create a custom recipe based on your dog’s medical records. The brand makes its foods from unprocessed, nutrient-rich ingredients, and its products are freshly prepared and ready for your dog to eat. (Alternatively, you can opt for a DIY kit, which comes with a nutrient blend and recipe to cook your dog’s meals at home.) 

To get started with a custom diet, you’ll have a free consultation with the brand’s veterinary team, where you can discuss your dog’s allergies and other nutritional needs. The formulators will review your pet’s medical records, consult with your primary vet, and create a custom diet tailored just to your dog’s needs. JFFD’s Sensitive Skin & Stomach Variety Box is highly digestible, lower in fat, and uses novel ingredients without common allergens. As a bonus, receive a 50 percent discount off your first JFFD variety box.

Highlights:

• Custom food recipe created by veterinary team
• Fresh prepared meals or DIY kits available
• Free initial consultation
• Made from unprocessed, nutrient-rich ingredients
• Food delivered to your door

Things to Consider:

• Very expensive
• Formulation process takes several weeks
• Food must be refrigerated

Best Hypoallergenic Dog Food for Allergies

Our pick: Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diets Dog Food HA, Hydrolyzed

Hypoallergenic dog foods, such as this prescription formula from Purina Pro Plan, are made using hydrolyzed proteins, which are broken down into small components, making them less likely to cause an adverse food reaction. This dry food contains a single carbohydrate source and is highly digestible for maximum nutrient absorption. It contains antioxidants and coconut oil, a source of medium chain triglycerides, and it’s available in 6- and 25-pound bags. 

Highlights:

• Formulated with hydrolyzed proteins
• Single carbohydrate source
• Highly digestible dry food
• Approved for all life stages, including puppies

Things to Consider:

• Expensive
• Kibble size may be too big for small breeds

Best Limited Ingredient Dog Food for Allergies

Our pick: Hill’s d/d Potato & Duck Recipe Dry Dog Food

Limited-ingredient dog foods, such as this prescription diet from Hill’s, are specially formulated to support food sensitivities. Prescription limited-ingredient foods are more likely to be created on a dedicated manufacturing line, leading to less cross-contamination risk than over-the-counter limited-ingredient foods. This dry food contains a single source of protein (duck) to avoid common allergens and is free from soy protein. It’s also packed with omega-3 fatty acids to help nourish and condition a dog’s itchy skin.

Highlights:

• Clinically tested nutrition to help avoid adverse food reactions
• Duck is the single source of protein
• Formulated to support digestion, stool quality, and skin and coat health
• Veterinarian recommended
• Available in 8-, 17.6- and 25-pound bags

Things to Consider:

• Prescription required
• Expensive

Best Freeze-Dried Dog Food for Allergies

Our pick: Nulo Freestyle Freeze Dried Raw Dog Food

Freeze-dried dog food is an increasingly popular choice for pet owners, as it offers the benefits of raw food in a shelf-stable form. This freeze-dried food from Nulo Freestyle may be a good choice if your dog has allergies, as it’s made using a single protein source and has a grain-free formula. It comes in beef, duck, turkey, lamb, and salmon formulas, which are made with up to 83 percent raw meat, organs, and bones paired with fruits for high protein and balanced fat levels. The freeze-dried food is made in a USDA-inspected manufacturing facility, but keep in mind that this food only comes in 5- or 13-ounce bags. 

Highlights:

• Freeze-dried raw ingredients
• Single protein source
• Can be used as main food or meal topper
• Non-prescription formula
• Made in a USDA-inspected facility

Things to Consider:

• No large package sizes available

Best Novel Protein Dog Food for Allergies

Our Pick: Wellness Simple Natural Limited-Ingredient Dry Dog Food

If your dog is allergic to a common protein like beef or chicken, you may want to switch them to a novel protein dog food, such as Wellness Simple Natural Limited Ingredient. This dry dog food is available in novel protein options like lamb and duck. Formulated for allergy-prone dogs, it is made from a single source of protein and easily digestible carbohydrates. All of the formulas are free from fillers, additives, wheat, corn, dairy, eggs, and artificial preservatives, colors, and flavors. 

Highlights:

• Non-prescription formula
• Single protein source
• No gluten or wheat
• Several flavors are available
• Pre- and probiotics for digestive health

Things to Consider:

• May not be suitable for all food allergies
• Some pet owners say their dogs don’t like the smell/taste of this food

Best Affordable Dog Food for Allergies

Our pick: Natural Balance Limited Ingredient Diet

Many of the best dog foods for allergies are quite expensive, costing more than twice as much as regular dog food. If you’re looking for something that’s more affordable, the Natural Balance Limited Ingredient dog food is a popular choice. It comes in several flavors, including salmon, duck, lamb, beef, and chicken, and each formula uses a single protein source. The food contains healthy grains and amino acids for muscle health, and it’s free from soy, gluten, and artificial colors and flavors. 

Highlights:

• Several protein options
• Non-prescription formula
• More affordable price
• Single protein source
• No soy, gluten, or artificial colors or flavors

Things to Consider:

• May not be suitable for all food allergies
• Kibble has a hard consistency that older dogs may not be able to chew

Best Puppy Food for Allergies

Our pick: CANIDAE Pure Limited Ingredient Puppy Food

Depending on what ingredients your puppy is allergic to, they may do well on a limited ingredient puppy food like this one from Canidae. It’s made with nine or fewer key ingredients that are easily recognizable, and it’s free from grains, as well as other fillers like corn, wheat, and soy. The dry food is specially formulated to support the needs of growing puppies, and it contains antioxidants and probiotics, as well as a blend of vitamins and minerals to support healthy joints, skin, and coat.

Highlights:

• Limited ingredient diet
• Non-prescription formula
• More affordable price
• Grain-free formula
• Antioxidants and probiotics support digestive and immune health

Things to Consider:

• May not be suitable for all food allergies

Dog Food for Allergies: Buyer’s Guide

There are a few types of dog food that are commonly given to dogs with allergies. “Recommended diets for dogs with these allergies would be either novel proteins or a modified protein diet, where proteins are broken down to the amino acids that the body does not react to,” explains Dr. DelGiudice. Modified protein diets are also referred to as hydrolyzed protein diets or hypoallergenic diets, and they’re typically available through veterinary prescription only. 

On the other hand, novel protein dog foods are often available over-the-counter. If your dog is allergic to a common protein like beef or chicken, you can try switching them to a food made from an alternative protein source, such as duck, salmon, or turkey. Over-the-counter diets may not completely exclude all other proteins, making them less effective than hydrolyzed protein diets, but they can be effective for mild food allergies.

Another common choice for dogs with allergies is a limited ingredient diet, also called LID. “Limited ingredient foods have fewer ingredients than other types of pet food,” explains Dr. Brock. “This makes them easier to digest and less likely to cause an allergic reaction in your dog.” These dog foods tend to be the most affordable option, and they’re typically made using a single protein source, making it easier to find a formula that won’t trigger your dog’s allergies. 

When shopping for any type of dog food, you’ll want to look at the food’s AAFCO Nutritional Adequacy Statement. This statement is typically located on the back of the bag and should indicate that the formula is a “complete and balanced” source of nutrition. The statement will also specify what life stages the food is designed for, such as adults and/or growing puppies.

Dog Food Allergy FAQs

Can dogs develop food allergies?

Dog food allergies are actually developed after your dog has eaten a certain ingredient—often for an extended period of time. “The food protein that triggers an allergic reaction is called an antigen; when your dog eats an antigen-containing protein, his body produces antibodies against it,” explains Dr. Brock. “This process leads to anaphylaxis—an allergic reaction—over time if enough antigens are consumed regularly by your dog.”

How do I know if my dog has food allergies?

There are a variety of symptoms that may indicate that your dog has food allergies, the most common of which are itching, skin irritation, and gastrointestinal problems. Consult with your pet’s veterinarian if you suspect your dog has a food allergy. They’ll work with you to pinpoint the specific ingredient that your dog is having an adverse reaction to, typically by implementing an elimination diet. 

Does Benadryl help dogs with food allergies?

Benadryl, or diphenhydramine, can be used to treat mild to moderate canine allergies. Unfortunately, it doesn’t tend to be very effective in the treatment of food allergies. If you think your dog has a food allergy, it’s best to figure out the ingredient they’re allergic to so you can eliminate it from their diet. 

Can food allergies cause ear infections in dogs?

Chronic or recurring ear infections can be a sign of a food allergy. However, if your dog gets ear infections seasonally, this suggests an environmental allergy, such as pollen.

Does grain-free dog food help with food allergies?

If your dog is allergic to wheat or another grain, you’ll likely need to switch them to a grain-free dog food. However, grain allergies are rare. A grain-free formula is not beneficial for most dogs with food allergies. 

The post 11 Best Dog Foods for Allergies in 2023 appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But if you pay careful attention and know exactly what to look for, you’ll discover that cats do offer subtle signs when they need our help or attention. Here’s how to figure out exactly what your cat may be trying to tell you through his behavior.

Cats: Masters at Masking Emotions

“Almost all animals will hide their pain,” says Sue Bulanda, a certified member of the International Association of Animal Behavior Consultants. And that certainly includes cats. Bulanda says this masking of pain or distress is all about survival instincts and self-protection. 

“The natural world is a dangerous place for felines,” adds Marilyn Krieger, a certified cat behavior consultant at The Cat Coach and author. “Displaying pain visually or verbally will attract other animals. Felines who are injured are weaker, slower, and easier to catch.”

Although most pet cats enjoy cozy lives far removed from any real danger—unless the vacuum counts as a predator—Krieger says that house cats are not truly domesticated, and still have “two paws firmly planted in the wild.” This explains why those masking instincts are still so strong.

Warning Signs Your Cat Is Crying for Help

So how do cats cry for help when there is often no actual crying involved? Bulanda and Krieger offered their insights into the signs that a cat is sick, in pain, depressed, stressed, or otherwise struggling.

Sudden changes in behavior or routine. There are plenty of specifics to keep an eye out for, but in general, Bulanda says it’s crucial to observe your cat’s everyday behaviors when he’s healthy and relaxed. That way you’ll be able to spot any big changes, which may indicate that something is amiss.

Hiding or withdrawing. Cats who hide or withdraw from interactions with their family are often not feeling well, whether it’s due to anxiety or a physical illness. If your cat is suddenly sneaking away more than normal, it may be time to evaluate potential stressors or schedule a veterinary visit. 

Changes in appetite or thirst. If a cat is suddenly eating or drinking significantly more or less than their usual amount, it could be due to depression, stress, or sickness. Different illnesses can lead to an increase in thirst and urination or inappetence, so it’s important to monitor your cat and call your vet if there are changes in your cat’s eating and drinking habits.

Notable differences in gait. Changes may include how your cat is walking, jumping, sitting, lying down and getting up. These can all be signs that a cat is experiencing muscular or internal pain, Bulanda says.

Avoiding the litter box or using it more often. The litter box is a surprisingly revealing place for any issues. Some cats may snub the litter box when expressing their annoyance or stress, but changes – like urinating outside of the litter box – can also indicate a medical concern.

A sudden decrease in activity. A gradual decrease in activity is normal as cats age, but if your pet is suddenly and uncharacteristically lethargic, it may be a sign that something is wrong.

Changes to the condition of his coat. In particular, keep an eye out for dullness or more hair loss than usual. These can be symptoms of a medical problem. Keep an eye out for mats, too. Cats are usually great at self grooming, so an unkempt coat can indicate that pain is preventing normal grooming habits. 

Sudden aggression toward other household animals or humans. If a normally docile pet is suddenly showing aggression, it may be time for a trip to the veterinarian to make sure she isn’t ill, injured, or experiencing other issues.

Overgrooming. Cats normally display healthy grooming habits. But if a cat is grooming themselves more than normal, this can indicate there’s an underlying issue. Overgrooming can signal pain, skin allergies or parasites, or a high level of stress.

Low-pitched yowling. Your cat may be literally crying for help. Mournful howls can be a sign that your cat is feeling sad or depressed, or that they’re experiencing pain.

What to Do If Your Cat Exhibits These Warning Signs

Bulanda says that any changes in a cat’s behavior – especially those listed above – that last for more than a few days should prompt a visit to the veterinarian. 

“Cats are subtle,” Krieger notes. “Chances are that when you notice the changes in behavior, the problem has been occurring for a while.”

7 Tips for Keeping Cats Happy

If everything checks out at the veterinarian, your cat may just be looking for more attention or could be searching for stress relief. Tune into your cat and do what you can to give him the very best life possible. Here are some ways to help:

Give them an outdoor outlet. “One of the most important ways to keep a cat healthy and safe,” Bulanda says, “is to not allow the cat to be an indoor/outdoor cat. Every time a cat is allowed to roam, they are exposed to many risks, some of them life-threatening.”

Instead, she recommends creating an outdoor cat enclosure if possible so your pet can spend time outside while staying safe. “This will keep the cat entertained, allow them to sit in the sun and shade, and explore,” she says. Just be sure to check in periodically and don’t leave a cat outside alone for long periods.

Prepare them for what life will hold. Bulanda also recommends acclimating your cat to all the things he may encounter in daily life: handling, going inside a carrier, riding in the car, and meeting strangers. Having him used to all of that will help take the stress out of trips to the veterinarian or groomer. 

Offer choices. Krieger says that choice is important to cats, so offer it whenever you can. This might revolve around treat choices or toy choices. Let your feline friend make the call. 

Make him feel safe. This includes not ever forcing your cat to be petted or cuddled when he’s not feeling it, Krieger says. And don’t punish him, even if you don’t like his behavior. Instead, figure out the reason he’s doing that behavior and try to address it.

Teach them tricks. Bulanda says teaching your cat tricks and working on training can be a great way to bond with your cat and keep him active.

Find high-quality food. Bulanda stresses the importance of a high-quality diet for cats—something she says you won’t often find in supermarket or big-box store options.

Provide plenty of enrichment. Whether it’s vertical territory, scratching posts, or chew toys, filling your cat’s home with fun and stimulating objects is essential to their general well-being, according to Krieger.

The post 10 Warning Signs Your Cat Is Crying for Help appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Determining whether your dog has skin cancer or a benign tumor, requires taking your pet to a veterinary clinic for an examination. 

Let’s set the record straight on types of dog skin cancer, treatment options, and what to expect if your dog does get a skin cancer diagnosis. 

Can Dogs Get Skin Cancer?

Like humans, dogs can get skin cancer. But while the leading cause of skin cancer in humans is overexposure to ultraviolet rays in the sun, dogs are more likely to get skin cancer due to age or genetics, says Dr. Stephanie Sheen, a veterinarian at the online pet healthcare service Fuzzy.

“Older dogs are more likely to have tumors develop because their cell repair mechanisms are less robust,” Dr. Sheen says.

Besides age, a dog’s breed can determine whether or not a dog gets skin cancer. For instance, breeds like Boxers, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, Cocker Spaniels, and German Shepherds can be particularly susceptible to some types of skin cancer.

However, just about any dog — of any age — can get skin cancer, so it’s essential to look out for warning signs and symptoms and keep up with your dog’s routine veterinary exams.

What Does Skin Cancer on Dogs Look Like?

Dog skin cancer tends to manifest in lumps, bumps, and bulges. You can spot some visually, but you should also give your dog regular at-home examinations. This includes feeling around your dog’s body for anything unusual. Doing this is particularly important for dogs with a lot of fur since fur can easily hide bumps. If you notice anything unusual, contact your veterinarian immediately.

“In general, a rule of thumb is that any lump bigger than a pea and/or present for more than one month should be examined by a veterinarian and tested,” says Dr. Sheen.

Another telltale sign of skin cancer is any change to skin pigmentation, such as red and raised circular bumps or blood blisters. If you notice a discharge coming out of a lump or bump, it should be examined by a veterinarian as soon as possible.

“Almost always, testing is necessary to determine the type of cells responsible for the growth,” says Dr. Sheen. “But if a mass is growing or spreading rapidly, becomes ulcerated, or has discharge present like blood or pus, that may indicate it is more aggressive, and prompt veterinary care should be sought.”

Of course, not every lump or bump is serious. For instance, many glandular and hair follicle tumors that appear in dogs are benign. Dogs also commonly develop benign lipomas, which are soft, fatty bumps that can be felt underneath a dog’s skin. Other skin growths aren’t cancerous at all. For example, skin tags are small, flesh-colored lumps that can appear anywhere on a dog’s body and are easily mistaken for cancer. 

Instead of trying to diagnose your dog’s condition yourself, take him or her to the veterinary clinic so you can get an expert opinion.

Types of Dog Skin Cancer

There are dozens of types of skin cancers that can manifest in dogs, but some occur more frequently than others. According to Dr. Katie Pagán, partner doctor at Heart + Paw at Fells Point, the three most common malignant skin cancers in dogs are:

• Mast cell tumors
• Melanomas
• Squamous cell carcinoma

Here’s a brief overview of these three types:

Mast Cell Tumors

According to one study, mast cell tumors account for about 20 percent of all skin cancers in dogs. Dr. Pagán says these tumors typically appear as “red in color and raised on the skin.” That said, mast cell tumors can vary in appearance and show up anywhere on a dog’s body. 

It’s not entirely clear what causes them, but experts believe that genetics and environment are contributing factors. Certain breeds like Boxers, Bull Terriers, and Labrador Retrievers are more susceptible to mast cell tumors. 

When caught early, dogs respond well to treatment. Left untreated, mast cell tumors become aggressive and jeopardize your dog’s health.

Malignant Melanoma

It’s estimated that melanomas account for 7 percent of all malignant tumors found in dogs. Dr. Pagán says they’re “often raised and dark in color.” But similar to mast cell tumors, they can vary in appearance, sometimes showing up as small brown or black masses or as more prominent, flat growths that seem a bit “wrinkled.” One study suggests that malignant melanomas can appear in a number of places on a dog’s body, including the skin, nailbed, footpad, or eye. 

