The treatment options and prognosis for breast cancer in dogs depend primarily upon the type of tumor they have, as well as its size, location, stage, and other factors. 

Here’s a helpful overview that answers the questions pet parents most commonly ask about breast cancer in dogs. 

What is Breast Cancer in Dogs?

What some know as breast cancer in dogs, veterinarians more commonly refer to as a mammary tumor or tumors. These tumors are formed by abnormal growth and grouping of cells in canine mammary tissue.

Mammary tumors are most common in female dogs who are intact (un-spayed) or those who were spayed after the age of two. According to data from the California Animal Neoplasia Registry (CANR), mammary tumors account for 41.7 percent of all tumors found in un-spayed dogs (2). 

Mammary tumors typically develop in middle-aged and older dogs; they are seldom found in dogs under the age of five. And while mammary tumors can develop in male dogs, this is also quite rare. 

Causes of Breast Cancer in Dogs

Hormone exposure is perhaps the greatest factor influencing the development of mammary tumors. Dogs who are spayed early in life have a significantly lower risk of developing mammary tumors, compared with intact females. 

One study (3) found the risk of developing mammary tumors to be:

• Less than one percent for female dogs spayed before their first heat cycle
• 8 percent for female dogs spayed after their first heat
• 26 percent for female dogs spayed after their second heat

Certain breeds are also more likely to develop mammary cancer, suggesting a genetic component. Breeds at increased risk include:

• Poodle
• Chihuahua
• Dachshund
• Yorkshire Terrier
• Maltese
• Cocker Spaniel
• English Springer Spaniel
• English Setter
• Brittany Spaniel
• German Shepherd
• Pointer
• Doberman
• Boston Terrier

Obesity, especially prior to puberty, may also increase a dog’s risk of developing mammary tumors later in life.

Symptoms of Dog Breast Cancer

There are several symptoms of dog breast cancer, but the one pet parents commonly notice first is the presence of a mammary tumor or tumors. Typically, pet parents might feel this while petting or grooming their dog, or a veterinarian might discover the lump during a routine physical examination. 

These tumors appear as a palpable mass (or masses) in the mammary chain, which is the set of mammary glands along the left or right side of a dog’s body. 

Other symptoms of mammary tumors can include:

• Swollen mammary gland or glands
• Discharge from mammary glands
• Pain
• Ulceration of the mammary glands
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
• Weakness
• Lethargy

If you notice a mass on your dog’s mammary chain or if your dog has other symptoms of breast cancer, see your veterinarian right away. When it comes to mammary tumors, an early diagnosis can play an important part in helping ensure the best possible outcome for your dog.

Types of Mammary Cancer in Dogs

Mammary tumors can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). In dogs with mammary tumors, approximately 50 percent of these tumors are non-cancerous. These benign tumors are also known as adenomas.

However, that means that roughly 50 percent of mammary tumors are cancerous. Malignant mammary tumors are usually carcinomas (cancer occurring in a dog’s internal organs or the skin’s epithelial tissue) or adenocarcinomas (cancer occurring in the glands lining the insides of a dog’s organs). 

To determine the type of mammary tumor present, your veterinarian will take a biopsy and submit it for histopathology at a laboratory. This is an important diagnostic step and is the gold standard for diagnosing, classifying, and grading mammary tumors in dogs.

Dog Mammary Cancer Stages and Progression

In addition to sampling the tumor to identify its type, determining the tumor stage is also an important part of diagnosing breast cancer in dogs. 

First, veterinarians conduct a physical examination to palpate the mammary chain in search of any additional masses. This also serves to help assess the regional lymph nodes for signs of enlargement. A biopsy of the regional lymph nodes can reveal metastasis, or spread, of the cancer to the lymph nodes. 

Your veterinarian should also perform a staging evaluation, including blood work, urinalysis, and x-rays, to determine whether the tumors have spread to the lungs. Veterinarians often recommend abdominal imaging (X-rays or ultrasound) to check for metastasis to other organs. 

Armed with all of this information, your veterinarian will then determine the stage of the cancer according to the Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) system. This measurement system was created by the World Health Organization and is considered the standard in veterinary medicine for measuring cancer stages.

In this system, T stands for the size of the tumor, N is the presence of cancer in the regional lymph nodes, and M is the presence of metastasis at distant sites. 

The staging includes 5 classifications (4): 

The lower the number of the tumor’s stage at the time of surgery, the better the chances of a good clinical outcome. A smaller tumor is less likely to recur or metastasize to distant sites. The sooner a mammary tumor is diagnosed and removed, the better the prognosis.

Diagnosing Canine Breast Cancer

Mammary cancer is often first identified when a pet parent or veterinarian feels a lump in a dog’s mammary chain. When that happens, the next step is a thorough physical examination to determine the size of the mass, its exact location, and whether any other masses are present.

 Additional diagnostic testing may include:

• Blood Work and Urinalysis. Your veterinarian may require a complete blood count, biochemistry panel, and urinalysis as part of your dog’s staging tests. The results of these tests can confirm whether or not your dog is a suitable candidate for surgery. Your veterinarian may also recommend special blood work, called a coagulation test, to check your dog’s blood clotting factors. These can be abnormal in dogs with mammary cancer.
• Radiography. Your veterinarian may take radiographs (X-rays) of your dog’s chest to check whether the cancer has spread to your dog’s lungs. In some cases, veterinarians may also recommend additional X-rays or an ultrasound of your dog’s abdomen to check other organs for signs of cancer. 
• Fine Needle Aspiration and Cytology. Veterinarians may sample the mass using a technique called fine needle aspiration. This allows them to examine cells under a microscope to identify if they indicate the presence of mammary cancer. Your veterinarian may also recommend sampling the regional lymph node or nodes to check for signs that the cancer has spread.
• Biopsy and Histopathology. The gold standard test for diagnosing mammary cancer is taking a biopsy sample and submitting it to a laboratory for histopathology. This allows a pathologist to determine the type of tumor present. To obtain the sample, a veterinarian must remove a portion of tissue for testing (incisional biopsy) or remove and submit the entire mass (excisional biopsy). 

Breast Cancer Treatment Options for Dogs

Veterinarians generally recommend surgery as the preferred treatment for most mammary gland tumors in dogs, as long as the cancer has not spread to distant sites. The type of surgery required depends on the size and location of the mammary tumor and the number of mammary glands involved. 

Surgery may involve removing the mass and a margin of normal tissue around the mass. Or it may involve removing the entire affected mammary gland. Your veterinarian will determine the best surgical plan for your dog based on your dog’s tumor type, the size and location of the tumor, and the number of tumors to be removed.

Some surgeons recommend spaying at the time of surgery if the dog is intact, but this is controversial. Not all studies have shown an improved survival rate in dogs spayed at the time of mammary tumor removal. However, spaying also prevents other unrelated diseases, such as pyometra (uterine infection). Your veterinarian will discuss the risks and benefits of spaying with you prior to the surgery.

Following surgery, chemotherapy for aggressive mammary carcinoma may be in order. However, specific chemotherapy protocols for mammary carcinoma are not yet standardized and require more study. 

Dogs with inflammatory mammary carcinoma tend to be poor candidates for surgery because the microscopic cancer cells typically extend far beyond the palpable mass and, in many cases, have already spread throughout the body. Studies indicate that surgery does not necessarily improve the survival rate in dogs with inflammatory carcinoma. The most effective treatments for inflammatory carcinoma are currently radiation therapy and treatment with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). However, even with these treatments, the overall prognosis is poor.

Cost to Treat Breast Cancer in Dogs

The cost to treat mammary cancer in dogs depends on the tumor type, size, location, grade, stage, and recommended treatment options. In general, pet owners should expect to spend $1,500-3,000 on surgery for mammary cancer, depending on the severity of the tumor and the type of surgery involved. Additional costs may be incurred for radiation therapy or chemotherapy following surgery.

Prognosis for Breast Cancer in Dogs

There are several factors that impact the prognosis for dogs with mammary tumors. Those with mammary tumors measuring less than 3 cm typically live longer than those with larger tumors. Dogs whose masses are removed with complete margins (meaning no microscopic cancer cells remain) also have a better prognosis than dogs with incomplete mass removal. 

Prognosis also worsens as the tumor stage advances; dogs with smaller, localized tumors generally do better than those with lymph node involvement or distant metastasis. Other factors, such as tumor type and grade, also influence prognosis. Most importantly, pet owners should be aware that dogs with one mammary tumor are also likely to develop additional mammary tumors. 

How to Prevent Breast Cancer in Dogs

Spaying prior to the first heat significantly reduces the risk of developing mammary tumors later in life. Maintaining a healthy lean body weight may also reduce mammary tumor risk. And, since early detection and treatment can play an important role in the outcome, it’s best to talk with your veterinarian about any abnormal lumps you detect on your dog, especially in the mammary chain.

References

1. Canine Mammary Tumors. The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center. vet.osu.edu.
2. Dorn CR, Taylor DO, Schneider R, et al. Survey of animal neoplasms in Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, California. II. Cancer morbidity in dogs and cats from Alameda County. J Natl Cancer Inst 1968;40:307–318.
3. Schneider R, Dorn CR, Taylor DO: Factors influencing canine mammary cancer development and postsurgical survival. J Natl Cancer Inst 1969 Vol 43 (6) pp. 1249-61.
4. Nunes FC, Damasceno KA, de Campos CB, et al. Mixed tumors of the canine mammary glands: Evaluation of prognostic factors, treatment, and overall survival. Veterinary and Animal Science, 2019;7.doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2018.09.003.

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Read on to learn more about how pimobendan can help your dog, and how to safely use and store this medication at home.

What is Pimobendan?

Pimobendan is a prescription veterinary medication that is used in the management of congestive heart failure in dogs. It is an inodilator, which means it works by strengthening contractions of the heart muscle (contractility) and by dilating the blood vessels that take blood away from the heart. This combination helps the heart to pump more efficiently.  

Pimobendan is currently FDA approved for the management of signs of mild, moderate, or severe congestive heart failure in dogs due to atrioventricular valvular insufficiency or dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Pimobendan is not FDA approved for use in cats, but is sometimes used off-label in this species.

Pet owners can get a prescription for pimobendan through their primary care veterinarian or through a specialist, such as a cardiologist or an internist.  

What Does Pimobendan for Dogs Look Like?

Pimobendan typically comes in the form of a chewable tablet, which is oblong, brown, and scored in the middle. Pimobendan is also available in the form of capsules. The exact appearance of pimobendan can vary depending on the manufacturer that makes the product. If you have trouble giving your dog tablets or capsules, ask your veterinarian about alternative dose forms, such as oral liquids and soft chews.

How Does Pimobendan Work?

Pimobendan is a positive inotrope, which means that it increases contractility of the heart. It also acts as a vasodilator, making small blood vessels called arterioles open, which decreases resistance to blood flow and reduces the heart’s workload.  

Uses of Pimobendan for Dogs

Pimobendan is used for dogs with the following conditions:

• Mitral valve disease
• Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
• Congestive heart failure

Pimobendan is used to manage heart failure in dogs. This medication prolongs survival in dogs in left heart failure due to mitral regurgitation. It is hypothesized that pimobendan also prolongs survival in dogs with heart failure due to DCM, but there is little data available on this subject to date. Pimobendan also prolongs the time to onset of congestive heart failure in dogs with advanced subclinical mitral valve disease.  

How to Give Pimobendan to Dogs

Pimobendan is administered by mouth in the form of a capsule or chewable tablet. (If you’re having trouble giving your dog a capsule or tablet, ask your veterinarian about alternative dose forms that may be available through a compounding pharmacy, and whether they are appropriate for your pet.) Pimobendan is best absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in the absence of food, and should be given on an empty stomach at least 60 minutes prior to feeding.  

Pimobendan for Dogs Side Effects

In most dogs, pimobendan is well-tolerated. Side effects that have been reported with pimobendan include:

• Poor appetite
• Lethargy
• Diarrhea
• Trouble breathing
• Weakness
• Pleural effusion
• Syncope

Reported side effects in patients may be related to pre-existing cardiac disease. If your dog experiences side effects while taking pimobendan, stop giving the medication and contact your veterinarian right away.

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Certain drugs, such as calcium channel blockers and beta blockers, may diminish the effectiveness of pimobendan for dogs.  

Pimobendan Dosage for Dogs

The dosage of pimobendan for dogs varies depending on your dog’s size and the type and severity of your dog’s heart condition. Your veterinarian will determine the best dosage of pimobendan for your dog’s individual needs. Always follow your veterinarian’s dosing instructions closely.

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Pimobendan?

If your dog misses a dose of pimobendan, give the dose as soon as you remember. If it’s too close to the next dose, do not give two doses at the same time. Simply skip the missed dose and continue on with the dosing schedule as prescribed. Never increase your dog’s dose of pimobendan unless directed to do so by your veterinarian.

Pimobendan for Dogs Cost

The cost of pimobendan varies depending on the size of the tablet or capsule your pet is prescribed. In general, you can expect to spend $50-$150 on a 50-count bottle of pimobendan tablets or capsules.

Pimobendan Storage Instructions

Pimobendan should be kept in its original container and stored in a dry place at room temperature, between 59 and 86 degrees Fahrenheit.  

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The kidneys function to remove toxins from the blood and excrete waste in the form of urine. When the kidneys are infected, these important functions can become compromised. 

Identifying and treating a kidney infection quickly is essential to ensure a good outcome for your dog.

What Is a Kidney Infection?

Kidney infections in dogs are most commonly caused by bacteria. This most commonly occurs due to a urinary tract infection that then ascends the ureters – the tubes that connect the kidney to the bladder – and into the kidney. 

Kidney infections can come on suddenly (acute) or be gradual and long lasting (chronic). Left untreated, kidney infections can lead to kidney failure and sepsis.

What Causes Kidney Infections in Dogs?

Kidney infections typically start as a bacterial infection in the lower urinary tract – the bladder and urethra – which then ascends to the kidneys. E. coli is the most common bacteria causing kidney infections, but other bacteria such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus spp. have also been isolated from dogs with kidney infections. 

Dogs with urinary tract abnormalities or systemic disorders are at higher risk of developing urinary tract infections, and thus, kidney infections. 

Factors that can predispose a dog to kidney infection include:

Congenital anatomical abnormalities

• Bladder stones or kidney stones
• Ureter obstruction
• Urethral catheterizations
• Tumors of the urinary tract
• Kidney disease
• Prostatitis
• Urinary disorders
• Diabetes mellitus
• Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s Disease)
• Hyperthyroidism
• Immunosuppression

If your dog has one or more of these predisposing factors, it is especially important to keep an eye out for symptoms of urinary tract infection and kidney infection and seek treatment right away if these signs occur.

Dog Kidney Infection Symptoms

Symptoms of kidney infections in dogs can vary widely depending on the type of bacteria present and whether the infection is acute or chronic. 

Some dogs with kidney infections are asymptomatic. Others have symptoms of a lower urinary tract infection or can even be critically ill and develop kidney failure and sepsis. 

Symptoms of kidney infections in dogs can include:

• Blood in the urine
• Painful urination
• Inappropriate urination (such as accidents in the house)
• Urinating frequent small volumes
• Abdominal pain
• Urinating more frequently
• Urinating larger volumes than usual
• Drinking more than usual
• Dehydration
• Fever
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
• Lethargy
• Vomiting

If your dog exhibits any of these symptoms, see your veterinarian right away. It is especially important to keep an eye out for symptoms of kidney infection if your dog has a history of recurrent urinary tract infections, chronic kidney disease, bladder or kidney stones, or other chronic conditions that may predispose them to kidney infection.

Diagnosing Kidney Infections in Dogs

To diagnose a kidney infection, your veterinarian may recommend some or all of the following tests:

Physical Examination. Your veterinarian will perform a comprehensive head-to-tail physical examination on your dog.  Abnormalities noted on physical examination may include fever, dehydration, abdominal pain, and weight loss.

Urinalysis. Your veterinarian will likely recommend submitting a urine sample from your dog for analysis. This allows your veterinarian to look for signs of infection such as bacteria and white blood cells in the urine.

Blood Work. A complete blood count and biochemistry panel may be recommended to evaluate your dog’s kidney function and to rule out other possible causes for your dog’s symptoms. In some cases of kidney infection, blood work is normal. In others, signs of renal failure may be present.

Radiographs (X-rays). Your veterinarian may recommend abdominal radiographs (x-rays) to visualize your dog’s urinary tract and assess for changes such as enlarged kidneys, stones, or an enlarged prostate.

Ultrasound. Ultrasound allows your veterinarian to assess the size and shape of your dog’s kidneys, as well as the appearance of the layers of the kidney tissues. The changes noted on ultrasound can be diagnostic for kidney infection in many patients.

Culture. Collecting a sample of urine directly from the kidney and submitting it to a laboratory for culture is the gold standard for diagnosing a kidney infection in dogs. This must be performed either using an ultrasound or by performing surgery. The sample is then grown in the laboratory and the bacterial type identified and used for sensitivity testing.

Sensitivity Testing. Bacteria grown from the dog’s culture sample are tested using several different antibiotic types to determine which types of antibiotics the bacteria are susceptible to. This is used to guide treatment choices and ensure the best outcomes for your dog.

Dog Kidney Infection Treatment

The treatment for a kidney infection in dogs is antibiotics. The antibiotic should ideally be chosen based on culture and sensitivity results. Dogs with kidney infections typically require antibiotic treatment for 10-14 days, but longer treatments may be recommended for some canines.

In addition to antibiotics, supportive care may be prescribed, particularly for dogs with acute infections or those with renal failure. Supportive care may include hospitalization for intravenous (IV) fluids, pain control, and antiemetic medications.

Many dogs with a kidney infection have other underlying medical conditions that predisposed them to developing a kidney infection. These underlying conditions must also be addressed.

Following completion of antibiotic therapy, it is recommended that a recheck urinalysis, urine culture, and blood work be performed to ensure the infection has been cleared and kidney values have returned to normal. A urine culture should be performed at 1, 3, and 6 months following treatment to monitor for recurrence of the infection.

Cost to Treat Kidney Infection in Dogs

The cost to treat kidney infection in dogs can vary widely depending on the severity of the infection. For many dogs, antibiotics may be the only treatment necessary to address this condition. Depending on the type of antibiotic needed, the size of the dog, and the duration of treatment, pet owners should expect to pay $50-$200 for this treatment. 

In severe cases requiring hospitalization and supportive care, pet owners should expect to pay significantly more for treatment, with costs quickly adding up over $2,000.

How to Prevent Dog Kidney Infections

In general, kidney infections can’t be prevented. But there are some steps you can take to reduce your dog’s risk of developing a kidney infection, such as identifying and treating urinary tract infections early, before they lead to kidney infections. 

It is also important to address any underlying conditions your dog may have, such as diabetes mellitus or Cushing’s disease, as these may predispose your dog to developing a kidney infection.

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Treatment of roundworms in cats is essential in order to prevent complications and stop the shedding of roundworm eggs into the environment.

What Are Roundworms?

Roundworms are large, round, parasitic worms that live in the small intestine of infected cats. The most common roundworm species in cats is Toxocara cati, though infection with other species is also possible. 

How Do Cats Get Roundworms?

Cats become infected with roundworms by ingesting roundworm eggs from the environment, or by ingesting other vertebrate hosts that are infected with roundworms, such as birds and rodents. Kittens can also be infected with roundworms while nursing. However, unlike dogs, which can be infected in utero, kittens cannot be infected with roundworms prior to birth.

After a cat ingests roundworm eggs, the roundworm larvae migrate through the liver and lungs before making their way back to the small intestine, where they develop into adult worms. 

This migration may result in pulmonary disease, irritation of the stomach that induces vomiting, and inflammation of the intestines, which can cause diarrhea. However, many cats infected with roundworms are asymptomatic, particularly adult cats. 

Can Humans Get Roundworms from Cats?

Yes, humans can be infected with roundworms. Infection is most common in children and most often occurs due to infected soil at playgrounds or parks, or in sandboxes. 

Parents should make sure that children are not eating dirt and are not playing in areas where pets may have defecated. Infected cats shed roundworm eggs in their feces, so it is very important to clean up feces promptly and practice good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing.

Can You See Roundworms in Cat Poop or Vomit?

You may see adult roundworms in cat vomit. These worms are recognizable as being large, light tan in color, and having three prominent lips on one end. In general, however, pet owners typically do not see roundworms in cat poop or vomit. 

Roundworm eggs are shed in the feces of an infected cat, but these eggs are microscopic and cannot be seen with the naked eye. This is why routine fecal testing for parasites is very important to diagnose infections in cats that may otherwise be missed.

Symptoms of Roundworms in Cats

As stated above, many cats with roundworm infections, particularly adult cats, are asymptomatic. This means that these cats can be shedding roundworm eggs into their environments without their owners ever realizing there’s a problem.

When cats do develop signs of roundworm infection, symptoms can include:

• Diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Weight loss
• Poor hair coat
• Pot-bellied appearance
• Failure to thrive
• Intestinal obstruction
• Sudden death

Diagnosing Roundworms in Cats

To diagnose a roundworm infection in your cat, your veterinarian may recommend some or all of the following tests:

Physical Examination. Your veterinarian will perform a comprehensive head-to-tail physical examination on your cat, including palpating your cat’s abdomen, checking their weight, and assessing their hair coat. 

Fecal Floatation. Your veterinarian may recommend assessing a sample of your cat’s feces for the presence of roundworm eggs. Presence of eggs indicates a roundworm infection. False negatives may occur in some cases.

Fecal Antigen Testing. This test uses a sample of your cat’s feces to detect an antigen produced by both young and adult roundworms in your cat’s small intestine. Because it is not dependent on egg production, false negatives are less common than with fecal floatation testing. This test is typically performed in combination with a fecal floatation test.

Roundworm Treatment for Cats

Roundworms in cats can become severe enough to cause intestinal obstruction or even death, particularly in young kittens. It is important to treat a roundworm infection for the health of your cat and to prevent transmission of roundworms to other pets and people in the household. 

Cat roundworm treatment typically consists of a prescribed medication to be taken for a certain period of time.

Roundworm Medicine for Cats

A number of deworming medications are effective against cat roundworms. Your veterinarian may prescribe medications such as:

• Fenbendazole
• Milbemycin
• Moxidectin
• Pyrantel pamoate

The dosage and duration of treatment will depend on the medication and the size of your cat. Treatment may be repeated at 2-3 week intervals to ensure the infection is cleared.

General Cost to Treat Roundworms in Cats

Fortunately, treatment for roundworms in cats is relatively inexpensive. Pet owners can expect to spend $20-$75, depending on the type of medication prescribed and the duration and frequency of the treatment.

How to Prevent Roundworms in Cats

There are a few ways to prevent roundworms from becoming an issue in your cat.

Kittens should be dewormed at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age, and then monthly until 6 months of age. Cats over 6 months of age should be treated with parasite control products effective against roundworms monthly. 

Promptly cleaning up feces and stopping ingestion of prey animals can also prevent a cat roundworm infection.

Related Conditions

• Hookworms
• Whipworms
• Giardia
• Coccidiosis

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There are several possible causes, and it’s important for your dog to see a veterinarian to obtain a diagnosis and treatment. 

Let’s look at the six most common causes for blood in a dog’s urine and what other symptoms you might see if your dog has one of these conditions.

Blood in Dog Urine: What it Looks Like

Blood in a dog’s urine can have a variable appearance depending on the volume of blood present. 

Sometimes, the urine is slightly pink-tinged because a very small volume of blood is present. Other times, the urine may appear obviously red from a large volume of blood present. You may also see urine with red blood clots in it or specks of red blood. 

Some pet owners may spot blood in their dog’s urine when their dog urinates outside, but if the volume of blood in the urine is small, this may be tough to see. Other owners only notice blood in the urine when they see the urine against a light-colored background, such as when the dog urinates on snow or when wiping up urine with a paper towel.

What Causes Blood in a Dog’s Urine?

There are several possible causes for blood in the urine. Because many of these causes can have similar symptoms, it’s important not to try to diagnose your dog at home. If your dog has bloody urine, see your veterinarian right away for an appropriate diagnosis and treatment. 

Possible causes for blood in the urine include:

Urinary Tract Infection

Possibly the most common cause for blood in the urine is a urinary tract infection. Urinary tract infections occur when bacteria from the genitalia and urethra penetrate a dog’s bladder. In addition to blood in the urine, other symptoms may include pain, frequent urination, urinating small volumes, and inappropriate urination. Urinary tract infections are more common in female dogs than in males. 

Kidney Infection

A kidney infection – also called pyelonephritis – is a bacterial infection of one or both kidneys. It commonly occurs when an infection from the lower urinary tract – the bladder and urethra – ascends to the kidney(s) via the ureters. Some dogs with kidney infection are asymptomatic, while others have upper urinary tract signs including increased drinking, increased urination, kidney pain, vomiting, lethargy, loss of appetite, fever, and blood in the urine. 

Urolithiasis (Urinary Stones)

Stones in the urinary tract – known medically as urolithiasis – can cause blood in the urine due to the resulting inflammation and trauma to the surrounding tissues. Stones can be found in the upper urinary tract, such as in the kidney or ureter, or in the lower urinary tract, such as in the bladder or urethra. The majority of stones occur in the lower urinary tract. Other symptoms of urinary stones include painful urination, frequent urination, and urinary incontinence. 

Tumors

Tumors of the lower urinary tract may lead to blood in the urine as well as other symptoms such as straining to urinate, more frequent urination, painful urination, and incontinence. Dogs with tumors of the lower urinary tract may also strain to defecate due to the tumor pressing against the rectal wall. Tumors of the bladder or urethra may lead to urinary tract obstruction, resulting in unproductive straining, pain, lethargy, and systemic illness.

Prostatic Disease

In unneutered male dogs, diseases of the prostate such as Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy and prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate) can cause blood in the urine. These conditions are common in intact (unneutered) male dogs and uncommon in neutered males. Other symptoms associated with prostate disease include straining to defecate, increased urination, straining to urinate, urinary incontinence, and bleeding from the penis.

Bleeding Disorders

A less common, but possible, cause of blood in dog urine is a bleeding disorder. Bleeding disorders can be inherited or can be acquired secondary to other conditions. One example of an acquired bleeding disorder is bleeding that occurs due to rodenticide toxicity, which can result in blood in the urine. Typically, blood in the urine is not the first or only symptom of a bleeding disorder. Other symptoms may include pale gums, weakness, bruising, bleeding from the nose, coughing, or exercise intolerance. 

Other Symptoms to Watch For

Any time you see blood in your dog’s urine, it warrants a trip to the veterinarian. Be sure to note any other symptoms your dog may be experiencing, such as straining to urinate, painful urination, frequent urination, accidents in the house, or any other changes in health or behavior. Make sure to tell your veterinarian about these symptoms at your visit, as they can help your veterinarian diagnose the cause of your dog’s changes in urination. 

Your veterinarian will likely also ask you about any changes in your dog’s eating and drinking habits, energy level, and defecation habits. This history is an important part of your pet’s medical workup, so be sure to give your veterinarian as much detail as you can.

Diagnosing the Cause of a Dog Peeing Blood

To diagnose the cause of the blood in your dog’s urine, your veterinarian may recommend some or all of the following tests:

Physical Examination. Your veterinarian will perform a comprehensive head-to-tail physical examination, including palpating your dog’s abdomen and examining your dog’s genitalia. The physical examination may also include a rectal examination, which allows the veterinarian to palpate the urethra and examine the prostate in male dogs.

Urinalysis. Your veterinarian will likely request a urine sample for analysis which can be used to identify blood in the urine as well as other changes such as bacteria, crystals, and casts in the urine. 

Radiographs (X-Rays). Your veterinarian may recommend radiographs (X-rays) of your pet’s abdomen to evaluate the urinary tract. Radiographs can help diagnose abnormalities such as stones and certain types of prostatic disease, as well as identify changes associated with other systemic illnesses.

Ultrasound. Your veterinarian may recommend ultrasound imaging of your pet’s urinary tract to evaluate structures such as the bladder, kidneys, and prostate. Ultrasound can be used to diagnose certain diseases and may also be used to collect urine samples via a special method called cystocentesis.

Blood in Dog Urine Treatment

The treatment for blood in your dog’s urine depends on the underlying cause. Some causes of blood in the urine, such as urinary tract infections or kidney infections, are treated with prescription medications from your veterinarian. Other causes of blood in the urine, such as bladder stones, are treated with surgery to remove the stones. Your veterinarian will determine the best course of treatment for your dog.

You should not attempt any home remedies. There are no effective home remedies that will get rid of blood in your dog’s urine. It is important not to delay seeking veterinary care for blood in the urine, as many causes of this issue can be serious and can progress in severity if left untreated. You should never attempt to treat your dog with home remedies or over-the-counter treatments unless directed to do so by your veterinarian.

How to Prevent Blood in Dog Urine

Prostatic disease can be prevented by having your dog neutered. In dogs predisposed to developing bladder stones, a prescription veterinary diet may be used to prevent the recurrence of bladder stones following initial treatment. In general, other causes of blood in the urine cannot be prevented.

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Giardia in dogs is generally not severe, though some young dogs may become severely infected and can experience dehydration due to diarrhea. Fortunately, treating giardia in dogs is relatively inexpensive, although multiple courses of treatment may be needed. Read on to learn more about this parasitic infection in dogs and what you can do if your dog is infected.

What is Giardia?

Giardia is a protozoan parasite, found worldwide, that infects many mammalian species. The parasite is found in soil, water, or food contaminated with infected feces. Infection in dogs is common, particularly in crowded environments such as shelters, breeding facilities, and kennels. Several studies have also found an increased prevalence of giardia in dogs that visit dog parks. Young animals are more commonly infected than older animals, and infection is typically more severe in younger animals.

Giardia parasites attach to the small intestines and damage the cells lining the small intestine, causing malabsorption and hypersecretion that leads to diarrhea. Within about 5-12 days of infection, the infected dog will begin shedding giardia cysts in its feces, posing an infection risk to other animals and potentially even re-infecting itself.

How Do Dogs Get Giardia?

Transmission of giardia occurs via the fecal-oral route, meaning that dogs must ingest contaminated feces to become infected. This can occur directly if dogs eat poop or indirectly by ingesting contaminated food or water. Because it only takes a small number of giardia cysts to cause an infection, even walking through contaminated soil and then licking the paws can cause a dog to become infected with giardia. Infective giardia cysts can live in the environment for months under ideal conditions.

Giardia is not contagious directly between dogs, but exposure to an infected dog’s feces can cause your dog to become infected. Similarly, dogs cannot directly transmit giardia to humans. However, humans can become infected with giardia by the same fecal-oral route that affects dogs. Ingesting contaminated water is a common route for exposure to giardia in humans. 

Giardia Symptoms in Dogs

Many dogs with giardia have no symptoms. However, it’s still important for the giardia to be diagnosed and treated, because asymptomatic dogs are still shedding infective giardia cysts into the environment, increasing the risk of infecting other dogs and people. 

When dogs have symptoms of giardia, they may include:

• Diarrhea
• Increased frequency of defecation
• Abdominal discomfort
• Dehydration
• Lethargy
• Poor body condition
• Vomiting (rare)
• Fever (rare)
• Blood in the stool (rare)

What does giardia poop look like? Poop from a dog with giardia may be liquid to semi-formed, and is often pale and mucous-like in appearance. The quantity of stool is typically normal. 

How to Diagnose Giardia in Dogs

Giardia can be difficult to diagnose because the shedding of cysts occurs intermittently. To identify giardia in the feces, your veterinarian may recommend some or all of the following tests:

• Fecal flotation with centrifugation. This is the most commonly used test for the diagnosis of giardia. In this test, a sample of your dog’s feces is mixed with a special solution that makes giardia cysts float to the surface where they can then be identified under a microscope.

• Fecal enzyme-linked absorbent immunoassay (ELISA). This test identifies giardia-specific antigens from trophozoites, which are the growing stage in the parasite life cycle. This eliminates the diagnostic problem of intermittent shedding of cysts. 

• Fecal direct smear. A small amount of your dog’s feces is mixed with two to three drops of saline and then examined under a microscope to identify giardia trophozoites. 

Because giardia can be difficult to diagnose, a negative test result does not necessarily rule out giardia as the cause of your dog’s symptoms. Your veterinarian may recommend repeating the test(s), sometimes as frequently as every other day, over several days to increase the chances of diagnosing giardia.

Giardia in Dogs: Treatment

The main goal of treatment is to stop the symptoms of giardia, such as diarrhea. The secondary goal of treatment is to eliminate the infection, which can be difficult due to the resistance of some giardia strains to treatment. 

In addition to medication, good sanitation is essential to remove the source of infection and prevent re-infection. Feces must be picked up and disposed of daily and surfaces should be cleaned and sanitized. Following treatment, a recheck fecal flotation with centrifugation should be performed to assess whether the infection has been successfully cleared.

Medications for Giardia in Dogs

Medications used to treat giardia in dogs include Metronidazole, Febendazole, or a combination of febantel, pyrantel pamoate, and praziquantel (DrontalPlus). The dosage and duration of these treatments will depend on the treatment used, your dog’s weight, and the severity of your dog’s infection. 

Be sure to follow your veterinarian’s dosing instructions and give the entire course of medication, even if your dog’s symptoms resolve before the course is finished. In some cases, your veterinarian may recommend giving a second course of medication to ensure that the infection is fully cleared.

Probiotics for Dog Giardia

Probiotics work by populating your dog’s gut with healthy bacteria. Probiotics do not treat giardia, but they are not harmful and may be helpful in the treatment of diarrhea. Your veterinarian may prescribe a probiotic to help resolve your dog’s diarrhea after treatment for giardia. Probiotics are generally given in the form of a capsule or powder sprinkled on your dog’s food.

General Cost to Treat Giardia in Dogs

Giardia is generally inexpensive to treat and pet owners should expect to spend $50-$150 dollars treating this condition in most cases, depending on the size of the dog and the severity of the condition. 

In some cases, multiple courses of treatment may be needed to clear the infection, and this can incur an additional cost. 

How to Prevent Giardia in Dogs

There are a few things that pet parents can do to help prevent their dogs from contracting giardia. 

Practice good hygiene. Clean up feces daily to prevent giardia from spreading from one animal to another. Dispose of feces immediately. Wear gloves and wash hands after contact with feces.

Avoid contact with contaminated water sources. These include areas where wildlife or other dogs may defecate.

Sanitize areas where infected dogs have been. Giardia cysts can live in the environment for long periods of time. Use disinfectants that are effective against giardia or steam clean the area to inactivate the cysts.

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If your veterinarian diagnoses your cat with an ear infection or ear mites, there’s a good chance you will leave with a prescription for a drug called Tresaderm to treat the problem. Tresaderm is also occasionally prescribed as a topical treatment for certain skin infections in cats. 

Let’s take a closer look at this commonly used medicine for cats and learn how it helps our furry feline friends feel better.

What is Tresaderm?

Tresaderm is a topical solution consisting of a steroid (dexamethasone) in combination with an antifungal (thiabendazole) and an antibiotic (neomycin). The name-brand drug is a registered trademark of Merial Limited and is FDA approved for the treatment of certain skin and ear infections in both dogs and cats.

There is one FDA-approved generic form available, as well, which is manufactured by Putney, Inc. The generic form of Tresaderm is known as thiabendazole, dexamethasone, neomycin sulfate solution, after its active ingredients.

Is Tresaderm Safe For Cats?

Tresaderm is safe for topical use in cats. It is widely prescribed for felines, with most cats experiencing few (if any) negative reactions or side effects. When these do occur, they are typically mild. 

Pet owners can get Tresaderm for cats through their veterinarian by prescription only.

What Does Tresaderm For Cats Look Like?

Brand-name Tresaderm is a topical solution that comes in a 7.5 mL or 15 mL white dropper bottle which must be kept in the refrigerator. The generic form of thiabendazole, dexamethasone, neomycin sulfate solution may come in different packaging. 

How Does Tresaderm Work?

Tresaderm contains three different medications, each with its own mechanism of action. 

• Dexamethasone is a steroid that suppresses inflammatory reactions and decreases itching. 
• Thiabendazole is an antiparasitic and antifungal medication that is effective against yeast infections and ear mites. 
• Neomycin is an antibiotic that kills many different types of bacteria, including some that infect the ear and skin. 

What Is Tresaderm Used for In Cats?

Tresaderm is FDA approved for the treatment of certain skin and ear infections in cats and dogs. Your veterinarian may prescribe Tresaderm for your cat to treat conditions including:

• Bacterial ear infections
• Yeast ear infections
• Ear mites
• Skin infections

How to Give Tresaderm to Cats

Instructions for administering Tresaderm vary according to what’s ailing your cat. Always follow your veterinarian’s guidance. And use these tips to ensure your cat gets the full benefit of the application.  

Tresaderm for cat ear infections

Administer Tresaderm topically in the ear canal. To do this, hold the bottle vertically, with the tip pointed down. Place the tip of the bottle into your cat’s ear canal, and gently squeeze the bottle to dispense the desired number of drops.

Remove the bottle and rub the base of your cat’s ear briefly to help work the medication into the ear canal. Then stand back, as your cat will likely want to shake their head — and it’s okay to allow them to do so! You can then repeat this process with the second ear if your veterinarian has instructed you to treat both ears.

Tresaderm for cat skin infections

Apply Tresaderm topically in a light layer to the affected area. Hold the bottle vertically with the tip down and gently squeeze the bottle to moisten the affected area (approximately 2-4 drops per square inch of affected skin). 

Do not allow your cat to lick the Tresaderm off of the area. You may need to use a protective collar, such as an e-collar (also known as an Elizabethan collar) or an alternative, to keep your cat from licking the area.

Tresaderm for Cats Side Effects

Tresaderm is generally safe for cats and has few side effects. Tresaderm is not absorbed systemically, so side effects are limited to local reactions at the site of application. 

Though side effects are rare, if you suspect your cat is experiencing side effects from the Tresaderm application, stop using the medication and contact your veterinarian immediately. 

Side effects from Tresaderm can include:

• Localized erythema (redness) lasting 24 to 48 hours in cats with hypersensitivity to neomycin
• Hearing loss if administered to cats with ruptured eardrums
• Temporary discomfort if the product is applied to compromised or irritated areas of skin, e.g., skin that is split (fissured) or exposed and unprotected due to hair loss (denuded). 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Because Tresaderm is only used topically and the drugs are not significantly absorbed systemically, it is unlikely to interact or interfere with other drugs the patient may be taking.