Dog breeds with black coats and pigmented skin, including Schnauzers, Poodles, and Chow-Chows, are more susceptible to this form of skin cancer. 

The size and stage of a malignant melanoma determine its severity and the dog’s prognosis. In general, melanomas are considered a severe form of skin cancer.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma is the most commonly-diagnosed malignant skin tumor in dogs, and it is most often diagnosed in older dogs. Dr. Pagán says squamous cell carcinoma is typically “raised and looks like warts.” Unfortunately, research shows that this form of skin cancer can easily be overlooked, leading to a delayed diagnosis.

Squamous cell tumor is associated with sun exposure. Therefore, it is more common on unhaired areas of the skin and in dogs with pink skin and white fur. 

The prognosis of a dog with squamous cell carcinoma will depend on where the growths are and how advanced they are, but surgery and other treatments can help extend your dog’s life. 

It’s important to keep in mind that not all lumps, bumps, and spots on dogs are dangerous. If you notice a new growth, spot, or bump, make sure to get it checked out by a veterinarian to get a proper diagnosis.  

Causes of Dog Skin Cancer

What causes skin cancer in dogs? It’s difficult to pin down one cause, veterinarians say.

“Cancer in dogs, just like in people, is thought to be multifactorial,” says Dr. Sheen. “This means that both genetics and environmental factors may play a role. Genetically, there are genes that code for certain cell repair mechanisms that may be faulty and thus lead to a higher predisposition to developing cancers. However, this does not mean that a dog with these genes will definitely get cancer.”

Dr. Sheen adds that environmental factors, like chronic inflammation or toxin exposure, can increase the risk of skin cancers in pets — just as it does in humans — by damaging their cell DNA. 

Some viral conditions are also more likely to lead to skin cancer in dogs. For instance, it’s believed that dogs with papillomavirus are more susceptible to squamous cell carcinomas.

And while sun exposure isn’t the leading cause of skin cancer in dogs, that, too, can play a role.

“While most skin cancers develop due to a genetic predisposition or a variety of factors coming together, you can lower your dog’s risk by controlling exposure to sunlight, particularly if it is a short-haired and light-skinned breed,” says Dr. Megan McCarthy, a veterinarian at the Best Friends Animal Society Lifesaving Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. “Avoid peak sunlight hours.”

Signs of Skin Cancer in Dogs

Signs of cancer in dogs can be difficult to pinpoint because they mimic the signs of many other canine illnesses. Some forms of dog skin cancer don’t create any symptoms besides lumps and bumps. But more severe types can have various associated symptoms. 

“Mast cell tumors can also cause nausea, vomiting, or itchiness,” says Dr. McCarthy. “If skin cancers spread to nearby lymph nodes or organs, you may notice swollen lymph nodes, inappetence, vomiting, coughing, and lethargy.”

Dr. Pagán advises: “Owners should look out for vomiting, diarrhea, or overall looking unwell.”

Diagnosing Dog Skin Cancer

If you encounter a strange lump or bump on your dog, you should get your dog physically examined by a veterinarian. 

“A test called a fine needle aspirate is typically performed at your veterinarian’s office as the first step,” says Dr. Sheen. “This involves using a needle, such as those used to administer vaccines, to collect cells from the tumor that your veterinarian will prepare and then examine under the microscope. This can typically be done with the dog awake during the appointment, as it is quick and relatively painless.” 

While veterinarians can identify many tumors with a fine needle aspirate, some cases require a biopsy for diagnosis. This involves surgically removing a small part of the tumor, which is sent to laboratory pathologists for identification. This procedure is more invasive, so it typically needs to be gone under sedation or anesthesia, says Dr. Sheen. 

Treating Skin Cancer in Dogs

Many types of dog skin cancer can be severe and life-threatening, but you can help your dog survive and thrive if the skin cancer is detected early and treated. 

“While the word ‘cancer’ is certainly scary to hear, a majority of skin cancers in dogs are easily treated by simply removing the mass and monitoring for any new masses,” says Dr. McCarthy. “Most skin cancers have a good prognosis when caught early.”

On this note, Dr. Sheen offers some sage advice: “Although it’s easier said than done, I encourage pet parents not to worry too much until we get results back,” she says. “The best first step is always to seek testing with your veterinarian, and once we know what we’re dealing with, your veterinarian will be able to discuss the expected outcomes and treatment options available.”

Dr. Sheen adds that a dog’s prognosis ultimately depends on the kind of skin cancer a dog has.

The surgical removal of skin cancer is the most straightforward treatment. For some aggressive cancers, veterinary oncologists may recommend chemotherapy and/or radiation treatments. 

“Animals actually tolerate chemotherapy and radiation treatments much better [than] humans with minimal to mild side effects,” says Dr. McCarthy. 

Other possible treatments for skin cancer include immunotherapy, cryotherapy, and electrochemotherapy. To learn about what’s best for your dog, speak with your veterinarian. 

How to Prevent Dog Skin Cancer

It’s hard for dogs to avoid cancer. The Veterinary Cancer Society says that one in four dogs will develop cancer at some point in their lives and that cancer is the leading cause of death for middle-aged dogs. Also, you can’t really control the role that genetics and environment play in the potential development of skin cancer in dogs.

However, there are things you can do to lessen your dog’s chances of getting skin cancer. One thing is controlling how much sun exposure your dog gets, especially if your dog is light-skinned and short-haired. Avoid times of day when the sun is strongest and use dog-safe sunscreen when participating in outdoor activities. You should also make sure your dog has a healthy and balanced diet. 

Lastly, don’t underestimate the role that routine check-ups – both at home and at the veterinarian – play in your dog’s overall health. 

“Regular check-ups at home … can identify new lumps as soon as they pop up,” says Dr. McCarthy. “By following up on any new lump with your veterinarian for testing, we can catch tumors early. When we catch them early, we have a better chance of preventing more serious disease and being able to remove them completely when they are small.”

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Pet parents play a vital role in helping their dogs maintain an ideal weight; in fact, 68 percent of pet parents surveyed in 2018 had implemented weight management strategies to help their pet shed some pounds [1].

Being knowledgeable about why obesity in dogs is a serious concern and learning how to address or prevent this condition can be extremely helpful for pet parents. 

What is Dog Obesity?

Obesity refers to excessive weight gain in dogs that can negatively impact their ability to lead active, healthy lifestyles while also putting them at risk for several diseases. Obesity occurs when a dog’s body mass index is severely above the ideal range, which indicates obvious fat has been deposited throughout the body. According to the Association for Pet Obesity Prevention, overweight dogs are 10-20 percent above their ideal weight, while obese dogs are at least 20 percent over their ideal weight [2]. This excess fat accumulation also increases inflammation throughout the body, which can be detrimental. 

Causes of Obesity in Dogs

There are numerous causes for dog obesity, all of which may contribute to this condition alone or in combination. Underlying health conditions that can lead to weight gain in dogs, such as hypothyroidism or Cushing’s disease, should always be ruled out. Additionally, pet parents may unknowingly be overfeeding their dogs or offering too many treats. These extra calories can add up quickly in a dog’s diet. Likewise, if dogs do not get the appropriate amount of exercise each day, they fail to burn enough calories to maintain a healthy weight. As you can imagine, overfeeding plus little to no exercise is a problematic combination for many dogs. 

Certain dog breeds are more likely to become overweight or obese. A recent study found that Golden Retrievers, Pugs, Beagles, English Springer Spaniels, and Border Terriers were at an increased risk of becoming overweight compared to other breeds [3]. Middle-aged or older dogs may also be more likely to gain weight not only because they tend to physically slow down as they age, but also because their metabolisms are slower. Spaying and neutering dogs may increase their risk of gaining weight, and there may be a genetic component that increases a dog’s risk for obesity as well.

Health Risks of Obesity in Dogs

Obese dogs are at an increased risk for serious health issues. Specific conditions that may arise more frequently in obese dogs include the following: 

• Diabetes
• Heart disease
• Cancer
• Arthritis 
• High blood pressure
• Respiratory disease

Additionally, obesity can shorten a dog’s overall lifespan and negatively impact his quality of life. If an underlying medical issue is present, obesity can make it difficult to manage concurrent diseases, which can be even more detrimental to the dog’s health. 

Dog Obesity Symptoms

Obesity in dogs is easily detected by veterinarians due to its characteristic appearance. However, pet parents may overlook this condition. This is why annual checkups with the veterinarian are important in identifying any concerns that may be developing in pets. 

Dogs who are obese will have a rotund appearance. When looking at them from above, there will be no clear hourglass shape as seen in dogs at a normal weight. When looking from the side, there will be obvious fat deposits over the shoulders, ribs, and hips. Additional signs of obesity in dogs include the following: 

• Inability to feel or see the ribs through the skin
• Less energy
• Frequent or heavy panting
• Less willing to go for walks or play

Diagnosing Dog Obesity

Veterinarians diagnose obesity during a physical exam. The veterinarian will visually inspect the dog and then feel the ribs in order to assign a body condition score. Body condition is graded on either a scale of 1 to 9 or a scale of 1 to 5 depending on the veterinarian’s preference. Scores of 6 or above on the 9-point scale and 4 or above on the 5-point scale are considered overweight or obese. The higher the score, the more body fat is present, which directly correlates with obesity. A score of 9 would be considered grossly obese, for example. 

Obese Dog Weight Loss Solutions

Veterinarians first address obesity in dogs by talking with pet parents about their dog’s history. This may include feeding and exercise routines and any pertinent medical history that may be contributing to the weight gain. Veterinarians may first do blood work or other testing to ensure there is not an underlying health condition causing the obesity. Once medical issues have been ruled out, veterinarians can work with pet parents to develop a weight management plan that will help their dogs lose weight. 

First and foremost, reducing the number of treats and table scraps given each day by pet parents is essential. Likewise, measuring each meal and only feeding two distinct meals per day can aid in weight loss. There are specific diets formulated for weight loss that may be recommended or prescribed by the veterinarian as well. Veterinarians can calculate the number of calories an obese dog needs per day in order to lose weight, which can help guide pet parents along the way.

Increasing the amount of exercise each day, such as walking or playing fetch, can help dogs burn calories and return to a more ideal weight. Some obese dogs may benefit from joint supplements, such as chondroitin or glucosamine, to help them feel more comfortable during exercise. 

It is important that weight loss in obese dogs happens gradually. Shedding weight too quickly can put dogs at risk for adverse outcomes. Working with your veterinarian and having regular weigh-ins to check progress is helpful in staying on track and ensuring this process is gradual. 

How to Prevent Obesity in Dogs

Preventing obesity in dogs is easily done provided there are no underlying medical issues that the pet is dealing with. Simple steps pet parents can take to prevent their dogs from becoming obese include: 

• Offer opportunities for regular, daily exercise
• Measure every meal
• Limit treats on a daily basis
• Feed a high-quality, nutritious diet 
• Schedule regular veterinary checkups

By taking small steps each day, pet parents can ensure their dogs maintain an ideal weight. This will improve the dog’s overall quality of life and help keep them happy and healthy.

Dog Obesity Infographic

The post Dog Obesity: Risks, Symptoms, and Weight Loss Solutions appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But why do cats assume this body posture, and is it ever something to cause a pet parent concern? Let’s dive in.

Cat Loafing: What Does It Look Like?

When a cat sits with all four paws tucked underneath itself and its tail also tucked or wrapped around its body, it resembles a compact rectangle with rounded edges, much like a loaf of fresh bread. The resemblance is even more pronounced when a cat assumes this position in a too small box with its top spilling over the sides like risen dough. Thus, the term “cat loaf” was born.

The term “cat loaf” (or “catloaf”) has been used widely since 1999, when it first appeared in Usenet news groups. It then morphed into a meme that rose in popularity in the 2010s on Reddit, Twitter, and Facebook. Similar terms include “bread cat,” “potato cat,” or “tugboat cat.” 

Cats really have become Internet rock stars, and an entire website (kittyloaf.com) is devoted to curating images of cats in this adorable loaf-like posture. Curious what a cat in the loafing position looks like from underneath? A quick search for “hover cat” on a glass table will be sure to give you a nice hit of serotonin for the day.

Types of Cat Loafs

A cat is usually relaxed while loafing, but they tend to use this position while observing their surroundings. A cat’s head will be upright, and its eyes will often be fully open or half-closed. While we can all recognize the classic loafing position, several variations exist. A cat or kitten of any age can assume these various positions.

When a cat is in a full loaf, all its feet are tucked underneath itself, and its tail is either also tucked or wrapped tightly around its body.

A cat’s elbows may be slightly out in the partial loaf. The front paws may either be tucked or flat on the ground.

When one elbow is extended more than the other, a cat is in a loaf boat position.

A cat may also be sitting flat on its abdomen and resting on its back haunches with one or both of its front limbs slightly extended, assuming the Sphinx pose as named after the ancient Egyptian monument it resembles.

If a cat is especially sleepy, its head may start to dip downwards, causing it to face loaf. However, the face loaf posture can also be an indication that your cat is ill.

Why Do Cats Loaf?

The way a cat tucks in its extremities while lying on its abdomen carries a different meaning than when it’s merely sitting upright, lounging with its limbs and tail out, curled in a ball on its side, or about to pounce. So what exactly does a cat loaf mean?

Your cat is relaxed. Cats assume this compact, cozy position for comfort and relaxation when they still wish to engage with their surroundings but are not planning to jump or run away. Loafing cats exhibit trust and submission, but this posture still allows them more security and protection than lying on their back or side and exposing their belly. 

Your cat doesn’t feel threatened. Pet parents are paid a compliment when a cat loafs in their presence: your cat does not feel threatened and therefore does not feel the need to be on the defense. Loafing cats may be a bit drowsy but are not tired enough to sleep fully – they want to observe and be entertained by the happenings in their environments. They often simply enjoy the company of their humans while they sit in a loaf.

Your cat is trying to retain heat. Furthermore, cats have also learned evolutionarily that they can retain heat without having to move and expend precious energy while they assume the loaf position. Energy can thus be stored for periods of activity when cats need it. This tactic is especially important to kittens and short-haired breeds who can easily lose heat. Cats can regulate their temperature better in this compact, self-huddled position.

Your cat is getting comfortable. Since the loaf posture helps take pressure off a cat’s legs and paws, it may be assumed merely for comfort, much like us humans taking our shoes off and elevating our feet after a long day. 

Your cat might be in pain. While a cat loaf position is usually associated with positive feelings of relaxation and comfort, it could indicate pain in certain scenarios. If a cat is spending the majority of its time in a loaf, this is a red flag. If a cat is consistently sitting hunched with its paws flat on the ground or perched up on its toes, foot or limb pain may be the culprit.

Is Cat Loafing Ever a Problem?

Cat loafing is a normal behavior in the majority of cats, especially if your kitty assumes this posture on a comfortable and warm spot such as on the carpet where a ray of sun is beaming in through the window or on a cozy pile of laundry fresh from the dryer. 

However, if your cat is repeatedly found randomly loafing in the middle of the floor or on a cold, uncomfortable surface, it’s time to investigate further. If your cat is experiencing other worrisome signs such as hiding, decreased appetite, litter box issues, lethargy or weakness, abnormal gait (such as limping), vocalizing in pain, or difficulty breathing, it’s time to call your veterinarian and have your pet examined for potential illness or injury.

So long as your cat is still active at other times during the day, he or she can enjoy cat loafing without pet parents worrying their cat is not getting enough exercise or is losing mobility. However, if a cat primarily spends its day in a loaf position without moving or being active, your cat may be experiencing foot or leg pain. 

Cats are experts at masking pain. If your cat is constantly loafing, they may be trying to protect a front paw injury or hide signs of pain from an ingrown nail. Signs of pain in cats include guarding its paws or else not being able to fully tuck them in (which may indicate osteoarthritis), lowering its head, keeping its eyes shut or displaying exposed third eyelids, licking its paws, limping, or the other signs mentioned above.

Additionally, cats with heart or lung diseases may sit hunched with their elbows extended outward and their heads lowered to make breathing easier. Cats with abdominal pain, such as liver disease or chronic kidney disease (CKD) may also sit in the loaf position in order to help take pressure off internal organs.

Cats with CKD may not feel their best, therefore spending more time in a comfy loafing position. CKD is a relatively common medical condition in geriatric felines. Between 30-50 percent of cats over 15 years of age are estimated to have CKD. Early detection via regular bloodwork and urinalysis is key to initiating prompt care. Though CKD cannot be cured, certain therapies can slow its progression and improve the quality of life of affected cats while increasing longevity. Eating a prescription veterinary renal diet, regulating high blood pressure, and maintaining hydration can help improve the quality of life of cats with CKD.

Most loafing cats will hold their heads upright. However, if your cat is holding its head down and face planting, this can be an indication of illness. For example, cats with hypokalemia (low blood potassium), may experience cervical ventroflexion, or weakness when trying to lift the head. Causes range from chronic kidney disease to low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).

If your cat is experiencing any of the issues described above, or if you’re ever in doubt that your cat’s behavior is abnormal, schedule an appointment with your veterinarian. 

The Conclusion on Cat Loafing

While some cats in the loaf position may have underlying medical issues that need to be addressed with your veterinarian, the majority of the time, pet parents can rest assured that the cat loaf posture is generally normal and indicates trust and contentment in the presence of the pet guardian.

So the next time you slather a layer of butter onto the slice of warm homemade bread fresh out of the oven, you can smile – not only at the carb-y goodness in front of you, but also at the reminder that your loafing kitty is the cutest pet in the world.

The post Cat Loafing: What It Is and Why They Do It appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Not only can being overweight negatively affect various organs, it can also shorten a cat’s lifespan. Any cat can be affected by this condition, but a recent study found that male cats were more likely to be overweight compared to female cats [2].

Pet parents can ensure their cats remain at an ideal weight throughout their lives through vigilance and regular veterinary care.

Find out how to tell if your cat is overweight—and what to do if your cat needs to shed some pounds.

Overweight Cat: Risks to Know

Several risk factors may increase the likelihood that a cat becomes overweight. These include a poor diet, inactivity, or underlying health issues. Free feeding and feeding a dry diet can cause obesity in cats due to an increased intake of calories over time. Lack of exercise and sedentary lifestyles may also contribute since less calories are being expended.

Cats who are overweight are at an increased risk of many health conditions, which may include: 

• Arthritis 
• Heart disease
• Respiratory problems
• Diabetes 
• Urinary tract diseases
• Skin issues or hair loss
• High blood pressure
• Cancer

Is My Cat Overweight? 7 Ways to Tell

There are several ways pet parents can tell if their cat is overweight. Let’s discuss some of the most common signs to watch for and why these may be problematic for your cat.

Less Energy or Less Willingness to Play

If you notice your cat has slowed down or isn’t interested in playing anymore, weight gain may be to blame. Obesity can cause joint and muscle issues over time, which can limit a cat’s mobility and even cause pain. This inactivity can unfortunately lead to further weight gain.

Skin or Coat Issues 

Overweight cats often have bellies that touch the floor, which can lead to a bald patch due to friction. Sometimes these cats can have other skin issues, like barbering or hair loss, as a stress response to being overweight. Skin and coat problems can be extremely uncomfortable for cats. 

Urinary Tract Issues

Overweight cats are more likely to develop urinary tract disorders, such as infections or blockages. If you notice your cat straining to urinate, excessively grooming the genital area, or passing blood when urinating, you should schedule an appointment with the veterinarian. Urinary tract issues are very uncomfortable and can be very serious for cats if not dealt with promptly. 

Inability to Jump 

Cats who are overweight may have more difficulty jumping up onto furniture or other objects in the home. You may notice them resting in unusual areas or vocalizing below objects they previously were able to jump up on. This can happen due to joint problems that have developed from being overweight or simply due to the extra weight that the cat is carrying.

Poor Body Condition

As part of an exam, veterinarians assess a cat’s weight using a 9-point scale. Optimal body weight is considered a 5, while anything over that is considered overweight. A score of 6 would be considered a mildly overweight cat, while a score of 9 would be considered a severely obese cat. 

Pet parents can assess their cat’s weight at home by gently sliding their hands across the cat’s ribs. The ribs should be easy to feel underneath the skin. Additionally, cats should have an hourglass shape. Pet parents can look at the cat from above to identify whether or not there is slimming near the hind end. If you can’t feel your cat’s ribs or see an hourglass shape, then the cat is likely overweight to some degree. 

Grooming Issues 

Extra weight can make it difficult for cats to properly groom themselves. Pet parents may notice matted fur on the hind end or a lack of cleanliness in the genital regions. While this can be uncomfortable for cats, it can also lead to urinary tract infections or coat problems over time.

Heavy or Raspy Breathing

Cats who are overweight tend to exert more energy performing simple tasks throughout the day. They may tire more easily or have difficulty breathing due to the extra stress of carrying a heavy load. Raspy breathing can also result from extra fat gathering along the windpipe. This may lead to chronic heart and lung problems if a weight loss program is not implemented.  

What to Do if Your Cat Is Overweight

Overweight cats can greatly benefit from seeing a veterinarian so pet parents can receive guidance on weight loss. Weight management plans, including exercise and diet modifications, may be recommended. A veterinarian can also detect any underlying health issues that are causing your cat to retain excess weight despite an ideal diet and exercise routine. 

Encouraging regular exercise is beneficial in helping cats maintain a healthy weight. Cats are naturally playful so offering plenty of toys is a great way to incorporate physical activity into each day. Adding cat trees or vertical space to the house can also help cats explore and burn calories. 

Limiting treats is an easy way to prevent weight gain in cats. These extra calories can quickly add up, so it is important to be mindful and only give them sparingly. Likewise, many pet parents overfeed their cats because they allow free feeding. This means a cat’s bowl is continuously refilled throughout the day as the cat grazes. Free feeding increases the risk of obesity in your cat. By giving distinct, measured meals during the day, pet parents can promote an ideal weight in their cats. 

Switching to a diet of wet food can help your cat to lose weight since there are less calories and fillers compared to a dry diet. Wet food is higher in protein and lower in carbohydrates which is also beneficial for cats who need to lose weight. There are a variety of diets specifically formulated for weight loss that may be helpful.

If your cat is overweight, it is critical to work together with your veterinarian to develop a weight management program that works for your cat. Weight loss should occur gradually over time rather than abruptly. Regular check-ins with your veterinarian can ensure your cat is staying on track with weight loss, and it is a great time to get any questions answered that should arise along the way.

It should come as no surprise that cats who are at an optimal weight benefit from a greater quality of life and overall well-being. Ensuring our feline friends are happy and healthy is essential.

Cat Obesity Infographic

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Witnessing your dog have a seizure can be scary and worrisome. Luckily, seizures in dogs only impact about 5 percent of the canine population. Seizures caused by ingesting a toxin are even less common. However, knowing what household items cause convulsions can minimize your dog’s risk.

Dog Seizures: What Do They Look Like?

Seizures in dogs appear very similar to what a seizure looks like in humans. Dogs can experience loss of consciousness, falling over, paddling of limbs or stiffness of the whole body, excessive drooling, and/or losing control of their bladder and bowels.

Most seizures look very similar, whether they are caused by a toxin ingestion, epilepsy, cancer, or other disease. However, there can be subtle differences, so be sure to note how long the seizure lasted, notable movements (or stiffness) during the episode, and any behavior or activity that preceded the seizure. It is also important to note whether your pup has gotten into the trash, eaten plants, or other household items that could cause seizures. 

Toxins That Cause Seizures in Dogs

From foods to household cleaners, there are a variety of everyday items that contain toxins that cause seizures in dogs. Here are the ones you should watch out for: 

There are a few foods that are common in households that cause seizures in our companion animals. Chocolate, caffeine, xylitol, ethanol and high salt dough (such as playdough) are some of the most common items. 

Chocolate

Chocolate has a substance called theobromine in it that dogs are unable to metabolize, or break down, as easily as humans do. This build up in their system affects their heart and blood vessels, lungs, and their central nervous system which causes seizures. Dark chocolate is much worse than milk chocolate because of the higher concentration of cacao and theobromine. 

Caffeine

Caffeine is a stimulant that dogs are very sensitive to, which increases their heart rate, induces cardiac arrhythmias, muscle tremors, and seizures. Caffeine is found in teas, coffee, energy drinks, and other products. Don’t leave your coffee or other caffeinated beverage where your dog can reach it and make sure to keep coffee grounds out of reach of your pup.

Xylitol

Xylitol is tricky because it’s a sugar substitute that can be found in everyday items labeled as “sugar-free.” Xylitol may also be referred to as birch sugar. Be sure to read the labels on chewing gum, mints, peanut butter (or other nut butters), baked goods, or “skinny” ice cream. Xylitol ingestion in dogs causes the release of insulin into their bloodstream. Insulin is responsible for removing sugar from the bloodstream, therefore this results in a rapid decline of blood sugar (hypoglycemia) which causes weakness, incoordination, and seizures. 

Alcohol

Alcohol is found in alcoholic drinks, as well as hand sanitizer, antifreeze, raw bread dough, mouth wash, vanilla extract, cosmetics, car coolants, and liquid medications. It is a central nervous system depressant, and signs of vomiting, diarrhea, and visible intoxication usually accompany alcohol toxicity in dogs. More severe signs include seizures and coma.

Homemade Dough

Dough with high salt content, such as homemade Playdough, causes sodium toxicity in dogs. The large increase in sodium causes an imbalance of electrolytes, which regulate muscle contractions, water levels in the body, and nerve impulses. This can damage brain cells and lead to seizures, or even death. 

Human Medications

There are both human and animal medications that can cause seizures in dogs. Talk to your vet about any side effects of medications or multiple medications taken together. Some human meds to look out for are: ibuprofen, chemotherapy drugs such as flourouracil cream (5-FU cream), phenylbutazone, metronidazole, ivermectin, or amphetamines. 

Sago Palms

Sago Palms, especially the seeds, contain multiple toxic compounds, such as cycasin, which is toxic to the liver, resulting in seizures and liver failure in dogs. The first signs you may see are vomiting, diarrhea, and lethargy. Familiarize yourself with these plants and avoid them in your neighborhood.

Amanita Mushrooms 

The Amanita species of mushrooms are very poisonous to dogs and cause seizures as well as liver failure, kidney damage, and can be neurotoxic. Be sure to look for these mushrooms growing in your area. Identification of these mushrooms can prevent seizures and further harm to your dog. 

Pesticides

Strychnine is used in pesticides that causes tremors, agitation and seizures which can result in respiratory arrest and death. It is extremely toxic to most domesticated and wild animals, and is used in pesticides to control rats, moles, gophers, and coyotes. Bifenthrin is an insecticide that when ingested in larger quantities can lead to tremors, weakness, and seizures. This substance is used against fire ants. Metaldehyde, which is snail and slug bait, can cause seizures and severely elevated body temperatures. The first signs you may see are drooling, panting, weakness, and anxiety.

What to Do if Your Dog Ate a Toxic Substance

If you know your dog ate something toxic, call poison control and bring your dog to the veterinarian right away. Early intervention and care can help prevent irreversible damage or even death.

If your dog is in an active seizure state, try to remain calm and steady, as hard as that may be! Many seizures feel like they last forever, but usually are only about a minute in length. 

Make sure your dog is not in danger of hitting their head on hard surfaces or furniture. You can place something soft under their head if they are actively seizing. Do not put your fingers in their mouth, as they can clamp down unknowingly during active seizures. If you can, time the seizure so you can report to your vet how long it lasted. Note how their behavior seemed right before and right after the active seizure. 

Call the Pet Poison Helpline and bring your dog to the vet if you suspect that toxicity was the cause of the seizure. If you know what they ate, take a picture of the plant, substance, and bring the packaging and labels if you have it. This will help with determining treatment and care for your dog. 

Do not induce vomiting unless specifically told to by your veterinarian, as this can cause aspiration or worsening of signs. 

Preventing Toxicity in Dogs

Be sure to identify plants that cause seizures so you can avoid them on walks, hikes, and even in your backyard. Avoid using pesticides, rodenticides, and insecticides that cause harm to dogs and other animals. Be sure to lock up or keep foods, medications, and substances that cause seizures out of reach from your dog. Talk to your family members and guests that come over about not feeding your dog chocolate, coffee, xylitol, and other toxic foods to your dog. Being aware of potentially harmful substances to your dog in your environment can prevent toxin ingestion.

The post 9 Toxins That Cause Seizures in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Obesity in dogs (and the health conditions it causes) is on the rise—excess weight and obesity are the most common nutritional disorders seen in dogs, according to Dr. Valerie J. Parker, Small Animal Internal Medicine & Nutrition professor at The Ohio State University. 

You can track your dog’s weight against their respective dog breed weight chart. However, the number on the scale is just one step in determining if your dog is at an ideal weight and body condition. During routine visits, your veterinarian will check your dog’s body condition and muscle scores—two important assessments you can learn to do at home. 

If you’ve asked yourself how heavy should my dog be, this guide is for you. Let’s take a closer look at why dog weight matters, plus explore ways to help keep your dog at a healthy weight.

Dog Weight: Why It Matters

Like obesity in humans, a dog who is overweight or obese is at an increased risk of developing costly and life-threatening conditions. “Being obese can both shorten lifespan and contribute negatively to the quality of life,” Parker says. 

Overweight or obese dogs have a greater risk of developing or experiencing:

• Diabetes
• Pain and loss of mobility associated with osteoarthritis and other joint-related diseases
• Hypertension
• Respiratory disease 
• Decreased ability to deal with hot weather
• Urinary incontinence
• Predisposition to cancer
• Anxiety or depression
• Decreased overall life span

According to the Association for Pet Obesity Prevention, 39 percent of dog parents think their dogs might be overweight. But the reality is that upward of half of our pets are overweight or obese and 78 percent of the veterinary community agrees that pet obesity is a disease. 

Cutting back on your dog’s table scraps and daily kibble can feel like tough love, but studies show that it has major benefits. Dogs who maintain a healthy weight live up to 2.5 years longer than overweight or obese dogs [1]. 

The bottom line is that preventing obesity-related diseases is easier than managing the irreversible effects of obesity, Parker says. 

What is a Healthy Dog Weight?

A healthy weight for one dog might be different from another, especially for dogs of different genders, ages, and breeds. But becoming familiar with the benchmarks of an ideal weight for your dog can help you spot the first signs of sickness and track weight management goals at home. 

Beyond the number on the scale, you might notice behavioral changes that indicate your dog is heavier than they should be. “Many overweight or obese dogs can demonstrate exercise intolerance and difficulty in rising or jumping,” Parker says. Overweight brachycephalic breeds (smush-face) can experience increased respiratory discomfort and in general, overweight dogs are more likely to develop joint pain. 

How Heavy Should My Dog Be? Dog Breed Weight Chart

The American Kennel Club (AKC) recognizes 199 of 340 dog breeds found throughout the world, setting breed standards for each one. If you know the breed (or breed mixes) of your dog, these standards can be used as a guide when determining your dog’s ideal weight. While these standards provide a framework for determining your dog’s ideal weight, your veterinarian can tell you the most accurate healthy weight range for your dog. 

Is My Dog Overweight? How to Tell

“Breed weight standards do not necessarily apply to all individual dogs,” Parker says. That’s why your veterinarian uses a qualitative assessment called the Body Condition Score to evaluate your dog’s physical health at every routine check-up. 

Based on a 5 or 9 point scale, the Body Condition Score is a physical evaluation of body fat that can be used in your veterinarian’s office or at home. The lower end of the scale is representative of an underweight pet, a median score is of an ideal weight, and above a median score indicates that your pet needs to slim down. 

In addition to taking note of any behavioral clues, you can evaluate your dog’s body condition at home between routine veterinarian visits. To do this, start by gently running your fingers from the front of your dog’s rib cage to the back, applying minimal pressure. You should feel the ribs gently trickling under your fingers. If pressure needs to be applied to feel the ribs through a fat layer, your dog’s body condition is on the higher end of the scale. The ribs of a dog with an ideal body condition feel like running your fingers along the knuckles of a flat hand. The ribs of an overweight dog feel like running your fingers along the base of your open palm [2]. 

Next, with your dog in a standing position, look at them from above. They should have an hourglass shape—wide at the ribs, an abdominal tuck at the waist, and wider again at the hips. If a dog appears to have a square or rounded appearance or if their tummy hangs lower than their ribs, they score higher on the body condition chart. 

Is My Dog Underweight? How to Tell

Dr. Alex Avery, a small animal veterinarian in New Zealand, heeds a warning when it comes to evaluating our pet’s health without the appropriate tools. Many pets that we see are overweight, he says in his podcast Call the Veterinarian, “and it’s skewed our perception of normal.” 

Pet parents have seen Avery after being told by friends, family members, and neighbors that their pet is underweight. “Actually, these cats and these dogs are a picture of health. They’re really lean and they’re nice and well-muscled. It’s exactly what a dog or cat should look like.”

Underweight dogs typically suffer from an underlying illness and should see their veterinarian right away [3]. In senior dogs, dramatic weight loss may indicate the presence of inflammatory disease, hormonal diseases (such as diabetes), or even some types of tumors.

If you believe your dog is below the average dog weight for their breed and age, you can start by looking at and feeling their ribs. If the ribs and other bony structures like the back bones of a dog are prominent from a distance, your dog may be underweight. Then, gently run your fingers from the front of your dog’s rib cage to the back, applying minimal pressure. Unlike the ribs of an ideal body condition that feel like the knuckles of a flat hand, the ribs of an underweight dog feel like the knuckles of a closed fist [2]. 

Next, look at your dog from above. An underweight dog has a too-obvious abdominal tuck and waist and may have a loss of muscle.

In addition to the Body Condition Score, the Muscle Condition Score can help determine if a pet is underweight or could be suffering from common conditions related to muscle loss—like cancer or chronic kidney disease [2]. Some senior dogs experience muscle loss even in the absence of medical conditions, due to age-related changes in their activity level. 

To check your dog for muscle loss you can visually and physically examine your dog at home in four key locations: the head, shoulder blades, along the spine, and the pelvic bones. Muscle loss associated with a disease is called cachexia while muscle loss not associated with a disease is called sarcopenia. Sarcopenia naturally occurs with aging [4]. So, talk to your veterinarian about what you can expect as your dog ages and how you can slow muscle loss during their senior years. 

How to Keep Your Dog at a Healthy Weight

All breeds of dogs are at risk of developing obesity. But popular breeds of dogs like Golden Retrievers, Pugs, and Beagles are at higher risk of developing obesity, says Parker. Plus, dogs that were previously overweight have an increased chance of becoming overweight again and your dog’s metabolism will naturally slow as they age. So, weight management is a life-long commitment.  

Luckily, there are ways to create and maintain good eating and exercise habits. Just be sure to speak to your veterinarian about the right tweaks to fit your dog’s breed, age, and lifestyle.

Get Active

The right amount and type of exercise for dogs vary. Most dogs should get between 30 minutes and two hours of exercise every single day. If your dog is older or overweight, start with low-impact and short-duration activities that build and strengthen their muscles. Walking is often a better option for senior dogs than high-impact games of Frisbee or fetch. If your pup is a water dog, swimming might be a good option. 

Talk to your veterinarian about how the breed, age, and abilities of your dog might influence the type and length of exercise needed.  

Feed an Appropriate Diet

Table scraps shouldn’t be a staple in your dog’s diet. But if you can’t resist occasionally feeding your dog human treats, reach for low-calorie snacks like baby carrots or celery. When shopping for your dog’s meals, look for high-quality, protein-balanced food and pass on low-quality treats packed with carbohydrates. 