Tresaderm for Cats Dosage

The exact dosage of Tresaderm for your cat will vary depending on your cat’s size and the type and severity of the infection being treated. In general, ear infections and skin infections typically require drops administered twice daily according to your veterinarian’s instructions.

Always follow your veterinarian’s dosage instructions carefully, and be sure to complete the full course of medication. Even if your cat appears to feel better before the course of treatment is complete, it is important to administer all of the medication as prescribed to ensure that the infection is completely cleared.

What If My Cat Misses A Dose Of Tresaderm?

If your cat misses a dose of Tresaderm, give the dose as soon as you remember. If the next dose is due soon, do not double the dose or give two doses at the same time to make up for the missed dose. Simply skip the missed dose and continue on with the next dose as prescribed. 

If your cat has missed multiple doses of Tresaderm, contact your veterinarian for advice on how to proceed. 

Cost of Tresaderm for Cats

The cost of Tresaderm for cat may vary significantly depending on your cat’s dose and your location.

In general, pet parents can expect to pay approximately $25-50 for this product. The generic formulation, if available, may cost less than the brand-name product.

Tresaderm Storage Instructions

When not in use, Tresaderm must be refrigerated. Store in a refrigerator set to a temperature between 36-46 degrees Fahrenheit.

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Dental disease in cats often goes unnoticed because cats rarely show obvious symptoms of dental disease until the problem is severe. That’s why good home dental care is essential to protect your cat’s teeth and gums.

What is Dental Disease in Cats?

Dental disease is a naturally occurring process that happens in both domestic and feral cats. The problem starts with plaque – a slime of bacteria that forms on the teeth and under the gingival (gum) tissue. 

When plaque isn’t removed through regular brushing it hardens into tartar. Tartar has a rough surface which harbors more bacteria, allowing new plaque to form more readily. The same process occurs in humans, which is why your dentist recommends brushing your teeth after you eat to remove plaque before it hardens into tartar – a process which occurs within about 24-48 hours. Imagine if you didn’t brush your teeth for months or years, and you can begin to imagine what is happening inside your cat’s mouth!

Cats, unlike humans, rarely get dental cavities. However, cats do develop gingivitis and periodontitis similar to humans. Cats can also develop resorptive lesions, a unique condition where tooth material is progressively broken down over time. 

Cats of any age can develop dental disease, but your cat is less likely to experience these problems if you practice a good oral hygiene routine at home.

Causes of Dental Disease in Cats

The primary cause of dental disease is a lack of good oral hygiene. The best way to prevent dental disease in your cat is to brush your cat’s teeth daily with a toothbrush, finger brush, or dental wipes and a pet-friendly toothpaste. This removes plaque from the teeth before it can harden into tartar. 

Cat Dental Disease Symptoms

The first symptom of dental disease most pet owners notice is bad breath. While you may think that stinky breath is natural for animals, it’s not! A cat’s breath should not have a disagreeable odor. If it does, that is a sure sign of a problem and a good reason to schedule an examination with your veterinarian. 

Other signs of dental disease in your cat can include:

• Drooling
• Red, inflamed gums
• Bleeding gums
• Difficulty chewing
• Reluctance to eat hard foods
• Pawing at the mouth
• Teeth chattering
• Dropping food
• Discolored teeth

If you notice signs of dental disease in your cat, see your veterinarian for an examination and a treatment plan. 

While brushing your cat’s teeth regularly can prevent tartar formation, it cannot remove existing tartar or reverse dental disease once it starts. A professional dental treatment from your veterinarian will be necessary to address your cat’s dental disease.

Types of Dental Disease in Cats

The three most common types of dental disease in cats are gingivitis, periodontitis, and tooth resorption. These conditions can occur simultaneously with varying degrees of severity. 

Gingitivitis is inflammation of the gingiva (gums). The gums become red, swollen, and painful due to the buildup of plaque on the teeth and underneath the gums. As bacteria buildup on and under the gums, they release substances that damage the healthy gum tissue. The body also mounts an immune response against the invading bacteria, resulting in inflammation. Gingivitis is characterized by red, swollen, and painful gums. In some cases, the gums may bleed when touched. Gingivitis can be reversed with thorough professional dental cleaning performed under general anesthesia to address the bacterial buildup both above and below the gum line.

Peridontitis is inflammation of the structures that attach the tooth to the underlying gums and bone. The periodontium includes the gums, the cementum (the covering of the tooth root), the periodontal ligament (which attaches the tooth root to the bone), and the alveolar bone. Damage to these structures is irreversible and causes loss of support to the tooth. This can lead to loose teeth and tooth loss. Peridontitis is typically the result of untreated gingivitis, so addressing the problem early is essential. Peridontitis is irreversible, and extraction of the affected tooth or teeth under general anesthesia will be required.

Tooth resorption is the most common cause of tooth loss in cats, and it is not known why this process occurs. With tooth resorption, the crown and/or the root of the tooth is slowly destroyed. The process can begin either internally or externally. The result is slowly progressive holes in the affected teeth that are often painful and may also cause inflammation of the surrounding soft tissues. This process is irreversible and extraction of the affected teeth under general anesthesia is required. 

Cat Dental Disease Stages

Dental disease is typically staged when your pet is under general anesthesia. The veterinarian uses a dental probe and intraoral radiographs (X-rays) to assess the degree of disease present in your pet’s mouth. The disease is then categorized in stages as follows:

Stage 1: Gingitivitis. In this stage, there is only inflammation of the gingival tissue (gums) and no loss of support to the teeth. 

Stage 2: Early Periodontitis. In the second stage, less than 25% of the tooth’s support structure has been lost. 

Stage 3: Moderate Periodontitis. In this stage, 25-50% of the tooth’s support has been lost.

Stage 4: Advanced Periodontitis. In the final stage of dental disease, more than 50% of support loss has been experienced.

Gingivitis is the only reversible stage, and it can be fixed with professional dental treatment from your veterinarian. Catching your cat’s dental disease early is essential to ensure a good outcome and to save your pet’s teeth. 

Once dental disease progresses to periodontitis, the resulting damage is not reversible. With moderate and advanced periodontitis, extraction of the affected tooth or teeth is recommended to treat the source of pain and infection.

Diagnosing Dental Disease in Cats

The first step to diagnosing dental disease is a thorough physical examination with your veterinarian. Your veterinarian may recommend sedating your cat to enable a thorough examination of the oral cavity, which may be scary or uncomfortable for your cat while he or she is awake. Sedation allows your veterinarian to fully open your pet’s mouth and carefully examine all of the tooth surfaces, so that potential problems like gingivitis and resorptive lesions can be identified.

If dental disease is diagnosed on routine physical examination, the next step will be a thorough dental examination under general anesthesia. This allows your veterinarian and the veterinary team to perform dental probing, dental radiographs (X-rays), and dental charting to document the health of each of your pet’s teeth. 

Cat Dental Disease Treatment

If any diseased teeth are identified, your veterinarian will discuss your treatment options with you. This may include surgery to extract the diseased tooth or teeth. Your cat’s teeth will also be cleaned and polished to remove plaque and tartar both above and below the gum line.

Cost to Treat Dental Disease in Cats

The cost to treat dental disease in cats depends on the severity of the disease and the available treatment options. However, pet owners should expect to spend $1,000 to $2,000 on a dental cleaning procedure, with the cost varying depending on whether dental surgery is also necessary.

How to Prevent Dental Disease in Cats

The best way to prevent dental disease is through a good home dental care regimen. This should include daily tooth brushing. Use a pet-specific toothpaste and a toothbrush, finger brush, or dental wipes to gently clean your pet’s teeth and along the gum line. This reduces plaque buildup and prevents dental disease. 

Other home dental care options include the use of prescription veterinary dental diets, water additives, and dental treats. To ensure you’re getting a product that has been tested and proven to reduce plaque buildup, look for products labeled with the Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC) seal.

Dental Disease in Cats Infographic

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What Is Hyperthyroidism in Dogs?

The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located in your dog’s neck. It produces thyroid hormones, the most important of which is called thyroxine or T4. Thyroxine has many functions throughout your dog’s body, including regulating metabolism. Hyperthyroidism occurs when there is too much thyroxine in the body. This can occur due to an overproduction of thyroxine by the thyroid gland, or due to excessive supplementation of thyroxine from medications or diet.  

Hyperthyroidism vs. Hypothyroidism in Dogs

In dogs, hyperthyroidism—an excess of thyroid hormones—is uncommon. It is much more common for dogs to develop hypothyroidism, which is a deficiency of thyroid hormones. This occurs in dogs most commonly due to primary hypothyroidism, which develops due to atrophy of the thyroid gland or autoimmune destruction of the gland (thyroiditis). The resulting lack of thyroid hormone causes symptoms such as lethargy, weight gain, cold intolerance, and hair loss. This is in contrast to hyperthyroidism, which causes symptoms related to increased metabolism, such as weight loss despite an increased appetite, decreased muscle mass, increased thirst and urination, excitability, and increased heart rate.  

Causes of Hyperthyroidism in Dogs

In dogs, hyperthyroidism is almost always caused by an underlying thyroid tumor. Two types of thyroid tumors occur in dogs: thyroid adenoma and thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid carcinoma is the more common tumor type. A small percentage of thyroid carcinomas are functional tumors that produce excess thyroid hormone, leading to hyperthyroidism. 

Other causes of hyperthyroidism in dogs include iatrogenic hyperthyroidism and dietary hyperthyroidism. Iatrogenic hyperthyroidism occurs when a dog that is hypothyroid is placed on thyroid supplementation, but receives too much supplementation, thus becoming hyperthyroid. Dietary hyperthyroidism has been reported in dogs eating raw diets, likely due to thyroid tissue being incorporated in the food. Dogs receiving supplements that contain high levels of kelp or iodine may also be at risk for hyperthyroidism. 

Hyperthyroidism in Dogs Symptoms

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism in dogs may be difficult to spot and can often look similar to other conditions. Signs of hyperthyroidism in dogs can include:

• Weight loss
• Loss of muscle mass
• Increased thirst
• Increased urination
• Increased appetite
• Increased heart rate
• Agitation or excitability
• Mass in the neck (thyroid tumor)

Diagnosing Hyperthyroidism in Dogs

To diagnose hyperthyroidism in your dog, your veterinarian will first take a thorough history, including asking questions about your dog’s symptoms, your dog’s current diet, and any medications or supplements your dog may be taking. Then your vet will perform a full head-to-tail physical examination on your dog. 

Your vet will likely recommend some diagnostic tests such as blood work to evaluate your dog’s thyroid level. A thyroid panel may be performed, which often includes a T4 level, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level, and possibly a T3 level as well. This allows your veterinarian to get a complete picture of your dog’s thyroid function.

If hyperthyroidism is suspected, imaging of your dog’s neck to look for a thyroid tumor will also be recommended. This is typically done by ultrasound with an experienced sonographer. Your dog’s thyroid gland will be evaluated for changes that could indicate the presence of a functional thyroid tumor, and the entire neck will be checked for any ectopic thyroid tissue—that is, thyroid tissue that is located in the wrong place, which may be producing excess thyroid hormone. Sometimes, ultrasonography is not enough to visualize a thyroid tumor or to fully evaluate how far it extends, so computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be recommended for further evaluation. 

Dog Hyperthyroidism Treatment

Hyperthyroidism in dogs is most often caused by a tumor on the thyroid gland, so the treatment of choice is surgical removal of the tumor. When possible, a thyroidectomy—complete removal of the thyroid gland—is performed. Following the procedure, the dog will be hypothyroid and will need thyroid hormone supplementation for life. This is given in the form of a pill taken twice a day. Chemotherapy may be used in addition to surgery for the treatment of systemic, microscopic disease.

If the tumor is too large to be removed surgically, radiation therapy may be used. Radiation therapy is also used for cases where the tumor has spread to other areas of the body, or in cases where the tumor is incompletely removed by surgery. 

Radioactive Iodine therapy (I-131 Therapy) is sometimes used for tumors that cannot be removed surgically or those that have spread to other areas of the body. Radioactive iodine destroys thyroid hormone-producing cells, making the dog hypothyroid. Thyroid hormone supplementation is necessary following treatment and is typically given in the form of a pill taken twice a day.

Some hyperthyroid dogs may be treated with a medication such as methimazole. Methimazole is an antithyroid thioamide that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones. This medication is given in the form of a pill, typically dosed twice daily. This medication would be given for life, or until more definitive treatment such as thyroidectomy or radioactive iodine therapy is performed.

Dogs with iatrogenic hyperthyroidism due to over-supplementation may be treated with a dosage adjustment of their normal thyroid medication. Similarly, dogs with hyperthyroidism due to diet or supplements may be cured simply by changing the diet or discontinuing the supplement that caused the hyperthyroidism.

What to Feed a Dog with Hyperthyroidism

If your dog’s hyperthyroidism was caused by diet, changing your dog’s diet will be necessary to control the hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism has been reported in dogs eating raw diets, likely due to thyroid tissue being incorporated in the food. In these cases, changing the diet caused the dogs’ thyroid levels to return to normal. If your dog’s hyperthyroidism is due to diet, your veterinarian will recommend a commercial cooked diet from a reputable company that is best for your dog’s health.

Cost to Treat Hyperthyroidism in Dogs

Treatment for hyperthyroidism in dogs often involves treating an underlying thyroid tumor. This may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or radioactive iodine therapy. The cost to diagnose and treat a thyroid tumor can vary widely depending on the size of the tumor, its invasiveness, whether it has spread to other areas of the body, and the type of treatment used. Pet owners should expect to spend at least $2,000-$4,000 on thyroid tumor treatment, with costs increasing the larger and more invasive the tumor is.

Dogs with iatrogenic hyperthyroidism are often more easily treated with changes to their medication or supplement regimens and the cost to treat these cases is quite low. Similarly, dogs with dietary hyperthyroidism are typically treated with diet change and the cost to treat is minimal. 

Hyperthyroidism in Dogs Life Expectancy

For patients with thyroid tumors, prognosis varies depending on the invasiveness of the tumor and the type of treatment used. Patients with freely moveable tumors that are able to be surgically removed have a good prognosis, with a median survival time of three years (1). More invasive tumors have a reported survival time of 6-12 months with surgery alone (2).  

In one study of 25 dogs with localized, nonresectable tumors treated with radiation therapy, the progression-free survival rate was reported to be 80 percent at 1 year and 72 percent at 3 years (3). In a study of dogs receiving I-131 therapy, median survival times were comparable to those of patients receiving radiation therapy. Dogs with moderate disease and no metastasis had median survival times over two years. Unfortunately, those with metastatic disease survived less than 1 year (2).

Survival times vary for patients treated with chemotherapy depending on the type of chemotherapy treatment used. 

For patients with iatrogenic or dietary hyperthyroidism, prognosis is good to excellent, as these types of hyperthyroidism can often be reversed with changes in medication or diet regimen.

How to Prevent Hyperthyroidism in Dogs

Iatrogenic hyperthyroidism can be prevented by following your veterinarian’s dosing instructions carefully to ensure your dog receives the correct dose of thyroid medication. Regular follow-ups with your veterinarian will be necessary to ensure your dog’s thyroid level is within the normal range. If your dog is hypothyroid, he or she will need thyroid supplementation for life, so do not change or discontinue your dog’s medication without first consulting your veterinarian.

Dietary hyperthyroidism can be prevented by feeding your dog a high quality, cooked commercial diet. Your veterinarian can help you choose a diet that is appropriate for your dog’s age and body condition.

Unfortunately, because we don’t know exactly what causes thyroid tumors to develop, there is no way to prevent hyperthyroidism that occurs secondary to thyroid tumors.

Related Conditions

• Thyroid adenoma
• Thyroid carcinoma

References

1. Nadeau ME, Kitchell BE: Evaluation of the use of chemotherapy and other prognostic variables for surgically excised canine thyroid carcinoma with and without metastasis. Can Vet J 2011 Vol 52 (9) pp. 994-98.
2. Lunn KF, Page RL: Tumors of the Endocrine System. Withrow & MacEwen’s Small Animal Clinical Oncology, 5th ed. St. Louis, Saunders Elsevier 201 pp. 513-515.
3. Theon AP, Marks SL, Feldman ES, et al: Prognostic factors and patterns of treatment failure in dogs with unresectable differentiated thyroid carcinomas treated with megavoltage irradiation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 200 Vol 216 (11) pp. 1775-79.

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Read on to learn more about butorphanol for dogs and how to use it.

What Is Butorphanol?

Butorphanol is an opioid medication commonly used for sedation, pain control, and cough suppression. It is FDA approved for use as a pain reliever and cough suppressant in dogs. Butorphanol is most commonly given by injection in the veterinary clinic, where it is used as a sedative and anesthetic agent, but it can also be prescribed as tablets for use at home. Butorphanol is a controlled drug and is only available by prescription from your veterinarian.

What Does Butorphanol for Dogs Look Like?

Butorphanol is a generic medication, so its appearance varies widely depending on the manufacturer of the product. It may also go by the brand names Torbugesic, Torbutrol, or the human product Stadol.

How Does Butorphanol Work?

Butorphanol is a short-acting pain reliever (analgesic) with both opioid agonist and opioid antagonist activity. This means that butorphanol stimulates some opioid receptors while blocking others. Butorphanol stimulates kappa receptors, which provides mild pain relief. Butorphanol blocks mu receptors, which can reverse the effects of other opioid drugs that stimulate mu receptors. This is useful if a patient begins having negative effects due to excessive stimulation of mu receptors, such as excessive sedation or respiratory depression. Butorphanol can be used to reverse some of these effects while still maintaining some analgesic effects.

Butorphanol is also used as a cough suppressant (antitussive) medication. It is not known how the cough suppressant effects of butorphanol actually work. In dogs, butorphanol provides antitussive activity for about 4-10 hours, which is longer than the antitussive effects of codeine.

What Is Butorphanol Used For in Dogs?

Butorphanol is primarily used as a sedative for dogs and is given by injection in the veterinary clinic prior to anesthetic procedures. Butorphanol is also a mild antitussive and may be used to ease coughing due to conditions such as collapsing trachea, kennel cough, or chronic bronchitis. Butorphanol is in dogs is typically used for:

• Sedation
• Anesthesia
• Antitussive effects
• Reversal of mu-opioid agonist drugs
• Mild analgesia

How to Give Butorphanol to Dogs

When butorphanol is used for sedation or analgesia, it is often given by injection in the veterinary clinic by your veterinarian. In this case, you will not need to do anything at home except monitor your dog for side effects.

If your dog was prescribed butorphanol tablets, you will need to give the tablets to your dog by mouth according to your veterinarian’s instructions. To facilitate administration of the tablets, you can hide them in a treat such as a bit of peanut butter, cheese, or hot dog to tempt your dog to eat the tablet. 

If your dog is especially discerning and manages to pick the tablet out of even the best of treats, you may need to administer the tablet to your dog directly. For a step-by-step guide, check out How to Give a Dog a Pill.

Butorphanol for Dogs Side Effects

The most common side effect of butorphanol administration in dogs is sedation. Dogs with an MDR-1 (multidrug resistance) gene mutation may be predisposed to adverse events from butorphanol and pet parents should monitor closely for side effects in these patients. Other side effects from butorphanol can include:

• Loss of appetite
• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Transient weakness
• Transient pain at the injection site
• Constipation

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Because butorphanol is an opioid agonist/antagonist, there is a potential for interaction with other opioid drugs, particularly for reversal of the analgesic effects of an opioid agonist. Butorphanol may partially reverse the effects of mu agonist opioids and should be used with caution with these drugs.

Butorphanol may also cause excessive sedation when combined with other tranquilizers, sedatives, and antidepressants and should be used with caution with these medications.

Opioid drugs such as butorphanol may increase the effects of skeletal muscle relaxants. They may also decrease the effects of diuretics in patients with congestive heart failure. Dosage adjustments may be necessary in these patients.

Butorphanol Dosage for Dogs

The dose of butorphanol for dogs varies depending on your dog’s body weight and the desired effect of the medication. For example, the dose for sedation may differ from the dose given for cough suppression. Always follow your veterinarian’s dosing instructions carefully to ensure your dog receives the correct dose of medication.

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Butorphanol?

If your dog misses a dose of butorphanol, give the dose as soon as you remember. If the next dose is due soon, do not give two doses or double your dog’s dose, as this may increase the risk for side effects. Instead, simply skip the missed dose and proceed with the next dose as usual. If your dog misses multiple doses of medication, contact your veterinarian for advice on how to proceed.

Cost of Butorphanol for Dogs

Butorphanol is available as a generic medication, which makes it relatively inexpensive. Pet owners can expect to spend $25-$50 on a month’s supply of butorphanol for dogs, depending on their dog’s weight and dose.

Butorphanol Storage Instructions

Tablets should be stored at room temperature, 59-86 degrees Fahrenheit, and protected from moisture.

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What is Endosorb?

Endosorb is activated attapulgite, also known as palygorskite. This mineral is a magnesium aluminum phyllosilicate, which occurs in a type of clay soil common to the southeastern United States. Activated attapulgite is used as an anti-diarrheal medication in both humans and animals. Endosorb is available over the counter and does not require a prescription from your veterinarian to purchase. 

What Does Endosorb for Dogs Look Like?

Endosorb is a round, brown-and-white speckled tablet that is scored down the center.

How Does Endosorb Work?

Endosorb absorbs fluid in the intestinal tract to stabilize stool consistency and soothe the gastrointestinal tract. Endosorb may also help by absorbing toxins and toxic material present in the gut of animals experiencing diarrhea and associated symptoms. Endosorb also contains citrus pectin, which coats the GI tract, and carob pulp and magnesium trisilicate, which act as antacids to soothe the stomach.

What is Endosorb Used for in Dogs?

Endosorb is used as an anti-diarrheal medication in dogs. It can help manage uncomplicated diarrhea, improve stool consistency, and relieve discomfort associated with diarrhea in dogs. 

How to Give Endosorb to Dogs

Endosorb is a tablet that is given to your dog by mouth. If necessary, you can hide the tablet in a treat to get your dog to take it. To do this, start by giving your dog a treat without the tablet, then give a treat with the tablet inside and immediately follow it up with another treat without the tablet. With any luck, your dog will be so focused on taking the treats that he won’t even notice that one of them had a pill inside of it.

If your dog won’t take the treat with the tablet inside of it, then you may need to “pill” your dog by giving the tablet directly. To do this, gently open your dog’s mouth and place the tablet as far back on your dog’s tongue as you can safely reach. Close your dog’s mouth and gently hold it closed until your dog swallows. You can encourage him to swallow by stroking his throat or gently blowing on his nose. Once he swallows, reward him with a treat. (For a step-by-step guide, check out our article on How to Give a Dog a Pill.)

Endosorb Dog Side Effects

There are no commonly reported side effects associated with Endosorb. However, if your dog’s diarrhea does not resolve within 24-48 hours, or if it is accompanied by other symptoms such as loss of appetite, lethargy, vomiting, fever, pain, or other changes in health or behavior, you should see your veterinarian for further care.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Because Endosorb is highly absorbent, it should be given separately from other drugs and medications to prevent it from binding to them and decreasing their absorption. Give your pet’s other medications at least one hour prior to giving Endosorb to ensure they are adequately absorbed.

Endosorb Dosage for Dogs

Although Endosorb is available over the counter, you should always talk to your veterinarian first before starting any medication for dog diarrhea. This is especially important if your dog exhibits other symptoms such as vomiting, lethargy, loss of appetite, fever, or other changes in health and behavior. These can be signs of a more serious medical problem requiring veterinary intervention.

If your veterinarian gives the go-ahead to use Endosorb for your dog’s diarrhea, follow the instructions on the product label for dosing based on your pet’s weight. Follow the dosing schedule until your dog’s diarrhea resolves or until your veterinarian tells you it is okay to discontinue use of the product.

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Endosorb

If your dog misses a dose of Endosorb, give the medication as soon as you remember. If the next dose is due soon, do not give two doses or double the dose. Instead, skip the missed dose and continue on with the next dose as prescribed. If your dog misses multiple doses of Endosorb, contact your veterinarian for advice on how best to proceed.

Cost of Endosorb for Dogs

Endosorb is available over the counter at a cost of approximately $110 for a 500-count bottle. The cost may vary depending on your geographic location.

Endosorb Storage Instructions

Store Endosorb in a cool, dry place.

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Famotidine is safe and readily available, making it many veterinarians’ first choice when recommending an antacid. Although this medication is available over the counter, you should still consult your veterinarian before using it to ensure it will be safe and effective for your dog’s condition. 

Read on the learn more about famotidine in dogs and how to use this common medication for your pup.

What is Famotidine?

Famotidine is a type of medication called an H2 blocker or, more formally, a histamine H2 receptor antagonist, and it’s used to decrease the production of stomach acid. 

It is not FDA approved for use in animals and no veterinary products are available, but the human product is used off-label for conditions such as esophagitis, gastritis, esophageal reflux, and gastrinoma. It is available over the counter as a tablet and many generic products are available.

Is Famotidine Safe for Dogs?

Famotidine is safe for dogs when dosed appropriately, and side effects are rarely seen when this medication is used as directed by your veterinarian. The medication is available over the counter in all parts of the country, but you should consult your veterinarian before using it for your dog.

What Does Famotidine for Dogs Look Like?

Famotidine is most commonly available as an OTC oral tablet. Because famotidine is available in many generic forms, the exact appearance of the tablet will vary depending on the manufacturer. Famotidine may also go by the brand names Pepcid, Pepcid AC, or Zantac, among others.

How Does Famotidine Work?

Famotidine works by blocking histamine H2 receptors in the stomach, which stops the stomach from producing more acid. This helps relieve symptoms caused by hyperacidity in the stomach, such as heartburn, gastric ulcers, and acid indigestion. However, studies have shown that famotidine has a decreased effect over time with repeated use in dogs and cats.

What is Famotidine Used for In Dogs?

Famotidine is used to decrease stomach acid in situations where stomach acidity may be excessive or harmful. This includes conditions such as:

• Gastritis
• Esophagitis
• Gastric ulcers (prevention and treatment)
• Gastrinoma
• Esophageal reflux
• Duodenal-gastric reflux
• Exercise-related erosive gastritis
• Uremic gastropathy

How to Give Famotidine to Dogs

Famotidine is typically provided as a tablet you can give to your dog by mouth. To make administering the medicine easier, you can hide the tablet in a pill pocket or a treat such as a small amount of cheese. To persuade your dog into taking the hidden tablet, first give your dog a treat without the pill. Then give your dog the treat with the pill hidden inside, and immediately follow it up with another pill-less treat. Your dog should be so busy enjoying the treats that they won’t even notice the pill!

Alternatively, you can “pill” your dog by giving them the tablet orally without food. To do this, hold your dog’s head up with their nose pointed toward the ceiling. Gently open your dog’s mouth and place the pill as far back on the tongue as you can. Gently hold your dog’s mouth closed and keep their head pointed upward until they swallow – you can also blow on their nose or stroke their throat to encourage swallowing. Once they swallow, you’ve successfully administered the tablet!

Famotidine for Dogs Side Effects

Famotidine is a relatively safe drug and most dogs do not experience side effects when the medication is given at appropriate dosages. In humans, the following side effects have been reported:

• Hypersensitivity reactions
• Confusion
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Drowsiness
• Pancreatitis
• Diarrhea
• Abnormal liver and renal levels in blood work

If you suspect your dog may be having an adverse reaction to famotidine, stop giving the medication and contact your veterinarian.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Because famotidine impacts gastric (stomach) acid and the pH of the stomach, it may affect the absorption of other drugs that are administered by mouth. Similarly, famotidine may not be well-absorbed if given with other oral antacids.

Famotidine Dosage for Dogs

The dose of famotidine varies depending on your dog’s weight. Although famotidine is available over the counter, you should always consult your veterinarian to confirm the correct dosage prior to starting this medication for your dog. Never give your dog over-the-counter medications unless your veterinarian has recommended that you do so.

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Famotidine?

If your dog misses a dose of famotidine, give the dose as soon as you remember. If the next dose is due soon, do not give a double dose to make up for the missed dose. Simply continue on with the dosing schedule as prescribed. If your dog misses multiple doses of medication, consult your veterinarian to find out how best to proceed.

Cost of Famotidine for Dogs

Famotidine is available over the counter in many generic forms, making it relatively inexpensive for dogs. Pet owners should expect to spend no more than $20 for a 30-day supply of famotidine for dogs.

Famotidine Storage Instructions

Famotidine film-coated tablets should be stored at controlled room temperature (77 degrees Fahrenheit) in tight, light-resistant containers.

The post Famotidine for Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

There are many ways to introduce probiotics into your dog’s gut, from probiotic supplements to a dollop of yogurt added to your dog’s dinner bowl. But a growing number of manufacturers are offering dog food with probiotics already added into the formula.

Intrigued? Here’s everything you need to know about probiotic dog food and how it can help boost your dog’s digestion, nutrition, and overall health.

Do Dogs Need Probiotics?

About 70 percent of a dog’s immune system is contained in their gastrointestinal (GI) tract, also called the digestive tract or simply the gut (1). The gut microbiome is home to both “good” and “bad” bacteria. Probiotics are “good” bacteria that help support your pet’s digestive health, which, in turn, can boost the immune system. The key is to maintain the right balance. 

The composition of gut bacteria can fluctuate depending on what a dog eats as well as factors like stress or illness. And when that balance is off, your dog may experience any number of symptoms, from gassiness and loose stool to vomiting and gastrointestinal distress.

A regular course of probiotics can help maintain the optimal balance of bacteria in the gut to help keep your dog healthy and happy. 

What are Probiotics for Dogs?

When you think about probiotics in food, yogurt may be the first thing that comes to mind. Yogurt and other fermented foods contain two of the most commonly used probiotics, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. 

But such probiotic-rich foods may not always appeal to dogs’ palates. And often, “people food” with probiotics also contains added sugars or other ingredients harmful to dogs.

To make things easier on pet parents, probiotics for dogs are available in supplement forms, such as capsules, powders, chews, and pastes. But for ultimate convenience, dog food with probiotics can help ensure your pet is getting a consistent daily amount of gut-boosting good bacteria.

Some probiotic dog foods feature probiotic strains that specifically target a dog’s digestive tract. For example, certain foods contain Lactobacillus acidophilus, which can help improve stool quality, Lactobacillus casei, and Bifidobacterium animalis, which can help with acute diarrhea (1).

“Dogs have a different gut microbiome than humans, and therefore, they need bacterial strains that are beneficial in their systems. This is why human probiotics are not helpful to dogs,” explains veterinarian Dr. Jamie Whittenburg, DVM, director of Kingsgate Animal Hospital in Lubbock, Texas. 

“There are many different bacteria used in canine probiotic supplements. I recommend looking for a product that contains more than one strain and is manufactured by a reputable company,” Whittenburg suggests. “A higher number of colony-forming units (CFU) is also desired as this will offer more beneficial bacteria to the gut.” 

If you are unsure which type of probiotic is best for your pet, contact your veterinarian for guidance, Whittenburg says.

How Does Probiotic Dog Food Work?

Some pet parents prefer probiotic dog food over supplements because it’s easy to give. In fact, some owners start their furry family members on probiotic dog food when they are still young. 

“Dog foods that contain probiotics have the advantage of convenience because you know your dog is consuming the product,” Whittenburg says. “Add-ins, capsules, and treats may be more difficult to have your dog eat. A probiotic that isn’t consumed will have no benefit. However, it highly depends on which bacterial strains are contained in the food versus other products.” 

If you’re wondering which dogs would benefit most from probiotic dog food, it depends on the dog’s overall health. “Probiotics can be beneficial for any dog, but may offer unique benefits for dogs with sensitive stomachs, food sensitivities, senior dogs with medical conditions such as cancer, dogs that have recently been ill, and dogs that have recently received antibiotics,” Whittenburg states.

Of course, every dog is different, and there could be some instances where probiotics may not be the answer to your dog’s stomach issues. “Probiotics are not a panacea,” Wittenberg warns. If you have questions about probiotics and your dog, speak with your veterinarian.

6 Benefits of Dog Food with Probiotics

While there has not been as much research into the impact of probiotics on pets as there has been on humans, many veterinarians agree probiotics can have a positive impact on a pet’s health.

Let’s take a closer look at the potential benefits of feeding probiotic dog food.

Digestive Support

Dogs with healthy digestive systems feel good, so they tend to act “normal” — eating, drinking, and having regular bowel movements without problems. However, dogs with chronic stomach problems may experience bad breath, frequent diarrhea, vomiting, and other gastrointestinal issues. 

These are probably the most easily recognized reasons why a pet parent might consider probiotics for their dog. After all, if your dog often vomits or doesn’t want to eat, those are clear signs something’s off with your pet. 

Dog food with probiotics may improve your dog’s digestion, so they feel better. This includes promoting a balanced gut microbiome to support a healthy digestive system. 

Immune System Boost

It all goes back to the gut and brain connection. When your dog’s gut is healthy, your pup feels their best. If not, the gut sends warning messages to the brain. It’s not the gut’s fault it can’t interpret what’s a real threat and what’s not. That’s just the way the body is wired. Whether your dog is facing an actual predator or an unsettling change of routine, it’s all the same to their subconscious. It causes stress, and stress can impact the immune system.

According to Whittenburg, “Probiotics have been shown to improve a dog’s immune system…The exact mechanism is complicated, but in general, probiotics aid the cells of the immune system that recognize and destroy foreign substances (germs) as well as those that produce illness-fighting antibodies. For immune system support, I would recommend probiotics to dogs that are in stressful situations or have an illness, as both can suppress the immune system.” 

A good balance of dog probiotics means your pooch’s gut is better regulated, and therefore, their stress levels stay low, and the immune system is robust. A strong immune system also means healthy dog food benefits your pet more because their body is better able to absorb the nutrients. 

Calms Sensitive Stomachs and Treats Digestive Issues Due to Food Intolerances

Like people, some dogs have sensitive tummies and chronic GI issues. If your dog has a food intolerance, eliminating the trigger food can help. For example, if your dog suffers from tummy troubles and it turns out they’re sensitive to soy, and that’s an ingredient in their food, then changing their diet will help.

Dog foods for sensitive stomachs usually contain probiotics because they can help support a healthy gut. 

“Probiotics help improve the digestive system barrier and aid in the digestive process,” says Whittenburg. “A dog with a mild food intolerance, or one that has recently been administered antibiotics, may benefit from probiotics as they will repopulate the gut with beneficial bacteria, improving digestion.”

In other cases, if your dog is new to digestive issues, it could be because they’ve developed Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), a leaky gut, or other gastrointestinal problems. Probiotic dog food may help support their digestive health.

Helps Reduce Flatulence

If your dog is prone to stinky gas, that may be a sign their digestive system isn’t happy. Gas and bloating don’t feel good for your dog and while releasing the gas is a relief to your pup,  it’s often unpleasant to anyone nearby. Common causes of gassiness in dogs include eating ingredients that are hard to digest and swallowing too much air when scarfing down food. A highly digestible dog food with probiotics might help reduce your dog’s gas, so you’re no longer wrinkling your nose due to doggy farts.

Helps Reduce Stress and Anxiety

Scientists have long studied the brain-gut connection in humans, and it turns out that connection exists in our pups too. Stressors like changes to your dog’s routine or separation anxiety could trigger symptoms of anxiety, including excessive panting, pacing, lip licking, and even tummy troubles like frequent diarrhea and vomiting. 

Such stomach upset is stressful, too. But probiotic dog food may help balance your pet’s gut biome, reducing the impact of stress on your dog’s stomach. 

Easier Cleanup of Waste

When you walk your dog, would you rather scoop up a normal poop or a messy one? Of course, less mess is best. But reducing loose stools isn’t just about easier cleanup. Improving the consistency of your dog’s poop can also improve their health. And—no surprise—probiotics play a part. 

“Probiotics have been shown to increase regularity of defecation and can be beneficial for dogs experiencing both constipation and diarrhea,” says Whittenburg. “The beneficial bacteria compete with any less desirable bacteria in the gut microbiome and help to regulate the transit time in the gut.” 

“There may be more stool to clean up, not less,” Whittenburg warns. However, when your dog’s digestive system is functioning well, they’re more likely to produce a consistent stool that’s not too terrible to clean up.

“I use probiotics in all dogs with diarrhea, to aid in repopulating the gut with beneficial bacteria and to repair their gut microbiome,” she notes.

Dog Food with Probiotics: What to Look For

When choosing the best probiotic dog food for your pet, here are a few questions to ask yourself:

Are live cultures important? In a word, yes. While ingesting living organisms might sound unappealing, they’re essential to gut health because the digestive system is constantly in flux, and they help keep it stable. When choosing probiotic dog food, choose a brand that uses live and active cultures.

What about prebiotics? If probiotics are living, then it makes sense they need a food source to thrive. Prebiotics are that food source, so you’ll want to look for them in your probiotic dog food, too.

Does the probiotic strain matter? Different species and strains of probiotics can offer different benefits. For instance, Lactobacillus acidophilus can aid in regular bowel movements.

Is cost a factor? Healthy ingredients usually cost a bit more, which reflects the pricing of quality dog food. However, probiotic dog food doesn’t typically cost more than other healthy dog foods, and it pays off in your dog’s long-term health.

If you’re considering transitioning your dog to a new probiotic food, many veterinarians and pet food manufacturers recommend introducing the new food slowly. 

This can be achieved by adding some of the new food to your dog’s existing food over a few days or weeks until they’re only eating the new food. An abrupt change in your dog’s diet can be too dramatic for dogs with sensitive stomachs and can cause more tummy troubles.

The post Dog Food With Probiotics: Benefits and Reasons to Try It appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But, mealtime isn’t always so simple. Sometimes, a dog just won’t eat, which can be confusing and worrisome for pet parents, who may wonder if their dog is sick or simply displeased with what’s on the menu.

Recipes developed for picky eaters can help tantalize the tastebuds of even the most discriminating dogs. But it’s just as important to get to the bottom of what’s causing your pet’s picky behavior.

That’s why we talked to veterinarian Dr. Bryce Zietz, DVM, to discover the most common causes of poor appetite and picky eating in dogs…and, more importantly, what to do about it.

Why is My Dog Not Eating?

When your dog stops eating, it’s easy to assume the worst. But, according to Zietz, dogs may seem selective about their food for a wide variety of reasons. For example, “They may not like certain flavors of foods, or they may have something painful in their mouth that makes them avoid chewing.” 

So how can pet parents tell what’s behind their dog’s poor appetite? It’s always a good idea to consult your veterinarian if you’re concerned about your dog’s pickiness. There are many reasons why a dog might stop eating, and a thorough veterinary evaluation can help diagnose the problem best. 