Talk to your veterinarian about foods made especially for your dog’s breed or size. If your dog is overweight, ask your veterinarian about the best food for weight loss. Senior dogs often benefit from a senior diet. These diets have a lower caloric content, in addition to containing supplements that can be beneficial for older dogs. Switching foods or offering a therapeutic weight loss diet might be the key to quickly and safely losing weight while satisfying your dog’s appetite and nutritional needs. 

When it’s a picky eater you’re trying to please, reach for tasty meals that are nutritionally complete with the smells, flavors and textures that your dog loves. Meal toppers, bone broth, and appetite stimulants can all be useful for underweight dogs needing extra encouragement to eat a full meal. If your dog is not eating enough to maintain a healthy body weight, schedule an appointment with your local veterinarian to determine the problem and come up with a solution.  

Feed an Appropriate Amount of Food

Instead of following the serving suggestions on the bag of kibble, Parker says to talk with your veterinarian or refer to the 2021 AAHA Nutritional Management Guidelines for an appropriate serving size. Then, buy a gram scale to weigh the right portions of food rather than relying on handfuls or heaping measuring cups. 

If you’re in a multi-pet household, prevent a fast eater from eating two portions of food by feeding separately. Or use a food puzzle to slow down mealtime.  

Boost Your Dog’s Gut Health

The gut microbiome plays a major role in your dog’s overall health. It’s made up of several hundred families of bacteria and it affects everything from immune system responses to mood, and it might impact your dog’s weight. 

Recent studies have found that the gut microbiome of obese dogs differs from the gut microbiome of lean dogs. Whether the lean body condition of the dog caused this shift in good bacteria, or the good bacteria caused the lean body condition in the dog is yet to be determined. What researchers do agree on, however, is that the gut microbiome has a big effect on overall wellness and can alter the likelihood that your dog can lose weight and maintain an ideal weight [5]. 

At your next routine visit, talk with your veterinarian about gut health and your pet’s diet. They may recommend adding a daily probiotic to your dog’s meal.  

Visit With Your Veterinarian

Tracking weight management goals at home is the first step in keeping your dog healthy, but it’s not a replacement for routine veterinarian visits. Regular veterinary visits are even more essential in senior dogs, who are prone to conditions that may affect their body weight and overall health status.  

If you notice your dog is unable to lose or gain weight despite feeding an appropriate amount of a complete and balanced diet and regular exercise plan, talk to your veterinarian about underlying conditions that could be impacting your dog’s weight and body condition. 

The post How Heavy Should My Dog Be? A Healthy Weight Guide appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Diabetes in Cats Treatment Plan: What to Expect

Cat diabetes can seem overwhelming at first because there is a lot to learn, but it gets easier over time. If your cat has been diagnosed with diabetes, your veterinarian will create a treatment plan that involves medication, diet, exercise, and treatment of any other conditions, such as weight reduction for obesity or antibiotics for urinary tract infections. 

If your cat needs insulin treatment, your veterinarian will prescribe an initial insulin dose, show you how to administer the insulin and give you detailed instructions for home care, including food recommendations, weight loss recommendations if applicable, and exercise recommendations. 

Next, they will ask you to return for a recheck in one week. During this recheck, your cat will be weighed and the veterinarian will conduct a full physical examination. They may recheck blood and urine tests as well. Your vet may adjust the insulin or oral medication dose based on what they find, and further rechecks will depend on how well your cat’s blood sugar is controlled. 

How to Give a Cat Insulin in 10 Steps

Since giving your cat insulin shots will likely be part of a veterinarian-recommended treatment plan, here are the steps you can take to ensure you do it safely:

Step 1: Take the insulin out of the fridge and roll it a couple of times to mix the contents. Do not shake the bottle.

Step 2: Use an alcohol wipe on the top of the bottle. Turn the bottle upside down, and insert the needle into the rubber top.

Step 3: Use the syringe to draw up the correct amount of insulin. Remove any air bubbles by lightly flicking the syringe. Double-check check the amount that you are giving is correct.

Step 4: Use an alcohol wipe to disinfect the injection area on your cat. 

Step 5: Using your non-dominant hand, gently pick up the loose skin in between your cat’s shoulder blades.

Step 6: In the area of lifted skin, insert the needle at a 45-degree angle and gently pull back on the syringe. If there is no blood, inject the insulin, and then withdraw the needle. If there is blood, withdraw the needle and try again. Enlist help if you need it. 

Step 7: Check the injection site to make sure there is no insulin on the skin (wetness).

Step 8: Each time you inject insulin, try to slightly vary the site of injection to avoid scarring.

Step 9: Place the used syringe in a safe disposal container. 

Step 10: It can help to have the veterinary staff shave a patch of fur where you are giving the injections so you can better visualize the skin. 

Treating Diabetes in Cats Without Insulin

Cats that have uncomplicated Type II diabetes mellitus may be able to be managed without insulin. A newer alternative to insulin for treating feline diabetes is called Bexacat (bexagliflozin), a once-daily flavored tablet. It lowers blood sugar by increasing urine excretion of glucose through the inhibition of a membrane protein called SGLT2, which is found in the kidney. However, cats who have previously been treated with insulin, who are currently receiving insulin, or who have insulin-dependent diabetes should not use Bexacat.

Another alternative to insulin for cats with uncomplicated Type II diabetes mellitus is a drug called glipizide. Glipizide is a medication that works by stimulating the pancreas to release more insulin. It comes in tablets, oral flavored liquid, or a lotion that is rubbed on their skin. 

In addition to medication, weight loss is necessary to treat overweight or obese cats with Type II diabetes mellitus. In fact, some cats may be ‘cured’ of Type II diabetes mellitus with weight loss and medication alone, and may not need to continue on medication for the rest of their life. It is always important to work closely with a veterinarian in order to monitor your cat’s clinical signs and blood sugar.

Diabetic Cat Diet: What to Feed

Nutrition is an important facet of cat diabetes treatment. Factors like food type and the way you feed a diabetic cat are important to success. Here are a few best practices to help:

Keep feeding times the same. The goal of feeding a diabetic cat is to match the blood sugar-lowering effect of insulin or glipizide with the blood sugar-raising effects of a meal. Most insulins are at their highest effect in a cat’s body 2-4 hours after injection. Most food is absorbed and blood sugar goes up about 1 hour after eating. Therefore, the best chance at controlling blood sugar is to give insulin first and feed the cat 1 hour later. Most diabetic cats do well with twice daily feedings, however, if your cat is a ‘grazer’, then you can free-feed a measured amount of kibble each day and add in a small meal of canned food morning and night in conjunction with insulin injections. If you can only inject insulin once a day, feed the day’s total calories in 2-3 meals within 6-8 hours of giving insulin. If you treat your cat with glipizide, then give glipizide at the same time you feed your cat in the morning and evening. 

Keep everything consistent. The type of food, the amount, and the time you feed your cat should be the same every day, as much as possible. Pet owners often fail to achieve control of their cat’s diabetes because they are not disciplined with timed feeding. This can be very frustrating, so set yourself up for success with a consistent routine.

Follow your vet’s recommendation for food. When it comes to the type of food to feed a diabetic cat, pet parents should follow their veterinarian’s recommendations. Diabetic cats should eat a diet that is ultra-low in carbohydrates because carbs cause elevated blood sugar. In fact, low-carb canned foods may reverse diabetes in some newly diagnosed diabetic cats. 

Diabetic diets for cats are low in carbohydrates and contain fiber to help cats feel full and promote intestinal health. Avoid soft-moist foods because they cause severe elevations in blood sugar. 

For cats with food allergies or if you want to make a home-cooked diet for your cat, it is recommended to consult with a board-certified veterinary nutritionist so they can formulate a diet recipe for you that is complete and balanced.

Follow feeding recommendations for weight loss. Healthy weight loss is an important part of therapy in overweight diabetic cats and will lower the amount of medication required in most cats. Therefore, your veterinarian will prescribe restricted caloric intake until your cat achieves their ideal weight. This can usually be achieved within 2-4 months using a low-carb weight loss food.

Keep treats at a minimum. Diabetic cats should not be provided snacks or treats unless the treats have very low calories and no carbs. Providing 3-5 tiny pieces of white meat chicken or turkey can make a nice daily treat. Alternatively, you can hand-feed your cat’s kibble as a treat.

Have fresh water handy. Diabetic cats become dehydrated quickly if their blood sugar levels are too high. Keep fresh water available at all times, and if you notice they suddenly start drinking more, that could indicate that their blood sugar levels are too high. Call your veterinarian for a follow-up.

Diabetic Cat Exercise Plan

Having a regular exercise plan for your cat is another way to help regulate blood sugar levels and keep your feline happy and healthy. As with feeding, try to keep the exercise sessions at the same time each day. High-intensity exercise is not recommended, as it can cause abrupt changes in blood sugar levels. A stroll around the block on a harness or two moderate-intensity 15-minute play sessions at the same time each day are recommended. 

In the event that your cat does experience low blood sugar while exercising, (which will look like weakness or collapse) you will need to raise your cat’s blood sugar quickly. The best way to do this is to rub a small amount of sugar on their gums, so always keep a small container of honey or corn syrup handy. It is also a good idea to ask your veterinarian for exercise recommendations for your cat, especially if your cat has any other health challenges. 

Cat Diabetes Cost

How often a diabetic cat needs to see a vet depends on how well the cat is responding to therapy and if there are any other health complications, such as hyperthyroidism or kidney disease. Cats with uncontrolled diabetes or other disease conditions have higher veterinary bills than cats with uncomplicated diabetes.

Cats with uncomplicated diabetes that are well controlled with therapy should see the veterinarian every 3-6 months for a check-up and a laboratory test called fructosamine, which measures how well blood sugar is controlled over time. Glucose curve tests are unreliable in cats because stress can make a cat’s blood sugar go up. 

Costs associated with cat diabetes include:

• Physical examinations cost $50-$100, every 3-6 months
• Fructosamine tests cost $60-$90 
• At home urine glucose strips cost $15-$20/50 count 
• A bottle of lente insulin costs $60-$70 and will last 2-3 months. You may be able to purchase insulin for less at big box retailer pharmacies or online 
• Glipizidine costs $0.10/day to treat most cats 
• A large bag of diabetic cat food costs $70-90, but should last you quite a while 
• A case of canned diabetic cat food costs $50-$60

Diabetes in Cats Treatment: More Tips and Advice

When you are managing diabetes in cats, it is important to maintain a good relationship with your veterinarian and communicate on a regular basis. Additionally, here are some other things to consider as part of your cat’s treatment plan. 

Keep detailed notes. Keep a journal of relevant information about your cat, including how much water they drink daily, weekly body weight, current insulin or glipizide dose, and how much food is eaten each day.

Watch for early signs of blood sugar issues. The early signs that blood sugar is not regulated included increased drinking and urination. If you notice this, call your veterinarian.

Pay attention to your cat’s urinary health. If your cat shows any signs of urinary tract infections (straining to urinate, increased urge to urinate, accidents in the house, bloody urine) or skin infections (pimples, red, flaky skin), call your veterinarian. If your female cat isn’t spayed, have her spayed.

Don’t use steroids. Avoiding using steroids, including hydrocortisone, on your cat. These can make diabetes worse. If your cat has skin allergies, ask your vet about alternative treatments that are safe for cats with diabetes.

Try at-home urine testing. Check for sugar in your cat’s urine at home with over-the-counter urine glucose strips. While they can’t tell you how high the sugar is, they can let you know that there is sugar so you can inform your vet.

The good news is that a consistent routine of properly timed feeding and medication creates an excellent prognosis for cats with diabetes.

The post Diabetes in Cats Treatment Plan: Steps and What to Expect appeared first on Great Pet Care.

So how can you determine if your cat is overweight? Or perhaps you are worried your cat is actually too thin? If you’ve ever asked yourself how heavy should my cat be, read on to learn how to identify a healthy weight for your feline companion so you can better manage their overall health and longevity.  

Average Cat Weight: What the Scales Say

The average domestic cat should weigh roughly 10 pounds or 4.5 kilograms, although this can vary greatly. Factors such as breed, sex, spay/neuter status, and age can all affect a cat’s ideal weight range. For example, a male Maine Coone can be 25 pounds and considered ideal, while a female Persian cat can weigh 8 pounds at a healthy weight. Many cats are mixed breeds these days, which can make it even harder to determine an ideal range for “all cats.” 

Another issue with using the “average” cat weight to help you determine if your individual cat is within their ideal range is the fact that more than 60 percent of cats in the United States are now overweight or obese. This skews the average toward a heavier number than is actually ideal for most cats.  

We make it easy to track your pet’s weight using our FREE weight tracker. Sign up today!

How Heavy Should My Cat Be?

Cats, like humans, are individually unique and special. Therefore, there is no “one size fits all” weight recommendation. Instead, owners and veterinarians can rely on specific indicators to determine whether or not a cat is over or under their ideal weight.  

The best way to determine if your pet is at a healthy cat weight is to ask your veterinarian. While your veterinarian will weigh your cat, they will also evaluate their frame size and lean muscle mass to determine a healthy weight for your cat. Most veterinarians are trained using the Body Condition Scoring method, which you can also learn to use yourself to help manage your cat’s weight.  

Body Condition Scoring is the act of physically and visually assessing an animal to determine their Body Condition Score (BCS). BCS is measured on a scale of 1-9, with 1 being very thin and 9 being severely obese. A BCS of 4-5 is considered ideal. 

The three main places used to determine a cat’s BCS are their ribs, waist, and lower abdomen.  An ideal cat with a BCS of 4-5 will have a distinct waist where their ribs end and their abdomen begins, and it should be visible from their topline and profile. You should be able to easily count their ribs by gently applying pressure with your fingers and they have minimal abdominal fat under their belly.  

Underweight cats with a BCS of 3 or less will have visible ribs and vertebrae that can be counted without touching, a very sharp waist, and no abdominal fat.

Obese or overweight cats with a BCS of 6 or more will have a belly that hangs down when viewed from the side, their abdomen will often be wider than their ribcage when viewed from the topline or profile, and you will not be able to count their ribs using gentle pressure with your fingers.  

Purina has created an easy-to-follow cat body condition chart that all cat parents can print out and hang up next to their pet’s food container for reference. It can be used as a daily reminder of what your cat should look like, so you can more easily notice if they have strayed out of a normal body condition score and take steps sooner to correct the issue. 

Why Maintaining a Healthy Cat Weight is Important

As mentioned, feline obesity is not a benign disease, meaning that it isn’t wise to turn a blind eye to your cat’s pudgy waistline. Cats carrying around extra body weight have extra stress and strain on their body. Overweight or obese cats are more likely to develop serious health conditions such as diabetes mellitus, painful arthritis, high blood pressure, pancreatitis, kidney disease, and more. Cats suffering from obesity do not live as long as their lean companions.  

On the flip side, it is also important to ensure that your cat is not underweight. Unintentional weight loss in cats can be a sign of serious health conditions such as hyperthyroidism, kidney disease, or diabetes mellitus.  

By maintaining a healthy cat weight, you increase their chances of living a longer, more comfortable life. 

Obesity complications in felines can reduce a cat’s lifespan by an average of two years. Therefore, weight management is important for cats of all ages, especially older cats. Obesity in cats has been linked to various types of cancer, diabetes mellitus, and urinary disorders. Furthermore, carrying around excessive weight can worsen osteoarthritis, heart disease, and respiratory disorders in cats.

Maintaining a healthy weight for your senior kitty is imperative. Gentle exercise that’s easy on the joints (and without excessive jumping or sharp turns) is ideal for senior kitties; using a feather toy or wand can be inviting. On the other hand, sudden or gradual weight loss that has been non-purposeful can indicate an underlying health condition in a senior cat. Therefore, speak with your veterinarian if your once plump older feline is suddenly looking a lot more frail than previously.

How to Help a Cat Lose Weight or Gain Weight

The easiest way to treat excess weight in cats is to avoid it to begin with. It is much harder to lose weight than it is to simply take proactive steps to maintain a healthy cat weight, which are outlined in the next section. 

If you notice that your cat is looking more round than they should or used to, or if your veterinarian recommended that your cat lose weight, here are some easy weight loss tips for cats:

• Switch to a weight management cat food
• Measure out portioned meals to ensure your cat is not taking in excess calories
• Make sure to limit treats and only offer low calorie treats throughout the day
• Separate cats on a diet from their housemates during mealtimes to prevent them from stealing extra food
• Encourage your cat to exercise by feeding them with food puzzles, playing with them for 10 minutes at least three times daily, having them chase a laser pointer, or purchasing interactive toys
• Consider forage feeding to increase both mental and physical stimulation.  

If you suspect your cat is underweight or if you’ve noticed your cat is losing weight, it’s highly recommended that you first schedule a veterinary visit to rule out serious medical causes of weight loss. Even if you have taken in a stray that is underweight but otherwise seems healthy, they could need medical intervention for internal or external parasites that are leaching critical nutrients from them.  

Once your veterinarian has ruled out medical causes of cat weight loss, helping your cat gain weight is simple. Start by increasing portion sizes of meals or consider switching to a higher calorie cat food. While it’s tempting to spoil a skinny cat with treats, do not go overboard. Treats lack essential nutrients and can result in your cat putting on more fat than muscle, instead of a steady amount of both. Once your cat has reached an ideal weight, transition them to a weight management diet to prevent them from gaining too much. 

How to Maintain a Healthy Cat Weight

Maintaining a healthy weight for cats starts with the basics. Rather than “free feeding” your cat or cats by leaving food out all day, measure out their meals so you can control their calorie intake.  Make sure you are feeding a quality, complete and balanced diet so they aren’t missing any essential nutrients, and ensure they have access to fresh, clean drinking water all day. 

Weighing your cat regularly is another key in maintaining a healthy weight. Baby scales work well for this, or you can simply weigh yourself with and without your cat and then subtract the difference. By checking your cat’s weight regularly, you’ll be able to notice changes in weight before you can visibly see them. It’s a good idea to weigh cats at least once a month if not more. 

Most importantly, do not underestimate the importance of exercise for cats. Encourage cats to chase toys or climb, and consider leash and harness training them so they can get those steps in. Building lean muscle mass will not only help boost your cat’s metabolism, but it helps cushion and protect their joints.  

The post How Heavy Should My Cat Be? A Healthy Weight Guide appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Diabetes in Dogs Treatment Plan: What to Expect

Diabetes in dogs can seem overwhelming at first because there is a lot to learn, but it usually gets easier as you gain confidence in your routine. If your dog has been diagnosed with diabetes, then your veterinarian will create a treatment plan that involves:

• Diet
• Exercise
• Insulin administration

The plan will also involve the treatment of any other conditions, such as urinary tract infections or obesity. 

First, your veterinarian will prescribe an initial insulin dose, show you how to administer the insulin, and give you detailed instructions for home care, including food recommendations and exercise recommendations. 

Next, they will ask you to drop your pet off at the clinic in one week for a glucose curve. The veterinary staff will check your dog’s blood sugar every 1-2 hours for 6-8 hours to see how well the insulin is controlling your dog’s blood sugar. Your dog may need to go in for several glucose curves until the dose of insulin has been adjusted to best control blood sugar. 

In some cases, your vet may use a different test called fructosamine, which measures how well blood sugar is controlled over a longer period of time. 

How to Give a Dog Insulin in 10 Steps

Since giving your diabetic dog insulin at home will be necessary in most cases, it’s important to learn how to do it safely and effectively. Here are some steps:

Step 1: Remove the insulin from the fridge and roll it a couple of times to mix the contents. Don’t shake the bottle.

Step 2: Wipe the top of the bottle with alcohol wipe, turn the bottle upside down, and insert the needle into the rubber top.

Step 3: Draw up the correct amount of insulin in your syringe. Flick the syringe to remove any air bubbles, and double check the amount that you are giving is correct.

Step 4: Wipe the area of skin where you will be injecting with an alcohol wipe.

Step 5: Using your non-dominant hand, gently pick up the loose skin in between your dog’s shoulder blades.

Step 6: Insert the needle at a 45 degree angle in the lifted area of skin, gently pull back on the syringe, if there is no blood, inject the insulin, and then withdraw the needle. If there is blood, withdraw the needle and try again. It is best to do this quickly and smoothly, so enlist help if you need it.

Step 7: Check the injection site to make sure there is no insulin on the skin (wetness).

Step 8: Try to slightly vary the site of injection each time to avoid scarring.

Step 9: Do not put the cap back on the needle – place the used syringe in a safe disposal container.

Step 10: It can help to have the veterinary staff shave a patch of fur where you are giving the injections so you can better visualize the skin. 

Diabetic Dog Diet: Food and Feeding Tips

An important facet of dog diabetes treatment includes diet and nutrition. While the food type is important, the way you feed a diabetic dog is also critical to successful management of their condition. Here are a few best practices to help:

Pay attention to timing. The goal with feeding a diabetic dog is matching the blood sugar lowering effect of insulin with the blood sugar raising effects of a meal. Most insulins are at their highest effect in the body 2-4 hours after injection. Most food is absorbed and blood sugar goes up about 1 hour after eating. Therefore, the best chance at controlling blood sugar is to give insulin first and feed the dog 1 hour later. 

Most diabetic dogs do well with twice daily feedings. However, if your dog is a ‘grazer’, then you can free-feed a measured amount of kibble each day and add in a small meal of canned food morning and night in conjunction with insulin injections. If you can only inject insulin once a day, feed the day’s total calories in 2-3 meals within 6-8 hours of giving insulin. 

Keep things consistent. The type of food, the amount of food, and the time you feed your diabetic dog should be the same every day, as much as possible. Pet owners often fail to achieve control of their dog’s diabetes because they are not disciplined with their dog’s feeding and insulin injections. This can be very frustrating, so set yourself up for success with a consistent routine.

Stick to vet-recommended foods. When it comes to the type of food to feed a diabetic dog, pet parents are best served by following their veterinarian’s recommendations. Diabetic dogs should eat very little carbohydrates because carbs cause elevated blood sugar. Diabetic diets are low in carbohydrates and contain soluble or insoluble fiber to help dogs feel full and promote intestinal health. For dogs with food allergies or if you want to make a home-cooked diet for your dog, it is recommended to consult with a board certified veterinary nutritionist so they can formulate a diet recipe for you that is complete and balanced.

Some dogs may need weight-loss food. Healthy weight loss is an important part of therapy in overweight diabetic dogs, and will lower the amount of insulin required in most dogs. Therefore, your veterinarian will prescribe restricted caloric intake until your dog achieves their ideal weight. This can usually be achieved within 2-4 months using a food that is high in fiber and low in calories. 

Be extra careful with treats. This is the hardest part! Diabetic dogs should not be provided snacks or treats unless the treats have very low calories. Fresh veggies, like cucumber slices or green beans, make a great snack for diabetic dogs. Alternatively, you can hand feed your dog’s kibble as a treat.

Always provide fresh water. Diabetic dogs become dehydrated quickly if their blood sugar levels are too high. Keep fresh water available at all times, and if you notice they suddenly start drinking more, that could indicate that their blood sugar levels are too high. Call your veterinarian for a followup.

Diabetic Dog Exercise Plan

Having a regular exercise plan is another way to help regulate blood sugar levels and keep your diabetic dog happy and healthy. As with feeding, try to keep the exercise sessions at the same time each day. 

High intensity exercise is not recommended, as it can cause abrupt changes in blood sugar levels. 1-3 walks or hikes of moderate intensity at the same time each day are recommended. 

In the event that your dog does experience low blood sugar on a walk (which will look like weakness or collapse) you will need to raise your dog’s blood sugar quickly. The best way to do this is to rub a small amount of sugar on their gums, so always carry a small container of honey or corn syrup with you. 

It is also a good idea to ask your veterinarian for exercise recommendations for your dog, especially if your dog has any other health challenges. 

Dog Diabetes Cost

The cost of diabetes care includes vet visits, insulin, syringes, and therapeutic food. If your dog has uncomplicated, easy-to-control diabetes, the costs are lower. However, costs go up for complicated conditions that are harder to manage. 

In general, here are what pet parents can expect to spend on diabetes diagnosis and care for their dogs:

• Glucose curves cost $100-$150 and they are run every 3-6 months or more frequently if the diabetes is not well controlled
• Physical examinations generally cost $50-$100
• Insulin costs more for larger dogs because they require more than small dogs. A bottle of insulin typically costs $60-$70, you may be able to purchase it for less at big box retailer pharmacies or online. Different types or brands of insulin may have different price ranges.
• A large bag of diabetic dog food costs around $90-$100

Diabetes in Dogs Treatment: Other Tips and Advice

Diabetes in dogs is best managed when there is a good relationship between the pet owner and the veterinarian, and the two parties communicate regularly. Here are more tips to help your dog’s treatment go smoothly:

Track symptoms. Keep a journal of relevant information about your dog, including how much water they drink daily, weekly body weight, current insulin dose, and how much food is eaten each day.

Watch for warning signs. The early signs that blood sugar is not regulated included increased drinking and urination. If you notice this, call your veterinarian.

Pay attention to your dog’s urinary health. If your dog shows any signs of urinary tract infections (straining to urinate, increased urge to urinate, accidents in the house, bloody urine) or skin infections (pimples, red, flaky skin), call your veterinarian. If your female dog isn’t spayed, have her spayed.

Stay away from steroids. Avoiding using steroids, including hydrocortisone, on your dog:  they make diabetes worse. If your dog has skin allergies, ask your vet about alternative treatments that are safe for dogs with diabetes.

Consider at-home urine testing. Check for sugar in your dog’s urine at home with over-the-counter urine sugar strips. While they can’t tell you how high the sugar is, they can let you know that there is sugar so you can inform your vet.

The good news is that a consistent routine of twice daily insulin and properly timed feeding creates an excellent prognosis for dogs with diabetes.

The post Diabetes in Dogs Treatment Plan: Steps and What to Expect appeared first on Great Pet Care.

“It’s very rare for dogs to be constipated,” Derse says. “It’s not something we see commonly in veterinary medicine.”

In fact, many owners who report constipation in their dogs are actually witnessing the straining that can accompany diarrhea and other gastrointestinal conditions. 

However, on the rare occasion when your dog stops having regular bowel movements for a few days, you might wonder if there are foods that can get things moving or laxatives for dogs that can provide relief. We asked veterinarians for more information about dog laxatives. 

Laxatives for Dogs: Do They Exist?

Yes, laxatives for dogs do exist. In addition to several prescription laxatives and stool softeners made for dogs that are designed to get things moving, there are also chews, treats and herbal tinctures that promise to ease dog constipation. 

Your veterinarian might also recommend over-the-counter laxatives made for humans to help a dog with constipation, but Derse notes that medicines to treat constipation in dogs are almost never needed.

“Things are almost never slowed down enough to need a laxative or other intervention,” she explains. “Depending on the dose and the product, your dog could end up with diarrhea and dehydration.”

Are Laxatives Safe for Dogs?

Wondering what laxatives are safe for dogs? There is no easy answer.

“While humans and dogs use similar laxatives, they are given at different doses,” says says Dr. Leilani Im, manager for the San Diego Humane Society. “So there is a danger in overdosing a dog by giving them a human laxative without discussing it with a veterinarian.”

If you suspect your dog is constipated, make an appointment with your veterinarian before heading to the drugstore. There are other conditions that can mimic constipation, and giving a laxative for these conditions can have negative consequences. Your vet can determine if your dog needs a laxative and, if so, what the proper dosage is for your dog’s size and age.

It’s also essential to make sure that your dog isn’t dehydrated before offering a laxative. The reason?

“[Laxatives] work by inhibiting water absorption in the colon which can result in dehydration,” says Dr. Im. 

Can Laxatives Help With Dog Constipation? 

Laxatives can be a good dog constipation remedy. Some laxatives, called stimulant laxatives, stimulate the movement of the bowels to ease constipation, while stool softeners reduce the firmness of stool and add water and oil-based lubrication into the mass, making it easier for the dog to pass. Dr. Im notes that both can be effective for relieving constipation and getting your dog’s bowel movements back to normal. 

Even though laxatives can help constipation in dogs, it’s important to make an appointment with your vet if your dog shows symptoms of constipation that can include:

• Posturing without pooping
• Whining, crying or showing other signs of discomfort while trying to poop
• Hunched back
• Painful abdomen
• Loss of appetite

Your veterinarian can diagnose the problem and provide appropriate treatment, which may or may not include a laxative or stool softener.

Natural Laxatives for Dogs

While over-the-counter and prescription laxatives can be used to help when a dog is constipated, there are also a variety of natural options that may assist with the symptoms of dog constipation.

Pumpkin: Offering your dog a little fiber-rich pumpkin puree can help with constipation. It’s important to choose canned pureed pumpkin not pumpkin pie filling, which could contain spices, sweeteners and other added ingredients. Dr. Im also suggests purchasing a fresh pumpkin, roasting it, and offering the cooled flesh to your dog. 

Whether you choose fresh or canned pumpkin, Dr. Im recommends one to two tablespoons added to your dog’s food once to twice per day.

Mineral oil: Dr. Derse calls this an “old school” idea but it can work. Never offer mineral oil as an oral treatment for dog constipation. Instead, the Merck Veterinary Manual recommends using mineral oil (or white petroleum) as a lubricant that can be applied around the rectum to help dogs pass stool. Ask your veterinarian for tips and advice before trying this method.

Psyllium: This soluble fiber has a laxative effect in dogs. Researchers found that dogs experiencing constipation that were given a diet supplemented with psyllium had an easier time passing stool than dogs fed a diet without the fibrous supplement. Unprocessed wheat bran and Metamucil are examples of psyllium products. 

Dr. Im recommends 1-2 tablespoons of wheat bran or 1-4 teaspoons of Metamucil mixed into a dog’s food up to 2 times per day to help with constipation.

Probiotics: Probiotics for dogs have been shown to alleviate diarrhea in dogs but there is little research about the potential laxative effects of probiotics. In certain instances, Dr. Derse believes that adding a probiotic supplement could promote beneficial gut bacteria that prevents constipation.

“Probiotics are excellent for overall gut health,” Derse says. “I frequently prescribe them to dogs with gastrointestinal upset on an as-needed basis.”

Veterinary Recommended Laxatives for Dogs

There is no one-size-fits-all laxative for treating dog constipation. Your veterinarian will make a recommendation for suppositories, pills or liquid laxatives based on the specific diagnosis and treatment plan that is best for your dog’s overall health.

In the case of significant constipation, your dog may need a prescription-strength laxative. Prescription laxatives for dogs include:

• Lactulose
• DSS
• Cisapride
• Bisacodyl 

If your veterinarian prescribes one of these medications for your dog, follow the label recommendations carefully to maximize the medication’s benefits while minimizing the risk of side effects. 

Your veterinarian may also recommend a prescription diet, designed to reduce the risk of constipation. These diets are high in fiber, offering the benefits of fresh or canned pumpkin without the need to add anything to your dog’s food.

In cases of severe constipation, your veterinarian may also recommend an enema for your dog. After an enema, a laxative and/or high fiber diet can be used to maintain normal defecation. 

Laxative Side Effects for Dogs

Laxatives may help ease constipation but dogs can experience other side effects, including loose stool and dehydration, according to Dr. Im. It’s important to work with your veterinarian to treat constipation and monitor the potential side effects of laxatives.

“A veterinarian should always advise the owner on the use of these medications to ensure that the dog is getting the correct dose,” she adds.

The most important thing to remember about dog constipation is that the condition is rare and it’s best treated under the guidance of a veterinarian.

“There are different reasons why a dog can become constipated so if natural laxatives like pumpkin, wheat bran, or Metamucil do not work after a few days, it is important that you reach out to your veterinarian so they can help diagnose a reason why this happening and help treat your dog accordingly,” Im says. “Prevention is also key, so ensure that your dog always has fresh water and if they have a history of constipation they should also be fed canned diets to stay hydrated.”

The post Laxatives for Dogs: Constipation Relief, Side Effects and More appeared first on Great Pet Care.

That is why it is important to recognize the early symptoms of diabetes in dogs, so that if something is wrong, you can get help.

Here, we’ll outline some of the signs of diabetes in dogs, how these signs may look similar to or different from other diseases, and what pet parents should do if they suspect their dog may have diabetes.

Understanding Diabetes in Dogs

Diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes in dogs. Insulin is the hormone that is largely responsible for blood sugar regulation in dogs. Diabetes is a disease where blood sugar is unregulated and higher than normal, either due to the loss of insulin-secreting ability by the pancreas, or insulin resistance. 

Diabetes in dogs is thought to be caused by immune-mediated destruction of the cells of the pancreas, the organ that secretes insulin. This type is known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, or IDDM.

Another disease, diabetes insipidus, also occurs in dogs and can be confused for diabetes mellitus. However, it is an unrelated disease of water metabolism. 

Signs of Diabetes in Dogs

Diabetes mellitus in dogs is a fairly straightforward condition that has a list of typical associated symptoms. Here are some of the most common signs of diabetes in dogs:

Increased Urination

Increased urination is caused by sugar in the urine. Increased sugar in the blood makes the kidneys work hard to keep blood sugar levels in balance, and if the kidneys can’t keep up with the sugar in the blood, then they will try to flush excess sugar from the body through the urine. You may notice your dog having to go to the bathroom more frequently or having accidents in the house.  

Increased Thirst

Increased thirst happens as the dog’s body becomes dehydrated from the kidneys dumping excess sugar in the urine. This signals the dog’s brain to drink more to compensate for the loss of fluid. Uncontrolled diabetic dogs are often dehydrated. 

Increased Appetite

A dog with diabetes may have an increased appetite. This is because there isn’t enough insulin in the body or the body is resistant to insulin. Without insulin, sugar remains in the bloodstream until it is excreted by the kidneys, and doesn’t move into the cells where it is needed. This causes a dog to want to eat more than usual. 

Weight Loss

Weight loss occurs for the same reason as increased appetite. The sugar in the blood cannot move into the cells, which starves the cells of needed energy and weight loss results. 

Blindness

Blindness occurs from cataracts. The sugar in the blood can build up on the lens inside the eye, and can result in blindness. Owners will often notice increased opacity inside their dog’s lens as the cataract develops. Cataracts can cause total blindness, partial blindness, or decreased vision in low light. 

Vomiting and Diarrhea

Vomiting and diarrhea can occur in severe cases of uncontrolled diabetes in dogs, which causes dehydration and electrolyte imbalances that make the dog feel very sick. This results in vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, and loss of appetite. These signs in a diabetic dog indicate a severe potentially fatal condition called diabetic ketoacidosis, or DKA. If you notice the signs of DKA in any diabetic dog, call or go to an emergency clinic immediately. 

Repeat Infections

Repeat infections are also common in diabetic dogs. Because diabetic dogs have a suppressed immune system, they are at increased risk for bacterial skin infections that are red and flaky. In addition, the excess sugar in the urine can lead to repeated urinary tract infections, which can manifest as straining to urinate, strong urine odor, or blood in urine. 

What Should You Do If You See Signs of Diabetes in Dogs?

If you notice the signs of diabetes in your dog, then it is important to schedule an appointment with your local veterinarian as soon as possible to get things figured out. This is important because:

• Vets have the technology to diagnose and treat diabetes.
• Other conditions, such as kidney disease or liver disease, can mimic the signs of diabetes.
• If diabetes is uncontrolled it can result in significant problems, including blindness, infections, liver disease, severe dehydration, weight loss, and in terminal cases, death. The earlier you can get your dog treated, the better their prognosis becomes.