Here, Zietz outlined four of the most common causes of poor or picky eating in dogs, along with some warning signs to watch out for:

1. Stress

Stress can play a role in your dog’s reluctance to eat. Sometimes, if a dog’s anxiety level is high enough, “all other drives (including hunger) are deprioritized to make sure they are ready to react to a perceived threat,” explains Zietz.

Every dog is different, and some are more susceptible to stressors than others. So, if your dog isn’t eating, first look to see if there’s anything that could be causing them undue stress, such as being left alone, a new member of the family, or a change in environment. Even something simple, like a new food bowl or routine, might be enough to put your dog off their food.   

2. Pain

If your dog is not eating, look for additional signs, such as excessive drooling or behavioral changes that could indicate pain, suggests Zeitz. 

What could be mistaken for pickiness may be a sign of a problem so severe, that “they do not want to suffer through the pain in order to eat,” he says.

Take a look inside your dog’s mouth to ensure they don’t have any obvious foreign objects sticking inside the gums or any sores or masses, suggests Zeitz. However, it may be difficult for the untrained eye to see something like a tooth fracture, in which case a dental exam is needed. 

3. Illness

In addition to mouth pain, there are many illnesses and infections that may cause pain or other side effects so debilitating, that they could interfere with your dog’s appetite, says Zeitz. 

These could range from nausea due to digestive disorders or dietary indiscretions to more serious illnesses like kidney or liver disease. Allergies and food sensitivities can also trigger intestinal distress that could cause a dog not to eat.

Because these causes of poor appetite are so varied (and easy to misinterpret), it’s important to consult with a veterinarian for proper testing and diagnosis if your dog’s picky eating or refusal to eat is accompanied by other symptoms, such as vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, or weight loss. 

4. Pickiness

If your dog isn’t eating but is acting normal and your veterinarian has ruled out all the above causes, you may simply have a picky eater on your hands. 

Some dogs (like people) are more particular about their food. Your pet might be bored with their current diet or may have developed an aversion to the way their food tastes, looks, or feels. 

Regardless of the reason, finding a solution for picky eating is just as important as resolving the other causes of poor appetite in dogs, to ensure your pet gets the balanced nutrition they need to thrive.

Picky Dog Not Eating Food: How to Help

Having a picky eater for a dog isn’t something most pet parents are excited about. However, the good news is that there are plenty of methods that can help get your fussy eater back on track and enjoying mealtime again.

Here are some top tactics to try:

Switch up your picky dog’s diet. Sometimes, all it takes for a picky eater is a change in diet. Zeitz recommends switching to a different brand or type of food to pique your picky eater’s palate. However, be sure to transition slowly, gradually adding more and more of the new food over the course of a full week. Switching from one food directly to another too quickly could cause issues like digestive upset and diarrhea.

One option is to look at formulas specifically designed to appeal to picky eaters.

Appeal to all the senses.  Pet parents can try this at home by adding toppers to perk up a dog’s standard fare. Or warm your dog’s food up to make it more aromatic and enticing. “Generally, the more it smells, the more they want it,” says Zeitz.  

For any dietary changes, make sure to incorporate them gradually, over the course of one week, to avoid potential stomach issues that can arise from switching too fast.

Make mealtime fun. Use puzzle feeders or treat toys to make eating more fun and stimulating. If your dog has to work harder for their meal, it can help combat food boredom. Plus, the rhythmic act of licking to reach the food in a difficult-to-get toy may help reduce stress. 

How Long Can a Dog Go Without Eating?

It’s important to address picky eating habits quickly to avoid health issues that can arise from persistent poor nutrition. However, how quickly you need to act depends on your dog’s age or stage of life and overall health. Check with your vet if you have any questions or concerns.  

Healthy Adult Dog Won’t Eat

For most adult dogs, if you’ve tried the tactics above for a week and your dog is still not eating well or consistently, then it’s time for a visit to your veterinarian. 

But if you have a puppy, senior dog, or a dog of any age with a known health condition, a week is too long to wait. Contact your veterinarian about your dog’s picky eating as soon as possible. 

Puppy Won’t Eat

Puppies have fewer fat reserves than adult dogs and cannot survive long without food. If your puppy has not eaten in more than 12 hours, “they should be examined in person by your veterinarian to make sure they don’t have any other health concerns or infectious diseases that are common among puppies,” recommends Zeitz. 

Puppies also don’t have the capacity to regulate their glucose as older dogs do, so going without food for longer period could lead to low blood sugar. 

Senior Dog Won’t Eat

While senior dogs have larger fat reserves that enable them to handle longer periods of time without food, the same rule applies, according to Zeitz. 

“The longer dogs go without food, the more work their bodies do to compensate using alternative methods of glucose production (more energy intense),” says Zeitz. This is why we can see senior dogs or those with health issues losing body weight and even muscle quickly after short periods of poor or picky eating. 

The veterinarian will most likely do a blood test to gather information about the inner workings of your pet, says Zeitz. In some cases, this is followed up with an ultrasound or x-ray. However, it may not always be necessary. 

Dog Picky Eater: Tips for Success

The bottom line is if you have a healthy dog who’s refusing to eat food, it’s perfectly fine to try to entice them to eat, once you’ve ruled out other causes of poor appetite, such as stress, pain, or illness. If, after a week of trying, flavorful toppers, puzzle feeders, and even dog food for picky eaters won’t do the trick, consult with your veterinarian to see if further testing or treatment are necessary to restore your pup’s appetite and good health.

The post 4 Reasons Your Dog is a Picky Eater (and How to Help) appeared first on Great Pet Care.

What Is Insulin?

Insulin is a hormone naturally produced by the pancreas. It is responsible for controlling the amount of glucose, or sugar, in your cat’s bloodstream and promoting the uptake of glucose into cells. 

After your cat eats a meal, insulin is released from the pancreas to help the body use or store the glucose it gets from food. In cats with diabetes, the pancreas may still produce insulin but the body does not respond to it appropriately (insulin resistance), causing poor regulation of blood glucose levels. This is most similar to Type II diabetes in humans.

To treat diabetes in cats, we must supplement them with insulin by injection. There are multiple types of insulin for cats available that vary in their duration of action, concentration, and cost. 

What Does Insulin for Cats Look Like?

There are many insulin products available and they come in several forms. Most commonly, insulin comes in a multi-dose vial. Human insulin products may be sold in a dosing pen for more accurate dosing. Your veterinarian will demonstrate how to use the product prior to starting your cat’s insulin therapy.

How Does Insulin Work?

Insulin is a hormone that primarily targets liver, muscle, and fat cells. In a diabetic cat, insulin is administered after a meal. As the body breaks down the food into glucose, insulin signals these cells to uptake glucose into the cell, where it is either used as fuel for energy or stored for later use. This uptake of glucose into cells keeps your cat’s blood sugar regulated so that it does not become too high (hyperglycemia). 

What Is Insulin Used for In Cats?

Insulin is used to treat diabetes mellitus, a common condition in senior cats, particularly males. Risk factors for diabetes mellitus include obesity, physical inactivity, increasing age, history of glucocorticoid administration, pancreatitis, pregnancy, systemic infection, acromegaly, hyperadrenocorticism, and chronic kidney disease.

Cat Insulin vs. Human Insulin

There are only two insulin products that are FDA approved for use in cats. These are Vetsulin, a porcine insulin zinc suspension, and ProZinc, a protamine zinc recombinant human insulin. 

Aside from these two products, many human products are also used in cats. These include products such as Lantus, Toujeo, Humulin N, and Novolin N which are commonly used in human medicine. 

There is no single insulin that is suitable for all diabetic cats. Some cats may respond better to one insulin product than another. Your veterinarian will choose an insulin product based on its duration of action, your cat’s response to insulin therapy, and their own clinical experience with insulin products. 

How to Give Insulin to Cats

Insulin is administered by subcutaneous injection, which is an injection under the skin. Insulin syringes use a small, thin needle and most cats tolerate these injections very well. Your cat will need to have these injections 1-2 times daily for the rest of his or her life.

To administer the injection, start by giving your cat a small treat or a bit of food as a distraction. Use your non-dominant hand to gently lift a bit of loose skin from the nape of the neck. You’ll notice that this skin forms a triangle shape. Using your dominant hand, guide the needle into the center of the triangle. When the needle is in place, pull back slightly on the syringe plunger. You should experience a bit of negative pressure or a slight “pull” on the plunger – this means you are in the right position. Gently depress the plunger until you have fully administered the insulin, then gently pull back the syringe to remove the needle. Dispose of the entire syringe and needle in an appropriate hard-sided container. 

If you’re unsure if your cat received the entire contents of the syringe, do not attempt to re-dose your cat. You do not want to accidentally overdose your cat with insulin as this can lead to hypoglycemia, or dangerously low blood sugar. Instead, simply continue on with the regular dosing schedule as prescribed.

Side Effects of Insulin for Cats

The primary side effect of insulin is hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar. This can occur when an insulin dose is too high, resulting in too much glucose uptake from the bloodstream. Signs of low blood sugar in cats include:

• Hunger
• Anxiety
• Weakness
• Muscle twitching
• Disorientation
• Lethargy
• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting
• Hypothermia
• Seizure
• Diarrhea

Other side effects from insulin include local injection site reactions such as mild swelling, pain, bruising, or crusting at the site of insulin injection. It is recommended to rotate injection sites to help prevent this.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Certain drugs may alter an animal’s glucose tolerance and change their insulin requirements. These drugs include:

• Corticosteroids
• Thiazide diuretics
• Progestogens
• Amitraz
• Alpha-2 agonists
• Dexmedetomidine
• Xylazine

Certain drugs may increase the risk of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) when given in conjunction with insulin. These drugs include:

• Anti-diabetic agents
• Salicylates
• Sulfonamide antibiotics
• MAOIs
• Fluoxetine
• Disopyramide
• Dibrates
• Propoxyphene
• Pentoxyfylline
• ACE inhibitors
• Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents
• Somatostatin analogs

Insulin Dosage for Cats

The dosage of insulin your cat needs will vary depending on your cat. Some cats require higher doses of insulin than others, and it can take some time to find the right dose. Your veterinarian will start by prescribing a low dose of insulin for your cat. After your cat has been on insulin for about 7-14 days, the dose may be adjusted based on your cat’s clinical signs or based on the results of a blood glucose curve. 

A blood glucose curve is a diagnostic procedure in which your cat’s blood sugar is measured every 2 hours, allowing your veterinarian to chart how your cat’s blood sugar fluctuates throughout the day. This allows your veterinarian to visualize how your cat’s body is reacting to the insulin. If your cat’s blood sugar is trending high, your cat’s insulin dose may be increased. If your cat’s blood sugar is dipping too low during the day, your cat’s insulin dose may be decreased. 

When starting insulin therapy, it is important to monitor your cat for signs of hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar. These signs can include weakness, loss of appetite, stumbling, blindness, altered mental state, vomiting, panting, slow heart rate, and collapse. These can be signs that your cat’s insulin dose is too high. If your cat exhibits these signs, contact your veterinarian right away. 

What If My Cat Misses a Dose of Insulin?

If your cat misses a dose of insulin, do not double the next dose or give an extra dose to make up for the missed dose. Doing so will put your cat at risk for hypoglycemia. Instead, simply skip the missed dose and continue on with the next dose as prescribed. If your cat misses multiple doses of insulin, contact your veterinarian for advice on how best to proceed.

Cost of Insulin for Cats

The cost of insulin for cats varies depending on the type of insulin your cat is prescribed. However, pet owners should expect to spend approximately $100-$150 per bottle of insulin. 

Insulin Storage Instructions

Insulin products are stored in the refrigerator at 36 to 46 degrees Fahrenheit and should be kept away from heat and sunlight. Do not freeze insulin or use insulin that has been frozen.

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What Are Hookworms in Cats?

Hookworms are a blood-sucking intestinal parasite that occurs in cats, dogs, and humans.  Hookworms are a common parasite of cats, particularly those that go outdoors, have access to feral cat populations, hunt, or access potentially contaminated environments. The most common species of hookworms in cats are Ancylostoma tubaeforme and Ancylostoma braziliense. Once infective larvae of these species reach the cat’s GI tract, they mature into adult hookworms that firmly attach to the intestinal wall via six sharp teeth. Adult hookworms can live in the intestine for four to 24 months, living off the host’s blood. Large hookworm infestations can lead to anemia and death, especially in young animals.

What Causes Hookworms in Cats?

Any age or breed of cat can be infected with hookworms, but young cats are more likely to be affected. Cats get infected with hookworm in several ways. One of the most common ways cats become infected with hookworm is through ingesting infective larva from the environment. This can occur from ingesting contaminated feces or soil. The hookworm larvae are swallowed and travel to the gastrointestinal tract, where they mature into adults.  

Cats can also acquire hookworms from eating infected prey such as rodents. Cockroaches, in particular, are a very common transport host of hookworm larvae. When the cat ingests the cockroach, the dormant larvae are released into the cat’s digestive tract, where they develop into adult hookworms.

Hookworms can also be transmitted just by walking in areas contaminated with infective hookworm larvae. The larvae can penetrate the skin, after which they travel to the lungs via the cat’s veins and lymphatic system. The larvae then migrate through the lungs to the trachea.  Large numbers of migrating larvae can cause respiratory symptoms and pneumonia. Once they reach the trachea, the larvae are coughed up and swallowed, allowing them to reach the digestive tract where they mature into adult hookworms.

Hookworms in dogs can be transmitted from mother to puppies before birth and during nursing. This does not occur in cats.  

It is important to note that the same cat can become infected with hookworms more than once.  Cats can become re-infected from the environment and infective hookworm larvae can survive in soil for a few months under optimal conditions. Infected cats also shed hookworm eggs in their feces, further contaminating the environment. Practicing good sanitation by removing and disposing of feces promptly is essential to reduce the risk of re-infection.

Humans can also become infected with hookworms from the environment. This typically occurs by ingesting contaminated soil, most often occurring in children who play in areas where infected cats or dogs defecate. Humans can also be infected via direct skin penetration of the infective larvae. Direct transmission of hookworms from cats to humans does not occur.

Symptoms of Hookworm in Cats

Many cats infected with hookworm are asymptomatic and do not show any signs of infection, so routine screening tests are important to identify hookworm infections. In kittens, heavy infestations of hookworms may cause anemia and death. Other symptoms of hookworm infection can include:

• Blood in the stool
• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Vomiting
• Dry cough
• Poor hair coat
• Pot-bellied appearance
• Loss of body condition
• Loss of appetite
• Pale mucous membranes
• Respiratory symptoms
• Pneumonia
• Failure to thrive

If you suspect your cat may have hookworms, or any other type of parasite, visit your veterinarian to diagnose the problem and receive appropriate treatment.

How to Diagnose Hookworm in Cats

If a hookworm infection is suspected, your veterinarian will first perform a full head-to-tail physical examination on your cat. Your veterinarian may also recommend additional diagnostic testing, such as the evaluation of a fecal sample. Your cat’s fecal sample may be used for the following tests:

• Fecal floatation with centrifugation. This test is used to look for parasite eggs in your cat’s feces. A female hookworm produces 600-6,000 eggs per day, which are passed in the feces. These microscopic eggs float readily in a floatation solution and can then be visualized under a microscope. Identifying hookworm eggs on a fecal floatation test confirms the presence of hookworm infection in your cat.
• Fecal antigen testing. This test identifies an antigen produced by both immature and adult hookworms in the small intestine. This test does not rely on egg production, so it can detect hookworm infections by immature worms or those that are single-sex infections, allowing earlier identification and treatment. Because each test has its strengths and weaknesses, fecal antigen testing and fecal floatation testing are typically performed together.

Hookworm Treatment for Cats

If left untreated, hookworm infections can lead to anemia, respiratory illness, loss of body condition, failure to thrive, and even death, particularly in young animals. Hookworm infections should be treated immediately with deworming (anthelmintic) medications to kill the adult worms. In severe infections, additional supportive care such as fluids, blood transfusions, iron supplements, or a high protein diet may be needed to support the animal until the worms are killed. Your veterinarian will determine the best course of treatment based on your cat’s test results and the severity of the infection.

In addition to medication to kill the worms, it is important to practice good environmental sanitation to prevent re-infection. Because hookworm eggs are shed in the feces, frequent removal and disposal of feces from the environment is essential to prevent re-infection. Following treatment with anthelmintic medications, repeat fecal floatation tests are necessary to ensure that hookworm eggs are no longer being shed.

Hookworm Medication for Cats

Anthelmintic dewormers are used to kill adult hookworms and treat hookworm infections. These include medications such as:

• Ivermectin
• Selamectin
• Moxidectin/Imidacloprid 
• Fenbendazole 
• Milbemycin oxime
• Emodepside
• Selamectin/Sarolaner
• Pyrantel pamoate

General Cost of Hookworm Treatment for Cats

In most cases, two rounds of deworming medication are recommended to clear a hookworm infection. In severe infections, additional medications and supportive treatments may be necessary, which will incur an additional cost. For the average hookworm infection, cat owners should expect to pay around $25-$150 for treatment, depending on the medications prescribed.

How to Prevent Hookworms in Cats

The best way to prevent hookworm infections is by deworming kittens with an age-appropriate anthelmintic deworming medication at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age. All cats should also be started on a monthly preventive medication as soon as they are old enough to do so.

Environmental sanitation is also an important step to prevent infection and especially to prevent re-infection after a cat has tested positive for hookworms. Feces should be removed from the litter box or the environment and disposed of promptly. This prevents hookworm eggs from hatching and larvae from developing.  

Related Conditions

• Roundworm
• Tapeworm
• Whipworm
• Coccidiosis

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What is Meloxidyl?

Meloxidyl is a brand name form of Meloxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Meloxidyl is commonly prescribed for acute or chronic pain and inflammation in dogs. Meloxicam, the generic form of Meloxidyl, is FDA approved for use in dogs for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis and it is also used off label for other conditions. Your veterinarian may prescribe Meloxicam in a tablet, liquid, or injectable form depending on your dog’s needs.  

What Does Meloxidyl for Dogs Look Like?

Meloxidyl is a brand name oral suspension of Meloxicam. It comes in a bottle with two dosing syringes to be used based on your dog’s weight. This product is lightly sweetened to facilitate administration of the medication to your dog.

Meloxicam is a generic product that comes in many different formulations including tablets, liquids, and injectable medications. Because it is a generic medication, the appearance of the product will vary depending on the manufacturer.

How Does Meloxidyl Work?

Meloxidyl is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that works by inhibiting the formation of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). COX enzymes are involved in the production of prostaglandins, some of which are produced at sites of injury and are responsible for causing pain and inflammation. By inhibiting COX enzymes, prostaglandin production is reduced, which reduces pain and inflammation.

What Is Meloxidyl Used for in Dogs? 

Meloxidyl is indicated for acute and chronic pain and inflammation in dogs. This may include conditions such as osteoarthritis, soft tissue injury, or postoperative pain, among others. The duration of treatment with Meloxidyl depends on the type, the severity, and the duration of the pain to be addressed. 

How to Give Meloxidyl to Dogs

If your dog is prescribed the tablet or pill form of Meloxicam, it should be given by mouth. If necessary, you can hide the tablet in a tasty treat or in your dog’s food. Be sure to feed your dog a full meal along with the medication, as this will prevent stomach upset.

If your dog is prescribed the liquid form of Meloxicam, use the provided dosing syringe to administer the liquid to your dog by mouth. Always use the provided dosing syringe to ensure your dog receives the correct dosage of medication. As with pills and tablets, be sure to give the medication with a full meal to reduce the risk of upsetting your dog’s stomach.

If your dog is prescribed the injectable form of Meloxicam, this will be administered by your veterinarian in the veterinary clinic. 

Meloxicam is typically given once every 24 hours for pain and inflammation. Always follow your veterinarian’s dosing instructions closely. Do not give extra medication or additional doses, even if you think your dog is still in pain. If your dog is still in pain, consult your veterinarian for further instructions. 

Meloxidyl for Dogs Side Effects 

The most common side effects of Meloxidyl are gastrointestinal effects such as vomiting and diarrhea.  Some gastrointestinal effects can be prevented by administering Meloxidyl with a full meal. Treatment with NSAIDs such as Meloxidyl is also a predisposing factor for developing GI ulceration. In some cases, your veterinarian may prescribe gastroprotectant medications in addition to Meloxidyl to reduce the risk of GI ulcers.

NSAIDs also inhibit platelet function, which may cause increased bleeding times. However, studies have not demonstrated a clinically significant relationship between NSAID use and bleeding disorders in dogs.

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Meloxidyl may interact with the following medications:

• Aminoglycosides
• Phenobarbital
• Anticoagulants
• Sulfonylureas 
• Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid
• Isoniazid
• ACE inhibitors 
• Cimetidine
• Cisplatin
• Cyclosporine 
• Corticosteroids
• Pentosan
• SSRIs
• Furosemide
• Methotrexate
• Clopidogrel 
• Aspirin
• Other NSAIDs 

Meloxidyl Dosage for Dogs

The dosage of Meloxidyl for dogs varies depending on your dog’s weight. Your veterinarian will prescribe a dose that is appropriate for your dog’s current weight and health status. Be sure to follow your veterinarian’s instructions closely. Do not give extra medication or additional doses. If you feel your dog is in pain or needs additional medication, contact your veterinarian for further instructions. 

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Meloxidyl 

If your dog misses a dose of Meloxidyl, give it as soon as you remember, as long as it is not too close to the next dose. Do not double up on doses to make up for a missed dose. If necessary, simply skip the missed dose and continue on with the next dose as scheduled. 

Cost of Meloxidyl for Dogs 

The cost of Meloxidyl will vary depending on your dog’s size, the duration of treatment, and the formulation prescribed. Generic products will also cost less than brand names. In general, pet owners should expect to spend $25-$75 on Meloxidyl for dogs.

Meloxidyl Storage Instructions

Meloxidyl should be stored at controlled room temperature of 59-77 degrees Fahrenheit and should be protected from moisture.

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What is Dramamine?

Dramamine is a combination of two drugs: diphenhydramine and 8-chlorotheophylline. Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine (commonly known as Benadryl), which reduces vomiting, and 8-chlorotheophylline, which reduces the drowsiness associated with diphenhydramine. 

Dramamine is commonly used in humans to treat nausea, vomiting and dizziness due to motion sickness. It is used in cats and dogs for motion sickness as well. Dramamine is available over the counter and comes in several formulations, including oral solutions, tablets and a solution for injection. There are no specific veterinary formulations of Dramamine.

Is Dramamine Safe for Dogs?

Dramamine is safe for dogs when used as prescribed by your veterinarian. It is readily available over the counter, but you should always consult your veterinarian before giving any over-the-counter medications to your dog. Your veterinarian will give you the proper dosing and instructions for using this medication.

What Does Dramamine for Dogs Look Like?

Dramamine is given as either a tablet or an oral liquid. Because many generic products are available, the appearance of the product varies widely depending on the manufacturer. It may also appear under the generic name dimenhydrinate.

How Does Dramamine Work?

Dramamine contains diphenhydramine, an antihistamine medication more commonly known by the brand name Benadryl. Diphenhydramine makes the body unresponsive to histamines and acts on an area of the brain called the chemoreceptor trigger zone, interrupting chemical signals that cause nausea. 

Dramamine also contains 8-chlorotheophylline, which reduces the drowsiness associated with diphenhydramine.

What is Dramamine Used for in Dogs?

Dramamine is used for managing symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and dizziness, particularly due to motion sickness. Dramamine is not commonly prescribed to dogs, as there are other medications that are more effective for managing these symptoms.

Dramamine may be prescribed for the following indications:

• Prevention of vomiting
• Car sickness
• Prevention of itching due to allergic dermatitis in dogs

How to Give Dramamine to Dogs

Dramamine is available over the counter as a tablet or liquid formulation. To give tablets to your dog, it is usually easiest to hide them in a high-value treat. To trick your dog into taking the pill, first offer a treat without the pill, then offer the treat with the pill hidden inside and immediately follow it up with another treat without the pill. Your dog will be so excited about taking multiple treats, he may not even notice the pill hidden inside.

To administer the liquid formulation of Dramamine, use the provided syringe to draw up an appropriate dose of the medication. Gently hold your dog’s head in place, then slide the syringe into the corner of your dog’s mouth behind his teeth. As soon as the syringe is in place, administer the medication. Hold your dog’s head upright for a few seconds after administration to ensure he swallows the medication.

Dramamine for Dogs Side Effects

The most common side effect in dogs is sedation or drowsiness. This is especially common in certain herding-breed dogs, who may be more sensitive to the sedative effects of antihistamines. 

If high doses of Dramamine are given, other side effects can include:

• Agitation
• Seizures
• Excessive vocalization
• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting
• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Dry mouth
• High heart rate
• Hypersensitivity reactions

Overdose of Dramamine is possible and may even be seen at doses less than 1 mg/kg above the normal dose. It is very important to follow your veterinarian’s dosing instructions closely and to contact your veterinarian right away if you notice any side effects or other adverse effects.

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Dramamine may react with other medications and should be used with caution in dogs taking medications or supplements for other conditions. Interactions may occur with other drugs such as:

• Tricyclic antidepressants and anti-histamines
• MAO Inhibitors
• CNS depressant drugs
• Azole antifungals
• Macrolide drugs

Dramamine should also be used with caution in dogs with liver disease, as this medication is processed through the liver. Be sure to consult your veterinarian before administering Dramamine to your dog to ensure there is no risk of interaction with any other medications your dog may be taking.

Dramamine Dosage for Dogs

The dosage of Dramamine for dogs varies depending on your dog’s weight and the severity of the condition to be treated. 

Overdose and toxicity can occur very easily with Dramamine, so it is important to consult your veterinarian to obtain an accurate Dramamine dose for your dog. Although Dramamine is available over the counter, you should not administer it without talking to your veterinarian to find out the best dosage and frequency for your dog’s individual needs.

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Dramamine?

If your dog misses a dose of Dramamine, give the dose as soon as you remember. If the next dose is due soon, do not double the doses or administer two doses in a short period, as this increases the risk of side effects and overdose. 

Instead, skip the missed dose and continue with the regular dosing schedule. If your dog misses multiple doses of medication, consult your veterinarian to determine when the next dose should be administered.

Cost of Dramamine for Dogs

Pet owners should expect to spend no more than $20 for a month’s supply of Dramamine for dogs. It is sold over the counter and is inexpensive. Generic forms are also available that are less expensive than brand-name Dramamine. 

Dramamine Storage Instructions

Dramamine products can be stored at room temperature, between 68 and 77 degrees.

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In this article, we’ll decode nail and paw biting in dogs, why they do it, when it’s a problem, and what pet parents can and should do about it.

Dogs Chewing Paws and Nails: Is it Normal?

Occasional brief sessions of paw licking and chewing are normal dog grooming behaviors. Most dogs will lick and chew their feet to clean themselves, especially after walks or play sessions outside. Some dogs may also exhibit this behavior as part of their nightly routine while they settle into bed or throughout the day while they are relaxing. 

However, if your dog has suddenly started licking or chewing in a way they never have before, such as much longer than normal or more aggressively than usual, it can be a sign that something is wrong. It’s also a cause for concern if your dog is incessantly licking, biting, or chewing at their feet. 

Typical grooming sessions don’t last much longer than five to 10 minutes maximum, and your dog should never leave themselves with raw or red paws afterward. It’s abnormal for your dog to stay up all night obsessing with their paws or to stop on walks or play sessions to bite or chew their paws. These scenarios are a good reason to inspect your dog’s feet and schedule an appointment with your veterinarian. 

Why Do Dogs Chew Their Paws and Nails?

There are many reasons dogs bite and chew their nails. Abnormal reasons for paw licking and chewing include:

Allergies

Dogs with allergies usually have red, itchy skin and paws. Allergies are the most common reason dogs bite, chew, and lick at their feet frequently and repeatedly. 

Dogs with both environmental allergies and food allergies will often develop red, inflamed feet (along with other areas of their body), and they may start to lose fur in these places. Despite popular belief, environmental allergies are much more common than food allergies in dogs. Only about 10 percent of dogs suffering from allergies have a true food allergy. 

The inflammation in their paws is itchy and uncomfortable, so allergic dogs will bite, chew, and lick at their paws and nails to relieve the discomfort. These dogs will usually be gnawing on all four paws instead of just one. Allergies become progressively worse with time, so a dog may start just a little itchy and become more uncomfortable over time. 

Over-the-counter antihistamines are unfortunately not very effective in most dogs with allergies. Apoquel is a commonly prescribed oral medicine for allergic itch in dogs that provides fast, effective relief. Your veterinarian can work with you to help identify, alleviate, and manage your dog’s allergies. 

Injuries

Paw and nail injuries are relatively common. Our dogs don’t wear protective shoes like we do and are liable to hurt themselves while out and about in the world. Your dog may have irritated or cut their paw by stepping on something sharp or walking on a hot or rough surface, like gravel.

Dogs sometimes step on acorns, rocks, or other small objects that become lodged between their toes. Their nails can sometimes become torn, ingrown, or even broken during rough play or even on leisurely strolls.

If your dog is licking or chewing their paw due to an injury, they will typically be focused on one foot in particular, and it will have started abruptly. Dogs with an injury to their paw may or may not limp, depending on their pain tolerance and the location of the wound. The sudden, persistent paw chewing will usually be a new behavior for them and will last much longer than regular grooming sessions. 

Carefully check the top and bottom of your dog’s paw, and look between the toes, too. Minor scrapes or irritations are likely to heal with some simple, at-home first aid, but a veterinarian should examine cuts, wounds, or nail injuries. In most cases, paw injuries are not serious, and with proper wound care, antibiotics and pain medications, your dog will recover just fine.

Some dogs are very protective of their feet and may not allow you to examine their paws yourself. In these cases, it’s best to go to the veterinarian sooner rather than later so a professional can help check for any potentially painful or serious problems.

Parasites

Parasites, like fleas or mange, can cause our dogs to bite and chew frantically and constantly. Bites from these parasites leave the skin red and inflamed. Dogs with flea or mite infestations will often bite all four feet and will usually be red and itchy on other spots of their body as well. Ticks can also cause an itching sensation. If a tick attaches to your dog’s paw or between their toes, your dog may chew at it to stop the itch and remove the tick.

These pests can be challenging to find, so just because you don’t see any parasites doesn’t mean they aren’t there. Your veterinary team can employ specialized techniques and tests like skin scraping to determine if parasites are causing your pet to tear their feet apart.

Pain

A common reason our pets lick themselves is to alleviate pain. Dogs experiencing pain in or near their paw will regularly lick the area. This is often seen in dogs with arthritis but can occur with any painful condition involving the leg or paw. 

Dogs licking their feet due to pain will often focus on the specific paw that is uncomfortable instead of all four feet. In most cases of joint pain or arthritis, there will be no obvious redness or swelling noticeable on the outside of the paws unless they lick the area raw. Your veterinarian can take radiographs (or X-rays) of your dog’s lower legs and paws to confirm this cause of persistent paw licking. 

Paw Pad Disorders

Cracked, dry, or damaged paws can be painful and cause constant paw licking or chewing by our canines. Certain autoimmune disorders, like pemphigus, can cause painful lesions on the paw pads. In these cases, dogs are likely to bite all four paws. Other issues, like paw pad corns often seen in Greyhounds, lead our dogs to bite or chew the area incessantly and are usually limited to just one paw. 

Treatment for these conditions will depend on the underlying cause. If your veterinarian is concerned about an autoimmune disorder, a biopsy may be needed. Corns often need to be surgically removed. Over-the-counter paw balm is usually an effective remedy for dry or cracked paws. 

Infections

Bacterial and yeast infections of paw pads, nail beds, and/or skin on their feet can be another cause of consistent foot nibbling by our dogs. These infections can be secondary to paw chewing for another reason, like allergies or an injury.  

Infections can be localized to one paw or occur on all four paws. The affected paws will usually be red, hairless, and swollen. Infected nails will often turn dark brown near the base of the nail, and pus can sometimes be seen from the nailbed. 

A combination of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory medications are usually needed in cases of infection. Additionally, your veterinarian will often need to determine what led to the development of the infection to begin with and decide whether the infection was the cause of the licking or vice versa. 

Anxiety

Overly anxious pets repeatedly lick or bite their paws and nails to self-soothe. It can help distract them from their anxious thoughts and gives them something to fixate on. Anxious dogs usually lick their front paws. The paws typically do not have any signs of redness or outward irritation. 

Dogs develop anxiety for many reasons. By working with your veterinarian, a trainer, and maybe even a canine behaviorist, you can find the best way to relieve your pet’s stress. 

Boredom

Lastly, if you and your veterinarian have ruled out other, more problematic causes of incessant paw licking, the reason may be boredom. Bored dogs will lick, bite, and chew their paws and nails to occupy their mind. Try increasing playtime with your dog to burn some of that energy and reincorporate training sessions to satisfy their mental drive. Providing food puzzles, safe chew treats, or motorized toys can help keep their attention away from their feet. 

Dog Chewing Paws and Nails: When to Worry

Every dog is different. Familiarizing yourself with your dog’s everyday habits and their typical amount of paw licking or chewing can help you recognize when something is out of sorts. 

Although dogs are expected to lick or chew their feet occasionally, sudden onset or constant licking or chewing is different. Dogs should never bite or chew their paws so vigorously that they leave their feet red, raw, or damaged. 

Your veterinarian should address paw or nail biting, chewing, or licking if it’s beyond the realm of normal behavior or if you aren’t sure whether it’s happening too much. A veterinary visit is necessary if the behavior is accompanied by limping, bleeding, swelling, redness, hair loss, pain, sores, or signs of infection like odor or drainage. 

How to Stop Dogs From Chewing Paws and Nails

Stopping your dog from chewing on their nails and paws relies heavily on determining and managing the cause of the behavior. Any parasites and infections must be treated, allergies must be managed, injuries should be doctored, pain should be addressed and boredom or anxiety must be mitigated. 

For example, if your dog is chewing their paws like crazy and your veterinarian suspects allergies are to blame, they may prescribe a medicine for allergic itch, such as Apoquel.

Applying an Elizabethan collar (e-collar) or similar dog-cone alternative is a good short-term measure to stop your pet from licking their paws while you are waiting for a veterinary visit. Your veterinarian may also advise an e-collar at the start of treatment to keep your pet from causing further damage or a delay in healing. 

Wrapping your pet’s paws to stop biting and chewing is usually not a good idea. Many pets will simply rip off the bandaging, and some will even eat it, which can lead to intestinal obstruction. If the bandage is applied too tightly, it can cut off circulation to the paw and cause tissue death. Additionally, infections can take root if the bandage is left on too long or becomes wet or dirty, and further complications develop. 

The best way to stop your dog from chewing their paws and nails is to work with your veterinary team to determine and treat the cause.

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Cat eye infections are often uncomfortable and painful. A veterinarian must promptly diagnose and treat eye infections to restore good eye health and prevent more serious eye problems.

What is a Cat Eye Infection?

A cat eye infection is an eye problem that can be caused by infectious agents, such as viruses and bacteria. It can affect one or both eyes.

The symptoms of a cat eye infection, which we’ll discuss later in the article, resemble those of other eye diseases, such as conjunctivitis (inflammation of the lining of the eye). Therefore, it can be difficult for a pet parent to know whether their cat has an eye infection or another eye problem.

By performing a comprehensive eye exam, veterinarians can distinguish between an eye infection and other eye diseases. 

Causes of Eye Infections in Cats

Regardless of age or breed, all cats can get an eye infection. Causes of feline eye infections are often viral (like feline calicivirus or feline herpesvirus) but can also be bacterial.

Non-infectious eye conditions in cats that may present similar symptoms to eye infections include:

• Trauma
• Allergies
• An eye tumor 
• Conjunctivitis
• A foreign body stuck in the eye
• Corneal abnormalities, such as corneal ulcers

Cat Eye Infection Symptoms

Cats prefer to hide symptoms of illness if they can, but eye infection symptoms are hard to hide. If you notice any of the following symptoms, take your cat to your veterinarian for further examination. 

• Squinting 
• Cloudy eyes
• Light sensitivity
• Excessive blinking
• Rubbing at the eyes
• Excessive eye watering
• Redness in the whites of the eye
• Discharge from the eye that is thick or discolored (yellow, green)
• Swollen third eyelid (located in the inner corner of the eye)

You may also notice some behavioral changes in your cat. For example, your cat may be less playful and isolate itself from you. Your cat may also become quite moody because their eyes are so uncomfortable.

Diagnosing Cat Eye Infections

Eye infections are bothersome to cats, so don’t delay scheduling an appointment with your veterinarian to have your cat’s eyes examined if they are showing symptoms of an infection.

Your veterinarian will want to know the history of your cat’s eye problem. Provide as much information as you can, such as when you first noticed something wrong with your cat’s eyes and what symptoms you have observed.

Your veterinarian will then perform a physical exam and comprehensive eye exam. For the eye exam, they will use an instrument called an ophthalmoscope to examine all parts of your cat’s eyes. They will also perform a few eye diagnostic tests to determine the potential cause of the eye infection.

A fluorescein stain test is typically used to detect damage to the cornea, the clear protective covering of the eye. Your veterinarian will apply the stain to your cat’s cornea, turn off the light and look for a fluorescent green stain. A green stain indicates corneal damage, which could be causing an eye infection. 

Your veterinarian will also take a few small samples from the affected eye (skin and discharge) to look for signs of infection with a microscope.

Cat Eye Infection Treatment

You’ll want to start treating your cat’s eye infection as quickly as possible, but don’t start any treatment before going to your veterinarian.  

Over-the-counter medications and home remedies for cat eye infections are not always effective and may cause more harm than good. For example, you should never use Neosporin in a cat’s eyes. It is toxic to cats and causes life-threatening allergic reactions.

Your veterinarian will prescribe the most appropriate eye medicine for your cat, according to what has caused the eye infection. Many treatments for eye infections are applied directly to the eye as either an eye drop or ointment. 

Antibiotics are given to treat bacterial eye infections, and antiviral medications will treat viral eye infections.

Surgery is recommended if a foreign body is lodged in the eye or if serious damage to the cornea is present. 

Regardless of an eye infection’s cause, anti-inflammatory eye drops help to relieve pain and discomfort by reducing inflammation. These drops may delay the healing of corneal damage, though, so your veterinarian will examine your cat’s cornea before prescribing eye medicines.

If your cat has a lot of eye discharge, your veterinarian will recommend gently wiping away the discharge with a warm, damp cloth. Fortunately, most eye infections in cats heal well and quickly.