At the vet, expect that the doctor will want to conduct a full physical examination and run some tests, including analysis of blood and urine samples to check for abnormalities, including sugar in the urine or elevated sugar in the blood. They may also need additional testing, depending on what problems your dog is having. Additional tests can include imaging studies, like X-rays (radiographs) and abdominal ultrasound. 

If your dog is having any diabetic complications, such as urinary tract infections or blindness from cataracts, then your vet will recommend treatment for these conditions as well. 

If your dog is diagnosed with diabetes, then the first thing to do is breathe. Diabetes can often be successfully managed in dogs with insulin injections and a special food that is lower in carbohydrates and higher in fiber. Insulin needles are tiny and many dogs don’t even notice that they are getting a shot, especially if you distract them. Weight loss in overweight dogs diagnosed with diabetes is also prescribed.

The most challenging part of controlling diabetes in dogs is that it is a process, not a cure – the goal is to manage symptoms and control blood sugar since most dogs never regain the ability to secrete insulin on their own. In addition, prescribing insulin isn’t an exact science, and most dogs need slight tweaks in their insulin dosage to get it right. 

One of the cornerstones of managing diabetic dogs is a glucose curve. This is a lab test where your dog stays several hours at the veterinary hospital and has their blood sugar checked every couple of hours. Glucose curves give your vet information on how well the insulin is controlling blood sugar throughout the day, and whether any changes are needed. Your vet may order glucose curves frequently at the beginning of your dog’s diagnosis with diabetes, but if your dog is well controlled, then they may only need a glucose curve every 6 months or so. If your dog is overly anxious at the vet or not amenable to multiple blood draws, ask your vet about alternative ways to assess your dog’s diabetes.

The most important thing to remember is that with proper treatment, most diabetic dogs can live relatively long and happy lives. By seeking early veterinary attention when you first notice the signs of diabetes, you give your dog the best chance at a happy life. 

The post 7 Signs of Diabetes in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

What Is Insulin?

Insulin is a hormone naturally produced by the pancreas. It is responsible for controlling the amount of glucose, or sugar, in your cat’s bloodstream and promoting the uptake of glucose into cells. 

After your cat eats a meal, insulin is released from the pancreas to help the body use or store the glucose it gets from food. In cats with diabetes, the pancreas may still produce insulin but the body does not respond to it appropriately (insulin resistance), causing poor regulation of blood glucose levels. This is most similar to Type II diabetes in humans.

To treat diabetes in cats, we must supplement them with insulin by injection. There are multiple types of insulin for cats available that vary in their duration of action, concentration, and cost. 

What Does Insulin for Cats Look Like?

There are many insulin products available and they come in several forms. Most commonly, insulin comes in a multi-dose vial. Human insulin products may be sold in a dosing pen for more accurate dosing. Your veterinarian will demonstrate how to use the product prior to starting your cat’s insulin therapy.

How Does Insulin Work?

Insulin is a hormone that primarily targets liver, muscle, and fat cells. In a diabetic cat, insulin is administered after a meal. As the body breaks down the food into glucose, insulin signals these cells to uptake glucose into the cell, where it is either used as fuel for energy or stored for later use. This uptake of glucose into cells keeps your cat’s blood sugar regulated so that it does not become too high (hyperglycemia). 

What Is Insulin Used for In Cats?

Insulin is used to treat diabetes mellitus, a common condition in senior cats, particularly males. Risk factors for diabetes mellitus include obesity, physical inactivity, increasing age, history of glucocorticoid administration, pancreatitis, pregnancy, systemic infection, acromegaly, hyperadrenocorticism, and chronic kidney disease.

Cat Insulin vs. Human Insulin

There are only two insulin products that are FDA approved for use in cats. These are Vetsulin, a porcine insulin zinc suspension, and ProZinc, a protamine zinc recombinant human insulin. 

Aside from these two products, many human products are also used in cats. These include products such as Lantus, Toujeo, Humulin N, and Novolin N which are commonly used in human medicine. 

There is no single insulin that is suitable for all diabetic cats. Some cats may respond better to one insulin product than another. Your veterinarian will choose an insulin product based on its duration of action, your cat’s response to insulin therapy, and their own clinical experience with insulin products. 

How to Give Insulin to Cats

Insulin is administered by subcutaneous injection, which is an injection under the skin. Insulin syringes use a small, thin needle and most cats tolerate these injections very well. Your cat will need to have these injections 1-2 times daily for the rest of his or her life.

To administer the injection, start by giving your cat a small treat or a bit of food as a distraction. Use your non-dominant hand to gently lift a bit of loose skin from the nape of the neck. You’ll notice that this skin forms a triangle shape. Using your dominant hand, guide the needle into the center of the triangle. When the needle is in place, pull back slightly on the syringe plunger. You should experience a bit of negative pressure or a slight “pull” on the plunger – this means you are in the right position. Gently depress the plunger until you have fully administered the insulin, then gently pull back the syringe to remove the needle. Dispose of the entire syringe and needle in an appropriate hard-sided container. 

If you’re unsure if your cat received the entire contents of the syringe, do not attempt to re-dose your cat. You do not want to accidentally overdose your cat with insulin as this can lead to hypoglycemia, or dangerously low blood sugar. Instead, simply continue on with the regular dosing schedule as prescribed.

Side Effects of Insulin for Cats

The primary side effect of insulin is hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar. This can occur when an insulin dose is too high, resulting in too much glucose uptake from the bloodstream. Signs of low blood sugar in cats include:

• Hunger
• Anxiety
• Weakness
• Muscle twitching
• Disorientation
• Lethargy
• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting
• Hypothermia
• Seizure
• Diarrhea

Other side effects from insulin include local injection site reactions such as mild swelling, pain, bruising, or crusting at the site of insulin injection. It is recommended to rotate injection sites to help prevent this.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Certain drugs may alter an animal’s glucose tolerance and change their insulin requirements. These drugs include:

• Corticosteroids
• Thiazide diuretics
• Progestogens
• Amitraz
• Alpha-2 agonists
• Dexmedetomidine
• Xylazine

Certain drugs may increase the risk of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) when given in conjunction with insulin. These drugs include:

• Anti-diabetic agents
• Salicylates
• Sulfonamide antibiotics
• MAOIs
• Fluoxetine
• Disopyramide
• Dibrates
• Propoxyphene
• Pentoxyfylline
• ACE inhibitors
• Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents
• Somatostatin analogs

Insulin Dosage for Cats

The dosage of insulin your cat needs will vary depending on your cat. Some cats require higher doses of insulin than others, and it can take some time to find the right dose. Your veterinarian will start by prescribing a low dose of insulin for your cat. After your cat has been on insulin for about 7-14 days, the dose may be adjusted based on your cat’s clinical signs or based on the results of a blood glucose curve. 

A blood glucose curve is a diagnostic procedure in which your cat’s blood sugar is measured every 2 hours, allowing your veterinarian to chart how your cat’s blood sugar fluctuates throughout the day. This allows your veterinarian to visualize how your cat’s body is reacting to the insulin. If your cat’s blood sugar is trending high, your cat’s insulin dose may be increased. If your cat’s blood sugar is dipping too low during the day, your cat’s insulin dose may be decreased. 

When starting insulin therapy, it is important to monitor your cat for signs of hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar. These signs can include weakness, loss of appetite, stumbling, blindness, altered mental state, vomiting, panting, slow heart rate, and collapse. These can be signs that your cat’s insulin dose is too high. If your cat exhibits these signs, contact your veterinarian right away. 

What If My Cat Misses a Dose of Insulin?

If your cat misses a dose of insulin, do not double the next dose or give an extra dose to make up for the missed dose. Doing so will put your cat at risk for hypoglycemia. Instead, simply skip the missed dose and continue on with the next dose as prescribed. If your cat misses multiple doses of insulin, contact your veterinarian for advice on how best to proceed.

Cost of Insulin for Cats

The cost of insulin for cats varies depending on the type of insulin your cat is prescribed. However, pet owners should expect to spend approximately $100-$150 per bottle of insulin. 

Insulin Storage Instructions

Insulin products are stored in the refrigerator at 36 to 46 degrees Fahrenheit and should be kept away from heat and sunlight. Do not freeze insulin or use insulin that has been frozen.

The post Insulin for Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Vitiligo is a rare skin condition that causes a patchy loss of skin pigment, usually affecting a dog’s face and muzzle. Your dog’s previously-black muzzle may develop pink or white spots, and you may even see gray or white hair growing in these areas. 

While this can certainly be a surprising change, there’s good news. Fortunately, vitiligo is only a cosmetic condition. It doesn’t have any negative impacts on your dog’s health, and it usually is not associated with any serious medical conditions. 

What is Vitiligo?

Vitiligo is a rare, progressive skin condition that causes harmless lightening of the skin in dogs, cats, and even humans. Affected dogs develop well-demarcated patches of depigmented or white/pink skin, often on the face and muzzle. Fortunately, vitiligo is only a cosmetic issue. The loss of skin pigmentation is not harmful or damaging to affected dogs, though it may be a bit perplexing to their owners. 

In most cases, the skin color changes associated with vitiligo are permanent. In some cases, however, dogs may have a waxing and waning course of vitiligo. These dogs may have changes in their skin color over time, with the skin alternating between darker periods and lighter periods. 

What Causes Vitiligo in Dogs?

Vitiligo is caused by the loss of melanin (skin pigment) and melanocytes (melanin-producing cells) in the skin. Dark canine skin, such as the skin that is present on the nose and eyelids of many dark-colored dogs, contains large amounts of melanin. Skin vitiligo in dogs leads to the loss of melanin, causing the skin to take on a pink or white color. It is most common in young adult dogs, and most cases are diagnosed in dogs less than 3 years old. 

The underlying cause of dog vitiligo is unknown. Vitiligo may have a genetic basis in some dog breeds, including the Belgian Tervuren, Dachshund, Doberman Pinscher, German Shepherd, German Shorthaired Pointer, Old English Sheepdog, and Rottweiler. However, even in those breeds, the genes responsible for vitiligo have not been identified. 

Given that vitiligo is primarily a cosmetic disease, it may be unsurprising to learn that most research on this condition has been conducted in humans. Human cases are typically caused by genetic mutations that occur in a number of different genes. Autoimmune diseases and environmental impacts may also play a role in human vitiligo. At this time, it doesn’t seem that vitiligo is associated with autoimmune diseases in dogs.  

Symptoms of Vitiligo in Dogs

Vitiligo is characterized by patches of unpigmented skin. These lesions often begin on the face, but they can affect other areas of a dog’s body including the limbs, paws, genitals, and the skin around the rectum. 

Pigment loss is often symmetrical, equally affecting both sides of the body. In the early stages of vitiligo, you may notice mild redness or scaling of affected areas. With time, however, this redness resolves and leaves behind healthy skin that is white in color. A dog with vitiligo may also develop gray or white hair within the regions of skin depigmentation. 

Signs of vitiligo include: 

• Clearly defined regions of skin depigmentation, often starting on the face
• Symmetrical pigment loss 
• Mild redness/scaling in early stages
• Lack of inflammation in later stages
• Lighter hair in affected areas
• Non-painful lesions 

Diagnosing Dog Vitiligo

It can be tempting to see pigment loss on your dog’s skin and immediately assume that your dog has vitiligo. However, there are a number of other dog skin conditions that can also cause a loss of skin pigmentation, including bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain types of skin cancer. It is important to see your veterinarian for an accurate diagnosis. 

Your veterinarian will begin with a thorough physical exam. Dogs with vitiligo have a characteristic clinical appearance, including well-demarcated areas of skin lightening on the face and other areas of the body. Your veterinarian will also look for evidence of inflammation or infection. Your veterinarian may pay careful attention to your dog’s nose, if it is affected, because a loss of the nose’s normal cobblestone architecture can be an indicator that you are dealing with something more serious than vitiligo. 

Next, your veterinarian may recommend a skin cytology. While a skin cytology cannot be used to definitively diagnose vitiligo, it can help rule out bacterial skin infections and some autoimmune diseases. This is an affordable, non-invasive test that will help your veterinarian narrow down possible causes of your dog’s skin depigmentation. 

In order to definitively diagnose vitiligo, your veterinarian will need to perform a skin biopsy. This test is performed under heavy sedation or general anesthesia. Your veterinarian will remove a small sample of your dog’s skin and then close the biopsy site with one or more sutures. The biopsy sample will be submitted to a reference laboratory for analysis, and your dog will be sent home for rest and monitoring until the pathology results are received. A biopsy is the most accurate method for diagnosing most canine skin conditions, including vitiligo.  

Dog Vitiligo Treatment

There is no single effective treatment for vitiligo. 

There are a few reports of successful treatment with a supplement called L-phenylalanine, but many veterinary dermatologists report minimal success with this approach. L-phenylalanine is inexpensive and low-risk, so it may not hurt to try it. However, you should talk to your veterinarian before giving this supplement or any medication that has not been prescribed for your pet.  

Some veterinarians may recommend topical steroid creams to treat vitiligo. While this is unlikely to restore pigment to affected areas, it may slow the progression of the condition. However, topical steroids can lead to thinning of the skin and other side effects, so it’s important to discuss treatment with your veterinarian and ensure that the benefits outweigh any potential risks.  

Fortunately, vitiligo is a cosmetic condition only. It does not cause your dog any discomfort, nor does it have any impacts on your dog’s quality of life.  

How to Prevent Vitiligo in Dogs

Given the suspected hereditary nature of vitiligo, affected dogs should not be bred. Unfortunately, there is no way to prevent vitiligo from developing in any particular dog. 

The post Vitiligo in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Gastritis is a common cause of vomiting in dogs, and in this article, you will learn everything you need to know about this canine stomach condition. 

What Is Gastritis in Dogs?

Gastritis is a term used to describe inflammation of the stomach from any cause. Gastritis can have an acute (sudden) onset, or it can be chronic and long term. Chronic inflammation in any bodily organ is bad for your dog’s health, but the risk gastritis poses to your dog’s health depends upon the cause, how severe the inflammation is, and if any other organs are involved. 

All dogs are at risk for acute gastritis, however, young dogs that tend to get into garbage or otherwise eat things they shouldn’t are at higher risk for acute gastritis. Older, small-breed dogs, like Shih Tzus, Miniature Poodles, and Lhasa Apsos are more commonly affected by chronic gastritis. In addition, Norwegian Lundehunds, Basenjis, and Drentse Patrijshond dogs are at risk of certain types of chronic gastritis. 

What Causes Gastritis in Dogs?

The most common cause of dog gastritis is dietary indiscretion – eating something that doesn’t agree with them and causes their stomach to become inflamed and angry. This may include consuming:

• Garbage
• Dead animals
• High-fat people food
• Plant material
• Toys
• Too many treats or dog food
• Spoiled food
• Irritating chemicals or cleaning agents
• Fertilizers
• Mulch
• Mushrooms

All of this can upset a dog’s stomach and cause gastritis. Dogs that are stressed can also develop gastritis. 

Additional causes of gastritis in dogs include:

• Liver or kidney disease, which results in a buildup of toxins in the blood that irritate the stomach
• Stomach cancer
• Addison’s disease, which results in electrolyte imbalances that irritate the stomach
• Inflammation from intestinal parasites
• Certain drugs, like NSAID or steroids, which can irritate and erode the stomach lining, causing stomach ulcers
• Infectious viruses or bacteria that attack the lining of the stomach
• Acid reflux, where stomach acid flows backward from the duodenum into the stomach
• Bilious vomiting syndrome from acid reflux from fasting overnight while sleeping, usually causes vomiting first thing in the morning that is green or yellow foam without food present
• Pancreatitis, which is inflammation of the pancreas that is often associated with inflammation in the gut
• Adverse food reactions (the most common allergens are protein sources like chicken, beef, dairy, egg, or soy)

Gastritis in Dogs: Symptoms and Signs 

Signs of gastritis in dogs vary depending on whether the problem is acute or chronic. 

Signs of acute gastritis can include:

• Sudden onset of vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Fever
• Dry gums, sunken eyes, and skin tenting, all signs of dehydration
• Blood in vomit or feces
• Painful abdomen
• Lethargy
• Increased thirst

Acute gastritis is often short in duration, lasting less than 24 hours, and often will resolve on its own.

Signs of chronic gastritis in dogs can include:

• Intermittent vomiting (can range from daily to every few weeks) that may be stained green or yellow from bile, and can contain undigested food, fresh blood, or digested blood that looks like coffee grounds. Vomiting may be stimulated by eating or drinking. 
• Loss of appetite that may be intermittent or chronic
• Weight loss associated with chronic loss of appetite
• Increased thirst
• Diarrhea or melena (black stools associated with digested blood) in dogs with concurrent intestinal disease

Chronic gastritis usually does not resolve on its own. If your dog is suffering from chronic gastritis, get help from a veterinarian. 

How to Diagnose Gastritis in Dogs

Diagnostics for acute gastritis and chronic gastritis are usually different. Acute gastritis is often self-limiting, which means it often resolves on its own within 24 hours before the dog is seen by a veterinarian. Often, the cause is never determined. If the symptoms don’t resolve within 24 hours, or if the dog is acting sick enough to cause you to be worried, then it’s time to call a veterinarian. 

If your dog is suffering from acute gastritis, then your veterinarian will conduct a full physical exam. She will likely ask you about what your dog has recently been eating, or if your dog has any other medical conditions, so be sure to have all the information on hand, including the brand of dog food you feed. 

Diagnostic tests may include a fecal test to check for parasites or other abnormalities, blood lab tests, and sometimes X-rays (radiographs) and a urinalysis, but not always. 

If your dog is suffering from chronic gastritis, then your veterinary visit may look a bit different. Your vet will still conduct a full physical exam and take a history from you. Diagnostic testing will likely be the same to start (blood lab tests, fecal test, urinalysis, abdominal radiographs) but may also include advanced imaging like abdominal ultrasound, endoscopy and biopsy of the stomach, and specialized testing depending on what your vet thinks is causing the problem. 