The cost of treating eye infections in cats can vary widely and depends on the cause and severity of the infection. With diagnosis and treatment, the cost of treating an eye infection in cats can cost several hundred dollars.

How to Prevent Cat Eye Infections

There are a few relatively easy things you can do to lessen your cat’s risk of eye infections.

Vaccination can prevent viral eye infections. The FVRCP vaccine, a core vaccine for cats, protects against feline herpesvirus type 1 and feline calicivirus, among other common cat viruses.

Keeping your cat’s nails trimmed is also helpful. Cats’ nails are sharp, so keeping them trimmed will lessen the likelihood of your cat scratching its eyes with its nails.

Conclusion

Eye infections in cats are serious and require prompt veterinary care. If your cat has symptoms of an eye infection, don’t delay in scheduling an appointment for your cat. The sooner your veterinarian can diagnose the infection, the sooner your cat can get the treatment they need for much-needed eye relief.

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Though puppy teething is a natural process, it’s helpful to know what to expect. We’re here to guide you through the entire timeline, offer veterinary-recommended tips for making your new puppy as comfortable as possible, and point out behaviors and symptoms that may require veterinary attention. As always, talk to your veterinarian if you have questions or if something seems abnormal.

Do Dogs Have Baby Teeth?

Dogs have two sets of teeth just like we do, permanent adult teeth and puppy teeth, also known as deciduous teeth. Puppies have 28 teeth while adult dogs have 42 teeth, 20 on the top and 22 on the bottom, says Dr. Jerry Klein, chief veterinary officer for the American Kennel Club. Humans have 20 teeth as babies and 32 as adults.

Puppy teeth start to erupt by 3 weeks of age and fully appear by 6 weeks, says Dr. Katie Pagan, a partner veterinarian with Heart + Paw in Fells Point, Maryland. They begin to lose those baby teeth between 12 and 13 weeks of age, and by 6 months old, they’ll have lost all of their baby teeth.

Though there are differences in the number and appearance of the two sets of teeth, the functions of each set are the same, says Dr. Donnell Hansen, an associate veterinarian with BluePearl Veterinary Partners in Eden Prairie, Minnesota. “Some teeth are designed for grabbing, some for holding, some for shearing, and some for grinding. The whole gamut of teeth is represented in the baby and adult teeth.”

Puppy teeth are much sharper than adult teeth. “If you have ever owned a puppy, you will notice that their teeth are extremely sharp and needle-like,” Pagan says.  

When Do Puppies Lose Their Baby Teeth?

Klein says that puppies begin to lose their baby teeth at around 3 months old, usually starting with the incisors. 

“At 4 to 5 months of age, most baby teeth should be out, and the molars start to erupt. By 6 months of age, all the baby teeth should be out, and most adult teeth should be in place,” Klein says. 

What Do Puppy Teeth Look Like When They Fall Out?

Deciduous teeth are small, fragile, and often difficult to find when they fall out, says Pagan. “Most owners do not even notice [their puppy has] lost a tooth. They may fall out on the floor, or puppies will swallow them, which does not cause an issue.”

Baby teeth usually don’t become discolored as they shed, says Hansen. “While they can sometimes lose their luster when they are about to fall out, a discolored puppy tooth could be infected or dead and should be evaluated by your veterinarian.”

Does the Teething Process Differ by Breed?

Smaller breed dogs like Chihuahuas and Yorkshire Terriers are known for developing retained deciduous teeth, a condition where the puppy teeth are either delayed in shedding or don’t shed at all, says Pagan. 

Retained baby teeth can lead to malocclusions, where teeth become misaligned. “There should never be two teeth in one tooth’s spot,” says Hansen. 

At about 6 months of age, the entire teething process should be complete, and any missing, misshaped, or abnormally located teeth should be investigated. “Impacted teeth and abnormal bites (malocclusions) can be a big deal and are much easier to navigate and treat if caught early,” Hansen says.

Puppy Teething Timeline and Chart

Though it can vary, the entire teething process, from when puppy teeth begin to erupt to the full development of permanent teeth, usually lasts about four to six months, says Klein. It generally follows this pattern: 

Puppy Teething Chart

Behavior to Expect from a Teething Dog

During puppy teething, you’ll likely notice increased biting and chewing activity. “It is normal for them to want to gnaw on the corner of your couch, so preventing access to inappropriate chew toys and redirecting them to appropriate choices is important,” says Hansen.

Some puppies may be in pain, feel a little depressed, and though rare, may even experience a slight fever at the peak of eruption, says Hansen. “Most puppies do not give us any symptoms but every now and then, one can feel pretty yucky when teething.”

Puppy Teething Symptoms

Though puppy teething is usually a seamless process, some dogs might exhibit the following symptoms:

• Increased chewing
• Pain and discomfort
• Red or swollen gums
• Lethargy

Increased Chewing

When puppy teeth begin to fall out, you’ll likely notice that your dog is increasingly chewing and biting, says Pagan. “On some occasions, a pet parent could notice a drop of blood in a food dish or on a toy, but overall they do well with teething.”

Pain and Discomfort

Just as in babies, teething can be difficult for puppies, says Hansen. “As we know with our sore muscles, pressure alleviates pain. So just like babies who want to gnaw on their mom’s necklaces, this is also true for puppies. Puppies are not only investigating everything with their mouth, they are also awfully sensitive when teeth are erupting.”

Red or Swollen Gums

Dogs can develop mound-like swelling on their gums as their adult dog teeth come in, says Hansen.

Lethargy

A happy, healthy puppy usually doesn’t require intervention, says Klein. “However, if any puppy is reluctant to play or eat, consult your veterinarian as soon as possible. While it may be due to teething, it is best to ensure that there is nothing else medically wrong with the puppy.”

How to Help a Teething Puppy

Though puppy teething is a natural process, there are some things you can do to ease your dog’s discomfort.

Provide chew toys. Teething puppies love to chew, which has the added benefit of aiding in the process, says Klein. “It is always recommended to have enough appropriate chew toys during this important (and sometimes destructive) stage.” 

Avoid toys that are too hard. Some chew toys considered appropriate may be too hard for puppies during the teething process, says Hansen. “Things like bones and hard chews are notorious for breaking teeth and are best avoided. Rather, choose something that has a little bit of give. Your thumbnail should be able to dent it.” 

Try offering frozen treats. Frozen treat toys work very well for teething, says Pagan. “My favorite is a frozen peanut butter-filled Kong.” 

Pay attention. Never leave a puppy unattended with any chewable object for extended periods of time, says Klein. “They could ingest pieces of foreign material that could lodge in the throat, stomach or intestines. This is especially true of socks and rags.”

Keep it positive. Everything in puppyhood should be about positivity, says Hansen. “Giving them lots of access to appropriate toys, preventing them from getting into mischief (It’s better to put up a little barrier system to prevent chewing on the dining room table than scolding them for behavior that is normal for them, for example), and redirecting them with play or a walk is best.”

Start good habits early. Get new puppies accustomed to having their mouth and lips handled and touched, says Klein. “Start by lightly rubbing your finger on the gums and then gently lifting their lips. By doing this at an early age, it will be easier to get them used to proper dental care by you and your veterinarian.”

If you notice any unusual symptoms or are unsure if a behavior or symptom is normal, it’s always a good idea to talk to your veterinarian.

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How much water is too much? What causes your cat to drink so much water? And, more importantly, what should you do about it? Read on for answers.

Why Is My Cat Drinking a Lot of Water? Common Causes

There are many health-related reasons cats will drink too much water. Polydipsia, the name of the condition for excessive water consumption, has three common causes:

Chronic Kidney Disease

Around 1-3% of all cats have chronic kidney disease. Over time kidneys become more and more damaged. Kidneys are partly responsible for maintaining your cat’s balance of water. When kidneys are damaged, they cannot hold onto water like they should. Instead, all of the water goes into the urine. This makes your cat increasingly thirsty.

Hyperthyroidism

Up to 11% of older cats live with hyperthyroidism. The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormone, which is responsible for growth, metabolism, and impacts the brain. When the gland produces too much hormone, metabolism becomes really high and the effect on the brain can cause changes in behavior. When metabolism increases, so does thirst. Also, thyroid hormone blocks antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from interacting with the kidneys. This hormone allows the kidneys to keep water in the body and not put water into the urine. If ADH cannot interact with the kidneys, a lot of urine and thirst occur.

Diabetes Mellitus 

Around 0.5% of all cats have diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus occurs when your cat does not have enough insulin. Insulin allows blood sugar (glucose) to enter the liver, muscle, and fat and provide energy. If there is not enough insulin, glucose gets increasingly high with nowhere to go. The kidneys push glucose into the urine, and through osmosis, water follows glucose to dilute the urine. Since your cat produces too much urine to rid the body of glucose, she becomes very thirsty.

If your cat is diagnosed with diabetes, their treatment plan may include insulin injections. However, some cats may be candidates for a needle-free alternative to insulin called Bexacat, a once-daily flavored tablet.

Less Common Causes

Liver disease. Problems with the liver can occur for several reasons, including viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic, inflammatory, or cancerous reasons. With severe liver disease, your liver struggles to function normally, which can affect water intake. For example, the liver stops making urea which normally allows the kidneys to retain water.

Medications. Many medications affect thirst and urination. Common medications include steroids (such as prednisolone), phenobarbital (used for seizures), or diuretics (used to decrease body water for conditions like congestive heart failure).

Hypercalcemia. Many conditions can cause too high of calcium in a cat’s body such as chronic kidney disease, vitamin D toxicity, and cancer. When calcium is very high, it prevents ADH from interacting with the kidneys. This prevents the kidneys from keeping water in the body, so a lot of urine and thirst occurs.

Cancer. The reason cancer affects thirst depends on where the cancer is, such as liver cancer for reasons above or if cancer causes hypercalcemia. 

Pyometra. This condition is an infection of the uterus. If your cat is not spayed, she may develop this common condition (which does not always result in polydipsia). Pus fills the uterus and often leaks outside of the body through the vulva. The reason pyometra causes polydipsia (due to polyuria) is uncertain.

How Much Water Should a Cat Drink?

Cats typically drink 18 to 27 mL of water per pound of body weight per day. An average 10-pound cat drinks approximately 180 to 270 mL of water per day, which is equivalent to around ¾ to 1 cup of water each day. 

Each individual cat will vary in how much water they need to drink, and what is normal for your cat may fall a little outside this range. 

Factors that could alter how much water is required include:

Diet. Canned cat food has water content already, so your cat will drink a little less if they eat a wet food. Also, diets high in sodium require more water.

Environment. Warmer months or higher humidity require more water to stay hydrated, especially if your cat is active.

Age. Very young cats drink more than adults. Young kittens under 8 weeks of age require as much as 80 mL of water per pound of body weight! 

Health. If your cat has a medical condition, she may need to drink more water to stay hydrated.

Medications. Certain medications increase thirst and/or urine output in cats.

If you are reading this article because you are concerned with how much your cat is drinking, try measuring out the amount of water you put in the bowl each morning. The next morning, measure how much is left (wait until 24 hours have passed). Be sure to never limit the amount of water your cat wishes to drink! She must always have access to as much water as she wants.

How Much Water Is Too Much? 

Polydipsia is the condition of a cat drinking too much water. It is usually caused by polyuria, meaning your cat’s body is producing more urine and needs more water to do so. Shorthand for these two cat health conditions is PU/PD.

Cats vary in how much water they drink day to day. If your kitty is particularly thirsty one day (maybe due to running around on a hot summer day), the next day her drinking would be less. This would be normal variation and no reason to worry. 

But if your cat is consistently (each day) drinking more than 45 mL per pound of body weight per day, she likely has polydipsia. A 10-pound cat would need to drink more than 450 mL of water per day to have polydipsia, or about 2 cups.

You may not notice a subtle increase in your cat’s water drinking, but look for signs like:

• An empty water bowl more frequently
• Waiting by the water bowl for more, meowing until it’s refilled
• Drinking an entire water bowl or most of one in one sitting
• Larger volume of urine in the cat litter box (bigger clumps and/or higher number of them)
• Urine outside of the cat litter box

What to Do When Your Cat Is Drinking Too Much Water

If you suspect your cat is drinking too much water, measure it out as described earlier in this article and keep a log of how much water your cat is drinking. 

On your log record any changes in your cat’s behavior or health. Ask, has your cat’s:

• Activity decreased?
• Appetite changed?
• Weight changed?
• Urine color changed?
• Amount of urine changed?
• Diet changed lately?
• Medication regimen changed?
• Behavior changed?

If your cat is consistently drinking more than 45 mL of water per pound of body weight each day, or if you notice any other signs such as decreased activity, increased appetite, and decreased weight you should bring your cat to the veterinarian as soon as possible.

What to Expect at the Vet

Your veterinarian will examine your cat and ask many questions. Before you go, make sure you have answers to the questions above and record how much water your cat is drinking. This will help your vet get a more complete view of the situation.

Without running tests, your veterinarian is unlikely to be able to diagnose the exact cause of your cat’s excessive drinking. Bloodwork is a standard first step along with testing the urine, including a culture to look for infection. Oftentimes your veterinarian will recommend thyroid testing on the bloodwork as well.

These initial tests will almost always diagnose the issue. But if the tests don’t reveal an answer, your vet may recommend X-rays to look for pyometra (if your cat is an un-spayed female) or cancer. Your vet may perform other specific blood tests such as bile acids to assess liver function, fructosamine levels to evaluate for diabetes, leptospirosis testing, and various other hormone tests to help reach a conclusion.

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In this article, we will explain what Miralax is, whether or not it is safe to use in cats, what conditions it treats, how to administer it to cats, its common side effects, and dosing information. 

What is Miralax? 

Miralax is an osmotic laxative, which means it draws water into the intestines to soften stools, stimulating bowel movements and easing constipation. The active ingredient in Miralax is polyethylene glycol 3350, or PEG 3350. In 1999, the FDA approved Miralax for use in humans to treat occasional constipation. The product was approved for over-the-counter use in 2006 [2]. 

Most recommended forms of this medication are available to pet parents without a prescription from their local pharmacy. Formulations of PEG 3350 that contain added electrolytes are only available with a prescription. The version of Miralax that is used for cats is the same as the human product.  

Is Miralax Safe for Cats?

Miralax is generally considered a safe medication to give to cats. However, it is always best to confirm with your veterinarian that it is okay to give Miralax to your cat. Miralax should not be given to cats that are dehydrated, as it can lead to further dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities. 

Cats suspected of having gastrointestinal obstruction, gastric retention, bowel perforation, toxic colitis, or ileus should also not be given Miralax. PEG 3350 solutions containing electrolytes (eg, CoLyte®, GoLytely®) should be used with caution in cats with inflammatory bowel disease.

What is Miralax Used For in Cats? 

Miralax is most commonly used to relieve and treat constipation in cats. Prescription PEG 3350 containing electrolytes is mostly used to clean out the bowels before endoscopy procedures and to help flush toxins out of the gastrointestinal tract for cats that have eaten something harmful. There are no other currently recommended uses for Miralax in cats. 

In humans, Miralax has recently been found to be more effective than lactulose for treating hepatic encephalopathy (a nervous system disorder brought on by liver disease). Miralax may be useful to treat this condition in cats, but studies are lacking [3]. 

How to Give Miralax to Cats

Miralax comes in a powdered form meant to be dissolved in liquid. However, it is okay to give the powder to cats as long as it is mixed with food, preferably canned or wet food. The powder is tasteless and odorless, so most cats will take Miralax without a fuss. 

When Miralax is used to treat severe constipation or in preparation for an endoscopy procedure, it is generally administered as a liquid solution. It must be given by a trained veterinary professional. 

Miralax Side Effects in Cats

To date, there is only one published study that evaluated the use and safety of Miralax in six cats over 4 weeks. For this reason, side effects are not well known. In the published study, most cats tolerated the medication without side effects, but one cat developed sporadic vomiting [4]. 

Besides vomiting, nausea and cramping are possible side effects of giving cats Miralax. 

It is thought that long-term use of Miralax may cause dehydration, low sodium levels, and/or high potassium levels. Since Miralax pulls water from the body and into the stools, it can make cats dehydrated. It is recommended to feed wet or canned food to cats taking Miralax to help prevent dehydration.

Since Miralax speeds up how quickly things move through the intestines, other drugs and medications should not be given at the same time as Miralax. Other oral medications should be given at least one hour before Miralax administration. 

Miralax should not be given with other laxatives or stool softeners. Miralax should be used with caution with other medications that may cause electrolyte abnormalities and dehydration, such as diuretics and ACE inhibitors. 

Miralax Dosage for Cats

For cats, the recommended dose is generally ⅛ to ¼ teaspoon of powder mixed in with food twice daily. Your veterinarian will be able to give you more specific instructions based on your cat’s condition and needs. 

Make sure to speak with your veterinarian before giving your cat Miralax. The best treatment for constipation is to try to determine the underlying cause, which generally requires lab tests and X-rays at a minimum.

Do not give the labeled over-the-counter Miralax dose to cats as this is the dose for humans and is much too large for cats. 

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The truth is, fleas are incredibly common, especially the type known as the “cat flea” (aka Ctenocephalides felis). Cat fleas love to live on cats (and dogs) and they can affect both indoor and outdoor kitties. All a flea has to do to get inside your home is hitch a ride on another pet or your pant leg — and they can reproduce pretty quickly, leading to an infestation. Since fleas are good at hiding in your kitty’s fur, you might not notice until it becomes a bigger problem, such as if your cat has an allergic reaction that causes intense itching, redness, fur loss, or crusts. Cats can also get tapeworm from accidentally ingesting an infected flea while grooming, and kittens or senior cats with severe infestations may be at risk of flea-induced anemia.

If you notice fleas or flea eggs on your cat, black specks in their fur (known as “flea dirt”), or get bites yourself, try not to panic. While veterinarian-prescribed oral or topical flea treatments are the safest and most effective option, there are over-the-counter remedies that can also be beneficial. 

What Are Cat Flea Collars? 

Cat flea collars are collars that are made of materials like plastic or silicone that release a chemical or essential oil over time that repels or kills fleas. 

“They are different from other flea treatments because they are a passive form of treatment,” explains Amy Davis, veterinarian. “They can also be used in conjunction with other forms of flea treatment for an increased level of protection.”

Flea collars are appropriate for most cats—with some brands even being appropriate for kittens over 12 weeks old or senior cats. Read the label to make sure the collar you get is appropriate for your cat’s age. You might also want to check with your vet before choosing a collar, especially if your cat has a specific health condition. 

How Do Cat Flea Collars Work?

Though it depends on the type of cat flea collar you get and the ingredients it contains, cat flea collars generally work in one of three ways:

• They release a chemical that kills fleas
• They release a chemical that repels fleas
• They release a chemical that interferes with flea egg development

Some cat flea collars will work in a combination of ways against multiple life stages of fleas, killing eggs and adult fleas to give your kitty more thorough protection. However, some flea collars only affect fleas a short distance from the collar. 

Additionally, there can be health risks associated with flea collars. Some flea collars contain chemicals, such as organophosphates, that can result in serious signs of toxicity in cats. Others may contain essential oils that can cause reactions in some cats. Therefore, it’s important to do your research. 

The Seresto flea collar for cats is most commonly recommended by veterinarians, due to its efficacy and low risk of harmful side effects. A 2021 investigative report raised some safety concerns about Seresto collars, but they are generally regarded as the safest over-the-counter flea collar option. The formula is effective against fleas, flea larvae, and ticks—and it lasts up to eight months. It starts to repel and kill fleas within 24 hours and ticks within 48 hours of initial application.

Are Flea Collars Safe for Cats?

Flea collars should be used with caution in cats. While the risk associated with a Seresto collar is relatively low, other over-the-counter feline flea collars contain essential oils or organophosphates that can be toxic in cats. In general, your best option for safe and effective flea control comes from veterinarian-prescribed flea preventatives for cats.

If you elect to use an over-the-counter flea collar, read and follow the directions on the label carefully. Do not use a dog flea collar on your cat, for example, as canine flea collars often contain pesticides that are toxic to cats. You’ll also want to make sure that you don’t put the collar on too loosely or too tightly, and that it has a breakaway feature to prevent accidental strangulation. 

If your cat tends to chew on things, you’ll also want to be careful. “Some collars contain pesticides that can be harmful to cats if they lick or bite their fur after it’s been put on,” explains Davis. “These collars can [also] be harmful to cats if they chew on them, so it’s important to make sure your cat doesn’t chew on the collar.”

Some cats also have sensitive skin or are allergic to certain ingredients. If your cat has sensitivities or starts developing a rash after wearing the collar, discontinue using it. 

Tetrachlorvinphos is an example of an organophosphate found in certain cat flea collars that may cause signs of toxicity in some cats, as well as in young children who touch the collar. Signs of toxicity to watch for include vomiting, diarrhea, muscle tremors, and paralysis. If you noticed any of these signs, remove the collar and contact your veterinarian immediately.

Shopping for a Cat Flea Collar: What to Look For

When you’re shopping for a cat flea collar, there are a few things to consider.

Active ingredients: First, take a look at the active chemicals. Collars that contain pesticides are generally highly effective at killing fleas and working against active infestations. However, as noted earlier, they are associated with risks of toxicity. Other collars are made with essential oils, which work by repelling the fleas. However, essential oils can also be very irritating to cats, so check with your veterinarian.

Durability: Second, make sure the collar is durable and will last a while. This will help you get the most use out of the collar for the money you spend on it. 

Safety: Third, make sure the collar has safety features for your kitty, like a breakaway feature to prevent accidental strangulation. 

Using Cat Flea Collars: Tips and Advice

Make sure that your cat is wearing their flea collar properly. “Collars should be worn high up on their neck, behind the ears, so that they come into contact with as much skin as possible,” says Davis. You’ll also want to make sure that the collar fits correctly. If you can’t fit two fingers under the collar, it’s on too tightly, but if the collar can easily slip off your cat’s head, it’s too loose.

To make the collar more effective, your cat should wear it for at least eight hours a day. Even though some collars are water-resistant, you might want to remove the collar while bathing your cat. 

Finally, monitor your cat closely when using any new over-the-counter flea treatment. While serious toxicities are relatively uncommon, they can certainly occur. The sooner you detect signs of toxicity, the sooner your cat can receive veterinary treatment.

The post Cat Flea Collars: Safety Tips and What to Consider appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Whether your dog already has fleas or you want to prevent them, we have the scoop on the most effective formulas—both prescription and over the counter—approved by veterinarians.  

The Importance of Flea Medicine for Dogs

Flea bites not only cause itchiness and skin irritation, they can result in serious illness, says Dr. Jerry Klein, chief veterinary officer for the American Kennel Club, based in New York City. “In tiny puppies and kittens, fleas can cause a life-threatening anemia due to significant loss of blood,” he says. “In many cases, flea bites can cause severe allergic reactions in both pets and people due to reactions to their saliva.” 

Fleas can transmit infectious diseases. “The most common flea of North America can transmit diseases like typhus, flea-borne spotted fever, bartonellosis (AKA cat-scratch disease), and flea tapeworms,” Klein adds.

Preventing flea infestations, veterinarians say, is much easier and more cost-effective than treating them. “The longer an infestation goes without treatment, the more environmental contamination will occur which can make resolving the infestation more difficult,” says Dr. Ashley Barnes, medical director at Louisville Family Animal Hospital in Louisville, Colorado. “It also increases the time the pet will be uncomfortable and increases risk for secondary skin infections.”

Another benefit of using a flea preventative, veterinarians say, is that they usually offer protection against ticks that can transmit diseases like Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and rickettsiosis. Some products even protect against heartworms, mites, mosquitos, and other parasites.

Types of Flea Medicine for Dogs

Most flea medicine for dogs is available in oral form (as chews and pills) and as topicals (including sprays), collars, and shampoos. They range in cost, effectiveness, and levels of protection.

Oral Flea Medicine for Dogs

Oral flea medicine for dogs comes as flavored chews that your dog enjoys every one to three months. With some exceptions, oral medicine is typically available only with a prescription.

Some flea chews for dogs protect against fleas and ticks, while others offer broader coverage. Simparica Trio—available with a veterinarian’s prescription—for example, also helps protect against heartworm disease, roundworms, and hookworms, as well fleas and ticks.

Capstar—a tablet that is available without a prescription—only targets fleas and is only effective for a short time. Capstar kills fleas that are on your dog at the time you administer the tablet, but it doesn’t have the long-lasting benefits of other flea preventatives. (It only kills adult fleas as opposed to other oral products that have growth regulators, in addition to adulticides.) “In really bad infestations, we will sometimes use Capstar along with a preventative so we kill the fleas faster but prevent reinfestation,” says Barnes. 

Other oral flea preventatives remain in your dog’s system for one to three months, offering continued protection. Oral products are the most effective form of flea medicine for dogs, veterinarians say. They’re a good option if your dog doesn’t do well with collars, or you don’t want your children or other pets exposed to topical flea medicine ingredients.   

Oral flea medicine for dogs is generally more expensive than other products, and they don’t offer repellent activity, says Dr. Susan Jeffrey, an associate veterinarian at Odyssey Veterinary Care in Fitchburg, Wisconsin. “The flea has to bite the pet in order to ingest the medication.”

Chewable flea prevention may not be a good fit for dogs with food sensitivities or conditions like irritable bowel disease, says Klein. Additionally, “These products should be cautioned in pets with pre-existing epilepsy,” says Dr. Katie Pagan, a partner veterinarian with Heart + Paw in Fells Point, Maryland.  

Topical Flea Protection

“Orals are more effective but the topicals are a close second,” says Barnes.

These products get applied to your dog’s skin, typically once per month. Some topical flea medicines for dogs, like Frontline Plus, are available over the counter, while others, like Revolution, require a prescription. They also vary in their levels of protection. Revolution, for example, protects against heartworms, as well as fleas and ticks; while Advantage only kills fleas. 

A plus is that many topicals have a repellent component in addition to ingredients that kill the fleas, says Jeffrey. 

Some people may not want their kids exposed to flea medicine, Jeffrey adds. Additionally, “Some of the topicals also have tick preventives that can be toxic to cats who could potentially come into contact with the medication.” 

Prescription topical medications are typically more effective, and non-prescription topicals vary in their effectiveness. “If I know someone who wants the cheapest medication, I try to steer them toward Frontline Plus or Advantage because they are over the counter and known to be safe and usually effective,” says Jeffrey.

Flea Collars

Once a flea collar is fitted properly around the dog’s neck, it slowly distributes ingredients that kill fleas (and ticks, in some cases). Collars are available without a prescription and are more cost effective than chews or topicals. 

As with other over the counter flea products, effectiveness can vary. “A Seresto collar is very effective for dogs (and cats) but other collars out on the market just do not work well or can cause contact dermatitis to the skin,” says Pagan. The duration of protection varies by product, though Seresto’s collar lasts for 8 months.

Collars can offer protection, says Klein, but are not used as much as topicals, pills, and shampoos. 

Flea Shampoos

Though most veterinarians recommend oral flea medicine, topicals, and collars for optimal protection, flea shampoos might be an option if you prefer a natural product. Keep in mind that shampoos don’t offer ongoing protection against fleas, however, says Pagan. “It only kills what is on them.” 

As with other non-prescription flea products, shampoos can vary in their effectiveness; and some dog shampoos can interfere with topical tick and flea medicines. Discuss using a flea shampoo with your veterinarian before bathing your dog with one of these products.

Best Flea Medicine for Dogs According to Veterinarians

To help take the guesswork out of choosing effective parasite protection, we’ve compiled a list of some of the best flea medicine for dogs that veterinarians approve of and recommend. 

Your own veterinarian can ultimately suggest a product that is best suited to your dog. If a product isn’t mentioned here, that doesn’t infer that it’s ineffective.

Best Fast-Acting Tick and Flea Medicine for Dogs

Our pick: Credelio

Credelio is a small, beef-flavored chewable tablet that kills ticks and fleas fast (in as little as four hours) and offers one full month of protection. It is effective against four types of ticks: lone star tick, American dog tick, black-legged tick, and brown dog tick. This medication is available by prescription, so talk to your veterinarian about whether it is a good fit for your dog. Some pet parents may choose to use this medication along with Interceptor Plus, which protects against all five major worms, for broad-spectrum parasite protection.

Highlights

• Beef-flavored chewable tablet given orally, once a month
• Treats and prevents flea infestations and treats and controls tick infestations
• Effective against four types of ticks
• Protection lasts a full month
• Available in a variety of strengths, according to a dog’s weight

Things to Consider

• Must be administered with food or given within 30 minutes of feeding your dog
• Cost varies depending on the strength of the dose and the number of doses in each box
• Not suitable for puppies under 8 weeks of age 
• Dogs must weigh 4.4 pounds or greater to use this medication
• Potential side effects may include weight loss, elevated blood urea nitrogen, increased urination, and diarrhea. 
• Use with caution in dogs with a history of seizures or neurologic disorders

Check out our full review

Best Flea Medicine for Dogs with Multi-Worm Protection

Our pick: Trifexis

Trifexis is a beef-flavored tablet that not only protects dogs from fleas but also heartworm disease and three kinds of intestinal parasites: hookworms, roundworms, and whipworms. It’s easy to give like a treat and only needs to be dosed once a month. As with other heartworm medications, your dog will need to be tested for an existing heartworm infection before starting this product. Talk to your veterinarian to see if Trifexis is a good fit for your canine companion.

Highlights

• Monthly, beef-flavored tablet given orally
• Kills fleas on dogs and prevents infestations, prevents heartworm disease, and treats and controls hookworm, roundworm, and whipworm infections
• Full month of protection
• Available in a variety of  strengths, according to a dog’s weight

Things to Consider

• Your dog will need to be tested for an existing heartworm infection before starting this medication 
• Administer with food for maximum effectiveness
• Cost varies depending on the strength of the dose and the number of doses in each box
• Not suitable for puppies under 8 weeks of age
• Dogs must weigh 5 pounds or more to use this medication
• Potential side effects may include vomiting, decreased activity, itching, decreased appetite, and diarrhea
• If vomiting occurs within one hour of administration, you will need to redose
• Use with caution in dogs with pre-existing epilepsy

Check out our full review

Best Vet-Recommended Flea Medicine for Dogs

Our Pick: Simparica Trio

Veterinarians recommend Simparica Trio because of its effective protection against ticks and fleas, as well as heartworms, roundworms, and hookworms—all in one convenient monthly chew. It’s a small, liver-flavored chewable tablet available by prescription. Because it provides heartworm protection, your dog will need a negative heartworm test on file in order to be prescribed this product. 

“I personally give this product to my dog along with hundreds of thousands of other dogs and have never had an issue,” says Pagan. 

Highlights

• Multi-purpose chew that kills fleas and prevents infestations, kills five types of ticks (including the Lyme-carrying Blacklegged tick), treats and controls roundworms and hookworms, and helps prevent heartworm disease
• Liver-flavored chew that can be taken with or without food

Things to Consider

• The cost for a six-month supply (six tablets) is on average, between $140 to $170 dollars, depending on the size of your dog
• You can only get Simparica chewables with a prescription from your veterinarian. And because it contains a heartworm preventative, your dog needs a negative heartworm test on file
• As with any oral flea medication, the flea has to bite the dog in order to ingest the medicine
• May not be a good option for dogs with food sensitivities or epilepsy

Best Chewable Flea Medicine for Dogs

Our Pick: Bravecto

While most flea medications are administered monthly, Bravecto chews provide protection against fleas and ticks for 3 full months. This makes it a convenient option for busy pet parents who might forget to administer a dose every month. Bravecto chews are available by prescription only.

Highlights

• Provides flea and tick protection for 3 months 
• Works within hours after it’s been consumed

Things to Consider

• Requires a prescription from your veterinarian
• Oral flea medicine for dogs may not be a good fit if your dog has epilepsy or food sensitivities
• Though one chew lasts for up to three months, it costs between $57 and $60.

Best Topical Flea Medicine for Dogs

Our Pick: Revolution

Revolution is a multi-use, FDA-approved topical solution—available with prescription—that you apply directly to your dog’s skin every 30 days. It protects against fleas (and prevents infestations), the American dog tick, heartworms, ear mites, and sarcoptic mange.

“I personally have prescribed this countless times. It is very safe and effective,” says Pagan.

Highlights

• Multi-spectrum product that protects against fleas, ticks, heartworms, ear mites, and mange
• Good option for dogs who won’t eat chews or tolerate collars
• Non-greasy, quick-drying formula. You can bathe your dog two hours after application without it affecting the ingredients

Things to Consider

• Requires a prescription from your veterinarian, as well as a negative heartworm test
• May not be a good option if you’re concerned about children or pets being exposed to flea medicine ingredients

Best Flea Medicine for Large Dogs

Our Pick: NexGard

This beef-flavored chew kills adult fleas and ticks for one month. It’s FDA-approved to help prevent Lyme infections caused by Blacklegged ticks. 

Highlights

• Kills fleas before they can lay eggs. FDA-approved to prevent Lyme infections from Blacklegged ticks
• Offers formulations specifically for large dogs, including those weighing between 60 and 121 pounds 
• Comes in a tasty beef-flavored chew that can be taken without food

Things to Consider

• Requires a prescription from your veterinarian
• Chewable flea and tick medicine for dogs should be used with caution in epileptic dogs. It may also not be well tolerated in dogs with food allergies or sensitive stomachs
• The flea has to bite the dog in order for the medicine to be effective

Best Flea Medicine for Small Dogs

Our Pick: Simparica

A bite-sized flavored chew that offers protection for 35 days and is available with a prescription. It protects dogs from flea infestations and ticks, including the Blacklegged species. Another plus is that Simparica doesn’t need to be given with food. 

Highlights

• Kills adult fleas, prevents infestations, and kills ticks that carry Lyme disease
• Comes in formulations for small dogs, including those weighing between 2.8 and 5.5 pounds
• Can be given without food

Things to Consider

• Requires a prescription

Best Flea Medicine for Puppies

Our Pick: Revolution Topical Solution for Puppies

Formulated for tiny bodies under 5 pounds, this solution gets applied to your puppy’s skin monthly. It’s a prescription-only, multi-use product that kills adult fleas and prevents infestations, prevents heartworm disease, and treats and controls ear mites. It’s fast-drying, so you can bathe your dog two hours after application without reducing the medicine’s effectiveness. 

Highlights

• Formulated for puppies under 5 pounds
• Multi-use product that kills adult fleas, prevents infestations, prevents heartworm disease, and treats ear mites
• Non-greasy formula that dries quickly 

Things to Consider

• Requires a prescription and heartworm test on file

Dog Flea Medicine Buying Guide

Cost and convenience are, of course, important considerations when choosing a flea medicine. Other factors like your dog’s medical history and size, as well as product reliability, are critical to consider, too. 

What to Do When Purchasing a Flea Medicine

Consider your dog’s medical history. Pagan says caution should be used if considering chewable tablets for dogs with epilepsy. If your dog has a sensitive stomach, she says you may want a collar or topical instead of a pill. “If your dog is itchy and has sensitive skin a chewable tablet would be better suited for your needs. If you bathe your pet often and do not like a greasy product applied to the coat, a chewable tablet is for you and your pet.”  

Be careful with cats in the home. If you also share your home with cats, avoid flea and tick medicine for dogs containing permethrin, an ingredient in many tick preventives that is toxic to cats, says Jeffrey. “Since most flea preventives have a tick preventative, I avoid this ingredient if there is a cat in the house that could be exposed.”

Make sure to reach the label closely. When purchasing flea medicine without a prescription, it’s imperative to read the label—including whether the product is appropriate for your dog’s weight and age, says Klein. “Many medications are not label approved for puppies less than seven weeks of age, breeding, pregnant or nursing dogs.” 

Prescription Vs. Over the Counter Flea Medicine for Dogs

Though veterinarians will recommend specific over the counter flea products if cost is a factor, they say prescription flea medicine for dogs is better regulated. Prescription products tend to be more effective, and associated with fewer side effects. 

Over-the-counter flea medicines may be less expensive and available without a prescription, but effectiveness can vary. “You always want to ensure you are purchasing any OTC products through a reputable party as there are many counterfeit products out on the market,” says Pagan.

Dog Flea Prevention vs. Treatment

Prevention is when you give your dog flea medicine on a regular basis to prevent infestations, says Jeffrey, “But it can also mean the product has ingredients that will repel fleas.” Treatment, she says, is when you use a product to kill fleas already known to be present on your dog. 

Most products currently on the market target both prevention and treatment, says Pagan. “They start killing fleas within hours and prevent them after the fact. Some pets may develop flea allergy dermatitis or parasites secondary to fleas so additional medications could be needed.” 

Where to Buy Flea Medicine for Dogs

Purchasing flea medicine through your veterinarian is the safest option. “Your veterinarian purchases products directly through a reputable party to ensure these products are not counterfeit and will not cause an issue with your pet,” says Pagan. 

If you’d rather purchase your flea medicine independently, start by asking your veterinarian for recommendations of trusted retailers. Or stick with trusted pet supply shops or online pharmacies. These services will often contact your veterinarian directly to ensure your prescription is on file and will ship the medication directly to your door. 

Our Experts

• Dr. Jerry Klein, chief veterinary officer for the American Kennel Club
• Dr. Ashley Barnes, medical director at Louisville Family Animal Hospital
• Dr. Susan Jeffrey, associate veterinarian at Odyssey Veterinary Care
• Dr. Catherine Barnette, veterinary reviewer and expert for Great Pet Care

The post Best Flea Medicine for Dogs: Vet-Approved Options appeared first on Great Pet Care.

What is Enrofloxacin?

Enrofloxacin is an antibiotic that is FDA approved for use in dogs, cats, and other animal species and is commonly used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections. It is available both as a brand-name drug (e.g., Baytril) and in several generic forms. With a prescription, pet owners can purchase this medication through their veterinarian or through any pharmacy that dispenses veterinary medications.

What Does Enrofloxacin for Dogs Look Like?

Enrofloxacin for dogs comes in many different forms, so it’s important to always check the bottle and be sure that you are giving the correct medication. Brand name Baytril is typically dispensed as Taste Tabs, which are round, light brown, scored tablets with a B in one corner and a number corresponding to the dosage in the opposite corner. Generic forms of enrofloxacin may look very different. If in doubt, take an extra moment to confirm the name and dosage on the bottle, and contact your veterinarian if you have any questions or concerns.

What is Enrofloxacin Used For In Dogs?

Enrofloxacin is an antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial infections in dogs because it is highly effective against strains that resist other antibiotics. 

In dogs, enrofloxacin is most commonly prescribed to treat urinary tract infections and skin infections, such as staph infections. It may be also used to treat conditions including, but not limited to:

• Wounds
• Abscesses
• Gastrointestinal tract infections
• Respiratory infections, such as kennel cough

Enrofloxacin is also effective against difficult-to-treat infections, such as:

• Bone infections
• Ear infections
• Sinus infections
• Pneumonia 

How Does Enrofloxacin Work?

Enrofloxacin is used to treat bacterial infections in dogs. It works by interfering with the bacteria’s ability to make DNA, causing the bacteria to die. 

Enrofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, meaning it works against the two major bacterial groups. It is active against many aerobic bacteria (i.e., those that require oxygen to survive), though it is not effective against anaerobic bacteria (which do not require oxygen), viruses, or fungal infections. 

How to Give Enrofloxacin to Dogs

Enrofloxacin is typically administered by mouth in the form of tablets or oral solutions. It is a component of many topical ear medications, as well. Enrofloxacin is also available in an injectable form which may be administered intravenously (injected directly into a vein), intramuscularly (injected deep into a muscle and absorbed by blood vessels), and subcutaneously (injected into the innermost layer of the skin and absorbed slowly).

When giving your dog enrofloxacin by mouth, be sure to give it with a full meal. Like most antibiotics, enrofloxacin can cause gastrointestinal upset, especially when given on an empty stomach. If you have trouble getting your dog to take enrofloxacin, hiding the tablets in food or a favorite treat may tempt your dog to take them!

Enrofloxacin Side Effects in Dogs

When giving enrofloxacin to your dog, it’s important to watch out for possible side effects. Most dogs tolerate enrofloxacin well, but some do develop side effects commonly associated with antibiotics, like stomach upset. Enrofloxacin does not make dogs sleepy, but it can cause other side effects such as: 

• Loss of appetite
• Diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Elevated liver enzymes
• Weakness
• Depression
• Lethargy
• Nervousness
• Seizures
• Cartilage damage in growing animals

If your dog exhibits any of these symptoms while taking enrofloxacin, stop giving the medication and call your veterinarian right away. Your veterinarian may recommend changing the dose, switching to another medication, or altering the way you give the medication to help reduce the side effects for your dog.

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Enrofloxacin should not be given with medications such as sucralfate, antacids, or mineral supplements, as these medications may decrease the absorption and bioavailability of enrofloxacin.

Enrofloxacin may also have a decreased effect when mixed with tetracycline and macrolide antibiotics.

Dogs on the medication theophylline should be monitored closely when taking enrofloxacin in combination with this medication, as enrofloxacin can increase blood theophylline levels in dogs. It may be necessary to monitor theophylline plasma levels and adjust your dog’s dosage of theophylline while taking enrofloxacin.

Enrofloxacin Dosage for Dogs

The dosage of enrofloxacin varies widely depending on the size of your dog and the infection being treated. It is important to follow your veterinarian’s instructions for dosing to ensure your dog receives the proper treatment. Do not stop giving enrofloxacin even if your dog appears to be feeling better. It is essential to complete the full course of medication to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance and recurrent infections.

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Enrofloxacin?

If your dog misses a dose of Enrofloxacin, give the dose as soon as you remember. Though if you give that dose close to the time of your dog’s next scheduled dose, skip the scheduled dose and continue on with the next dose as prescribed. Do not double up on doses, as this can increase the risk of side effects.

Cost of Enrofloxacin for Dogs

The cost of enrofloxacin for dogs varies widely depending on the dose your dog receives, the length of time your dog needs to be on medication, whether your veterinarian prescribes a brand name or generic medication, and the region of the country you live in. 

In general, pet owners can expect to spend anywhere between $50-$200 for a month’s supply of enrofloxacin, depending on these factors.

Enrofloxacin Storage Instructions

Tablets should be stored in a cool, dry place and protected from direct sunlight. Do not freeze Enrofloxacin tablets. Liquid formulations may require refrigeration depending on the manufacturer. Please check the manufacturer’s instructions on the box or package insert before storing this product.

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That’s why it is so important to use a flea comb for dogs to check for any infestations. 

What is a Flea Comb for Dogs? 

A flea comb is a specialized tool that helps find and get rid of fleas on dogs and other pets. The comb has finely spaced teeth that can pick up and remove fleas, flea eggs, and flea dirt that traditional brushes can’t. Flea dirt is adult flea feces that shows up as tiny dark specs, almost like small coffee grounds, on your pet’s skin and fur. 

Types of Flea Combs

There are a few different types of flea combs available to pet parents. These include traditional manual flea combs and electric flea combs. 

Manual flea combs work just like any other comb and a pet parent will need to drag the grooming tool over their dog’s coat in order to pick up any fleas or flea eggs. Manual combs are relatively small, able to fit in your pocket or bag, which is great to use on the go after hiking, beach days, and dog parks to remove any fleas before you head home. 

Electric flea combs release a mild electrical charge that kills fleas and their eggs on contact. The charge will not harm your pet. These combs are bulkier than traditional flea combs because they require a battery. Some electric flea combs do make a beeping sound, which may startle some dogs.

Flea combs also come in different materials. Most often, you’ll find plastic and metal or stainless steel options. Many people prefer not to use plastic ones, as the teeth can break off when stressed too hard. 

If your dog has a longer coat, flea combs with longer teeth can help the comb move through their fur easier, while removing fleas, flea eggs, and flea dirt. Flea combs with shorter-length teeth are best used in dogs with short coats. 

The bottom line is to look for a flea comb that has very small spaces between the teeth, so it can comb out and remove fleas. If the spaces between the teeth of the comb are too wide, then it could leave live fleas, flea eggs, and flea dirt behind on your dog. 

How to Use a Flea Comb

Using a flea comb—whether you choose a manual or electric one—is easy. However, it’s important to take a few steps before and during the combing process. Here are some tips for successfully using a flea comb on your dog.

Step 1: Set up an area in the house or an outdoor spot where you can easily vacuum or clean after flea combing your dog. You can lay down a towel or pee pads to catch any fleas, flea eggs, and flea debris.

Step 2: Before using the flea comb, carefully brush out or remove any mats from your dog’s coat. This way the comb can easily move through their fur, without causing irritation when tugging on mats or knots.

Step 3: To get started move the comb gently through your dog’s fur, starting at the head and moving towards the tail. Be sure to comb multiple times through your pet’s coat, concentrating on the neck, belly, and around the tail base where fleas tend to congregate. 

Step 4: For manual combs, after every few strokes dunk the comb in the bowl of warm water and remove debris off the comb with paper towels. You may see some live fleas, so the water will help to kill them. Electric combs can be wiped off with a paper towel. The fleas should already be dead due to the electric current.

Step 5: When you are finished, remove the towel or pee pad you used and wash or throw them away to prevent flea reinfestation. Vacuum the area thoroughly, and be sure to wash and clean anything that was used during your flea combing session. 

Bonus Tip: It helps to make this process fun for your dog. Have a few high-value dog treats or a toy on hand to keep them entertained while you comb them. You can also use a lick mat and smear it with dog-safe peanut butter or plain pumpkin as a way to keep them still and occupied.   

Treating Fleas on Dogs: A Multi-Step Approach

Combing your dog’s coat for fleas is a great way to keep these pesky parasites at bay, but treating and getting rid of fleas takes diligence and different methods. Depending on where you live and your activities, you may need to use a flea comb multiple times a week. 

But when it comes to preventing a flea infestation, prevention is key. Use your comb to check for fleas after time spent outdoors in the backyard or when returning from hikes or the dog park. Vacuum areas in your home that your dog frequents, especially corners of the room and carpets. Wash bedding, toys, and blankets to remove any fleas and flea eggs, and bathe your dog if you do find fleas with your flea comb.

It’s also important to talk to your veterinarian about flea prevention medication for the best year-round flea protection.

The post Flea Comb for Dogs: How to Use One appeared first on Great Pet Care.

What Is Hookworm in Dogs?

Hookworms are intestinal parasites that live in a dog’s digestive tract. The hookworm attaches to the inside of a dog’s intestine and feeds on a dog’s blood through the intestinal wall. While adult dogs may experience few symptoms of hookworm infection, young puppies infected with hookworms can rapidly develop severe anemia that can be fatal. 

Causes of Hookworms in Dogs

There are several ways dogs can become infected with hookworms. Hookworm larvae live in soil, which means dogs can ingest larvae from a contaminated environment. An infected dog sheds hookworm eggs into the environment through their feces, which means dogs can actually re-infect themselves with hookworm by contaminating their own environment. Dogs can also ingest hookworms by eating other animals that are infected, particularly cockroaches.

Hookworm larvae can also penetrate the skin, after which they travel to the lungs and the trachea where they are then coughed up and swallowed. The larvae then make their way to the small intestine, where they attach to the intestinal lining and mature into adults.

Puppies can become infected with hookworms while nursing. Hookworm larvae accumulate in the mother’s mammary glands and are passed in the milk to the offspring during nursing. Puppies should be dewormed at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of age to account for the high rate of hookworm infection that occurs after birth.

Can You Get Hookworms From Your Dog?

Your dog can’t give you hookworms directly, but you can get hookworms from contact with contaminated soil or feces from an infected dog. Children are at the highest risk of infection. To reduce your risk of contracting hookworms, practice good sanitation by cleaning up dog feces immediately and do not allow children to play in areas where pets defecate.

11 Hookworm Symptoms in Dogs to Know About

Although infected dogs shed hookworm eggs in their feces, these eggs are microscopic and cannot be seen with the naked eye. Occasionally, pet owners may see live adult hookworms in their pet’s stool but many adult dogs with hookworm infections do not show any symptoms of disease. Infections tend to be more severe in puppies than in adult dogs. 

Signs of hookworm infection in dogs can include:

• Lethargy
• Weakness
• Failure to gain weight
• Pot-bellied appearance
• Pale mucous membranes
• Coughing
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Blood in the stool
• Poor coat condition
• Sudden death

If you suspect your dog may have a hookworm infection, it is important to see your veterinarian right away for proper diagnosis and treatment of this intestinal parasite.

How to Diagnose Hookworms in Dogs

To diagnose a hookworm infection, your veterinarian may recommend the following tests:

Physical examination. Your veterinarian will perform a full head-to-tail physical examination of your dog to look for signs of hookworm infection, such as pale mucous membranes or changes in your dog’s coat.

A fecal sample. A sample of your dog’s feces will be evaluated to look for hookworm eggs, which indicates that your dog has mature hookworms living in his or her intestine. 

Fecal antigen testing. A test for an antigen produced by both adult and immature hookworms can help identify hookworm infections. 

Hookworm Treatment for Dogs

If your dog is diagnosed with hookworm, it is important to treat the infection quickly. Hookworms feed on your dog’s blood, which can cause life-threatening anemia if left untreated. Fortunately, hookworm infections are easily treatable with the right medication.

Hookworm Medication for Dogs

Hookworm infections are treated with dewormers. These drugs kill the adult worms that are responsible for your dog’s hookworm infection. However, because many of these medications do not kill the parasite larvae, your dog may need an additional treatment in two to four weeks to kill the larvae that will have matured into adult worms. This ensures that the entire life cycle of the parasite has been eradicated. 

General Cost of Hookworm Treatment for Dogs

Dewormers are generally inexpensive, but your dog may need two to three courses of medication to kill all of the parasites. Severely affected dogs may also need additional care, including hospitalization and blood transfusions, which can quickly become costly. For a typical hookworm infection, pet owners can expect to spend between $50 and $100 on treatment.

How to Prevent Hookworms in Dogs

Puppies should be dewormed at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of age to prevent hookworm infections transmitted via nursing. Adult dogs should be placed on a monthly preventive product and monitored with regular fecal screenings once or twice per year.

Prompt removal of feces from your yard will prevent hookworm eggs from hatching and dispersing larvae into the environment. This is especially important for dogs who have been infected, as re-infection is possible.

Related Conditions

• Whipworm
• Roundworm
• Coccidiosis

The post Hookworm Symptoms in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

What is Insulin?

Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels. After eating, carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which is then absorbed into the bloodstream. Insulin helps move glucose from the blood into the cells of the body. Insulin also promotes energy storage, increases DNA replication, and increases protein synthesis. When insulin is deficient, glucose is not adequately metabolized, leading to high blood sugar levels. 

Diabetes is a condition characterized by a deficiency of insulin. Type I diabetes (also known as insulin-dependent diabetes) is the most common type of diabetes in dogs and occurs due to a lack of insulin production by the pancreas. In this case, insulin must be supplemented for patients. In veterinary patients, often the same types of insulin used in humans are prescribed. There are also two FDA-approved veterinary insulin products available on the market: Vetsulin, which was approved in 2004, and ProZinc, which was approved for use in dogs in 2019.

What is Insulin Used For in Dogs?

Insulin is used to treat diabetes mellitus in dogs. Less commonly, it may also be used to prevent the progression to diabetes mellitus in canine patients with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s Disease) and hyperglycemia.

Dog Insulin vs Human Insulin

It is important to note that human insulin and veterinary insulin have different concentrations and require different syringes to administer appropriately. Human insulin formulations typically have concentrations of 100 units per ml, requiring a U-100 syringe to administer correctly. Veterinary insulin formulations have concentrations of 40 units per ml, requiring a U-40 syringe to administer correctly. Administering insulin with the wrong size syringe can result underdosing your dog’s insulin, leading to worsening of their diabetes symptoms, or an an accidental overdose, leading to hypoglycemia in dogs. Always make sure you know whether your dog’s insulin is a human or veterinary formulation, and be extra careful to use the correct size syringe with it. 

How to Give Insulin to Dogs

Insulin is administered twice daily by subcutaneous injection, which is an injection under the skin. These injections are easy to perform and pet owners can be trained to do this at home. First, read the insulin manufacturer’s instructions to determine how to handle and mix the insulin. Some brands must be handled gently to avoid inactivating the insulin, while other brands, such as Vetsulin, must be shaken vigorously to mix them prior to administration. 

Once mixed, use the proper size insulin syringe (U-40 or U-100) to draw up the correct dose of insulin for your dog, making sure there are no air bubbles in the syringe. Next, gently pinch up a fold of your dog’s skin, forming a tent shape. Gently insert the needle into the center of this tent and push down the plunger until it stops. Pull the needle straight out and dispose of it in an appropriate hard-sided container. Be sure to put the insulin back in the refrigerator when you are done.

Insulin Side Effects in Dogs

The primary side effect of insulin is hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar. This can occur when too much insulin is given, causing the blood sugar to drop too low. Signs of hypoglycemia in dogs that pet owners should watch for include:

• Weakness
• Lethargy
• Stumbling gait
• Falling down
• Depression
• Disorientation
• Collapse
• Seizure
• Death

Less commonly, some dogs may experience a reaction at the injection site, which includes swelling, pain, bruising, or crusting.

Insulin is a lifelong medication and there are no concerns with using it long term, as long as dosages are monitored and your veterinarian is overseeing your dog’s treatment.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

There are a number of drugs that can change your dog’s insulin requirements by altering glucose tolerance, increasing the risk for hypoglycemia, and altering the glucose lowering effect of insulin.  These drugs include commonly used medications, such as steroids, diuretics, beta-blockers, and thyroid hormones, among others.  

Insulin Dosage for Dogs

The dosage of insulin for dogs varies widely between patients. Even dogs of the same breed or size can have very different insulin dosages. Your veterinarian will start your dog on an initial dose of insulin and then will perform a blood glucose curve to evaluate your dog’s response to the insulin.  

A blood glucose curve involves measuring your dog’s blood glucose at set intervals throughout the day, usually about every two hours. Plotting these numbers on a graph allows your veterinarian to evaluate how your dog’s blood glucose fluctuates throughout the day. If your dog’s blood glucose is trending too high or too low, your veterinarian will adjust your dog’s insulin dosage accordingly and will likely recheck a blood glucose curve at a later date. This process helps ensure that your dog gets exactly the amount of insulin his body needs.

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Insulin?

If your dog misses a dose of insulin, simply administer the next dose as usual. Do not add extra doses or increase the insulin dose, as this can put your dog at risk for developing hypoglycemia. If your dog has missed multiple doses of insulin, contact your veterinarian for advice before proceeding.

How Much Does Insulin Cost for Dogs?

The cost of insulin varies depending on the type of insulin used and the dose your pet needs. In general, it costs approximately $150 for a 10 ml vial of insulin, although some types of insulin may be more or less expensive.

Insulin Storage Instructions

Store insulin upright in the refrigerator. Do not freeze. Check the label or package insert for further instructions.

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Being aware of the signs of skin problems in dogs is the first step to ensuring your pup gets the care he needs if one of these issues arises.

Dog Skin: Understanding the Basics

The skin is the largest organ of the body and serves as a protective barrier against the outside world. A dog’s skin is composed of three layers: the epidermis, which is the outermost layer; the dermis, which contains the blood vessels and skin appendages such as sweat glands; and the subcutis, which contains the subcutaneous fat and muscles. When this barrier becomes disrupted, problems such as inflammation and infection can occur.

Causes of Dog Skin Conditions

Skin conditions in dogs are rarely isolated incidents. They often occur due to an underlying medical issue, such as:

• Adverse food reactions
• Environmental allergies
• Bacterial or fungal infections
• Parasites
• Endocrine (hormonal) conditions
• Genetics

Many of these underlying conditions can be identified and managed, so it’s important to see your veterinarian to have the problem diagnosed and treated. 

However, in some cases—such as genetics—the underlying cause cannot be treated or cured. But veterinarians can help you manage the symptoms to make your dog comfortable.

Signs of Dog Skin Problems

Dog skin problems often look alike, even when the underlying causes are very different. So it’s important to see your veterinarian for an accurate diagnosis of the problem. 

Common symptoms of skin problems in dogs can include: 

• Itching
• Licking, biting, and chewing
• Pustules, pimples, or bumps
• Redness
• Crusting
• Flaking
• Hair loss
• Scabbing
• Odor
• Discoloration

If you notice these symptoms or any other changes in your dog’s skin, it is best to see your veterinarian for a check-up to determine the source of your dog’s skin condition.

6 Common Dog Skin Conditions

• Allergies
• Skin Infections
• Hot Spots
• Parasites
• Skin Tumors
• Calluses

There are a number of different skin conditions that can plague our canine friends and unfortunately they can all look very similar despite being treated very differently by your veterinarian. 

Below are just six of the most common skin conditions in dogs to watch out for with your pup.

Allergies

Like humans, dogs can be allergic to certain foods or factors in their environment. Dog allergies often show up as itching, rashes, hives, and chronic ear infections. 

Treating allergies in dogs often requires identifying the cause of the allergy and managing it as much as possible. Medications to combat itching due to allergies may also help keep your dog comfortable and reduce secondary skin infections.

Skin Infections

Rashes, pustules, crusting, and other skin irritations are often caused by bacterial and fungal infections of the skin. These infections are usually made worse when your dog begins scratching, licking, or chewing the affected area, causing even more moisture and bacterial growth. 

Skin infections are often diagnosed by taking samples from the skin and examining them under a microscope. Depending on the type of infection, your veterinarian may prescribe a medicated shampoo, antibiotics, or an antifungal or anti-inflammation medication—or a combination of these treatments—to relieve your dog’s infection. 

Hot Spots

A hot spot, also known as acute moist dermatitis, is a dog skin infection that is localized to one area. It appears as a red, inflamed area of the skin, often spreading quickly and discharging pus. Hot spots can occur due to moisture being trapped against the skin. This may happen after swimming or due to an underlying allergy or parasite infection. 

A hot spot is often easily diagnosed by its characteristic appearance. It is typically treated by shaving the hair around the area to help dry the skin. Depending on the severity of the infection, your veterinarian may also prescribe topical or oral antibiotics to treat the infection.

Parasites

Parasites, particularly fleas, are a common cause of skin problems in dogs. Parasite infections often result in hair loss, scabbing, redness, and severe itching. It’s important to remember that even if you don’t see parasites, your pet could still have them. Some mites are invisible to the naked eye and must be diagnosed using a microscope, and fleas may also be difficult to see if your dog’s coat is dark or thick. 

Fortunately, many parasite infections can be treated using prescription medication from your veterinarian. Your veterinarian can also teach you how to clean your pet’s environment to remove parasites and prevent re-infection. A monthly flea and tick preventative can help your dog avoid some of the skin problems and discomfort due to parasites. 

Skin Tumors and Growths

Tumors of the skin and subcutaneous tissue are common in dogs, especially in their senior years. These may show up as lumps or bumps on your dog’s skin—which may be small or large in size. Some tumors are benign, or non-cancerous (such as warts, cysts, or lipomas), while others may be malignant, or cancerous. Unfortunately, it’s impossible to tell just by looking at a tumor whether or not it is cancerous. 

Your veterinarian will need to take some samples of the tumor, such as by fine needle aspirate, biopsy, or by removing the tumor entirely and submitting it to a laboratory for analysis. In some cases, removing the tumor is curative. In others, additional treatments such as radiation or chemotherapy may be necessary. Your veterinarian is your best resource to advise you on your treatment options and the best course of action for your dog’s needs.

Calluses

Calluses are areas of thickened, hairless skin that often occur over pressure points such as the joints, particularly in large and heavy dogs that like to lay on hard surfaces. They most commonly occur at the elbows, but may affect other joints as well. Although calluses look unsightly, they are generally harmless. 

Occasionally, some dogs may experience infections called callus pyoderma, which can cause inflammation and discomfort. If this occurs, your veterinarian may recommend treatment with antibiotics. You can also purchase padding to protect your dog’s elbows and reduce the calluses.

Treating Dog Skin Conditions

Most skin conditions look alike, but they are treated differently. It is very important to have the problem appropriately diagnosed to get to the root of the problem as quickly as possible. 

Remember to never give your dog any over-the-counter medications or any medications not specifically prescribed for your pet, as these may be unsafe for your dog. 

Common treatments for dog skin conditions include:

• Topical or oral antibiotics
• Anti-inflammatory medications
• Antihistamine medications
• Antifungal medication
• Medicated shampoos
• Radiation or chemotherapy
• Surgery

Always consult your veterinarian first before attempting to treat any health concerns at home.

Dog Skin Care: How to Stay Ahead of Problems

Preventing skin problems in your dog starts with taking your dog to the vet regularly for annual examinations and routine preventive care. This ensures any potential problems are caught and treated early, before they become bigger problems. 

Keeping your dog up-to-date on flea and tick prevention is essential to prevent parasite infections including fleas and mites. For long-haired or thick-coated breeds, regular grooming is also recommended to help prevent mats and tangles in the coat that can put your pet at risk of skin problems. 

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Although it has similar symptoms to other causes of bloody diarrhea, such as parvovirus and pancreatitis, it is a unique condition that occurs primarily in small breed dogs. 

While it is undoubtedly scary to see your dog having bloody diarrhea and vomiting, quick veterinary intervention can be a lifesaver, and the prognosis is good for most dogs who receive timely and aggressive treatment. 

Read on to learn about hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in dogs and what to do if your dog develops this common condition.

What is Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis in Dogs?

Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis is a sudden onset of profuse bloody diarrhea, often in an otherwise healthy dog. Due to profuse diarrhea and significant blood loss, the condition can lead to rapid dehydration and can be life-threatening. HGE is often accompanied by abdominal pain and vomiting. Luckily, with prompt veterinary intervention and aggressive treatment, the prognosis is good, and most dogs will recover within a few days. 

What Causes HGE in Dogs?

We don’t know exactly what causes dogs to develop HGE. One theory is that it may be a hypersensitivity reaction to bacteria or certain dietary components. Several studies have also shown a correlation between the bacteria Clostridium perfringens (a common cause of food poisoning in humans) and dogs who develop HGE. Further research is needed to identify what causes HGE in dogs. 

Although we don’t know what causes HGE, we know that it is not contagious between dogs. It most commonly affects small and toy breed dogs, primarily the Yorkshire Terrier, Miniature Pinscher, Miniature Schnauzer, Maltese, Dachshund, Toy Poodle, Bichon Frise, Shetland Sheepdog and Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. Young to middle-aged dogs are most commonly affected.

HGE Symptoms in Dogs

Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis is characterized by a sudden onset of profuse bloody diarrhea. Symptoms often come on quickly over the course of a few hours. Many dogs also experience vomiting, often before the diarrhea starts, and in some cases, there may be blood in the vomit. 

Other symptoms of hemorrhagic gastroenteritis can include:

• Loss of appetite
• Abdominal pain
• Fever
• Dehydration
• Depression
• Shock
• Collapse
• Hypothermia
• Cool extremities
• Pale gums

If your dog shows any of these symptoms, this is an emergency, and you should seek veterinary care immediately. If left untreated, this condition can lead to severe dehydration and hypovolemic shock, which can be fatal.

Diagnosing HGE in Dogs

To diagnose hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, your veterinarian will first perform a complete physical examination and will take note of your dog’s medical history and current symptoms. Your veterinarian may also recommend some diagnostic testing such as:

Blood tests. These will be used to evaluate your dog’s red blood cell count, which can help diagnose hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. Blood work may also show other changes, such as a low protein level, which can indicate proteins are being lost through the gastrointestinal tract.

Radiographs (X-rays). X-rays of your dog’s abdomen will rule out other possible causes of diarrhea and vomiting, such as a foreign body, intussusception or gastrointestinal obstruction.

Parvovirus testing. This is performed to rule out parvovirus as the cause for your dog’s symptoms (parvo can also cause vomiting and bloody diarrhea).

Fecal evaluation. A stool sample will be reviewed to look for parasites and bacteria to determine whether these might be contributing to your dog’s diarrhea.

HGE in Dogs Treatment

Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis is a severe condition and requires veterinary intervention immediately. Without veterinary treatment, your dog can rapidly develop life-threatening dehydration and may go into shock due to blood and fluid loss.

Once under veterinary care, your dog will need to be hospitalized for intensive care, monitoring, and treatment. The mainstay of HGE treatment in dogs is aggressive intravenous fluid therapy to help rehydrate your dog and replace the blood volume lost due to diarrhea. Intravenous antibiotics will likely be administered. Some dogs may also need plasma infusions to help replace the protein lost due to the large volumes of bloody diarrhea they have experienced.

Medication for HGE in Dogs

In addition to fluid therapy, your dog will be given supportive care, which includes medications to help your dog feel better and to alleviate the inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. 

Antiemetic medications will be provided either by injection or by mouth to help curb any ongoing vomiting. Gastroprotectant medications, such as omeprazole or pantoprazole, are also often given to protect the stomach lining from ulceration. Pain medications, such as buprenorphine, are administered to help alleviate abdominal pain and make your dog more comfortable. 

Probiotics are often prescribed to help regulate the intestinal microbiome and block pathogenic bacteria. Your dog will likely continue to receive probiotics when discharged from the hospital. Probiotics typically come in the form of a powder or capsule that can easily be sprinkled onto your dog’s food.

Your dog may also go home on a special low-fat, easily digestible diet, which can help prevent further GI upset. Your veterinarian may recommend transitioning back to your regular dog food after a certain amount of time or they may recommend continuing this prescription diet for the rest of your dog’s life.

Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis Treatment Cost

Because dogs with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis require hospitalization and several days of treatment, this condition can be quite costly to treat. Pet owners should expect to spend between $500 and $1,500 on hospitalization and treatment, depending on the severity of the condition and number of days spent in the hospital.

How to Prevent HGE in Dogs

We don’t know exactly what causes HGE in dogs, so we unfortunately don’t know how to prevent it. Further research is needed to determine what causes HGE and what can be done to avoid this condition.

Related Conditions

• Parvovirus
• Pancreatitis
• Histiocytic Ulcerative Colitis
• Salmonellosis
• Campylobacteriosis

The post Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis (HGE) in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Let’s take a look at six of the most common tick-borne illnesses in the United States and how they can impact your dog’s health.

How Do Ticks Transmit Disease?

Dogs are infected with tick-borne illnesses when they are bitten by an infected tick or, in some cases, when they ingest an infected tick. Ticks on dogs must remain attached long enough to transmit the disease – some diseases take as little as a few hours to transmit while others may require as much as 1-2 days of attachment for transmission to occur. After transmission, the incubation period (the time it takes for symptoms to appear) varies from days to months depending on the disease. 

6 Dangerous Tick-Borne Diseases

Tick-borne illnesses vary in their symptoms and severity, but all of them have the potential to cause serious illness or even death. Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to ensure your dog has the best possible outcome. 

Lyme Disease

Lyme disease is most common in the northeastern, upper midwestern, and west coast regions of the United States. It is caused by a bacteria which is transmitted by the following types of ticks: 

• Black-legged tick
• Western black-legged tick

The majority of dogs infected with Lyme disease remain asymptomatic. In 5-10 percent of infected dogs, symptoms develop within 2-5 months of infection. Symptoms of Lyme disease in dogs can include fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, joint pain, shifting leg lameness and swollen lymph nodes. In rare cases, a serious and sometimes fatal condition called Lyme nephritis can occur, in which Lyme disease causes a progressive kidney failure.

Lyme disease is treated with antibiotics. Doxycycline is the most commonly used antibiotic for treating Lyme disease, but other antibiotics such as amoxicillin, azithromycin, or cefovecin may also be used. Your veterinarian may also prescribe an anti-inflammatory medication to help alleviate the joint pain that can be caused by Lyme disease. For patients with Lyme nephritis, hospitalization and aggressive fluid therapy are necessary to try to prevent kidney failure. 

For dogs with uncomplicated Lyme disease, the prognosis is good and most begin to show improvement within 24 to 48 hours of starting treatment. For dogs with Lyme nephritis, the prognosis is poor. 

There is a Lyme disease vaccine for dogs that is available at most veterinary clinics. Speak with your veterinarian about the Lyme vaccine if you live in an area where Lyme disease poses a significant threat.

Anaplasmosis

Anaplasmosis is found in the northeastern and upper midwest regions of the United States, as well as along the west coast. Anaplasmosis is caused by bacterium which is transmitted by the same types of ticks that carry Lyme disease. Infections occur most commonly in late spring through fall. 

Many dogs infected with Anaplasmosis are asymptomatic. Those that do develop symptoms often display signs such as lethargy, loss of appetite, fever, dehydration, swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, pale mucus membranes and lameness. 

Anaplasmosis is treated with oral antibiotics such as doxycycline, minocycline, tetracycline or chloramphenicol. Your veterinarian may also prescribe an anti-inflammatory medication to help alleviate joint pain that can occur as a result of anaplasmosis infection. When treated appropriately, the prognosis for dogs infected with anaplasma is very good.

Ehrlichiosis

Ehrlichiosis can be divided into two subtypes: canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME), which is transmitted by the brown dog tick, and granulocytic ehrlichiosis, which is transmitted by the lone star tick. 

CME is most common in the southwestern and southeastern United States, while granulocytic ehrlichiosis is most common in south central and southeastern United States, primarily in the spring and summer.

Dogs infected with ehrlichiosis may have few or no symptoms. Symptoms vary depending on the type of ehrlichiosis infection. Dogs infected with granulocytic ehrlichiosis most commonly show symptoms including loss of appetite, lameness, stiff gait and lethargy. 

Dogs infected with CME will show symptoms such as depression, dehydration, fever, loss of appetite, weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, enlarged lymph nodes and bleeding abnormalities.

Ehrlichiosis is treated with antibiotics such as doxycycline, minocycline, tetracycline, or chloramphenicol. Your veterinarian will prescribe an appropriate antibiotic and dosing regimen for your dog.                                                                                                                                   

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever occurs primarily in the southeastern, midwestern, western, and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. Infections most commonly occur from March to October. The disease is caused by a bacterium transmitted through the bite of several types of ticks including the American dog tick, Rocky Mountain wood tick, lone star tick and brown dog tick. 

Infections can range in severity from mild to fatal. Less severe cases may have few or no symptoms of infections. Other cases cause symptoms such as depression, loss of appetite, muscle pain, vomiting, weakness, weight loss, bruising and nosebleeds. Severe cases may progress to multi-organ failure and may develop additional symptoms depending on the organ systems affected.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is treated with antibiotics such as doxycycline, tetracycline, enrofloxacin, or chloramphenicol. Your veterinarian will choose an appropriate antibiotic and dosage regimen for your pet. 

Severe cases of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever may need additional supportive therapy such as intravenous fluids, steroids, or blood products. Most dogs respond rapidly to antibiotics and prognosis is excellent for those diagnosed and treated early in the course of disease.

Babesiosis

Babesiosis occurs throughout the world, but in the United States infections are more common in the southern states. This disease is most commonly transmitted by the brown dog tick species, but can also be transmitted by several other types of tick including the deer tick, American dog tick, and the Asian longhorned tick. 

Infections with Babesia spp. often produce no symptoms. Dogs that do develop symptoms typically experience moderate to severe hemolytic anemia along with fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, bruising, vomiting, discolored urine, bleeding, weakness, pallor and nose bleeds. 

Treatment of Babesiosis depends on the species of Babesia causing the infection. Large Babesia species are treated with injections administered by your veterinarian. Small Babesia species are more difficult to treat and may be addressed with a combination of oral medications. 

Your veterinarian will determine the best course of treatment for your dog based on the type and severity of the infection. In severe cases, supportive care such as fluid therapy or blood transfusions may also be warranted.

Hepatozoonosis

Canine hepatozoonosis is found worldwide. In the United States, it is most common in southern states. It most frequently affects young dogs under 2 years of age and is spread by the brown dog tick. Unlike the other tick-borne diseases, hepatozoonosis is transmitted by ingesting an infected tick, not by being bitten by one. 

Many infected dogs are asymptomatic or have minimal symptoms. Dogs that do exhibit symptoms may experience lethargy, loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, dehydration, pallor and enlarged lymph nodes. The disease can be debilitating or even fatal.

The goal of treating hepatozoonosis is to eliminate the parasite from the bloodstream and alleviate clinical signs. While treatment is often successful at reducing symptoms and improving quality of life, it is very difficult to completely clear the parasite and a cure for this disease is unlikely. Treatment for hepatozoonosis typically involves injections administered by your veterinarian at one to two-week intervals. Alternatively, your veterinarian may prescribe a combination of oral medications such as Procox, clindamycin, or doxycycline. Hepatozoonosis may require treatment for a year or longer.

Tick-Borne Disease in Dogs Infographic

How to Prevent Tick-Borne Illnesses in Dogs

Tick-borne illnesses can be easily prevented by keeping your dog up to date on flea and tick preventive medications year round. There are several excellent products on the market in both chewable and topical formulations, so you’re sure to find a product that fits both your pet’s needs and your own lifestyle and budget. Your veterinarian can help you choose a product that is safe, effective and best suited to your needs.

In addition to preventive medications, be sure to thoroughly examine your dog for ticks after spending time in wooded areas, tall grassy meadows, or other areas where ticks are commonly found. Ticks on dogs must be attached for hours to days in order to transmit disease, so removing a tick as soon as possible can help prevent tick-borne illnesses in your dog.

The post Tick-Borne Diseases in Dogs: 6 Dangerous Ones appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Metronidazole is commonly used to treat conditions like acute onset diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, giardia, and other diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, liver, and soft tissues. 

Most dogs tolerate metronidazole well, but there are some things you should know about this medication before giving it to your dog. Read on to learn more about metronidazole and its myriad uses in veterinary medicine!

What is Metronidazole?

Metronidazole, also known by the brand name Flagyl, is an antibiotic medication commonly used in both human and veterinary medicine. In humans, metronidazole is FDA approved in several different forms, including pills, injections, and topical creams. Metronidazole is not FDA approved in dogs and its use in veterinary medicine is off label, which means vets may prescribe it even though it is not FDA approved. 

There are many generic forms of metronidazole available, which makes this medication relatively inexpensive. A prescription is required to obtain metronidazole. Pet owners can get this drug through their veterinary clinic or from a human pharmacy with a prescription from their veterinarian. Because metronidazole is widely used in human medicine, it is readily available, and pet owners can easily fill their dog’s metronidazole prescription at any human pharmacy.

What Does Metronidazole Look Like?

Because there are so many generic forms of Metronidazole available, the exact appearance of the pill will vary depending on the manufacturer. However, Metronidazole is typically a white round or oval-shaped tablet. Metronidazole also comes in both an oral liquid and in an injectable form, which is sometimes used for hospitalized patients. 

For humans, metronidazole comes in topical creams, gels, and lotions, as well. Though these formulations are generally not used in veterinary medicine.

How Does Metronidazole Work?

Metronidazole works by penetrating anaerobic bacteria cells and forming free radicals that inhibit DNA synthesis, causing the degradation of DNA and death of the bacteria. It is also effective against protozoal organisms. When given orally, metronidazole is absorbed from the GI tract and metabolized by the liver. 

Most dogs tolerate metronidazole well and experience little to no side effects. Your dog will generally begin to feel better within a few days of starting metronidazole. 

Remember that it is very important to give the full course of medication as prescribed by your veterinarian, even if your dog is feeling better, to ensure that your dog’s infection has completely resolved.

What is Metronidazole Used for in Dogs?

Metronidazole is used to treat a variety of conditions in dogs including: 

• Diarrhea
• Giardia
• Trichomonas
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Enteropathy
• Hepatic encephalopathy
• Vaginitis

This medication is also sometimes used in combination with other antibiotics to help provide a more broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage. 

Metronidazole Side Effects in Dogs

Most dogs respond well to metronidazole with little to no side effects. Side effects that do occur tend to be mild and resolve soon after discontinuing the drug. If your dog experiences side effects after taking metronidazole, stop giving the medication and contact your veterinarian for further advice. 

Side effects of metronidazole in dogs include:

• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting
• Excessive salivation
• Stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth)
• Loss of sense of smell
• Hepatotoxicity (liver disease)
• Candida overgrowth
• Neurologic changes (blindness, paralysis or abnormal walking, seizure)

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Metronidazole should be used with caution in dogs taking certain medications due to the risk of adverse reactions. Metronidazole may cause interactions with medications such as:

• Barbiturates
• Phenytoin
• Warfarin
• Cimetidine
• Lithium
• Terfenadine
• Astemizole
• Vitamin K antagonists

If your dog is on any of the above medications, talk to your veterinarian before starting metronidazole. Your veterinarian may recommend starting on a lower dose of metronidazole or using a different medication to reduce the risk of a reaction.

Metronidazole Dosage for Dogs

The dose of metronidazole varies depending on the condition being treated and your dog’s weight. Follow your veterinarian’s dosing instructions closely to ensure your dog receives the correct dose of medication. Always complete the full course of antibiotics, even if your dog begins to feel better. 

Never give your dog metronidazole — or any other prescription medication — unless it has been prescribed by your veterinarian. Doing so may be harmful to your dog and may increase the risk of side effects.