Treatment for Gastritis in Dogs 

Treating Acute Gastritis

Acute gastritis in dogs is typically treated by withholding food for 12-24 hours to rest the stomach, and then feeding small amounts of bland food every 6-8 hours that can either be purchased from your veterinarian or cooked at home until all symptoms resolve. This typically takes 2-3 days. If symptoms do not resolve, schedule an appointment with your veterinarian. 

Once symptoms have resolved, then you can slowly transition back to your dog’s regular food by mixing the bland diet with the food for a couple of days. The most typical recipes for bland diets in dogs include boiled chicken breast without skin or spices and either rice or white potato. Lean ground meats or low fat cottage cheese can be substituted for chicken breasts. 

Additional treatments may include maropitant, a medication to stop nausea, antibiotics or parasite medication if needed, and fluid therapy if the dog is dehydrated. Getting treatment for acute gastritis is important if it doesn’t resolve quickly, as gastritis is painful, makes your dog feel miserable, and can lead to more serious disease if not addressed. Most dogs respond well to treatment and recover fully. 

General cost for treatment of acute gastritis can range from $150-$500, depending on testing, treatment, size of your dog, and your geographic location.

Bilious vomiting syndrome causes gastritis in the early morning usually after fasting all night, and is arguably the most benign cause of chronic vomiting in dogs. This condition can often be managed by simply feeding your dog a small, high protein snack right before bed. If this doesn’t help, ask your veterinarian for a dosage of famotidine (Pepcid) to give your dog at night to reduce stomach acid. 

Treating Chronic Gastritis

If your dog is suffering from chronic gastritis from other causes, then treatment depends on resolving the underlying cause if possible. If it’s not possible to treat the underlying cause, managing the symptoms as best as possible can ensure a good quality of life. Treatment may include medication, specialized food, surgery to remove polyps or foreign bodies, or treatment for cancer, if detected. 

Medications that may be prescribed for chronic gastritis may include maropitant for nausea, steroids or other immunosuppressive medications for chronic inflammatory conditions, antibiotics like amoxicillin or metronidazole, antacids, or medications such as sucralfate for gastric ulcers. 

Foods that might be prescribed for dogs with chronic gastritis are often low-fat and contain a single carbohydrate and protein source. Alternatively, a novel protein or hydrolyzed protein food may be recommended if food allergies are suspected. Frequent (every 4-6 hours), small meals are recommended, and any prescribed diet must be fed for 2-3 weeks to assess how your dog responds. 

Cost of testing and treatment for chronic gastritis varies with the underlying cause, and can range from $150-$500 for uncomplicated cases to several thousand dollars for severe or difficult to diagnose and treat cases. Left untreated, gastritis will likely continue to cause pain and weight loss, and may lead to loss of stomach tissue and permanent digestive problems. 

In both acute and chronic gastritis, probiotics may be recommended by your veterinarian to treat bacterial imbalances in the gut. Gastritis can be caused by an overgrowth of ‘bad’ bacteria that cause inflammation, and in addition to removing the ‘bad’ bacteria with antibiotics, probiotics can help repopulate the gut with ‘good’ bacteria. 

How to Prevent Gastritis in Dogs

Acute gastritis can be prevented by avoiding feeding your dog table scraps, securing garbage or other things your dog might accidentally consume, keeping your dog in a secured yard to prevent free-roaming, and making sure your dog is free of intestinal parasites by having their poop tested every 6 months or using parasite prevention, like Heartgard. 

Monitor your dog closely for any signs of gastritis if they take NSAIDs for arthritis pain or are on steroids for any reason. 

Feed your dog an appropriate complete and balanced diet, have them checked if they show signs of gastritis, and take them to the veterinarian at least once a year for an examination.

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There are also official entities that have acknowledged feats of feline athleticism. In 2018, Guinness World Records awarded Waffle the Warrior Cat the world record for longest jump by a cat when he managed a 7-foot horizontal jump!

But a cat’s physical abilities aren’t a simple party trick – cats are ideal hunters, and many of their physical features make it easier to hunt and catch prey. These same features also protect cats from injury in the event that something goes wrong, like falling out of a tree or even off a building. In fact, there was a cat who survived a 32-story fall in New York City!

While cats can do many impressive things, today we’re going to talk about vertical jumps. So, how high can cats jump, anyway? Spoiler alert: It’s high, and very impressive. 

How Do Cats Jump So High?

Before we get into measurements, let’s break down how and why cats are spectacular jumpers. “A cat’s ability to jump comes from their powerful leg muscles, the flexibility of their spine, excellent balance, and a strong ability to judge distances and heights,” explains Dr. Christina Montalbano, a diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation who works for NorthStar VETS Veterinary Emergency, Trauma, and Specialty Centers. “For bigger jumps, cats will crouch down, which allows them to use their legs and their spine in a spring-like fashion. Just as a compressed spring releases potential energy and bounces in the air when released, so does the cat in response to the forceful contractions of their leg and lower back muscles.”

Cats will often use their jumping skills to get to a high vantage point, which, according to Dr. Emily Swiniarski, medical director of the Anti-Cruelty Society in Chicago, is a natural behavior for felines. “Cats like to view potential predators and prey from a safe place, which is why they like to go up high,” she says. “Heights also offer a nice, comfortable, and – most important – safe resting place.”

How High Can a Cat Jump? 

Dr. Swiniarski explains that the average cat can jump 9 times their height. “However, every cat is different, and factors like age, breed, and health can impact how high a cat can jump,” she adds. 

Dr. Swiniarski explains that she’s seen some impressive jumps from cats over the years, but the one that sticks out in her mind was a shelter cat who managed to jump straight up from the ground and balance on top of a door. “We pulled up the security footage because we found the cat up there and couldn’t figure out how he did it. It was just crazy.”

How High Can Kittens Jump?

Kittens can’t jump as high as adult cats. This is because they are still developing their strength and balance. “As they grow, kittens start to attempt vertical or distance jumps and may have many misses before gaining enough strength, balance, and good judgment of distances [to land correctly],” Dr. Montalbano explains. 

She says that kittens need opportunities to practice jumping, or it could affect their future abilities. “Cats lacking these opportunities are more likely to be land-bound as adults,” she says.

Other Factors That Impact a Cat’s Jumping Ability

Young adult and middle-aged cats have the greatest jumping prowess. “Older cats are less likely to be able to jump as high, because 90 percent of geriatric cats have arthritis,” says Dr. Swiniarski. “If their knees, backs, hips, are arthritic, that greatly reduces jumping ability.”

Further, if a cat has any medical conditions that affect their bones, joints, or muscles, that could impede jumping ability. Neurological conditions that impact balance could affect a cat’s ability to jump. There are also certain breeds, like Munchkin cats, which are bred to have shorter legs, that cannot jump as high.

How Do Cats Always Land on Their Feet?

Cats are amazing at jumping, so it makes sense that they would also be amazing at falling. Cats have a “righting reflex,” which allows them to instinctively put their feet below them when they fall. 

“There are two factors that contribute to why cats are so good at landing on their feet,” says Dr. Swiniarski. “The first is that they have very specific structures in their inner ear that help with balance. There are three of them, and they are all at 90-degree angles from each other. Because of that, any direction a cat flips, their body can instantly tell that the cat is off balance and can send impulses to the brain that help the cat right herself.”

The other factor has to do with how a cat’s muscles and joints work. “Once a cat knows she’s off balance, she can deal with that information and rotate her body very quickly. Their strong muscles and flexibility are key here, but the other piece is that their shoulder joints are connected with muscle, not bone,” she adds. “That means they’re able to throw the front half of their body in the direction they need to land without much issue.”

However, Dr. Montalbano cautions that it’s not true that cats always land on their feet. There are a few factors in play. If a cat falls with her feet up, she needs a certain amount of time to flip over in mid-air to be able to land on her feet. So, a short fall may not give cats enough time to right themselves before the landing. However, if the fall is too great, there are other dangers. “While they might be able to right themselves and land on their feet from a higher fall, this can cause excessive forces to their body and cause injury,” Dr. Montalbano explains.

Cats and Jumping: Helpful Tips for Around the Home 

Jumping and climbing are definitely among cats’ favorite activities, and there are ways to ensure that your feline can engage in these feats around your house safely. 

“We can’t expect cats not to climb and jump because it’s a natural behavior,” Dr. Swiniarski says. “So, we need to take the initiative and create safe spots for them, whether it be a shelf or a cat tree, that lets them get up high and view the entirety of the room.”

Dr. Montalbano suggests installing cat furniture, like a sturdy cat tree, next to a window so that your kitty can enjoy the view from their high perch. But cat trees just scratch the surface (pun intended). 

“For households that are all about their cats, installing shelving is another option. Commercial cat shelves are available, as are DIY instructions that can provide guidance on building your own – how many shelves are needed, and how far apart to space them,” she says. “Shelves should be sturdy and properly installed into walls. They should also offer good traction, like carpeting.”

If you can’t install cat furniture, at the very least, make sure that items like bookshelves and cabinets are securely screwed into the wall. “Even though cats aren’t that heavy, they will climb, and they will jump, and if they miss and have to scramble, it could throw furniture off balance, causing it to tip over and break and possibly injure your cat,” Dr. Swiniarski says.

Both Dr. Swiniarski and Dr. Montalbano say there’s no way to stop cats from climbing and jumping, so creating a safe space for them to do so is a good idea for your entire household.

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If you’ve got a working dog or one that lives in rural areas or likes spending time outdoors, it’s likely that your pet could be exposed to black flies (horse flies or buffalo gnats), mayflies, sand flies, filth-breeding flies, and biting midges (no-see-ums), among others. These winged insects can transmit diseases and their bites can be uncomfortable for your dog. 

Keep reading for details about what flies to watch out for, what fly bites look like on dogs, and ways to treat and prevent future bites. 

What Types of Flies Are Dangerous to Dogs? 

There are two types of flies that can bother the domestic dog. According to Dr. Stephanie Sheen, a veterinarian with Brookswood Animal Clinic, there are biting flies and non-biting flies. These are often found in streams, wooded areas, or in standing water. “These types of environments tend to be more common in rural areas.” 

Biting flies cause painful bites that could become infected if not treated appropriately, says Sheen. “Because biting flies feed on blood, they can also transmit diseases via that route,” she adds. In some rare occasions, fly bites may also cause allergic reactions in pets. 

Biting flies include: 

• Black flies: Also known as turkey gnats or buffalo gnats because they are known to swarm large animals, these tiny flies have large, fan-shaped wings. They are found in north temperate and subarctic zones, as well as in tropical and subtropical areas. They tend to breed in streams, so it’s a good idea to keep your pet away from streams during fly breeding season to limit your pet’s exposure.
  
• Biting midges (no-see-ums): These are small gray insects that are less than 1/8th of an inch long. They inflict painful bites and are often found in muddy areas near ponds, salt marshes, and streams.
  
• Sand flies: Sand flies are carriers of leishmaniasis, a blood parasite that also affects humans. However, these flies are typically found in tropical and subtropical climates and are not in the United States.

Non-biting flies do not bite the animal, but instead feed on bodily secretions such as saliva, tears, and mucus. They transmit bacteria and viruses when they land and feed. 

Non-biting flies include the following: 

• Face flies: These get their name because they like to surround the muzzle and eyes of an animal, and are found near livestock in rural areas.
  
• Head flies: Also known as plantation flies, these insects resemble the common house fly and are generally found in northern European countries in areas with livestock. They are attracted to the secretions from the nose, mouth, eyes, ears, and wounds. 
  
• Filth-breeding flies: These are similar to the common house fly and breed in animal feces and carry diseases. 

Signs and Symptoms of Fly Bites on Dogs 

Fly bites on dogs look differently, depending on the fly. For example, Sheen says a black fly’s bite creates a circular rash around the bite, “sometimes appearing like a bull’s eye pattern, with the bite in the center and a red rash around the outside.” These tend to appear on the dog’s belly and inner thighs, when they lay down.  

Other types of bites appear as small red dots. Some bites may not show any signs at all, especially if your pet has a heavy coat. 

Some flies like feeding on dog’s ear tips, as they are easily accessible. The German Shepherd dog, which has upright ears, has a slightly higher risk of getting bitten by flies than other breeds, says Sheen. 

Spider bites may look similar to fly bites, but they can cause necrosis – or tissue death – around the area of the bite, leading to more complicated healing, according to Sheen. Tick bites cause a small raised bump, but they typically do not have the “bulls eye” appearance. 

Signs of fly bites, according to Sheen include: 

• Itchiness, causing the dog to scratch, lick or chew the impacted area.
  
• Small red bumps or larger rash and circular “bullseye” type rash.
  
• Secondary infection or infestation from flies laying eggs in open wounds. Newborn puppies with healing umbilical cords, dogs with open bites or laceration wounds, and matted hair with feces are all highly susceptible to flies laying eggs. The eggs develop into maggots which feed on dead tissue and fecal material. These maggots can go unnoticed if the dog has severely matted fur. When this occurs, seek immediate veterinary intervention. 

How to Treat Fly Bites on Dogs 

If you notice any signs of fly bites on your dog, get a veterinary evaluation. Typically, black fly bites on dogs heal without medical attention. However, if your dog continues to suffer from itching, Sheen recommends the following next steps:

• Cold compresses to provide relief. This can be done with putting ice cubes in a bag and placing it over the impacted area and applying it 10 to 15 minutes at a time, with sufficient breaks.
  
• Use hydrocortisone or other steroid-containing cream or spray specifically designed for dogs to reduce redness and itching. Use a dog e-collar or a t-shirt over the area so your pet doesn’t lick the treatment off and get sick from it.

If you notice signs of anaphylaxis (a severe allergic reaction), do not attempt to treat it at home. Anaphylaxis is a rare occurrence to a fly bite, but is an emergency. Signs of anaphylaxis include facial swelling, hives, lethargy, excessive drooling, vomiting and diarrhea. This could also lead to further problems such as difficulty breathing and shock, which is why it’s key to contact a veterinarian immediately. 

How to Keep Flies Off Dogs

One of the most important things to do to keep the flies away is by maintaining your dog’s environment to be as clean as possible, and that includes the yard and their sleeping areas. A well-groomed dog is also less likely to suffer from any fly egg infestations. Here are a few ways you can keep flies away and prevent dog fly bites:   

Yard: Sheen suggests promptly removing any animal feces from outdoor spaces, especially in the summer months. She also recommends clearing out rotting yard debris, cutting back dense brush and removing any standing water, to reduce the insect population. 

Dog-safe fly repellents: Some flea and tick prevention products also repel mosquitos and other biting insects. Pet parents can use fly repellent for dogs in the form of sprays. However, Sheen suggests to never using human products on pets. Additionally, while natural products, including those that use essential oils, may help, Sheen doesn’t think they are as effective as more potent options.  

Grooming: Get your dog groomed regularly. “Be sure to promptly address any matted fur or fecal matter on the coat which are common attractants for maggots,” suggests Sheen. 

Inspection: Check your dog regularly for any signs of swelling or redness. If you notice anything out of the ordinary, reach out to your veterinarian.

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According to veterinarians, this behavior is usually nothing to worry about.

“It is super common for dogs to eat grass,” says Dr. Katie Pagán, a partner doctor at Heart + Paw in Fells Point in Maryland. “Most dogs do end up eating grass at one point in their lives.”

Dogs Eating Grass: How Common Is It?

According to one recent study, nearly 90 percent of all surveyed pet parents said that their dogs had eaten grass or other green plants during their lifetimes, and 68 percent of the dogs ate plants daily or weekly. 

Dogs of any age will eat grass, but puppies seem more interested in it. This is likely out of curiosity, says Dr. Megan McCarthy, a veterinarian at the Best Friends Animal Society Lifesaving Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. 

“Puppies, similar to toddlers, tend to put more objects in their mouths and may be eating grass due to boredom or teething/chewing behavior,” she adds.

Most puppies eventually grow out of this playful behavior, although they might continue eating grass occasionally or even routinely as adults. 

Research doesn’t necessarily indicate that certain dog breeds eat more grass than others. Yet Dr. Pagán says she commonly finds this behavior in Labrador Retrievers: “Those guys eat everything!”

In most cases, grass consumption is nothing to worry about and is part of normal dog behavior. Yet, Dr. McCarthy says “moderation is key.”

So, in general, dogs eat grass, and it’s usually not bad for them. But why do they eat it in the first place?

Why Does My Dog Eat Grass?

If you notice your dog frantically eating grass in your yard, you might scratch your head and wonder: why on earth does my dog want grass when she has other food available? A common belief is that dogs eat grass when they have an upset stomach, which is true –  sometimes.  

According to Dr. McCarthy, grass can induce vomiting, which, in turn, helps a dog feel a little better if they are experiencing nausea. However, a study found that only 25 percent of surveyed dogs will vomit after eating grass, and only 10 percent of pet owners noticed signs of illness in their pets before their dogs ate grass.

In other situations, dogs may eat grass simply because they like it.

Veterinarians say that dog grass eating could be for pleasure, taste, or even a habit borne out of boredom and anxiety. It could also be an instinct since wolves and other wild dogs regularly consume grass. It’s even possible that a dog will eat grass to get attention from his or her pet parent, says Dr. McCarthy. 

Grass might be a strange snack choice, but it’s not necessarily unhealthy. It can provide a source of fiber, and even help dogs “bulk up [their] feces and help aid digestion,” says Dr. McCarthy. 

Another study by researchers at the University of New England found that dogs tend to eat grass more often before a kibble meal and less often after kibble, suggesting that dogs consider grass a food source. 

But a dog’s grass-eating habit doesn’t necessarily indicate that something is missing from a dog’s diet, says Dr. McCarthy.

“As long as the dog is on a well-balanced commercial diet, I would not change anything or add any supplements,” says Dr. McCarthy.