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Metronidazole?

If your dog misses a metronidazole dose, continue on with the dosing schedule as prescribed. Do not double up doses or give your dog extra medication to account for the missed dose. 

If your dog misses more than one dose of medication, consult your veterinarian for advice on how to proceed. Your veterinarian may recommend restarting the course of antibiotics or adjusting the treatment plan to ensure your dog’s infection is addressed adequately.

Cost of Metronidazole for Dogs

Metronidazole is available as a generic medication, so it is generally inexpensive. Pet owners should expect to pay about $20-$50 for a metronidazole prescription, depending on the tablet strength prescribed and the duration of the treatment prescribed. 

Metronidazole Storage Instructions

Metronidazole should be stored in a tightly sealed, light-resistant container at room temperature, away from moisture. Liquid formulations of metronidazole may need to be kept refrigerated. Be sure to read the packaging and follow the manufacturer’s directions for proper storage.

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What Is Luxating Patella?

A luxating patella occurs when your pet’s kneecap, also known as the patella, slides out of its normal position when the knee is flexed. This dislocation of the kneecap often occurs because the groove where the kneecap sits is abnormally shallow, allowing it to pop in and out of place.  The resulting intermittent dislocation can be painful and may cause a temporary loss of function in the affected limb.

Types and Grades of Luxating Patella

If your pet has been diagnosed with a luxating patella, you may hear your veterinarian refer to the condition as being unilateral or bilateral. Unilateral means that the condition occurs on only one side—only one hind leg is affected. Bilateral means that both of your dog’s knees have luxating patellas. Your vet may also describe the luxation as being medial or lateral. A medial luxation occurs when the kneecap moves toward the inside of the leg, while a lateral luxation is when the kneecap moves to the outside of the leg. These descriptors can help your veterinarian better characterize the type of dislocation that is occurring in your pet’s knee.

Your veterinarian may also describe your dog’s luxating patella using a grading system, which describes the severity of the dislocation. A luxating patella is ranked Grade I through IV, with Grade I being mild and Grade IV being the most severe.

• Grade I: The veterinarian can push the kneecap out of place but it snaps back to its normal position.
• Grade II: The kneecap moves out of place occasionally and the veterinarian can push it back into its normal position.
• Grade III: The kneecap stays out of place most of the time but the veterinarian can push it back into its normal position.
• Grade IV: The kneecap stays out of place all the time and the veterinarian cannot push it back into its normal position.

What Causes Luxating Patella in Dogs?

In most cases, patellar luxation is a genetic condition. It is especially common in small breed dogs, although it is becoming more prevalent in larger breeds, as well. Breeds predisposed to luxating patella include Boston Terriers, Yorkshire Terriers, Chihuahuas, Pomeranians, Miniature Poodles, Shar-Peis, Flat-Coated Retrievers, Akitas, and Great Pyrenees. Your dog is more likely to have a luxating patella if one or both of their parents had the condition.

Patellar luxation can also occur following trauma to the knee—injuries sustained after being hit by a car, for example—but this is much less common.  

Can Puppies Grow Out of Luxating Patella?

Patellar luxation is often diagnosed at a young age. Unfortunately, because this condition is genetic, puppies do not grow out of a luxating patella. They may require treatment if the condition is causing pain or a loss of function in the affected limb.

Symptoms of Luxating Patella in Dogs

In dogs with a low-grade patellar luxation, the symptoms are often quite subtle. Your dog may walk or run normally, then suddenly carry a hind limb up for a few steps as if they are skipping. Most dogs will then return to using the limb normally as if nothing happened. This is characteristic of a luxating patella. However, with more severe and frequent luxations, your dog may experience more significant symptoms, such as:

• Pain, especially when the kneecap has dislocated
• Bow-legged or knock-kneed appearance
• Chronic intermittent lameness on one or both hind legs
• Difficulty using the affected leg
• Difficulty running, jumping, or climbing stairs

Diagnosing Dogs with Luxating Patella

Early diagnosis of luxating patella can play an important part in the effective treatment of severe cases. There are two main methods veterinarians use to diagnose the condition and inform the treatment. 

Physical Examination. A luxating patella is often an incidental finding, meaning that your veterinarian may discover it during a routine physical examination. Your veterinarian will palpate (feel) your dog’s stifle (knee) joints and gently move them through their normal range of motion.  If your dog has a luxating patella, your veterinarian can often feel the kneecap sliding out of place during this simple exercise.

Radiographs. Your veterinarian may recommend taking X-ray images of your dog’s hind limbs to further evaluate the position of your dog’s patella bones. This can help determine the severity of the luxation, whether it is medial or lateral, and whether there is any arthritis associated with the affected joint.

How to Treat Luxating Patella in Dogs

The treatment for luxating patella depends on the severity of the condition and how it impacts your dog’s quality of life. Dogs with Grade I luxating patella often have few symptoms of the condition and can live a normal, pain-free life without treatment. Dogs with higher grade luxations may require pain control medications such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to maintain comfort and quality of life. Joint supplements can also help manage any secondary arthritis that occurs due to chronic luxation.

Luxating Patella Surgery for Dogs

Surgery is typically recommended for dogs with luxating patella that causes chronic lameness or those that have Grades III or IV luxations. There are several different surgical approaches to correct a luxating patella, and your veterinary surgeon will decide the best procedure depending on your pet’s anatomy and the severity of the luxation present. Following the procedure, your pet will need to stay quiet and calm for several weeks while the surgical site heals. Your veterinarian will likely prescribe medication such as NSAIDs to manage pain and reduce inflammation at your dog’s surgery site. After the recovery period, most dogs experience a good to excellent return to function on the affected leg.

General Cost to Treat Luxating Patella

A conservative treatment plan (rest, NSAIDs, and joint supplements) is generally inexpensive. Pet parents can expect to spend around $200 or less on medications to manage a dog’s luxating patella. Luxating patella surgery, on the other hand, can be quite expensive and often requires referral to a specialist. Pet parents opting for surgical treatment should expect to spend several thousand dollars on the procedure and associated follow-up care.

How to Prevent Luxating Patella in Dogs

Luxating patella is a genetic condition in most cases, so animals with this condition should not be bred to prevent passing on the condition to the offspring.

Related Conditions

• Osteoarthritis
• Hip luxation
• Cranial cruciate ligament rupture

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If your dog is prescribed trilostane, there are a few unique aspects of this medication you’ll need to watch out for.

What is Trilostane?

Trilostane is a steroid analogue which blocks the production of cortisol, a steroid hormone that is overproduced in dogs with Cushing’s disease. It comes in a capsule form that is given to dogs by mouth.

Trilostane was FDA approved for the treatment of canine Cushing’s disease in 2008 and it is one of only two FDA approved treatments for this disease. Previously, trilostane was also FDA approved for the treatment of Cushing’s disease in humans, but it was pulled from the market in 1994.

What Does Trilostane for Dogs Treat?

Trilostane is used to treat hyperadrenocorticism, also known as Cushing’s disease. This condition causes your dog’s body to produce too much of the steroid hormone cortisol, which results in symptoms such as excessive drinking and urination, panting, lethargy, weight gain, excessive appetite, recurrent infections, and hair loss. 

Cushing’s disease can impact your dog’s quality of life and can also make your dog more prone to developing other conditions such as diabetes mellitus, pancreatitis, urinary tract infections, and skin conditions. Fortunately, Cushing’s disease is manageable with trilostane treatment.

Trilostane is also FDA approved to treat Alopecia X, a characteristic pattern of baldness in thick-coated breeds such as Poodles, Pomeranians, Siberian Huskies, Chow Chows, and Samoyeds. Affected dogs are typically young adults and hair loss occurs on the trunk, neck, and the backs of the hind legs. The cause of Alopecia X is still poorly understood.

Trilostane Side Effects in Dogs

Trilostane can be tricky to dose and every dog responds to it differently. It is very important for pet parents to monitor closely for side effects. Finding the best dose of trilostane for your dog will often rely on your perception of your dog’s Cushing’s symptoms and any medication side effects you have noted at home. 

Common side effects to look out for include:

• Diarrhea
• Lethargy
• Vomiting
• Weakness
• Lameness
• Urinary tract infections
• Blood in the urine
• Trembling or shivering
• Changes in the skin or coat
• Loss of appetite

Trilostane can be dangerous if overdosed, so be sure to follow your veterinarian’s dosing instructions carefully. Call your veterinarian right away if side effects occur.

Trilostane can also be dangerous to humans. The capsules should never be broken open, because the powder inside can irritate your skin and eyes. Always wash your hands after handling trilostane. Trilostane can also cause miscarriages and should not be handled by anyone who is pregnant or trying to become pregnant. If you must handle trilostane while pregnant, wear gloves and wash your hands immediately afterward.

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Trilostane should be used with caution in dogs that are also currently receiving angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) or potassium-sparing diuretic medications. 

Dogs that have recently been treated with mitotane—another medication commonly used to treat canine Cushing’s disease—should wait at least one month after discontinuing mitotane before starting trilostane therapy. 

Trilostane should also be used with caution in dogs with other medical conditions, such as liver and kidney disease. Follow your veterinarian’s guidelines. 

Trilostane Dosage for Dogs

Trilostane is dosed based on your dog’s weight, so your veterinarian will calculate the best starting dose for your dog. In most cases, your dog will be started on a low dose and gradually increased until the best dose of medication is identified. This is the best way to ensure that your dog does not receive an overdose of the medication. 

Your veterinarian will also ask you to closely monitor your dog’s symptoms. If your dog is drinking and urinating less, has a more normal appetite, and an improved energy level, these are all signs that the medication is working!

One to two weeks after starting trilostane, your dog will need to have a test called an ACTH stimulation test. This test helps your veterinarian assess whether your dog is on the correct dosage of medication. Once your veterinarian receives the results, he or she may adjust the dosage to better meet your dog’s needs. Your vet may also recommend checking blood work on your dog annually or semi-annually to ensure that your dog’s liver and kidney function are adequate, as serious side effects can occur if trilostane is given to animals with liver or kidney disease.

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Trilostane?

If your dog has missed a dose of medication, don’t try to double up or administer the dose late. Just continue on with your regular dosing schedule. If your dog misses multiple doses, contact your veterinarian for advice on how to proceed.

Price of Trilostane for Dogs

Trilostane can be quite expensive because there is only one product available on the market. Pet owners should expect to spend anywhere from $50-$150 for a month’s supply depending on their dog’s dosage. 

Compounded trilostane products are sometimes less expensive, but they can also be less effective and have a very short shelf life. 

Your veterinarian can help you determine the best medication options to fit both your dog’s needs and your family’s budget.

Trilostane Storage Instructions

Trilostane oral capsules from the brand name Vetoryl are very shelf stable and can be stored at room temperature, approximately 77 degrees Fahrenheit. This product is typically stable for 3 years after packaging. 

Compounded trilostane products are much less stable and may be less effective. They may also have their own unique storage requirements, so be sure to ask the compounding pharmacy for storage instructions.

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Enter puppy temperament testing. Touted as being a way of predicting future behavior, these multifaceted tests are said to measure everything from how outgoing a puppy will be to how they’ll react under pressure, and are often used as guides to help families pick their best match. 

But are these assessments accurate? And what are the most important aspects of a dog’s personality to consider when getting ready to adopt a new puppy?

What is Puppy Temperament Testing?

What exactly is “temperament”? Researchers have described it as everything from “the raw stuff of individuality” to “physical flexibility and intensity of reaction to different environmental stimuli.” In short, it’s the way a dog processes and reacts to the world around them.

A puppy temperament test is a series of evaluations that are supposed to provide a better understanding of a puppy’s behavior personality by introducing them to a variety of situations and stimuli in a controlled fashion, usually between the ages of 7-10 weeks. 

A puppy temperament test might include any of the following scenarios:

• Responsiveness to play.
• Reactions to gentle handling. 
• Reactions to slightly aversive handling, like holding paws or restraint.  
• Willingness to approach and interact with the tester.
• Sound sensitivity.
• Reactions to unfamiliar flooring, like sand. 
• Response to toys/willingness to fetch.
• Willingness to interact with strangers.
• Response to isolation.
• Response to elevation.

Types of Puppy Temperament Tests

Although there are many types of puppy temperament tests, one of the best-known is called the Volhard Puppy Aptitude Test. 

This series of ten tests is conducted when puppies are 49 days old, with each of the testing scenarios scored individually on a scale of 1-6. Areas included in the Volhard test include social attraction, willingness to follow, the puppy’s response to being elevated, and their reactions to a sharp sounds like banging a pot. The test includes a key for interpreting the scores which includes predictions about a puppy’s trainability and the families that will be the best match.

Many breeders perform their own versions of puppy temperament testing, some starting as early as a few days old. Pups that are destined for service dog work often undergo specialized testing as well. 

The AKC and the American Temperament Test Society both offer tests to determine dog temperament but they’re geared to dogs a year and older.

Benefits of Puppy Temperament Tests

New puppy parents should do everything they can to learn about their best friend to-be, and a puppy temperament test is a fun way to do just that. 

More importantly, a puppy personality test can function as a prescription to help puppy parents better understand where their dog needs support and improvement. For example, a puppy that’s uncomfortable with paw manipulation will likely benefit from additional dog-friendly body handling training. The pup that seems unwilling to approach a stranger might need a slowed down approach to socialization to make sure that they feel confident and in control when meeting new people. 

Additionally, temperament tests can help to identify potential matches that might be challenging. A puppy that reacts confidently to all aspects of a temperament test, approaching every new stimulus boldly, is high energy, and protests when restrained, might not be a good fit for a novice household or for senior pet parents. That said, temperament tests aren’t crystal balls, and are in no way guarantees of future behavior.

Drawbacks of Puppy Temperament Tests

The number one drawback to puppy temperament testing is that these tests are often considered predictive tools when they’re actually more like a snapshot in time. Simply put, it’s impossible to judge a dog’s lifetime behavior and responses in a single test. 

A dog’s personality is formed through a combination of their genetics as well as their life experiences, which includes everything from their early handling, to their training and level of daily exercise, as well as their environment and even their diet. These diverse influences all impact a dog’s behavior, which means that a test performed at 8 weeks of age might not apply even just a few months later once the pup is in their forever home.

Additionally, puppy behavior tests aren’t standardized and are subjective. A testing response like “the puppy came readily” might vary depending on who is administering the test. The skill of the tester as well as the location of the procedure can also have an impact on the results. For example, bringing pups to an unfamiliar location to be tested by someone they’ve never met will likely have an impact on the way they respond. 

These limiting factors are part of the reason why a single test can’t accurately predict a pup’s future responses or abilities.

Understanding the Results of Your Puppy Temperament Test

Pet parents should treat puppy temperament tests like online personality tests for humans; they’re fun to try, but you probably shouldn’t base your future on the results. 

While they can help to diagnose areas where pups need improvement—like a lack of confidence meeting new people or a heightened sensitivity to loud noises—the fact is that a quick test can’t accurately predict what a dog will be like as an adult. 

Puppy personality tests can provide an interesting perspective of a puppy’s tendencies on the day of testing, but your furry best friend’s true personality will be revealed as the years go by at your side.

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Younger dogs can also experience hyperkeratosis, although this is less common. In some cases, this condition can occur as a result of other skin problems, so it’s important to know what to look for when evaluating those crusty spots on your dog.

What is Hyperkeratosis?

In both dogs and humans, the outer layer of skin contains a protein called keratin, which provides protection for the underlying layers of skin. The body may naturally produce more keratin in response to inflammation or pressure—such as when you develop a callus from your shoe rubbing against your foot. 

Hyperkeratosis is an abnormal overgrowth of keratin which may occur due to an underlying medical problem or for no apparent reason at all. This often appears as raised, rough, thickened crusts of skin or hairy, tentacle-like growths on the nose, paws, and ears of our canine companions.

What Causes Dog Paw Hyperkeratosis?

In middle age and senior dogs, dog paw hyperkeratosis is often idiopathic, which means we don’t know exactly what causes it. It’s likely that there is some genetic component to this condition as some breeds, such as Cocker Spaniels, appear to be predisposed. 

Most affected dogs will have hyperkeratosis for the remainder of their lives. In most of these cases, hyperkeratosis is benign and does not affect the dog’s longevity or quality of life. However, hyperkeratosis growths on the paws can sometimes affect the dog’s gait or cause pain, so treatment may be necessary to manage this condition.

Hyperkeratosis can also occur as a result of other medical conditions, such as:

• Canine Distemper Virus
• Pemphigus Foliaceus
• Zinc-responsive Dermatosis
• Congenital disorders of cornification or keratinization
• Papilloma virus infection
• Hepatocutaneous syndrome
• Ichthyosis

These conditions are more complex, but treatment for the underlying condition can improve or resolve hyperkeratosis in some cases.

Symptoms of Paw Hyperkeratosis in Dogs

Hyperkeratosis causes a characteristic overgrowth of keratin fronds that can give affected areas a crusty, horned, or hairy appearance. 

These changes usually occur on the nose, paws, or ears. Occasionally, hyperkeratosis can also develop on the elbows or hips in large breed dogs. 

Other symptoms of hyperkeratosis included:

• Depigmentation (loss of skin color) on the affected area.
• Cracks or fissures in the affected areas.
• Secondary infections.
• Ulceration of the affected areas.
• Secondary infections.
• Limping on affected paws.

If your dog exhibits symptoms of dog paw hyperkeratosis or other forms of hyperkeratosis, it’s important to see your veterinarian to have the changes evaluated. Although this condition tends to be relatively benign, other causes of hyperkeratosis require prompt and aggressive treatment.

Diagnosing Dog Paw Hyperkeratosis

Hyperkeratosis has a characteristic appearance and distribution pattern, which means it can often be diagnosed on physical examination alone. In middle aged and older dogs with no other symptoms, this may be all that is needed to reach a diagnosis. 

However, if your dog’s hyperkeratosis is accompanied by other symptoms or skin problems, your veterinarian may recommend additional testing, such as:

Biopsy and histopathology. Your veterinarian may recommend taking a punch biopsy of one or several affected areas and submitting these samples to a lab for analysis by a pathologist. This can help determine the underlying cause of the hyperkeratosis. In some cases, submitting the samples to a pathologist who specializes in dermatology may be necessary.

Skin cytology. Regardless of the underlying cause of your dog’s hyperkeratosis, your veterinarian may also recommend taking samples from the affected skin to identify any underlying infection. Areas of hyperkeratosis may be more prone to infection than healthy skin, particularly if cracks or fissures are present.

Since hyperkeratosis can be the result of other medical conditions, consider having a pet health insurance policy for your dog. Spot Pet Insurance offers policy options that may cover the diagnosis and treatment of common health conditions along with any diagnostic testing or emergency care.

How to Treat Paw Hyperkeratosis in Dogs

Many dogs do not require treatment for hyperkeratosis if they have no other symptoms. However, some dogs do develop discomfort from the growths and may benefit from having them softened or removed.

Just like your dog’s hair and nails, the excess keratin produced by hyperkeratosis does not contain any nerve endings or blood supply. In most cases, it’s safe to trim back the excess growth using nail clippers or a dremel. Make sure you get your veterinarian’s approval before you try doing this on your own. Always go slow and take only small bits at a time, so you don’t accidentally cut the underlying skin. 

If hyperkeratosis occurs on your dog’s feet, you can soften the growths at home by soaking the feet in a warm (but not hot!) water bath with some Epsom salts for 15 minutes. Just be sure to dry the paws thoroughly after soaking—excess moisture may lead to an infection. 

Applying over the counter topical agents such as Vaseline or Bag Balm may also soften the keratin and alleviate your dog’s discomfort.

If your dog is also experiencing a skin infection in relation to the hyperkeratosis, your veterinarian may prescribe antibiotics or antifungal medications to treat the infection. These may be given as pills or as topical ointments or creams. Be sure to follow your veterinarian’s instructions and complete the full course of treatment to ensure the infection has completely resolved.

How to Prevent Dog Paw Hyperkeratosis 

Hyperkeratosis can be genetic, so avoiding breeding animals that exhibit this condition or those with close relatives that have developed hyperkeratosis. Vaccinating against canine distemper virus can also prevent the hyperkeratosis that occurs as a result of this disease. 

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Why do cats roll in dirt, exactly? While there’s limited research about this topic, our experts offer insights into what may drive cat dust bathing, how to manage it, and potential dangers to take note of.

Why Do Cats Roll in Dirt?

Why do cats roll around on anything? Studies are limited, but our experts shed some light on this common behavior.

They’re Motivated by Scent

Cats rely heavily on their sense of smell to communicate with other cats. In fact, they have scent glands in their paws, cheeks, and around the tail, says Dr. Sasha Gibbons, an associate veterinarian at Just Cats Veterinary Hospital in Stamford, Connecticut. These glands, she says, “emit odors that signify to other cats that the space is claimed.”

Cat dust bathing may also be a survival method. “Rolling in dirt that another predator has left his scent in may be a way to disguise the more vulnerable cat’s own scent,” says Marilyn Krieger, a certified cat behavior consultant and owner of The Cat Coach in the San Francisco Bay area.

To Cool Down

On a hot day, a cat rolling in dirt might be a way to seek relief from the heat and sun. You might notice your cat loosening the top layer of dry soil to reveal the cooler layer beneath, says Pam Johnson-Bennett, certified cat behavior consultant, author, and owner of Nashville-based Cat Behavior Associates. “It’s common to see the cat lounging on the cool soil afterward.”

To Relieve an Itch

If your cat has a hard-to-reach itch—which might be a sign of a flea infestation—it may feel good to stretch and roll in the dirt, says Krieger. “The texture of the dirt is perfect for satisfying that itch.”

A Form of Play

A cat rolling in dirt might be trying to initiate play, says Bennett. “Cats don’t have one official play solicitation gesture but a common one seen is rolling from side to side.” If you happen to be outdoors, a cat may roll around in the dirt or grass as a way to initiate play. 

A Response to Catnip

Rolling is a common reaction to encountering catnip, says Bennett. Catnip contains a chemical called nepetalactone, which can elicit euphoric behavior, including rolling in the dirt. 

As Part of a Courtship Ritual

A female cat may roll on her back, including in the dirt, to show interest to male suitors. This behavior may be accompanied by purring and rubbing up against an object.

Do Cats Roll in the Litter Box?

It’s not as common as frolicking outside in the dirt, but when cats roll in the litter box it’s often for the same reasons.

“Rolling in the litter box is one way a cat may spread additional scent to claim ownership or create a familiar scent,” says Bennett. It’s more common when the box has just been cleaned and contains fresh litter, she adds.

It can occur more frequently in multiple cat households where conflicts are present, Krieger says. “The cat who is being picked on or is the low cat on the totem pole may roll in the litter box. Rolling in litter boxes deposits the scent from the other cats on them.” 

There could also be a perceived payoff to performing this behavior. “This has not been researched, but from a behavioral perspective there would be something about the behavior that the cat finds reinforcing, either while they are performing the behavior or immediately afterwards,” says Valli Parthasarathy, a board-certified veterinary behaviorist with Synergy Behavior Solutions in Portland, Oregon.  

Are There Dangers for Cats Rolling in Dirt?

Dirt is not necessarily an issue unless it contains hazardous materials. Here are a few to watch out for.

Parasites

Fleas, ticks, and other parasites can lurk in your soil. “For example, feline roundworm eggs can be found in the soil. If ingested through grooming this can lead to infection. Fleas or ticks can hop or crawl on board if the cat is rolling or resting in the dirt,” says Parthasarathy. Get your cat on flea and tick preventive medication to avoid parasites. 

Toxins and Poisons

Any type of chemical solution you use on or around your soil—including pesticides, insecticides, and rodenticides—has the potential to make your cat sick. Weed killers for example, often contain glyphosate, which veterinarians say can cause a variety of symptoms in cats, including vomiting, lethargy, anorexia, respiratory issues, and even death. Always use a pet-safe weed killer if your feline likes to explore outdoors. Even seemingly innocuous flowers like tulips, lilies, and daffodils can be toxic for cats. 

“Cats are such efficient self-groomers so if there are any contaminants or chemicals in the soil, there’s a risk of ingestion,” says Bennett. If you’re concerned about your cat being exposed to toxins, she says gently wiping her down with a towel before she starts grooming can help.

Debris

Even if you’ve done due diligence in cat-proofing your own yard, do you know what’s in your neighbor’s yard if your cat should accidentally wander away? Remnants of glass or pull tabs from cans, for example, can cause injury. 

How to Stop Your Cat From Rolling in Dirt

There’s no way to train this behavior out of a cat, says Dr. Liz Stelow, chief of service of clinical behavior service at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at University of California, Davis. “So, it’s all down to management.”

One obvious solution is to keep your cat indoors. “Provide the cat with textured objects they can rub,” offers Krieger. You’ll often find these objects on cat trees or other cat toys. 

What to Consider If You Do Let Your Cat Outside

Since a cat rolling in dirt can be exposed to a number of potential dangers like pesticides, parasites, and predators, taking some preventive steps can help reduce these encounters. 

For example, consider building a solid cat enclosure or catio. Or invest in a good cat harness and leash. “This gives the owner control to direct the cat away from dangerous areas outside,” says Gibbons. And it goes without saying, always be nearby to supervise.

“Realistically, the best way to change behavior is to prevent access and then teach an alternative behavior,” says Parthasarathy. “If you are with your cat in an enclosed area, or on leash, you can try redirecting their attention with a toy or treat and moving them away from the dirt.”

If your cat does roll around in the dirt, avoid punishment, says Krieger. Instead, “Give them other things to do that satisfy the reasons for rolling in dirt.” 

If you suspect fleas or itchiness is the cause of your cat’s rolling, it’s best to schedule a veterinary appointment to help your cat find relief. If the rolling is an attempt to stay cool, provide other options like fresh, cool water and shaded areas, Bennett offers. “But best of all, keep your cat indoors where you can control the climate for comfort.” 

Always check with your veterinarian or a certified cat behaviorist if you have questions or are concerned about your cat’s health or behavior.

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What Is Eucalyptus Oil?

Eucalyptus oil is an essential oil that is distilled from the leaves of certain species of eucalyptus tree, also known as blue gum tree. Eucalyptus trees are native to Australia but are now widely grown worldwide as ornamental trees and for their medicinal properties (3).

Leaves of the eucalyptus (usually Eucalyptus globulus (4) but there are other varieties (5) used for essential oils) are chopped and placed into distilling apparatus (6). This sends steam through the leaves, which collects the oil as it goes. Once the steam reaches the top of the apparatus, it hits a cold surface where it condenses back into liquid water and oil. These are collected, and left to separate—like most oils, the essential oil floats on the surface of the water, meaning separating the two is easy.

Eucalyptus oil is mostly made of eucalyptol, also known as cineole (7). This active ingredient has been used for thousands of years for a variety of medicinal uses, as well as being used in foods, perfumes, and pesticides (6). Eucalyptol is thought to have anti-inflammatory effects, and has historically been used to treat dental disease, respiratory problems, headaches and head lice (8, 9, 10, 11, 12).

Is Eucalyptus Oil Safe for Dogs?

Whether or not eucalyptus oil is safe for dogs is a bit of a minefield. Not only have there been very few studies done, there are a range of products available, some with more eucalyptol than others, making any definitive answer difficult.

The ASPCA lists eucalyptus as a toxic plant to dogs and the Blue Cross agrees, listing it as “very poisonous to dogs” due to the eucalyptol the plants contain. Dogs are not allergic to eucalyptus oil, but eucalyptol may still be toxic due to liver or kidney damage (13, 14).

Eucalyptus essential oil is a purified, concentrated form of the plant, which means it’s more potent, and therefore more dangerous. It is toxic when ingested, causing vomiting, diarrhea, depression, lethargy, and seizures in humans, with a dose of just 3.5ml being known to be fatal to an adult human, although some people have recovered from higher doses than this (15, 16, 17). It appears that the symptoms cannot be accurately predicted by the dose, but we know that children are known to be more susceptible to the effects (18). But we don’t know how much eucalyptus oil is toxic to dogs.

Animals can also absorb eucalyptol through their skin, meaning that essential oils placed directly onto the skin can also cause symptoms (19). This is also true of diffusing eucalyptus oil, which can land on animals and be absorbed, or groomed off and ingested. Diffusing eucalyptus oil and dogs are a bad combination—so keep your dog well away from your diffuser, ideally in another room.

Eucalyptus Oil Benefits for Dogs

Interestingly, it’s unclear whether eucalyptus oil has any benefits in humans, let alone dogs. The US National Library of Medicine advises there is not enough evidence to recommend it for any of the diseases it has historically been used for (18). The European Committee on Herbal Medicine Products, on the other hand, concluded that eucalyptus leaf can be marketed for use for a “cough associated with a cold”—not because there was evidence of effectiveness, but because the treatment gets an herbal medicine exemption (20).

So, what about dogs? Well, there are no studies proving a benefit to dogs. It’s likely that, at the right concentrations, lemon eucalyptus oil repels fleas and other biting insects (21)—but it’s not clear whether those concentrations of essential oils are safe for dogs or not. There’s also some evidence that eucalyptus oil helps reduce pain from gout arthritis in mice (22). Whether this is true of other forms of arthritis, and in other species, is yet to be seen.

Other than the possible repellent effect, it looks like eucalyptus oil doesn’t have any clear benefits for dogs.

Pet Products That Contain Eucalyptus Oil

Despite this lack of evidence, plenty of pet products contain eucalyptus oil. While many use it simply as a deodorizer, some include it for its possible antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and insect-repellent effects.

Eucalyptus oil can be found in dog shampoos and sprays as a deodorant. Ear wipes and cleaners also sometimes include eucalyptus oil, although whether for the bug-repellent properties or nice scent, it’s not clear. There are also natural flea spot-ons, collars, and powders available that contain lemon eucalyptus oil for dogs.

While these products probably contain very little eucalyptus oil, and it’s usually very dilute, there is still a potential risk to your pet if you use them. The truth is, we just don’t know how much eucalyptus oil is toxic. Even if we did, every dog is different, and a dog’s susceptibility to eucalyptus may also change over time—for instance, if the dog develops liver disease or develops a skin disease that causes them to groom themselves more. 

“Natural” products don’t necessarily have the same rigorous testing as medications, and this can lead to toxic products making it onto the market. ASPCA Animal Poison Control has had several cases of side effects and even death from “natural” flea products containing essential oils (23).

Eucalyptus Oil for Fleas on Dogs: Does it Work?

There is some evidence that eucalyptus oil, topically applied, might help to get rid of head lice in humans (18). However, lice and fleas differ in one major aspect—head lice cannot live without a human, so topical applications can kill all lice in an infestation. Fleas, on the other hand, regularly hop on and off pets, spend time in the environment, and conduct large parts of their life cycle in your carpet and home.

While a topical application of shampoo or oil might kill the fleas on your pet, 95 percent of the infestation is safe from topical flea treatments. In addition, you’ll need highly concentrated eucalyptus oil treatments to kill fleas effectively—and this could be enough to be toxic to dogs.

While there is currently no evidence that eucalyptus is a safe and effective flea repellant for dogs, the Centers for Disease Control does consider it to be effective to repel mosquitoes in humans (21). However, it only lasts eight hours after application to human skin—a dog’s fur and differences in the skin layer may affect the time it works for dogs, and regular application may be dangerous. More evidence is needed for its use as a flea preventative in dogs.

Eucalyptus Oil and Dogs: Precautions to Take

With no proven benefits, and evidence that eucalyptus oil is bad for dogs, it might be best to avoid using eucalyptus oil altogether on your dog, unless prescribed by a holistic or herbal veterinarian, who may use safe doses of eucalyptus as part of a treatment plan (24). 

If you do use eucalyptus oil or eucalyptus products for dogs, here are some safety aspects to consider:

• Never use concentrated eucalyptus oil—it should be properly diluted.
• Never apply products to broken skin
• Never use eucalyptus oil, no matter how diluted, on small dogs and puppies
• Don’t use eucalyptus oil on your dog if your cat could come into contact with it
• Don’t use eucalyptus oil in a diffuser in the same room as your pets

There is no good evidence to support using eucalyptus oil in pets, but that hasn’t prevented it from being included in a number of pet products. While these small doses are likely to be safe, it’s best to remain cautious, as eucalyptol is known to be extremely toxic in the wrong concentrations. If you do want to use herbal medicine on your dog, talk to a member of the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association, who will be able to provide you with advice and guidance about eucalyptus oil and dogs.

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But can cats eat strawberries? Even better question—SHOULD cats eat strawberries? Read on about the nutrition and related research around strawberries for cats.

Can Cats Eat Strawberries?

The short answer is that cats can eat strawberries! However, strawberries cannot replace a well-balanced diet and should be considered an additional treat more than a part of a cat’s routine diet. Without meat and a whole host of vitamins and minerals in the correct proportions, cats can become very ill. As obligate carnivores, meat-based diets for cats are a must.

On average, a cat should only eat approximately 10 percent of their total diet as other food besides their well-balanced cat food. For example, eating strawberries as 10 percent of a cat’s diet would add up to approximately 1 tablespoon of strawberry per day.

Are Strawberries Good for Cats?

There is no evidence to show that cats specifically benefit from strawberries. However, multiple studies show benefits to a variety of other species, especially humans. Research shows that strawberries:

• Have many vitamins, antioxidants and polyphenols known to reverse damage to cells due to aging and other factors [1].

• Are associated with decreased risk of hypertension (high blood pressure) [1].

• Help maintain a steady blood glucose (sugar) level [1].

• Animals fed strawberries (2 percent of their diet) demonstrated better motor skills and increased cognition, or mental ability for logic [2].

• May protect against cancer, heart disease, diabetes, obesity and neurologic disease (disease of the brain and/or nerves) [3].

Are Strawberries Bad for Cats?

Strawberries are not poisonous to cats. Allergies to strawberries are suspected but not proven in dogs as well as cats. Cats that are allergic to birch and alder pollen can be allergic to strawberries, so cats with a history of allergies should be monitored for increased itching after feeding strawberries.

Strawberries do contain a lot of sugar, and they should never be fed as more than 10 percent of the diet. High sugar content can lead to obesity, which is linked to diabetes and many other health issues in cats.

In addition, strawberries are one of the most contaminated crops with pesticides [4]. There are no reports of poisonings of animals having reactions to strawberries due to pesticides. However, limiting the amount of strawberries that are fed to your cat is wise due to the high likelihood of contamination.

Do Cats Like Strawberries?

Individual cats will vary on whether or not they appreciate the taste of strawberries. Most humans enjoy strawberries for their sweetness, but cats cannot taste sweet things—they lack the sweet taste receptor all together [5]! The tartness and texture may be appealing to some cats, and not to others.

Pet parents can feed strawberries daily to their cats if they show no symptoms of an upset stomach and 90 percent of what they are eating is a well-balanced food made for cats. Any increase in weight in your cat should be taken seriously and treats that are lower in sugar should be considered. 

Can Cats Eat Strawberry Leaves?

Yes! Strawberries and their leaves are not poisonous to cats. However, eating the stems and leaves may cause gastrointestinal (stomach) upset such as vomiting, so it’s a good idea to monitor your cat for signs of upset if they consume strawberry leaves.

Can Cats Eat Strawberry Yogurt?

Yogurt can be fed to cats, but stomach upset is a relatively common consequence. Dairy products—such as milk, cheese, and yogurt—may cause stomach upset including vomiting and diarrhea since cats do not have much enzyme to break down lactose.

Plain unflavored yogurt would be preferable over flavored, strawberry yogurt since the sugar content should be lower in plain yogurt. Cats do not need any extra sugar in their diet. 

One possible difference between strawberry yogurt and plain yogurt may be the content of xylitol. Xylitol is an artificial sweetener in place of sugar. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Animal Poison Control has had no reports of cat toxicity to artificial sweeteners before, but pet parents should still be cautious as xylitol is very toxic to dogs. Toxicity is typically similar between dogs and cats.

Can Cats Eat Strawberry Ice Cream?

Ice cream is a dairy product, and due to the lack of an enzyme to break down lactose, cats may have gastrointestinal upset after eating strawberry ice cream. Ice cream in general contains a high amount of fat and sugar. Food high in fat can result in stomach upset as well as obesity, pancreatitis, and diabetes if fed in high amounts.

Strawberry ice cream is not toxic to cats, but it is likely to upset the cat’s stomach and should only be fed on occasion, if ever. Pet parents should avoid any product that contains xylitol.

Cats and Strawberries: The Verdict

Strawberries are a generally safe treat to give to your cat. Cats should not be eating more than approximately 1 tablespoon of strawberries (or any other food!) per day if pet parents choose to feed their cats with this fruit. 

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This medication is a staple of asthma management in both human and veterinary patients, and it is often used in conjunction with other treatments. 

Theophylline is well tolerated by many dogs, but there are some things you should know before starting this medication for your pet.

What is Theophylline?

Theophylline is a bronchodilator medication that is used to relax smooth muscles in the airway and reduce inflammation. This medication can also increase the patient’s heart rate and make the heart contract more strongly. Theophylline is commonly used in humans. It is not FDA-approved for use in animals in the United States, but may be used off-label under the guidance of a veterinarian. It is approved for use in cats and dogs in the United Kingdom. 

Theophylline is available by prescription only, either through a human pharmacy or purchased directly from your veterinarian. There are many brands of Theophylline available on the market, but some do not work as well in dogs as they do in humans. 

Your veterinarian will likely recommend a specific brand of the drug, or he or she may special order the medication through a compounding pharmacy.

What is Theophylline Used For in Dogs?

Theophylline is primarily used to treat asthma in dogs. It may also be used as a treatment for bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is sometimes also used to treat heart disease and collapsing trachea. 

Theophylline causes the smooth muscles in the lungs to relax, allowing airways to dilate. This improves airflow and allows mucus to be cleared from the airways more easily. Theophylline also has anti-inflammatory properties, which relieves airway spasms and reduces swelling. 

Theophylline Side Effects in Dogs

Side effects primarily occur when theophylline is used at higher doses. The effects of this medication on dogs can vary widely depending on the brand of medication and the individual dog’s response to it, so it is very important to monitor your dog closely for side effects. 

Common side effects of theophylline use in dogs include:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Restlessness
• Excitement
• Twitching
• Convulsions
• Increased drinking and urination
• Increased heart rate
• Loss of appetite
• Sedation

If your dog experiences any of these side effects, stop giving the medication and contact your veterinarian right away. 

For dogs taking theophylline long term, your veterinarian may recommend annual or biannual blood work to monitor your dog’s theophylline levels. This can prevent overdoses and ensure your dog is receiving the maximum benefit from the medication. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Theophylline interacts with several medications and supplements. Some medications can increase your dog’s metabolism of theophylline, which can make theophylline less effective. Other medications may decrease metabolism, putting your dog at risk of a theophylline overdose. 

Before starting theophylline, make sure you tell your veterinarian about any prescription, over the counter, or supplement medications your pet takes. 

Medications known to interact with theophylline include:

• Erythromycin
• Propranolol
• Methotrexate
• Cimetidine
• Phenobarbital
• Rifampin
• Lithium
• Phenytoin
• Cardiac glycosides
• Fluoroquinolone antibiotics

If your dog is taking any of these medications, be sure to discuss the risks of theophylline with your veterinarian. Your dog’s theophylline dosage may need to be adjusted in order to limit the interaction with other medications.

Theophylline Dosage for Dogs

Theophylline is an especially tricky drug to dose appropriately. Different brands of theophylline may have varying efficacy in dogs. Individual dogs may also react differently to the drug, so it may take some trial and error to find the best product and the correct dose for your dog. 

Your veterinarian may recommend blood work to monitor your dog’s theophylline levels, which can help determine the best dose. You will also need to monitor your dog closely for any side effects and let your veterinarian know if your dog is responding well to the treatment, as these factors can also guide dosing. 

Always follow your veterinarian’s dosing instructions carefully, and do not change the dose or discontinue the medication unless directed to do so by your veterinarian.

Price of Theophylline for Dogs

The price of theophylline can vary depending on the brand, dose, and formula. Extended release or compounded medication may be more expensive, but often provide better results. If a human formulation of theophylline is used, coupons may be able to offset some of the cost. 

Theophylline Storage Instructions

Theophylline should always be stored in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight. Most theophylline preparations should be stored at room temperature (60-77 degrees), but always check the packaging and follow the manufacturer’s instructions for safe storage and handling.

Theophylline Alternatives for Dogs

Diseases like asthma and COPD are complex and are often managed with a combination of medications and lifestyle changes. 

If your dog is unable to tolerate theophylline, your veterinarian may recommend another bronchodilator medication such as terbutaline. Sometimes, both of these medications are used together to combat severe asthma. Your veterinarian may also recommend other medications such as steroids to reduce airway inflammation and an inhaler to further relax the airways. The exact combination of drugs will depend on the severity of your dog’s condition and it may take some trial and error to find what works best for your dog’s individual needs.

Environmental management can go a long way to reducing asthma symptoms. For dogs with mild asthma, environmental changes alone may be enough to manage the condition. Reducing dust and pollen, using HEPA air filters, and avoiding products with fragrances can significantly reduce asthma symptoms. 

With a combination of medication and environmental changes, your dog will soon be breathing easier!

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One nutritional supplement that has been making a comeback in recent years is brewer’s yeast. It has long been used by humans, but is brewer’s yeast good for dogs and cats too? If so, what are the benefits for our furry companions? Let’s take a closer look at this nutrient-rich source of protein.

What Is Brewer’s Yeast?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly known as brewer’s yeast or baker’s yeast, is a species of budding yeast that has been used to make fermented beverages and foods, like beer, wine and bread, for thousands of years (1). Brewer’s yeast is essentially the spent yeast that’s leftover from the beer brewing process. Rich in B vitamins and protein, the dried, inactive form of brewer’s yeast can be used as a nutritional supplement (2). But humans aren’t the only ones who can benefit from brewer’s yeast—it is a common ingredient found in pet food formulas and treats. Brewer’s yeast supplements can also be added to your dog’s or cat’s diet. 

Although brewer’s yeast and nutritional yeast come from the same species of yeast (S. cerevisiae), they are not one and the same.

Benefits of Brewer’s Yeast for Dogs and Cats

Brewer’s yeast is a good source of natural protein, dietary fiber, B-complex vitamins, selenium, and potassium (3). Though scientific research is limited, there are some purported benefits of brewer’s yeast for cats and dogs. These may include:

• Increasing palatability of food
• Improving nutritional deficiencies
• Enhancing immune function
• Supporting healthy digestion
• Maintaining skin and coat health

If you look closely at the nutrition label on your pet’s food or treats, you may notice dried brewer’s yeast listed as an ingredient. Pet food companies often add dried brewer’s yeast (or other yeast products) to dog and cat food formulas to enhance the flavor. A moderate amount of brewer’s yeast in pet food appears safe for dogs and cats (4). While studies have demonstrated dogs’ preference for diets containing yeast compared to control diets (4), cats may be less likely than dogs to find them more palatable. 

Supplementing with brewer’s yeast isn’t guaranteed to make your pet like his or her food more, but it may be worth considering if you have a finicky eater. If you’re looking to reap benefits beyond a flavor boost, your best course of action is to speak with your veterinarian first, advises Dr. Michelle Burch, a veterinarian at Safe Hounds Pet Insurance.

“If you supplement for more than palatability, I recommend discussing with your veterinarian about more definitive diagnosis and treatment recommendations,” Burch says. “Supplementing with brewer’s yeast for underlying problems has a high chance of not treating the disease, and prolonging treatment of a disease can make it worse.”

A good quality pet food should provide complete and balanced nutrition and meet standards set by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). If your pet has a nutritional deficiency, your veterinarian may recommend a change in your dog’s diet or using dietary supplements. Brewer’s yeast is rich in B-complex vitamins, including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin and folic acid. B vitamins support healthy digestion and play an important role in maintaining skin and coat health (5). 

“Brewer’s yeast is used for folic acid deficiency, typically seen in chronic upper small intestinal disease or inflammation,” Burch says. She adds that vitamin B supplementation may also help improve intestinal disease and iron deficiencies in dogs and cats. However, keep in mind that brewer’s yeast does not contain B-12—which aids in digestion and helps prevent a certain type of anemia—unless the product is fortified with it.

Brewer’s yeast is approximately 50 percent protein by weight (6), and that protein is highly digestible (4). One study found that supplementation with an S. cerevisiae fermentation product may have a beneficial effect on gut health, enhance immune function, and decrease inflammation in dogs (7). The immune-boosting properties of brewer’s yeast may be due in part to selenium, an essential mineral with antioxidant properties (8). 

Some human studies have found that brewer’s yeast may help regulate blood sugar in diabetic patients (9), thanks to its high chromium content, but there is limited evidence to support its effectiveness.

You may notice some companies selling a blend of brewer’s yeast and garlic for dogs and cats and promoting it as a natural flea repellent. However, there is not enough scientific evidence to support this claim. “Brewer’s yeast supplements have been used for flea control but it is questionably effective,” says Dr. Stacy Choczynski Johnson, vet expert at Pumpkin Pet Insurance. “It is not uncommon for dogs who are treated with brewer’s yeast to present at the veterinary hospital with flea infestations.”

How to Use Brewer’s Yeast for Dogs and Cats

As with any dietary supplement for dogs and cats, it’s important to read the label carefully and follow proper dosing instructions. Brewer’s yeast is given orally to dogs and cats and comes in powder and tablet forms. The powder is typically sprinkled on or mixed with food, Burch says. Brewer’s yeast may also already be featured as a supplemental ingredient in your pet’s food or treats. 

If you’re wondering how many milligrams of brewer’s yeast for dogs and cats is considered safe, it will vary based on the product and your pet’s weight. Talk to your veterinarian about the ideal amount for your individual pet. 

Brewer’s Yeast for Dogs and Cats: Side Effects 

In general, brewer’s yeast for dogs and cats is considered safe if you purchase it from a reputable company and use it according to the label. It is intended for intermittent or supplemental feeding only. 

According to Burch, brewer’s yeast has a wide safety margin. Pets that ingest too much brewer’s yeast may experience mild gastrointestinal side effects. “The most common sign seen with an overdose of brewer’s yeast is an upset stomach with vomiting and transient diarrhea,” she says.

That being said, many brewer’s yeast formulas contain garlic, which can be toxic to dogs and cats in high doses. While only a small amount of garlic is typically used in pet foods and supplements, caution should still be used, especially when purchasing supplements from an unknown manufacturer. Products may also be fortified with other nutrients, so pay close attention to the ingredient list. 

If your dog or cat has a current health condition, check with your veterinarian before feeding your pet brewer’s yeast. Because brewer’s yeast is high in specific B vitamins and purines, it may not be ideal for breeds that are prone to urinary problems, for instance. “Dalmatians tend to develop a type of urinary stone that is exacerbated by a high purine diet, so I recommend avoiding brewer’s yeast in this breed,” Johnson says.

Where Can I Buy Brewer’s Yeast for Dogs and Cats?

Brewer’s yeast for dogs and cats can be purchased from reputable online retailers, pet specialty stores and pharmacies, health and wellness retailers, and big-box stores.

When shopping for brewer’s yeast for dogs and cats, look for products that are third-party tested for safety, strength, purity, and quality. Find out whether the company adheres to Current Good Manufacturing Practice (CGMP) regulations enforced by the FDA. You can also check the label to see if the product carries a quality seal from the National Animal Supplement Council (NASC). This is similar to the USP (United States Pharmacopeia) dietary supplement verification seal for human products. Companies that display the NASC quality seal on their products must pass an independent facility audit every two years and demonstrate an ongoing commitment to quality, consistency, vigilance, and continuous improvement. They must comply with strict labeling guidelines and include any warnings or caution statements for certain ingredients as recommended by the FDA’s Center for Veterinary Medicine and the NASC Scientific Advisory Committee. 

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If you’ve ever seen your dog scooting across your living room carpet or going to town on his rear end, odds are his anal glands are irritated. Anal gland issues are quite common with studies reporting about 12 percent of dogs experiencing an issue during their lifetimes [1]. 

You may be wondering what anal glands in dogs even are or what they do. You’re not alone. Anal glands are mysterious even to many veterinarians. This article will give pet parents an in depth insight into anal glands, common issues with them, symptoms of issues, and treatment options. 

Anal Glands In Dogs: What Are They And How Do They Work? 

The anal glands are fluid-filled pouches that sit just inside the anus of all dogs at about the 4 and 8 o’clock positions. The term anal gland is actually incorrect and the correct term is anal sacs. Dogs do have true anal glands, which are small microscopic secretory glands that sit on the surface of the anus. For this article’s purpose, however, the anal sacs will be referred to as the anal glands, as this is the term pet parents are more familiar with. 

The anal glands are lined by apocrine and sebaceous glands, that, together with bacteria, produce the stinky anal gland contents. The anal glands have little ducts (openings) on either side of the anus. Normally, when a dog poops, their poop will put pressure on the anal glands and their contents will be expelled out of the ducts along with stool. 

Most species of carnivores have anal glands but their purpose is poorly understood. Some theorize that anal glands serve the purpose to communicate or to mark territory. 

Common Anal Gland Problems In Dogs

Anal gland problems are common in dogs. In fact, a study from the UK showed that anal gland impactions were the third most diagnosed problem by primary care veterinarians [2]. 

Some anal gland problems in dogs include:

• Impaction
• Infection
• Abscess
• Rupture
• Cancerous tumor (less common)

Anal gland impactions occur when the glands do not express normally during defecation and become enlarged and clogged. 

Infections of the anal glands, called anal sacculitis, may occur as a result of impaction of the anal glands. If anal sacculitis isn’t treated rapidly or appropriately, this can lead to an anal gland abscess. 

When an abscess develops, there will be significant swelling of the anal gland, redness of the skin over the area and significant discomfort to the pet. When the abscess becomes large enough, it will rupture causing an open wound to develop in the skin over the anal gland that will drain blood and pus. 

Less commonly, the anal glands may develop a cancerous tumor, known as an apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma. While this type of tumor is rare, it is aggressive and spreads elsewhere in the body. This is why it is super important for your dog to receive regular wellness check ups that include rectal exams. 

Symptoms Of Anal Gland Problems In Dogs

Signs that may indicate an anal gland issue in dogs include: 

• Scooting or dragging the rear end on the floor 
• Licking or chewing on the anus 
• Redness of the anus
• Swellings on one or both sides of the anus 
• Metallic or fishy smelling fluid leaking from the anus 
• Bloody fluid or pus coming from the anus 

Other things that can cause signs of rear end irritation include environmental and food allergies, diarrhea, and fleas or flea allergies. 

Anal gland issues are known to affect small breed dogs more commonly. Chihuahuas, Toy and Miniature Poodles as well as Lhasa Apsos are thought to be at increased risk for anal gland disease [3]. 

Anal Gland Expression In Dogs 

Expression of the anal glands occurs naturally when your dog poops. Dogs may also express their anal glands if they become startled or frightened. When your dog begins to show signs of anal gland discomfort like scooting or licking, you should take her to your veterinarian to have them check her glands. 

Your veterinarian will perform a rectal exam with a gloved and lubricated finger and, if the anal glands feel enlarged or the walls feel thickened, an anal gland expression should be performed. This occurs by gently squeezing each gland from the base to the top with the thumb and forefinger and milking out the anal gland contents until they are completely empty. If the anal gland contents are too thick, your veterinarian may instill saline into the glands to aid in expression. 

Many groomers will offer anal gland expression or perform it routinely as part of your pet’s groom. Most veterinarians recommend against having groomers or pet parents perform anal gland expression. This is because most will perform an external expression in which pressure is applied only to the outside skin over the anal glands. This will result in an incomplete expression of the anal glands which can lead to a build up of thick contents, which can lead to impaction. 

How Do You Know If Your Dog Needs Their Glands Expressed? 

Many veterinary dermatologists now believe that routine expression of the anal glands when performed without any signs of anal gland disease, will lead to excessive fluid building up in the anal glands causing them to enlarge more rapidly and requiring even more frequent expression. 

It is also thought that over-expression of the anal glands can lead to inflammation and trauma of the anal sacs, making it more likely for impactions, infections, and abscessation to occur. 

For this reason, it is recommended only to have your dog’s anal glands expressed by a veterinarian when there are signs of anal sac irritation such as scooting, anal licking, anal redness or swelling, leakage of contents, or anal bleeding. 

What To Do If Your Dog Has Anal Gland Problems

Besides having your dog’s anal glands expressed by your veterinarian, there are some things that may help treat and prevent problems with her anal glands. Your veterinarian may recommend flushing out the anal glands with an antiseptic solution and then instill an ointment into the anal glands that contains a steroid and an antibiotic. This will help to reduce inflammation and treat infection.

Things pet parents can do at home to help reduce anal gland issues include adding a fiber supplement to their dog’s diet. Fiber will help to add bulk to the stool and help the anal glands express naturally. Ask your veterinarian if they would recommend this and how much to give your dog. Prescription high fiber diets are also available. 

Unfortunately, research into anal gland disease is severely lacking so it is unknown how well fiber supplementation, or any other supplements or medications for that matter, will improve anal gland problems. 

If your dog suffers from chronic diarrhea and, as a result, is not normally expressing her anal glands, it will be important to work with your veterinarian to determine the cause of diarrhea so that it can be treated. For example, dogs with a suspected food allergy should be put on a prescription hydrolyzed or novel protein diet to see if this helps their symptoms. 

It is suspected that dogs that are overweight or obese are at an increased risk of developing anal gland diseases. If your dog needs to shed a few pounds, work with your veterinarian to develop a diet and exercise program to help your dog lose weight. 

In some cases, dogs that have frequent anal gland infections or abscesses that are not responsive to medical management, surgery to remove the anal glands is recommended. This should be performed by a veterinarian experienced in surgery, as complications from this surgery are common.

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Nutrition is key for kittens in preventing serious health consequences and promoting healthy growth. Read this article to understand what kind of food your kitten should eat, how much, and how often.

What Do Kittens Eat? 

Kittens require higher levels of nutrients than adult cats do simply because they are growing. 

Some of these nutritional needs include:

• Energy (calories)
• Protein
• Fat
• Minerals (such as calcium and phosphorus)

Newborn kittens (3 weeks old and under) get adequate nutrition from their mother’s milk or from commercial kitten formula. It is very important that kittens only drink their mother’s milk or a commercial formula made for cats because each species has very different milk properties, and kittens require specific nutrient balances. Certain amino acids such as taurine that cats require are not found in dog milk or goat milk, for instance. Without taurine cats develop severe heart disease and blindness.

After kittens turn 3-4 weeks old, canned and dry commercial diets will provide complete nutrition for kittens. The food should either state it is formulated for kittens or for all life-stages. If a food is formulated for all life-stages, this means that the higher nutrients kittens would require are included in the food.

Kittens should not be fed adult cat food as it will not contain sufficient fat, protein, or minerals for healthy growth. However, if a kitten eats some adult food for a day or two until you can get to the store, it’s no problem!

The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) has developed minimum standards for what nutrition foods must contain for dogs and cats. Look for a small AAFCO statement on the bag or cans of food. If there isn’t one, another brand of food should be chosen.

How Long Do Kittens Nurse? 

Kittens eat liquid-only diets until they are approximately 3-4 weeks of age. At that time, kittens slowly begin eating more solid foods. 

If you have a mother cat and kittens, simply leave out plenty of canned cat food so that kittens and the mother cat can eat as they please. The kittens will watch their mother eat and will try it on their own. A pate-style canned food is much easier for kittens than chunky foods. Mother cats naturally wean their own kittens by decreasing the amount of time the kittens are allowed to nurse.

If you have a very young kitten without a mother, at 3-4 weeks of age begin offering a shallow dish of kitten formula with a very small amount of canned pate food mixed in. Bring the kitten to the dish and entice them to eat by using a small spoon placed near their mouth. Most kittens at this age will begin chewing or suckling on the contents of the spoon. Slowly bring the spoon down into the bowl so the kitten tries some of the mixture. This stage is very messy!

Once the kitten begins eating out of the dish reliably, bottle feeding is no longer necessary. This occurs when they eat out of a dish without chewing the sides of the dish and without sucking on the food. 

Offer a new dish of formula and canned food at least twice daily, if not 3 to 4 times per day, out of a clean dish. Every couple days, increase the amount of canned food mixed into the formula for about 2 weeks. Kittens should be fully off formula (or their mother’s milk) by 6 to 9 weeks of age.

When Can Kittens Eat Wet Food?  

Kittens can eat wet kitten food as early as 3 weeks of age. Since kittens are not usually fully weaned until 6 to 9 weeks of age, there is ideally a gradual change from formula or their mother’s milk to a solid-food diet.

However, some kittens younger than 6 weeks old—as young as 3 weeks old—are already onto solid foods. If a kitten refuses to eat from a bottle, and is 3 weeks of age or older, set out a plate of canned food and see what happens! The kitten may very well chow down.

When Can Kittens Eat Dry Food? 

Kittens can be offered dry food whenever they have fully transitioned to canned food—approximately 6 weeks of age and older. Your kitten will choose whether they prefer mostly canned food or mostly dry food. The important thing is to provide as much canned and dry food as your kitten wishes to eat!

What Human Food Can Kittens Eat? 

Cats are obligate carnivores, so really your cat can eat plain, well-cooked meat of any kind. Raw or undercooked meat is not good for your cat, as bacteria and parasites can cause serious health concerns in your cat including diarrhea and vomiting.

Cats should only eat up to 10 percent of their daily food requirements as food other than their main balanced diet. 

If you choose to feed human food to your cat, it would equate to approximately 1 tablespoon in total per day. As long as the human food is safe for your cat and all treats including human food are kept to a total of 1 tablespoon per day, your kitten can enjoy some human food!

Examples of safe human foods for kittens include:

• Meat, plain and well-cooked
• Eggs, cooked
• Vegetables (other than onion, garlic or chives), fresh and plain
• Fruit (other than citrus fruit or grapes), fresh and plain – including strawberries!
• Starches, plain and cooked such as rice, potato, bread or noodles
• Popcorn, cooked without salt or butter

Can Kittens Eat Tuna?

Kittens can have small amounts of tuna each day. In total, kittens should be fed no more than 1 tablespoon per day of foods other than their main diet. If tuna is fed in this amount or less, your kitten should not experience any ill effects. 

Tuna itself is not a particularly beneficial part of a cat’s diet.

Kittens that are fed larger amounts of tuna have developed serious health issues, including:

• Nutritional deficiency, particularly a lack of calcium.
• Thiamine deficiency, since tuna contains enzymes that break down thiamine which cats need to survive.
• Pansteatitis, a painful and potentially lethal inflammation of the fat throughout the body.
• Lower urinary tract disease, inflammation of the bladder leading to discomfort.
• Abnormal bleeding, due to tuna decreasing effective vitamin K.

Homemade Kitten Food 

Feeding your young feline homemade kitten food is very challenging and not recommended by veterinary nutritionists. This is particularly true in kittens, as growing animals have even higher nutritional demands.

Cats are obligate carnivores, meaning they must eat meat to survive. This does not mean that cats only need meat, however, and without proper supplements added to a mixture of proteins and carbohydrates your cat will not do well. Kittens are particularly susceptible to nutritional deficiency, meaning they are not receiving adequate nutrition even if the amount of food is adequate. 

An example of this is nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, a condition that occurs in kittens not fed balanced diets related to calcium and phosphorus levels. Their bones become paper-thin and break without any trauma, causing significant pain and discomfort. 

If you do decide to make a homemade diet for your kitten, you must speak with your veterinarian. The internet is full of people’s recipes, which are unfounded and could lead to serious health conditions in your kitten if not given under veterinary supervision.

What Not to Feed Your Kitten

There are many things that should not be fed to your kitten. These include the following:

Dairy Products

Dairy products, like milk, may cause stomach upset including vomiting and diarrhea since cats do not have much enzyme to break down lactose. 

Fatty Foods

Food high in fat can result in stomach upset as well as obesity, pancreatitis, and diabetes if fed in high amounts. 

Salty Foods

Salty foods can cause increased urination and drinking and may even cause toxicity if fed in high quantities including tremors and seizures. 

Undercooked Foods

Undercooked meat, eggs and bones may contain dangerous bacteria. Raw eggs actually decrease absorption of B vitamins causing skin and coat problems. Bones can splinter and become lodged in your kitten’s throat.

Other foods that should not be fed to your kitten include:

• Alcohol
• Chives
• Chocolate
• Coffee
• Caffeine
• Citrus fruits or plants
• Coconut or coconut oil
• Garlic
• Grapes or raisins
• Nuts
• Onion
• Xylitol (found in gum, candy, baked goods and toothpaste)
• Yeast dough

How Much Food Should a Kitten Eat? 

Young kittens primarily eating formula (4 weeks and under) should eat no more than their stomach can hold. Stomach capacity for food is determined based on body weight. This would equate to 20 ml of formula per pound.

Kittens under 4 months old require 90 calories per pound per day. But, the best rule of thumb for kittens between 2 and 6 months of age is to feed as much as they will eat of a balanced kitten diet. Some kittens will eat more than others, depending on their own individual metabolism.

Once your kitten reaches 6 months of age, their metabolism will begin to slow down. Most cats will require much less food and should be monitored closely for unnecessary weight gain. Each and every kitten is different, so amounts may vary considerably.

How Much Wet Food to Feed a Kitten

For kittens under 4 months old, one-half of a 5.5 oz can of cat food should be fed in total over a single day. 

For kittens over 4 months, most will eat approximately 1.5 to 2 cans of 5.5 oz canned food per day. 

How Much Dry Food to Feed a Kitten

For kittens under 4 months, approximately one-quarter cup of dry food would be fed in total over a single day. If offering canned food as well (which is strongly recommended), decrease the total amount of dry food by one to two tablespoons.

For kittens over 4 months, most will eat approximately one-half cup to three-quarters cup of dry food per day. Decrease by one-quarter cup if offering canned food, too.

How Often Should Kittens Eat?

Kittens eating formula should ideally eat 7 times per day if 1 week old, 6 times per day if 2 weeks old, 5 times per day if 3 weeks old and 4 times per day if 4 weeks old.

Kittens prefer to whenever they feel like it. However, meal feeding once your kitten is eating solid food can lead to healthier eating habits in the future. Feeding 2 to 4 meals per day is preferred.

When to Switch from Kitten Food to Cat Food 

Once a kitten reaches 10-12 months of age, they should be transitioned to an adult cat food diet. The lower protein and calorie content in adult cat food will help in preventing cat obesity. Portion control becomes very important as well, monitoring how much your cat is eating and listening to your veterinarian if your kitten has started gaining extra fat.

To transition your kitten to adult food, it will be easier to do the switch gradually over approximately one week. Each day mix in a little more of the adult food and a little less of the kitten food. Choosing the adult version of the same brand of food will help as the taste should be somewhat similar.

Kittens have specific nutritional needs. Using tips from this article will ensure your kitten remains healthy and eats the quality food they deserve. You can always call your veterinarian if you are concerned. As long as you choose a balanced commercial kitten diet and keep treats to a minimum, your kitten will live a long healthy life!

The post What Do Kittens Eat? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Using a small amount of Neosporin on your dog may be OK if your veterinarian recommends it. However, there are a few important caveats. Before you break out a new tube for that minor injury, make sure you know the potential risks of using Neosporin on a dog. Alternatives to Neosporin may be better options for your pet first aid kit.

Can You Use Neosporin on Your Dog?

Neosporin can be used topically to treat minor cuts and scrapes in dogs, just like in humans. However, it is best to check with your veterinarian before using any over-the-counter medication intended for humans on your dog. Applying a light layer to the affected area may help prevent infection and encourage faster wound healing. However, it’s only for use on the dog’s skin where he can’t lick it off. Neosporin is not safe for dogs to consume, and can cause unpleasant gastrointestinal side effects if ingested. Since you can’t completely prevent your dog from licking it off, you may want to consider an alternative to Neosporin for dogs. Never use Neosporin in the ears, eyes, or mouth.

Neosporin may be good to have on hand in a pinch. Still, it’s not designed for pets and should not be used often. More appropriate products exist specifically for pets. It should not be used to treat large or deep wounds or applied to large areas of the body. If your pet’s cut or scrape is swollen, red, painful, or has discharge, then your dog should be seen by a veterinarian rather than being treated at home. You should also seek veterinary care if your pet’s cut does not improve within a few days after using Neosporin.

The ointment contains three antibiotics: neomycin sulfate, polymixin B sulfate, and bacitracin zinc, typically in a petroleum base. These antibiotics make the ointment effective against many common bacteria. However, they will not treat other infectious agents such as viruses, fungi, or parasites. Because Neosporin is an over-the-counter product, the FDA does not review or regulate it.

Is Neosporin Safe for Dogs?

Used in small amounts on the skin, Neosporin is generally safe for dogs. If your veterinarian gives you the green light to use Neosporin on your dog, only use it as directed on your dog’s skin. Otherwise, there are a few other things to note before moving forward.

Can You Put Neosporin on Your Dog’s Sores?

Neosporin contains three antibiotics: neomycin sulfate, polymixin B sulfate, and bacitracin zinc, typically in a petroleum base. Used on humans, these antibiotics can help prevent infections and speed up the healing process. The same is true when applied to cuts and scrapes on dogs. However, when using Neosporin topically, make sure to only apply it in areas that your dog can’t reach with his mouth, as some of its ingredients are toxic when ingested. Additionally, using it in the ear canal can result in damage to the eardrum and may worsen existing ear infections.

What Happens if a Dog Licks Neosporin?

Neosporin may cause digestive upset for your dog if given in large quantities. That is why you should prevent your dog from licking it. On top of potentially causing tummy troubles for your pup, licking the area where you’ve applied Neosporin may also make his cut or scrape worse by introducing additional bacteria and moisture from your dog’s mouth to the area.

To stop your from dog licking the treated area, lightly cover it with a T-shirt, sock, Elizabethan collar, or any other dog cone alternative.

Is Neosporin the Same Thing as Triple Antibiotic Ophthalmic Ointment?

No. Neosporin is not the same as triple antibiotic ophthalmic ointment and should never be used in your pet’s eyes. Ophthalmic problems can worsen quickly. If your pet is having eye issues, see your veterinarian right away rather than trying to treat the problem at home.

Neosporin Side Effects in Dogs

If using Neosporin, it is important to look for potential side effects. The two more common side effects are contact dermatitis or an allergic reaction.

Contact dermatitis occurs as local inflammation at the site where you applied the ointment. Signs of an allergic reaction may include red, scaly, or itchy skin. If either of these symptoms occur, gently wipe away any residual ointment with a warm washcloth and discontinue Neosporin use. If the irritation does not improve in 24 hours, see your veterinarian for further care.

Also, while not an immediate issue for your dog, increased bacterial resistance is a growing concern with widespread use of topical antibiotics (1). For that reason alone, it’s a good idea to consult your vet if using an antibiotic ointment like Neosporin is even necessary.

More severe side effects are rare but may include:

• Vomiting or diarrhea if ingested
• Irritation if used in the eyes
• Hearing loss, infection, and irritation if used in the ears (2)
• Development of resistant infections

Do not use Neosporin in combination with other topical medications unless your veterinarian directs you to. Because Neosporin is only used externally, there is little risk of it interacting with any medications your pet takes by mouth.

Neosporin Alternatives for Dogs

Other topical antibacterial treatments available over the counter include silver sulfadiazine (SSD) ointment, bacitracin ointment, and polysporin ointment. However, you can purchase topical antibacterial products specifically formulated for dogs, such as Vetricyn and Sulfodene, over the counter at pet stores or at your veterinary clinic.

Only use these products externally on small areas of the skin and never on large or deep wounds. If the scrape or cut you are treating does not improve within 24-48 hours, see your veterinarian for further care.

Do not use over-the-counter topical products for significant injuries and or as a substitute for appropriate veterinary care. If your pet has a large or deep wound, or a skin infection over a large area of the body, see your veterinarian immediately.

He or she may prescribe oral antibiotics, medicated shampoos, a stronger topical ointment, or other targeted treatments to help your dog heal more quickly. For extensive or severe skin infections and wounds, your vet may recommend a topical therapy used in combination with oral antibiotics.

Editorial credit for featured image: ZikG / Shutterstock.com

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If salmon is healthy for us, it must be just as healthy for our dogs, right? Not necessarily. This article will discuss whether or not it’s okay to feed your dog salmon, how to safely serve it, and some potential risks and benefits of salmon for dogs. 

Can Dogs Eat Salmon? 

Cooked salmon or salmon-based dog foods can be part of a healthy diet for dogs. Over the past few years, pet parents have seen an explosion in options when it comes to commercially prepared dog foods. No longer are the days of chicken or beef only options for our pups. Fish—especially salmon—is becoming an increasingly popular ingredient in pet food diets.

Besides feeding your dog salmon-based dog food, you can also feed her fresh salmon as an occasional healthy treat, provided it is boneless and fully cooked. 

Can Dogs Eat Raw Salmon? 

Dogs should never be fed raw salmon, including salmon sushi or sashimi. Feeding raw salmon to dogs can lead to salmon poisoning, a condition known to affect dogs. It is not truly a poisoning, but an infection caused by blood-borne bacteria, called Neorickettsia helminthoeca, that live within a fluke parasite that commonly infects salmon in the pacific northwest of the United States, the pacific coast of Canada, and as far north as Alaska. Infection with this bacterium will cause death in up to 90 percent of dogs within 10 days if not appropriately treated [2]. 

Common symptoms of salmon poisoning in dogs include fever, weight loss, vomiting, and diarrhea that may become bloody. 

Raw salmon from other regions may still contain other harmful bacteria and parasites, so salmon should always be heated to an internal temperature of at least 145 degrees Fahrenheit before it is served to dogs. If your dog has eaten raw salmon, you should consult your veterinarian immediately. 

Can Dogs Eat Cooked Salmon?

Cooked salmon is safe to feed dogs and can provide many nutritional benefits just as it can in humans. However, portion control is key when adding tasty treats to your pet’s diet. 

If you feed your dog a commercially prepared dog food, chances are that it is labeled as a complete and balanced diet. When food is added to that balanced diet at a proportion of over 10 percent of the diet it can cause the diet to become unbalanced and may lead to nutritional deficiencies or excesses. Care must also be taken not to overfeed your dog as added calories can lead to weight gain and contribute to obesity. 

When feeding cooked salmon to dogs, you should feed it plainly baked, steamed, or roasted without adding any seasoning, oil or salt. 

Can Dogs Eat Smoked Salmon? 

Feeding dogs smoked salmon can pose certain health threats. Neither cold smoked salmon—also known as lox—nor hot smoked salmon may be heated to a temperature that is hot enough to kill the bacteria associated with salmon poisoning in dogs. 

In addition, smoked salmon tends to be high in salt content which can be harmful to your dog’s health. 

Can Dogs Eat Salmon Skin? 

Salmon skin can be fed to dogs as long as it is fed in very small quantities as an occasional treat. Salmon skin is high in healthful essential fatty acids and vitamins. However, it also contains more fat and calories than salmon meat does. Feeding too much salmon skin could lead to intestinal upset and potentially lead to pancreatitis, a serious illness. Salmon skin is not an appropriate food for dogs that need to lose weight. 

Can Dogs Eat Canned Salmon? 

Canned salmon is okay to give to your dog. However, it’s best to pick canned salmon that is packed in water with no added oils, seasonings, or salt. 

Benefits of Salmon for Dogs

Just as salmon is recommended as part of a healthy diet for people, it can also be very beneficial when fed to dogs. Salmon is low in saturated fats and is high in protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B12, potassium and vitamin D [3]. 

Incorporating salmon into your dog’s diet may help improve the condition of her coat and skin, improve brain function, and help bone health. A salmon-based diet may also be helpful for some dogs with food sensitivities or allergies. 

Salmon Oil for Dogs 

Feeding salmon oil supplements may be beneficial and recommended for some dogs. Salmon oil differs from whole salmon in that it contains concentrated amounts of omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation may be recommended by your veterinarian to help with skin issues related to allergies, arthritis, heart disease, or cognitive dysfunction. 

Salmon oil supplements for dogs come in capsules that are given orally or a liquid that you can mix with your dog’s food. 

Salmon for Dogs: Things to Consider 

Salmon can be a great food to offer your dog and may provide benefits to their health. However, feeding too much salmon or feeding salmon too frequently may cause problems. For some dogs, salmon may contain too much oil or fat and may cause an upset stomach. You should start by feeding your dog salmon in very small amounts to make sure it doesn’t cause any digestive problems. 

Salmon or any other foods or treats you are feeding your dog should never make up more than 10 percent of their diet to ensure that the diet remains complete and balanced. The other 90 percent of your dog’s diet should be made up of a commercial dog food that is labeled as complete and balanced. When feeding cooked salmon, choose boneless filets and closely inspect it to ensure there are no bones remaining in the meat. 

There are concerns about the levels of contaminants like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, and heavy metals like mercury that can accumulate in salmon and may lead to cancer and other health issues when high doses are consumed. However, one study published in 2019 tested commercial salmon and non-salmon containing dog foods and did not commonly find mercury in these diets and, when present, the levels of mercury were unlikely to pose a health risk [4]. The FDA also sets maximum allowable levels of contaminants in salmon. To minimize risk, when feeding fresh salmon to your dog, choose wild caught salmon instead of farmed salmon as it is known to contain less toxins. 

When choosing a salmon oil supplement, ask your veterinarian for recommendations on trusted companies and make sure the manufacturer performs third party lab testing to ensure the product does not contain harmful levels of toxins. Also let your veterinarian know what food you are feeding your dog. Some diets already contain added omega-3 fatty acids, so salmon oil supplementation could potentially lead to an overdose of fatty acids, which could lead to GI upset or, rarely, blood clotting disorders. 

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Dog jowls not only add character and personality to some dog breeds, they can also serve a number of different functions. 

What Are Dog Jowls?

Jowls are the loose flaps of skin and lips that hang on either side of a dog’s mouth. In addition to excess skin, there is also a thin layer of fat and connective tissue within a dog’s jowls. 

All dogs have jowls, or loose skin around the mouth, but only some breeds have obvious, prominent jowls.  

Why Do Dogs Have Jowls?

Jowls may serve a number of potential benefits for dogs, including the following:

Makes Eating Easier

First, having stretchy skin on both sides of the mouth allows dogs to open their mouths wide for eating and chewing, without food falling out of the mouth. 

Helps Retain Moisture

Jowls may also help retain saliva in a dog’s mouth, making the mouth less likely to dry out. 

Offers Protection

If a dog has prominent jowls, it may be harder for another dog to grab a hold of the face. This is due to the unpredictable movement of the jowls when a dog is moving. Even if another dog does grab a hold of the jowls, large jowls may help protect delicate internal structures. 

Keeps Water Out

In breeds that swim a lot, dog jowls may help keep excessive water from entering the mouth and airways by trapping a large air bubble close to the mouth. 

Assists With Scent and Tracking

Finally, jowls may help waft smells towards the nose when a dog is sniffing a scent trail. This can offer benefits to dogs that are tracking a scent or doing other scent-focused work. 

In many cases, large jowls are simply the result of human breeding choices. While jowls may have potential functional benefits, many people simply like the look of droopy dog jowls. Therefore, breeders of some breeds have gradually, over the course of generations, selected for dogs that have larger and more prominent jowls. 

Dog Breeds with Large Jowls

While all dogs technically have jowls, some breeds are known for their large, prominent, droopy jowls. Dogs with big jowls include:

• Basset Hound
• Bloodhound
• Boxer
• Bulldog
• Dogue de Bordeaux
• English Mastiff
• Great Dane
• Neapolitan Mastiff
• Newfoundland
• Rottweiler
• Saint Bernard

Even some Labrador Retrievers have pronounced jowls, although theirs are often not as large and pronounced as the breeds listed above. 

Common Problems With Dog Jowls

Dog jowls are made up of skin folds. These skin folds often trap saliva, water that the dog drinks, and moisture from the environment. All of this moisture collecting within the skin folds can predispose some dogs to bacterial and fungal (yeast) infections. 

Bacteria and yeast tend to grow in dark, moist places, which makes droopy dog jowls and skin folds a perfect location. These infections of the jowls—often referred to as lip fold dermatitis or lip fold pyoderma—can cause the jowls to become swollen, red, and painful. In severe cases, dogs may scratch at their inflamed jowls to the point that they make their skin bleed. 

Large jowls are also associated with drooling in some breeds. This excessive drooling is caused by the pooling of saliva and fluid within the skin folds of the jowls. Dogs may leave a trail of water when walking away from their water bowl, or may often be observed with long strings of thick, ropey saliva hanging from their jowls. 

While slobbery dogs do not have a true medical problem (unless it leads to infection), it is certainly an inconvenience for many dog owners. 

Jowls are also a common site of oral papillomavirus (warts). Papillomas are caused by a virus that is spread between dogs; it is most common in dogs under two years old. A dog with papillomavirus will have multiple pink, bumpy growths visible inside the mouth or on the jowls. In severely affected dogs, these papillomas may become painful and may even start to bleed. Having large jowls does not increase the likelihood of a dog developing papillomavirus, but papillomas on the jowls are often more obvious. 