In rare cases, grass eating might signify a medical condition called pica, which is the consumption of non-food items and could mean that your dog has a mineral or nutrient deficiency. But Dr. McCarthy says that “true pica is rare,” and that as long as your dog eats a balanced diet, he or she shouldn’t be deficient in anything.

What to Do If Your Dog Is Eating Grass

In most cases, you don’t need to stop your dog from eating grass. But pet parents should ensure their dogs aren’t eating twigs, litter, or anything else found in the grass.

“Twigs and plastic can get lodged in the gastrointestinal, which can cause vomiting and diarrhea, and oftentimes they need to be surgically removed,” says Dr. Pagán.

Dr. McCarthy’s view is similar: “Eating things like twigs or sticks can cause wounds in the mouth or blockages in the stomach or intestines. Likewise, plastic or other foreign material can cause stomach upset or blockages. Make sure to pick up any other materials and make sure your dog is under supervision outside to prevent them [from] ingesting these things.”

It’s also essential not to allow your dog to eat cocoa mulch, which is toxic to dogs and can cause gastrointestinal issues, seizures, or even death. Other backyard dangers for dogs include pesticide sprays, certain fertilizers, and even different types of plants and flowers such as azaleas, oleanders, and tulips. If in doubt, contact your vet or consult the Pet Poison Hotline.

Another danger lurking in the grass is parasites like hookworms and roundworms, which your dog may accidentally ingest, especially if they are also consuming feces-laden soil along with the grass. While parasitic infections can lead to serious health problems if left untreated, Dr. McCarthy says these infections are easy to prevent with routine deworming treatments. For instance, most monthly heartworm preventatives also keep your pet dewormed.

As for leaves, it’s generally OK for dogs to eat these, as long as they’re not from a tree or bush considered to be poisonous. Consuming leaves in leaf piles is not a good idea, however, as those leaves could be contaminated with bacteria or fungus.  It’s also normal for dogs — especially puppies — to deliberately eat leaves.

“[Eating leaves] often seems to be out of more playful behavior, puppy behavior, or curiosity,” says Dr. McCarthy.

While grass is usually benign, if you notice your dog eating excessive amounts, it might be best to stop them, so they don’t develop an upset stomach or diarrhea. According to Dr. McCarthy, you can also tell if a dog has overeaten grass or have another medical issue if they vomit it several times throughout the day, refuse to eat, experience constipation, or have diarrhea with grass mixed in it. It’s of particular concern if you find large amounts of grass in their vomit or feces, she says.

“A dog should be taken to their vet if vomiting, diarrhea, or inappetence lasts longer than 24 hours, and should be taken to a vet right away if [there are] any concerns for bloat,” she added. “Bloat is a life-threatening condition, and signs include a distended or bloated appearing abdomen, panting, pacing, and retching with no material brought up.”

How to Stop a Dog From Eating Grass

If you think your dog is eating more grass than he or she should, there are some things you can do to help. The best thing, in most cases, is just to take their mind away from it.

“You can distract them and try to divert their attention to something else,” says Dr. McCarthy. “You can use a leash to lead them away from the grassy area and distract them with toys or a short leash walk.”

Bitter apple spray, a product used to prevent a dog from biting, chewing or licking, may work temporarily. However, Dr. McCarthy says this isn’t a long-term solution since the spray doesn’t stay on surfaces for long.

Dr. Pagán says that some pet parents, especially those who have Labrador Retrievers, have even resorted to “grazing muzzles” or “basket muzzles” if their dogs can’t kick their grass habit. However, she only recommends these for dogs who have had “multiple foreign body surgeries from eating things they shouldn’t be [eating].”

“I usually end up diagnosing these dogs with pica,” Dr. Pagán said. “[Basket muzzles] should only be used in a situation where your veterinarian recommends it.”

But in most cases, as long as your dog isn’t exhibiting any other sickness behaviors, grass eating is not a problem, and you won’t need to take any action to stop this behavior. If there is a problem, consult a veterinarian to figure out the best solution for your dog.

Dog Eating Grass FAQs

Is it okay for dogs to eat grass?

In most cases, yes. It’s normal for a dog to eat grass occasionally or even routinely. However, excessive grass eating may lead to gastrointestinal issues or indicate an underlying medical issue. In rare cases, a dog’s grass-eating habit may indicate pica, the consumption of non-food items, but this is unlikely. If in doubt, consult a veterinarian.

Is grass good for dogs?

Grass can be good for dogs. Dogs are omnivores who eat plants and animals, and grass can add fiber to their diets. One study found that dogs tend to eat grass before kibble, suggesting they consider it a food source. However, too much grass can have the opposite effect, causing gastrointestinal issues. Dr. Megan McCarthy, a Best Friends Animal Society veterinarian says that “moderation is key.”

Why do dogs eat grass and vomit?

Grass can irritate the stomach and induce vomiting, which can help a dog with an upset stomach feel a little better. However, one study found that less than 25 percent of surveyed pet parents noticed that their dog vomited after eating grass, which suggests that dogs don’t automatically vomit after consuming grass.

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Your dog may appear fixated on licking and chewing at their paws, and this may be accompanied by a swollen dog paw and discoloration of the fur. If you see these signs, you may be dealing with a case of pododermatitis in dogs. 

What Is Pododermatitis in Dogs?

Pododermatitis refers to inflammation of the skin on the paws. Pododermatitis may affect a single paw, several paws (often the front paws), or all four paws. It can affect any age, sex, or breed of dog.

Licking and chewing at the paws are common indicators of pododermatitis, and these signs are also often accompanied by swelling and redness of the paws. In severe cases, discomfort associated with pododermatitis may lead to limping. 

Pododermatitis is not a specific medical diagnosis. Instead, it’s regarded as a symptom of an underlying condition. Pododermatitis is relatively common in dogs and it can have a number of different underlying causes. 

What Causes Dog Pododermatitis?

Pododermatitis has many possible causes. In many cases, pododermatitis is caused by a combination of multiple factors. Here are some of the possible causes.

Infections

Many cases of pododermatitis involve bacterial, fungal, parasitic, or viral infection. Bacterial infections are very common in pododermatitis. They can be the primary cause of pododermatitis or they may be a consequence of excessive licking and self-trauma. Fungal (yeast) infections may also occur as a primary or secondary problem. Parasitic skin infections (such as demodectic mange) and some viral infections can also be associated with pododermatitis. 

Allergies

Allergic pododermatitis in dogs is also a common condition. Inhalant allergies, contact allergies, and food allergies are common causes of skin inflammation in dogs. When this skin inflammation affects the paws, the result is pododermatitis. 

Trauma or Insect Bites

Some cases of pododermatitis are associated with trauma. If your dog receives an insect bite or other wound on their foot, this can trigger excess licking at the site of discomfort. This licking can contribute to a vicious cycle – the more your dog licks, the more inflamed the foot becomes, leading your dog to lick even more and contributing to ever-worsening pododermatitis. In this way, even a relatively small wound can result in a significant case of pododermatitis.

Penetrating foreign bodies (a splinter or grass awn becoming stuck in the paw) can also lead to chronic pododermatitis, which may be difficult to eliminate with medical treatment. 

Other Causes

Less common causes of pododermatitis include autoimmune disease, hormone imbalances, nutritional deficiencies, cancerous growths affecting the paws, and interdigital cysts. Even arthritis in the paws can lead to pododermatitis, because pain can cause licking and constant trauma can lead to pododermatitis. 

Symptoms of Pododermatitis in Dogs

Pododermatitis can come on suddenly or it can be a chronic condition. Pododermatitis may affect all four of your dog’s paws or it may affect just one or two paws. Additionally, the signs of pododermatitis can range from mild to severe and can vary considerably. 

In dogs with underlying allergies, the signs of pododermatitis may be seasonal in nature. Your dog’s pododermatitis may peak at any season (depending on their specific allergies), but the most common seasonal peak of pododermatitis is in the fall. 

Depending on the underlying cause of your dog’s pododermatitis, you may see any of the following signs:

• Swelling of the paw
• Dog paws red 
• Hair loss on the paw or lower leg
• Reddish-brown discoloration of the fur (saliva staining)
• Dog licking paws
• Dog itchy paws
• Scabs, blisters, or pustules (red pus-filled bumps) on the paw
• Dog paws red between the toes
• Abnormal thickening of the paw pads

Pododermatitis can also sometimes cause limping, due to paw discomfort. Limping can have a number of potential causes, however, so it’s important to see a veterinarian before assuming that your dog’s limping is caused by pododermatitis.   

Diagnosing Pododermatitis

Your veterinarian will begin with a thorough physical exam, paying close attention to your dog’s skin and paws. Depending on the results of the physical exam, additional tests may be recommended. 

These tests might include: 

Skin cytology: This test involves removing a sample from the surface of your dog’s skin, using a swab or a sticky piece of tape. This sample is then examined under the microscope. Skin cytology is used to diagnose bacterial pododermatitis in dogs, as well as yeast infections of the skin. 

Skin scrape: This test involves rubbing a scalpel blade across the surface of your dog’s skin, collecting a deeper sample than what is obtained in a skin cytology. This test is used to diagnose demodex mites. 

Bacterial culture and sensitivity testing: Your veterinarian uses these tests to isolate and identify bacteria found in or on your dog’s skin. A bacterial culture allows your veterinarian to identify the source of your dog’s infection. Sensitivity testing allows your veterinarian to select the most appropriate antibiotics. 

Skin biopsy: This test, which is performed under sedation or general anesthesia, involves removing a sample of your dog’s skin for submission to a pathologist. The pathologist will prepare your dog’s tissue sample and examine the sample under a microscope to determine a diagnosis.  

Radiographs (X-rays): While not always included in testing to diagnose pododermatitis, radiographs may be used to rule out tumors, arthritis, and other painful conditions that can lead to lameness, self-trauma, and pododermatitis. 

You want your dog to feel better, but the cost of tests can quickly add up. Investing in a reputable pet health insurance plan allows you to focus on your dog’s recovery. Spot Pet Insurance offers customizable plans to ensure your dog gets the testing, medication, and treatment needed.

Depending on your dog’s condition, your veterinarian may recommend some or all of these tests to determine the underlying cause of your dog’s pododermatitis. 

How to Treat Pododermatitis in Dogs

Treatment for pododermatitis requires determining the underlying cause and addressing that condition.  

Your veterinarian may recommend oral or topical medications. Many cases of pododermatitis require oral antibiotics to treat bacterial infections. Your veterinarian may prescribe oral or topical antifungal medications if your dog has a yeast infection. If your dog has parasites (such as demodex mites) or underlying allergies, medications may also be prescribed to treat these conditions. Rarely, surgery to remove lesions contributing to pododermatitis may be recommended.

There are no effective home treatments for pododermatitis in dogs, because this condition has so many different underlying causes. If you must treat your dog at home before seeking veterinary care, focus on keeping your dog’s feet clean and dry. 

Dogs with contact allergies may benefit from having their paws wiped down after walks outside, to remove pollen and other allergens. You can also use an Elizabethan collar (e-collar or cone) or a dog cone alternative to keep your dog from licking their feet. Most likely, however, your dog will need prescription medications from a veterinarian to effectively treat pododermatitis. 

How to Prevent Pododermatitis in Dogs

There is no effective way to prevent all cases of pododermatitis. If your dog is predisposed to pododermatitis due to allergies or some other underlying medical condition, your veterinarian may recommend measures to control inflammation and minimize the risk of recurrence.

The post Pododermatitis in Dogs: Understanding This Dog Paw Condition appeared first on Great Pet Care.

What should you do if you find an anthill in your dog’s favorite corner of the backyard? In this article, we’ll cover danger types of ants, the risks they pose for our dogs, and how you can identify and treat ant bites. 

What Types of Ants Are Dangerous to Dogs?

Depending on where you live, your home is likely surrounded by large numbers of ants. Fortunately, most ant species are completely harmless to you and your pets. However, there are some ant species that are more likely to bite than others, leading to bite wounds that can become painful and inflamed. 

Ant species to watch out for include: 

Fire ants: Fire ants are an imported species that originally came from South America. They are now found throughout the Southeastern United States and their range is gradually expanding. Fire ants have a reddish-brown to reddish-black color. They are aggressive biters when disrupted, leading to frequent conflicts between fire ants and dogs. 

Harvester ants: Red harvester ants are found in the southwestern United States, including Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Arizona, and Nevada. They are typically red in color and can deliver a powerful sting. The venom in their sting is capable of killing small animals, such as rats and mice. While their stings are rarely fatal to dogs, they can be extremely painful.

Leafcutter ants: Leafcutter ants are primarily recognized as an agricultural threat. They don’t tend to bite people or dogs, but they can bite if they are feeling threatened. Leafcutter ants are primarily found in South America, but they occasionally are observed in the southwestern United States. 

Carpenter ants: Although carpenter ants are relatively large, they will only bite if threatened. Carpenter ants and dogs do not tend to bother each other very often, but it is possible. Carpenter ants are found primarily in the northern United States. 

Your geographic location determines which ant species you are likely to encounter around your home. If ants are a concern, take some time to research ants in your area and determine which species, if any, pose a risk to you and your pets. 

10 Signs of Ant Bites on Dogs

In most cases, dogs with ant bites will only experience a mild reaction in the immediate area of the bite. Just like a person receiving an ant bite, affected dogs may develop small, pus-filled, itchy bumps on areas where they were bitten by ants. 

A local reaction to ant bites may include the following signs:

• Red, swollen bumps that may contain pus 
• Itching or licking the affected area
• Limping (if one or more paws is painful due to ant bites)
• Agitation/discomfort (dogs may act anxious or frenzied if receiving multiple ant bites)

Although most ant bite reactions are mild and localized, more severe reactions can also occur. In some cases, dogs may have an allergic reaction to ant venom or saliva. This reaction can cause more generalized inflammation, affecting multiple areas of the body. 

Signs of an allergic reaction to ant bites or venom include: 

• Generalized redness of the skin
• Generalized itching
• Hives
• Swelling of the face or muzzle
• Vomiting/diarrhea
• Difficulty breathing 

While most ant bites on dogs are little more than a nuisance, an allergic reaction to ant bites is a medical emergency. If you notice signs of an allergic reaction in your dog, seek veterinary treatment right away.

How to Treat Ant Bites on Dogs

If your dog stumbles into an anthill and is being bitten, remove them from the area. Try to remove as many ants from your dog as possible. Brushing ants off your dog (ideally while wearing gloves, to prevent bites to your hand) can reduce the number of bites that your dog receives. 

Any signs of an allergic reaction warrant treatment by a veterinarian. Generalized itching, facial swelling, hives, and respiratory difficulties could indicate a potentially life-threatening reaction that requires immediate care. If your veterinary hospital is not open and you suspect your dog is having an allergic reaction to ant bites, contact a local veterinary emergency hospital. Allergic reactions are typically treated with steroids and antihistamines, and your dog may require hospitalization. 

Mild reactions to ant bites on dogs typically do not require veterinary treatment. A cold compress can help alleviate pain in the initial moments after an ant bite, if your dog appears to be in pain. Ointments should be avoided – they can cause your dog to lick the affected area, leading to infection. In fact, you may need an Elizabethan collar (e-collar or cone) or dog cone alternative to block your dog’s access to the affected area and prevent excessive licking after ant bites. 

In some cases, Benadryl can help alleviate itching and minimize the risk of reaction. However, Benadryl should only be given under the guidance of your veterinarian, who knows your dog’s medical history and health status. Contact your veterinarian before giving any over-the-counter medications to your dog. 

Can Dogs Eat Ants?

While eating insects may sound unappealing to you, dogs don’t seem to mind ingesting the occasional ant. Unlike some other insects, ants are not typically associated with the spread of infectious disease. Therefore, there’s no reason to worry if your dog ingests an occasional ant. 

If your dog ingests an ant trap, however, you may encounter some problems. Ant poison is not toxic to dogs, but the sugar and oils that are used to appeal to ants can cause diarrhea in dogs. Additionally, a dog that ingests an ant trap often ingests a significant amount of plastic. This plastic can damage the intestinal tract or cause an obstruction. Keep ant baits out of your dog’s reach to minimize the risk of ingestion.

How to Prevent Ant Bites on Dogs

The best way to prevent ant bites is to limit the number of ants in your dog’s environment. Store dog food and other foods in airtight containers, to avoid attracting ants to your home. If your yard has large numbers of ants, talk to a pest-control professional about dog-safe ant killer options.  

Some companies market pet-safe insect repellents that you can spray directly on your dog. Unfortunately, insect repellants seem to be less effective against ants than they are against mosquitoes, no-see-ums, and other biting insects. Therefore, these sprays are unlikely to offer significant benefits for most dogs. 

The post Ant Bites on Dogs: How to Identify and Treat Them appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Many cases of blastomycosis in dogs can be successfully treated. However, some pets will die of this disease, despite appropriate and aggressive treatment. Additionally, successful treatment is often prolonged and expensive. 

It’s important to be familiar with the risks posed by blastomycosis, because early detection can significantly improve your dog’s prognosis. 

What is Blastomycosis?

Blastomycosis (or “blasto,” as it is commonly known) is a fungal disease. This condition is caused by a fungus known as Blastomyces. Blastomyces is found in moist soil and decaying organic material (such as rotting leaves and logs), and it can cause infections in humans, dogs, and a variety of other domestic and wildlife species.

In the United States, Blastomyces is most common in the Ohio, Mississippi, Tennessee, Missouri, and St. Lawrence River valleys; the Great Lakes Region; and the mid-Atlantic region. However, this fungus can be found in other areas of the Eastern United States, as well as in Canada and other countries.

What Causes Blastomycosis in Dogs?

Dogs become infected by inhaling Blastomyces spores. Once these spores enter the lungs, they reproduce within the lung tissues and can spread to other parts of the body. The incubation period of blastomycosis can range from 1-3 months, which means that dogs may not show signs of blastomycosis until up to 3 months after exposure.