Cleaning Dog Jowls

If your dog has a history of lip fold dermatitis, your veterinarian may recommend cleaning your dog’s jowls on a regular basis. Removing moisture and debris from the lip folds can create an environment that is less hospitable to the growth of bacteria and fungi. 

When cleaning your dog’s jowls, be sure to use a product that has been recommended by your veterinarian. Alcohol is often too harsh and drying, while cleaning with water will only further contribute to moisture issues. 

Medicated washes or wipes containing chlorhexidine or benzoyl peroxide may be available at some pet stores, but it’s best to ask your veterinarian for a recommendation. 

Your goal in cleaning your dog’s jowls is to spread apart the skin folds and wipe deep inside the folds with a medicated wipe or a soft rag soaked with cleaner. It is not enough to simply wipe the surface of the skin—be sure to remove debris and moisture from deep inside the skin folds. Follow the directions on the cleaner (or provided by your veterinarian) in regards to rinsing. 

Finally, dry your dog’s jowls thoroughly. Residual moisture can lead to further irritation of the jowls. Depending on your dog’s skin condition, your veterinarian may also recommend applying a medicated ointment to the skin folds after cleaning. 

Do not clean your dog’s jowls without first talking to your veterinarian. If your dog currently does not have skin problems in that area, the last thing that you want to do is to cause skin irritation by frequently applying a harsh cleaner. 

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Dog scooting is a sign that your canine companion is experiencing discomfort and it’s often related to anal gland problems, allergies, or irritation. 

“Scooting is when a dog drags their bottom along the floor while in a seated position. This is a dog’s way of saying something isn’t right with their butt,” says Dr. Rachel Barrack of Animal Acupuncture in NYC. “It could be itchy or painful. It could be indicative of something mildly concerning or a sign of a more serious medical issue.”

To get to the bottom (pun intended) of your dog’s scooting, we asked veterinarians why dogs scoot, what causes this behavior, and what pet parents can do to help get their dogs some relief. 

Why Do Dogs Scoot On Their Butt? 

As previously mentioned, dogs scoot their butts on the floor or carpet if they are experiencing discomfort. 

“Scooting is most commonly caused by anal gland problems, and the action of scooting is typically the dog’s attempt to relieve soreness,” says Dr. Shawna Garner, U.S. lead veterinarian at on-demand video consultation platform, FirstVet.

A dog’s anal glands are located below their tails. They are two small sacs located near the anal opening. These glands release a scent and send signals to other animals. “Each time a dog defecates, a small amount of the scent is emptied from the sac,” explains Garner. “When these glands become irritated, or inflamed, the scent liquid is trapped inside the glands and dogs may try to relieve the pain by scooting.”

If you suspect impacted or irritated anal glands are to blame for your dog’s scooting, look out for other symptoms, too. “Chewing or licking at the bottom, thighs, tail base, or groin are all symptomatic behaviors,” says Garner. “You may also notice a strong fishy odor, usually around the bottom.”

But anal gland problems aren’t the only reason dogs may scoot their butts. According to Barrack, other causes of dog scooting include:

• General irritation (often seen after grooming) 
• Allergies 
• Parasites (especially tapeworms) 
• Neoplasia (an abnormal growth of cells)

What Should You Do If You See Your Dog Scooting?

“If you see your dog scooting, lift up their tail and check for anything that might be causing the irritation. Unless you see an obvious and easily fixed cause (such as a piece of stick or poop stuck to their fur), get them checked out by a vet,” says Dr. Victoria Strong, a veterinarian, lecturer, and content writer. “Don’t leave it too long. Left untreated, blocked anal glands can develop into more serious issues such as infections and anal gland abscesses.”

Pet parents should not try to express or empty their dog’s anal glands at home or by taking a dog to the groomer, says Barrack. “This can cause trauma and more harm,” she says. 

In fact, dogs should not regularly have their anal glands expressed as part of professional grooming services. “Normal dogs do not require frequent manual anal gland expression as they do this on their own when they defecate,” Barrack explains. 

How Your Vet Will Treat Dog Scooting

If your dog’s butt dragging is caused by anal gland problems, your veterinarian will likely empty your dog’s glands after a thorough physical exam, says Garner. 

“In persistent cases, an anti-inflammatory may be prescribed to prevent swelling arising, and anal gland infections will require a course of antibiotics,” she adds. “In the most severe cases, surgery may be required to remove the anal glands. But this is a serious procedure and comes with significant risk, so it is important to discuss these risks with a vet before deciding on the best course of action for your pet.”

If your veterinarian treats your dog’s anal glands, your canine companion may start feeling relief rather quickly and the scooting should stop. “Relief from emptying the anal glands can be almost instantaneous,” says Strong. “In some dogs it might take up to 24 hours for the irritation to settle.” 

Even the healthiest dogs may encounter issues with anal glands from time to time. Should your dog have anal sac issues related to scooting, a policy from a pet health insurance company like Lemonade may be helpful. Depending on the plan you choose, treatment costs for accidents illnesses, and preventative care are covered at 70 to 90 percent.

Home Remedies for Dog Scooting

If your dog is already scooting and showing signs of discomfort, it’s always a good idea to visit your veterinarian for a thorough exam, proper diagnosis, and effective treatment plan. 

However, there are some things that pet parents can do to help prevent scooting and anal gland problems from occurring.

Feed a high quality diet

“Feeding your dog a good quality, well-balanced diet can help prevent scooting by ensuring their stools are firm enough to squeeze and empty the anal glands as they pass through the rectum,” says Strong. “A good diet will also help you prevent obesity, which increases the risk of anal gland problem in dogs.” 

Don’t skip parasite protection

Since parasites such as tapeworms can cause dog scooting, it’s important to keep your dog on a parasite control product, such as Interceptor Plus, that protects against tapeworm infection. Interceptor Plus is a monthly chew for dogs that protects against five major worms, including tapeworm and heartworm disease.

One way a dog can get tapeworms is by ingesting an infected flea while grooming themselves, so flea and tick protection, such as Credelio, is also important.

You can achieve 360 degree protection for your pup by using both a monthly dewormer for dogs and tick and flea medicine.

Consider a fiber supplement 

Adding fiber to your dog’s diet can help prevent some digestive issues and anal gland problems. “Adding fiber to your dog’s diet can help to maintain their digestive health, firm up their stools, and prevent their anal glands from becoming inflamed,” says Garner. “There are commercially available fiber supplements, or you could add dry [unsweetened] bran flakes, oats, or cooked brown rice to their meal.” Plain canned pumpkin for dog scooting is also a good option many dog owners take.  

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Vomiting in cats can often be an early sign of illness. Be careful not to overlook this important change in your cat’s health.

Here is everything you need to know if you notice your cat vomiting.

Why Do Cats Vomit? 7 Causes of Cat Vomiting

Just like humans, cats can vomit for many different reasons. Some causes of cat vomiting are relatively benign and may even resolve on their own. Others can be much more serious. 

Here are a few of the most common reasons why cats vomit.

Hairballs

As cats lick themselves, their rough tongues pull loose fur out of their coats which is then swallowed. Large volumes of hair can accumulate in the stomach and are not easily digested, leading the cat to vomit a hairball. This cause of vomiting is usually nothing to worry about. But, if your cat has hairballs frequently, you may want to address this with your veterinarian. In some cases, hairballs can be an early sign of a gastrointestinal problem.

Gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis is essentially a fancy term for an upset stomach, which can occur because of dietary indiscretion, toxins, or medication side effects, among other things. Some causes of gastroenteritis are mild and will resolve on their own. Others can be more serious and will need a vet’s attention.

Foreign Bodies or Obstructions

If your cat eats foreign material—such as a toy, pieces of string, a hair tie, or another object—this may cause blockage and damage to the GI tract that can lead to vomiting. This cause of vomiting is serious and requires immediate veterinary attention.

Food Allergies and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

While allergies are fairly uncommon in cats, they can cause vomiting. When cats eat a trigger food, the inflammation in their digestive tract may lead to regurgitation. Some cats may also experience chronic diarrhea as a result of these conditions.

Systemic Illnesses

Chronic illnesses such as kidney disease, pancreatitis, and hyperthyroidism can all cause nausea and chronic vomiting due to various mechanisms. Addressing these causes of vomiting requires identifying the underlying condition, and many of these conditions require lifelong management.

Parasites 

This cause of vomiting is more common in kittens, but can occur in animals of any age. Occasionally, pet owners will even see live worms in the vomit. The good news is that treating the parasites often resolves the vomiting.

Cancer

Cancers of the digestive tract are fairly common in cats and can cause vomiting by interfering with normal digestion. Cancers in other areas of the body can also cause feelings of nausea, discomfort, and malaise, which can also lead to vomiting. 

Types of Cat Vomit

Cats can vomit due to several causes, and its appearance may provide clues to what caused it in the first place. 

Most cat owners are familiar with hairballs, which occur when the cat ingests large quantities of hair during normal grooming. This hair cannot be digested and may be vomited back out of the digestive tract. 

Vomit from other, more serious causes may include blood, bile, mucus, or partially digested food. The frequency, timing, and appearance of the vomit are all important factors to discuss with your veterinarian.

It can also be helpful for pet parents to be aware of the differences between vomiting and regurgitation. 

Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of stomach and upper intestinal contents, while regurgitation is the expulsion of the contents from the mouth, throat, and esophagus. Vomiting is an active process, often lasting several minutes, during which the cat may look unwell, drool, retch, display abdominal heaving, and finally vomit. 

Regurgitation, on the other hand, happens quickly and often without warning. The cat is typically fine one minute, then suddenly “spits up” without retching or heaving. Identifying which of these two processes your cat is experiencing can help you and your veterinarian narrow down the possible causes of the problem.

Cat Vomit Color Chart

Pet parents often want to try to diagnose the cause of their cat’s vomiting based on the color or consistency of the vomit. Unfortunately, the diagnosis is not that simple. The color of a cat’s vomit can vary depending on what the cat has eaten (including any non-food items!), any dyes used in the food or treats the cat eats, and a number of other factors. 

Because of this, color is not a reliable way to diagnose the cause of your cat’s vomiting. While the following chart may be helpful, you should talk to your veterinarian.

chart

Note: This is not an exhaustive list. Always take your cat to see a veterinarian in order to accurately diagnose the problem.

Cat Vomiting: When to Worry

We used to think that some cats were just “pukers.” However, we now know that chronic vomiting is a sign of an underlying problem.

It’s normal for cats to have the occasional hairball due to their fastidious grooming behaviors, but vomiting that’s not related to hairballs is a sign of a medical issue. 

If your cat vomits multiple times in a day, you notice an increase in the frequency of vomiting, or if your cat is vomiting blood, it’s best to discuss the problem with your veterinarian.

Vomiting in cats is especially concerning if it is accompanied by other symptoms such as:

• Loss of appetite
• Lethargy
• Fever
• Diarrhea
• Changes in litter box habits
• Other changes in health and behavior

If you notice these symptoms in your pet, contact your veterinarian for further guidance.

Cat Vomiting Treatment

Many cat owners wonder what to give a cat for vomiting. But because vomiting can be caused by so many different conditions, there are also many different treatments. 

If your cat’s vomiting is due to cancer or a systemic illness such as chronic kidney disease, diagnosing and treating the underlying condition will be the primary goal. 

For mild cases of vomiting due to hairballs or gastroenteritis, your veterinarian may prescribe supportive care such as antiemetic medications (like Cerenia) and antacids. 

Occasionally, your cat may need a change in diet or even a prescription diet, particularly if the vomiting is due to an underlying food allergy or inflammatory bowel disease.

Vomiting due to a foreign body or obstruction of the GI tract is particularly serious. In many cases, the foreign material will not pass through the GI tract on its own and may cause serious damage if it is not removed immediately. To treat this type of vomiting, your veterinarian may recommend emergency surgery to remove the foreign material and any damaged sections of intestine. 

Home Remedies to Stop a Cat Vomiting

It’s best not to try to treat your cat’s vomiting at home without consulting your veterinarian first. Many causes of cat vomiting, such as a foreign body or obstruction, can cause severe damage or even death if not appropriately treated right away. 

If your cat’s vomiting is simply due to hairballs, your veterinarian may recommend giving an over-the-counter hairball treatment daily to help the hair pass through your cat’s digestive tract. 

Never give your cat any medications—either prescription or over-the-counter products—unless directed to do so by your veterinarian. 

General Cost to Treat Cat Vomiting

The reasons a cat vomit are varied, so the cost depends on the severity of the cause. If your cat requires emergency care for vomiting, the costs are likely to be higher than a regular veterinary visit. After-hours and emergency services tend to have higher rates due to their availability and breadth of services. 

If your cat is treated for gastroenteritis, this usually means rehydration with intravenous fluids, blood panels, possible X-rays, or an abdominal ultrasound. Medications such as antiemetics (to stop vomiting), probiotics (to build gut flora), and antidiarrheals may be administered. Medication costs range from $10 to $100, with blood panels costing between $100 and $250. The more blood tests performed, the higher the costs. 

Feline abdominal X-rays hover between $200 and $500, while an abdominal ultrasound costs range between $300 and $600. Should your cat require overnight care and fluid hydration, this could be an additional $200 to $500. 

If your cat has a foreign body lodged in their esophagus or gut, endoscopy or surgery may be required. A typical endoscopy costs between $800 and $2,000, while surgery tends to be $1,000 or more. 

Chronic illnesses such as pancreatitis and hyperthyroidism have ongoing costs. For example, an acute episode of pancreatitis costs between $400 and $1,500. Ongoing testing, exams, and medication for feline thyroid issues range between $600 and $900 per year. 

Costs can quickly add up. Having a pet health insurance policy from a company such as Lemonade can come in handy. When your cat is vomiting, it’s always best to talk to your veterinarian and have peace of mind. 

A basic policy covers medical care and treatment for things like vomiting, diarrhea, and feline injuries. This may be covered under their basic plan if any procedures or diagnostic testing are required.

How to Prevent Cat Vomiting

Many causes of cat vomiting can be prevented. Try these measures to keep your cat’s digestive system healthy:

Consider your cat’s diet. Make sure your cat is eating a high-quality and balanced diet. That also applies to feeding too many treats or table scraps. 

Watch for non-food items. Do not allow your cat to ingest any non-food items such as pieces of toys, string, or house plants. 

Ask your vet about special diets. If your cat has been diagnosed with a condition such as food allergies or inflammatory bowel disease, feeding a special diet as prescribed by your veterinarian may prevent vomiting. 

Consider an OTC hairball remedy. Finally, for long-haired cats or those that have frequent hairballs, ask your veterinarian about over-the-counter products to help prevent vomiting due to hairballs.

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Despite their large size, wild appearance, and strong hunting instinct, these cats are incredibly affectionate and calm. 

Though they have the same needs as other breeds (like a complete and balanced diet, mental stimulation, and clean litter boxes), there are some breed-specific things that are helpful to know about the Norwegian Forest Cat before adopting one.

History and Origin

The Norwegian Forest Cat has been a distinct breed since at least the 8th century. It was likely the cat that the Vikings brought on their sea voyages to keep mice in check. 

Aptly named Skogkatt (Forest cat in Norwegian), they lived in Norway’s countryside, land dominated by mountains and deep forests. The Norwegians welcomed these skilled hunters and climbers on their farms and stables to control rodents.

The Norwegian Forest Cat also figured into mythology, which was an important part of Norse life during this period. One story tells of Freyja, a goddess whose chariot was pulled by giant-sized Norwegian Forest Cats.

By the 20th century, this former warrior cat became threatened due to centuries of inbreeding, prompting a group of cat lovers to work towards its preservation. With all eyes on World War II, however, their plans were postponed.

Cat enthusiasts started a new, successful breeding program in the 1970s, and in 1977, the Fédération Internationale Féline assigned the Norwegian Forest Cat its official recognition. The breed arrived in the United States in 1979, and in 1984 The International Cat Association (TICA) awarded it championship status. This was followed by the Cat Fanciers Association (CFA), who accepted it for registration in 1987 and for competition in 1993.

While their Viking days may be over, some Norwegian Forest Cats still live in Norway’s countryside. Mostly however, they’ve become popular companion animals. Since 2012, the Norwegian Forest Cat has ranked between 11 and 14 (of 45) breeds on CFA’s Top Breeds list, and are reportedly one of the most popular cat breeds in Scandinavian countries.

Norwegian Forest Cat Physical Characteristics

The Norwegian Forest Cat’s physical features speak to its successful adaptation to centuries of cold Scandinavian winters.

These cats are big-boned and muscular, and along with breeds like the Maine Coon and Persian, they’re typically larger than most cats. Females weigh between 8 to 15 pounds and males from 10 to 18 pounds, says Dr. Robin Downing, hospital director at The Downing Center for Animal Pain Management in Windsor, Colorado. “That said, a healthy Norwegian Forest Cat will not weigh at the high end of that range.”  

Their paws are large and equipped with sharp, long claws, which give them their superior climbing skills. Most cats can climb up a tree, but the Norwegian Forest Cat is the only breed that can climb down head first. They share this in common with wild Leopards!

They have somewhat of a triangular-shaped head with wide-set ears that are tufted at the tips. Their nose is long, and their large, almond-shaped eyes come in green, gold, and green-gold. White and partially-white Norwegian Forest Cats may have blue eyes. 

The coat makes them look even bigger than they already are. It’s double-coated, consisting of a medium-long, silky, water-resistant, thick, top coat over a thick undercoat. 

They come in most colors and patterns (like calico, tortoiseshell, and tabby) except for colorpoint, which is present in just a few breeds like the Siamese and Ragdoll. Examples of color combinations are Black, Blue Smoke, Mackerel Tabby, Patched Tabby, Silver Tabby, Red Tabby, Tortoiseshell, Calico, Cream, and Van Calico.

Because they mature more slowly than other breeds, it can take up to 5 years for a Norwegian Forest Cat to become a full-fledged adult cat.

Norwegian Forest Cat Personality Traits

Don’t let the rugged exterior and history as a Viking’s assistant fool you. Norwegian Forest Cats are known for being affectionate, calm, and laid-back. “They like to be with people and have more of a dog-like personality versus a standoff-ish cat attitude,” says Dr. Susan Jeffrey, a veterinarian at Truesdell Animal Care Hospital in Madison, Wisconsin. 

They’re strong-willed, independent creatures, but are also content to rest on your lap, says Dr. Sasha Gibbons, an associate veterinarian at Just Cats Veterinary Hospital in Stamford, Connecticut. “Once they have gone out on their adventures, many love to come back and cuddle.”

They’re also intelligent and have strong hunting instincts. And though they’re gifted climbers who wouldn’t hesitate to ascend a nearby tree, they don’t need to live outside, says Downing. “Appropriate environmental enrichment helps them to be well-adjusted indoor cats.” She does however, recommend building an outdoor enclosure for your Norwegian. “This allows them to experience the richness of auditory, olfactory, and visual stimulation while remaining safe from vehicles and predators.”

They do well in a variety of households, including those with kids and other animals. “If they are raised with other pets (including dogs) they can be quite content with an extended fur family, but like any cats, some Norwegian Forest Cats prefer to be singletons,” says Downing.

Norwegian Forest Cat Care Guide

While the Norwegian Forest Cat is not a super high maintenance breed, it can still benefit from some specific care.

Diet and Nutrition

All cat breeds, including Norwegian Forest Cats, are carnivores. “I think cats should eat a combination of canned food and dry kibble from brands that [meet AAFCO guidelines],” says Jeffrey.

The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) is an organization that determines whether a pet food is complete and balanced for optimal nutritional benefit. A product that meets AAFCO guidelines will have a nutritional adequacy statement on the label.

As a larger breed, they do require slightly more calories than the typical house cat, says Dr. Lauren Demos, chief veterinary officer of Pettable.com. 

Ask your veterinarian about the best diet for your cat’s individual needs. 

Exercise and Activity

While most Norwegian Forest Cats don’t seek constant attention, they still need environmental enrichment and exercise to maintain good health. 

Norwegian Forest Cats are intelligent, which coupled with strong hunting instincts, makes them ideal candidates for games like fetch and hide and seek, says Demos. Downing also recommends puzzle games that allow them to “hunt” for their food.

Grooming 

Norwegian Forest Cats do shed more frequently than other breeds, but because of how the top coat lays over the undercoat, the fur is less likely to mat when compared with other long-haired cat breeds, says Gibbons. “Weekly brushing is still recommended as a preventative measure.” 

Downing recommends using a coarse, long-toothed comb in order to reach down into the undercoat.

Cats are generally very clean animals, adds Jeffrey. “I don’t recommend bathing them unless they’re dirty or require medicated baths for dermatological conditions.” 

Norwegian Forest Cat Health Issues

In general, the Norwegian Forest Cat is a healthy and hearty breed but is still at risk for several health issues. 

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM): HCM is a progressive, irreversible heart disease found in all cat breeds, but more prevalent in some, including the Norwegian Forest Cat. “The heart walls thicken, making the chamber sizes much smaller which interferes with normal circulation, ultimately leading to heart failure and death. HCM can cause sudden death which may happen before there is any indication that the cat has a problem,” says Downing. 

Cats diagnosed with HCM can be prescribed medications to help extend life expectancy, she adds.

Hip Dysplasia: This is a deformity in the hip joint that leads to osteoarthritis (OA) and degenerative joint disease (DJD), and though it’s much more common in dogs, the Norwegian Forest Cat is one cat breed that’s susceptible, says Downing. 

“Even though the Norwegian Forest Cat is identified as at risk for hip dysplasia, this is an uncommon condition,” she adds. “Should a cat be diagnosed with hip dysplasia, there are excellent ways to slow the progression of osteoarthritis and to manage pain that happens as a result.”

Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV: GSD IV occurs when an abnormal amount of glucose is stored in the muscles, liver, and nerve cells, causing organ dysfunction and ultimately death. It’s been identified in the Norwegian Forest Cat (primarily kittens), most of whom die soon after birth.

A genetic test that identifies carriers of GDS IV in Norwegian Forest Cats is available. If adopting a kitten through a breeder, ask if they test for it.

Norwegian Forest Cat Lifespan

Healthy Norwegian Forest Cats can live into their mid-teens, “if they can avoid serious diseases such as cancer or HCM,” says Downing.

Interesting Norwegian Forest Cat Facts

Actor Chris Hemsworth once snuggled up with them in a short video called The Man Who Dreams Only of Surfing.

Although relatively new to the U.S., they are rumored to have sailed with Viking explorer, Leif Erikson to North America in the 10th century.

The Norwegian Forest Cat is the only domestic cat breed that can climb down a tree head first. This is because of its large paws and long, sharp claws.

They played a part in Norse mythology, most notably as chariot drivers for Freyja, the goddess of love, fertility, battle, and death.  

Some people believe they’re a direct ancestor of the Maine Coon. Though they look very much alike, there are some differences. For example, Maine Coons are larger, have bushier tails, and are louder.

In the 1970s, King Olav V designated the Norwegian Forest Cat as Norway’s national cat.

Norwegian Forest Cat Adoption Tips 

It’s not a very common breed in the U.S. and Norwegian Forest Cat Rescues are difficult to locate. This doesn’t mean adopting a Norwegian Forest Cat is out of the question. Here are some options to consider.

Purebred and mixed breed cat rescues. Examples include Specialty Purebred Cat Rescue, a foster network based in the Midwest, and Tree House Humane Society, an all-cat rescue in Chicago.

Online adoption databases. You can do a search by cat breed at both PetFinder and RescueMe.

Norwegian Forest Cat Breeders

When it comes to breeders, it’s essential to know who you’re doing business with. Instead of relying on random internet searches, try to meet breeders in person or virtually via cat breeder associations like CFA or TICA.

Avoid becoming a victim of an Internet scam. Check out sites like BBB’s Scam Tracker and Petscams.com to be sure you’re dealing with a legitimate breeder.

Ask a lot of questions. A few to consider:

• How long have you been in business?
• Do you test for Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV?
• Do you have a veterinary record I can look at?
• Do you have references I can check?

Norwegian Forest kittens are pricey, usually ranging between $600 and $1,200 dollars. This doesn’t include the lifetime maintenance costs like nutritious foods, veterinary care, and other supplies.

Norwegian Forest Cat FAQs

Before making a Norwegian Forest Cat part of your feline family, it’s important that you have all of the basic information you need about the breed. Here are answers to some of the most commonly asked questions about this large and affectionate cat. 

How Big Do Norwegian Forest Cats Get?

They usually weigh between 8 to 18 pounds but can be larger, especially if obese.

Are Norwegian Forest Cats Hypoallergenic?

No cat breed is truly hypoallergenic, so the Norwegian Forest Cat can still spread dander and cause allergies. There are certain cat foods and supplements that are formulated to reduce allergens in cat hair and dander.  

Are Norwegian Forest Cats Vocal?

Norwegian Forest Cats are one of the quieter cat breeds, communicating in purrs and meows, as well as chirps. 

Norwegian Forest Cat Pictures

With their striking green eyes and long, silky coats, Norwegian Forest Cats are a sight to behold. Plus, their size makes them one of the largest cat breeds. If you’re like us and can’t get enough of these majestic felines, browse our gallery of Norwegian Forest Cat pictures to get your fix.

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But this pudgy, wrinkle-faced dog breed has won over people’s hearts and is among the most popular dogs in the country. Having a Bulldog requires a considerable amount of commitment and money, but those who call these dogs family are rewarded by a calm, lazy, and often comical companion who wants nothing more than to relax by his human. 

Find out historical origins, fun facts, and information needed to properly care for the beloved Bulldog. 

History and Origin

The history of the Bulldog breed is controversial. It “probably goes back to at least the 1600s, when it was used for bull baiting and dog fights,” writes Derek Hall in The Ultimate Guide to Dog Breeds (Chartwell Books, 2016). The barbaric practice of bull baiting in England involved the Bulldog holding onto the bull’s nose in its wide jaw and hanging onto it until either the bull is brought to the ground or the dog is killed. 

The purpose of this “sport” was two fold: To provide entertainment for humans and to create higher-quality meat. This practice lasted for nearly 350 years and was abolished in the 19th century, when Bulldogs nearly went extinct. 

However, the ferociousness was bred out of the breed and they became popular in the United States and Germany where they worked to herd cattle and horses. In Germany, they were mixed to create the Boxer. The American Kennel Club recognized the Bulldog in 1886. 

Types of Bulldogs

There are some slight variations in types of Bulldogs including:

• The English Bulldog
• The American Bulldog
• The French Bulldog

The English Bulldog is the face of this iconic breed, and is smaller than the American Bulldog. Still, English Bulldogs have the same boxy characteristics and distinct wrinkles.

The American Bulldog is bigger and better suited for an active family. The American Bulldog originated from the American Southeast where it was used for farm work and protection. They have box-like heads, powerful jaws, and a stocky appearance. They can weigh from 60 to 120 pounds. However, unlike their English counterparts, they are more agile and light on their feet. Today, the American Bulldog is an affectionate and protective pet adored by many.  

For those looking for the physical characteristics of a Bulldog, but want him in a smaller size, the French Bulldog is a good choice. This breed was created in England to be a miniature version of the Bulldog. 

Bulldog Physical Characteristics

The Bulldog is a sturdy dog, and his most distinctive features include a broad head, wrinkled face, pushed-in nose, and an upturned lower jaw. The breed has a small body with a deep and broad chest, stout legs, and a short tail. The front legs are placed far enough apart to make them seem bow-legged, but they aren’t.  

Male Bulldogs weigh upwards of 55 pounds and females cap out at around 50 pounds. They tend to be 12 to 16 inches in height. Their coat is fine and short and comes in the colors of fawn, white, and pied (with spots). They reach adulthood at 12 months.   

Bulldog Temperament

Bulldogs are known to be sweet, easy going, and loving. They are not active, and would much rather spend the day snoozing than playing outside. “They enjoy affection and may often want to climb up onto your lap for a cuddle, despite their weight of up to 50 pounds,” says Jamie Richardson, chief of staff at Small Door Veterinary in New York City.  

But as most Bulldog parents would agree, they tend to be a bit stubborn. “Bulldogs make great family pets, as they’re very calm and affectionate, and gentle with children,” Richardson adds. “However, they are known for being stubborn and may get up to mischief, particularly as puppies when they have higher energy levels.”

As for living with other pets, she warns that Bulldogs could show aggression, especially towards dogs of the same sex. She recommends early socialization and training to “instill positive behaviors when interacting with other animals.”   

Bulldog Care Guide

Although Bulldogs tend to be low maintenance when it comes to grooming, they do have a tendency to get obese because of their sedentary lifestyle. Their facial folds also require regular attention as they are prone to infections. 

Pet parents need to pay attention to their Bulldogs and ensure that they are getting the right amount of food and exercise and that their skin is properly taken care of. Here’s an overview of the Bulldog care guide:  

Diet and Nutrition

Bulldogs do not have any specific dietary requirements, but attention must be given to the amount of food and treats given to the dog. “They simply need a high-quality dog food that is appropriate for their life stage (puppy/adult/senior) and size,” says Richardson. 

“Bulldogs can often be prone to weight gain, so owners should regularly check their weight and be careful to avoid over-feeding them or providing too many treats,” warns Richardson. 

Exercise and Activity

Bulldogs would sleep all day if it was up to them, but like any other dog, they need the right amount of exercise and activity to lead a healthy lifestyle. 

“While they enjoy their walks, they don’t require a great deal of exercise. A moderate amount is sufficient,” recommends Richardson. 

Dr. Rachel Barrack of Animal Acupuncture in New York City says that Bulldogs need to move at least a little to keep them at a healthy weight. “Lack of movement makes Bulldogs prone to obesity which can be very detrimental to overall health and make them prone to many health conditions.”

Bulldogs are short nosed and tend to overheat on walks. “Care should be taken when going on walks and exercising in the warmer months,” says Barrack. These dogs thrive in cooler, less humid climates. 

Grooming and Nail Care

Bulldogs need brushing twice a week with a soft brush as they tend to shed frequently. Trim your dog’s nails every 3 to 4 weeks.  

More importantly, pet parents need to keep a lookout for any signs of irritation and/or infection in their facial folds, which tend to get bacterial and viral infections, especially in the warmer months. 

“Their skin folds can contribute to skin infections as these are warm/moist areas that can become hotbeds for overpopulation of bacteria and yeast, leading to infections,” explains Richardson. Some of the common symptoms include itchiness, red or swollen skin patches, a foul odor, and incessant scratching or licking.  

“Your vet can also prescribe medicated wipes, which can help to keep superficial bacteria and yeast at bay that may otherwise accumulate in these areas,” adds Richardson.  

Bulldog Health Issues

Bulldogs tend to face a number of health issues, mainly due to the fact that they are brachycephalic dogs (flat faced and short nosed). Some of these problems include:

Upper respiratory issues: “This short face and narrow nasal passage makes them prone to many upper respiratory issues commonly referred to as Brachycephalic Airway Obstructive Syndrome (BAOS),” says Barrack. “They tend to snore, wheeze, and generally breath loudly.”

Gas: Barrack also explains that the breed’s short nose causes them to gulp air, which makes them more prone to gassiness than other dog breeds. 

Heatstroke: To keep these dogs comfortable, pet parents need to make sure they are not overheated. “Bulldogs do not do well in hot climates. They must be kept inside on hot summer days as they cannot cool themselves effectively and quickly become at risk of heatstroke,” warns Richardson. To combat this, some pet parents may opt to get airway surgery for their Bulldog. 

“Airway surgery can help to counteract some of these breathing difficulties by widening the airways slightly. This type of surgery can often be done at the same time as a spay/neuter,” suggests Richardson. 

Interesting Bulldog Facts

Bulldogs need to be artificially inseminated to get pregnant and they need help with birthing due to the large heads of the babies. Since a natural birth is impossible, a majority of these dogs are delivered via C-section. 

Bulldogs are considered a symbol of strength and courage and are often used as mascots for universities and high schools. The Bulldog is also the mascot of the U.S. Marines. 

Spike and Tyke from Tom and Jerry are two of the most famous American Bulldogs.  

Otto, the famous skateboarding Bulldog, broke the Guinness World Record for traveling through the longest human tunnel on a skateboard in Peru in 2015. He glided effortlessly between the legs of 30 people. 

Popular Bulldog Mixes

Due to the popularity of the Bulldog breed, several Bulldog mixes have originated from crossing Bulldogs with other dog breeds. Here are a few of the more common mixes.

• Bullypit: This is a cross between the American Bulldog and American Pit Bull. 
• Beabull: This adorable canine is a cross between the English Bulldog and Beagle.
• BullPug: A combination of an English Bulldog and a Pug creates this tiny and cute dog. 
• Valley Bulldog: A cross between the Boxer and English Bulldog breeds. 

Bulldog Adoption Tips and Things to Consider

Bulldogs aren’t likely to be found in shelters. “Most Bulldogs seem to come to our attention through owner surrenders,” says Brittany Dare, president of the East Coast Bulldog Rescue Inc. 

The rescue takes dogs from as far west as Arkansas and south as Florida. Bulldogs for adoption can be found in breed-specific rescues throughout the country. “It is extremely important to be cautious of adopting a Bulldog online because people get scammed a lot,” warns Dare. “Never give money to someone to secure a dog.” 

Dare further states that pet parents need to be aware that this special breed needs a lot of time, attention, and money. “This breed has a lot of health issues that need tended to. Being financially secure to take care of them throughout their life is very important.” 

Bulldog Rescues

• Long Island Bulldog Rescue
• East Coast Bulldog Rescue Inc.
• No Borders Bulldog Rescue
• MidAtlantic Bulldog Rescue 
• NorCal Bulldog Rescue 
• Southern California Bulldog Rescue 

Bulldog FAQs  

Before adding a Bulldog to your pack, it’s essential that you have all of the information on how to live with and care for this breed. Here are answers to some of the most commonly asked questions about Bulldogs.

How Long Do Bulldogs Live? 

Bulldogs can live up to 10 years.  

Do Bulldogs Shed? 

Yes, Bulldogs do shed their coats. However, their shedding is not as noticeable as dog breeds with longer hair. 

Can Bulldogs Swim? 

They can’t swim without proper training. Even with swimming lessons, Bulldogs are unable to swim due to their stocky bodies. If your Bulldog is near water, make sure to invest in a life vest. 

What Were Bulldogs Bred For? 

They were originally bred for bull baiting, a deadly and viscous sport that dates back to the 1600s. After that practice ended, Bulldogs were used as herding dogs, before transitioning to family pets. 

Are Bulldogs Aggressive? 

Although the original Bulldogs were bred to be aggressive, the modern-day Bulldog isn’t aggressive. With proper training and attention, this breed of dog is gentle and friendly. 

Bulldog Pictures

With their wrinkly faces, stocky bodies, and fun-loving personalities, Bulldogs really know how to ham it up for the camera. That’s why we’ve rounded up a gallery of Bulldog pictures—so you can get a dose of cute and cuddly. Enjoy! 

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But the Ragdoll is more than just a pretty face. Its personality traits—which breed enthusiasts describe as gentle, playful, and affectionate—have rightfully earned it the nickname of “puppy cat.”

Before making a lifetime commitment to a Ragdoll or any cat, we recommend arming yourself with solid information. To help you get started, we’ve compiled a guide that includes most everything you need to know about this fascinating cat breed.

History and Origin

Unlike the Siamese, Maine Coon, and other breeds with extensive histories, the Ragdoll is a relative newcomer to the cat scene. Details of its history are a bit murky, but the general consensus is that it began in the early 1960s with a California breeder named Ann Baker.

One popular school of thought is that Baker bred males—including a Birman—from her breeding program with Josephine, a white Angora that would roam the neighborhood. She and her immediate descendants (Daddy Warbucks, Fugianna, and Buckwheat) are considered the foundation of the Ragdoll breed.

Other breeders who had started to work with Baker as franchisees eventually distanced themselves. Breed historians credit two of these breeders, Denny and Laura Dayton, with standardizing the Ragdoll and putting it in the public eye. 

Prominent cat registries that have officially recognized the Ragdoll include The International Cat Association in 1979; The Federation Internationale Feline in 1991; and The Cat Fanciers Association (CFA) in 2000.

The Ragdoll cat has held a spot on CFA’s Top Breeds lists since 2006, and has been rising through the ranks ever since. From 2012 through 2015 the Ragdoll took the fourth position; in 2016 and 2017, it rose to second; and in 2018 and 2019, it topped the charts. Not bad for a breed that’s only been around for a few decades.

Types of Ragdoll Cats

The CFA recognizes six Ragdoll colorpoints: blue, chocolate, lilac, red, seal, and cream. Points are the colors on the ears, legs, tail, and muzzle. 

“The points can be solid colors, tortie (black and red), lynx (tabby) or lynx tortie,” says Lana Fraley Rich, a feline behaviorist and owner of Catsultant.

The result is at least 20 Ragdoll cat color combinations. Here are just a few of them.

• Blue Point Ragdoll. Grayish-white body with deep blue points  
• Chocolate Point Ragdoll. Cream body with milk chocolate points  
• Lilac Point Ragdoll. White body with gray-pink points 
• Red Point Ragdoll. White body with orange to dark red points (AKA the Flame Point Ragdoll)
• Seal Point Ragdoll. Cream or fawn body with dark brown points
• Blue Lynx Point Ragdoll. Grayish-white body with deep gray barred points 
• Seal-Tortie Lynx Point Ragdoll. Cream or fawn body with dark brown barred points
• Blue-Cream Ragdoll. Grayish-white body with deep gray, cream-spotted points
• Chocolate-Tortie Point Ragdoll. Ivory body with milk chocolate, red- or cream-spotted points 

These colors don’t impact a Ragdoll’s temperament. 

Ragdoll Cat Physical Characteristics

Weighing between 10 to 20 pounds and standing up to 13 inches tall, the Ragdoll is one of the biggest cat breeds. While males are typically larger and taller than females, both are muscular, sturdy, and big-boned.  

The luxurious coat makes them look even larger than they are. It’s medium-long, which Rich says is a bit longer in the front, creating a distinct ruff, similar to a lion’s mane. “On the hind legs, there are britches, which look like knickers.” The coat is not only visually stunning, but super soft to the touch, too. 

Other distinctive Ragdoll features are the long, fluffy tail, and on the opposite end are a striking set of peepers. “Their large, round, wide-set, sapphire blue eyes are extremely attractive,” says Rich.

Ragdoll cat colors come in blue, chocolate, lilac, red, seal, and cream points (colors of the ears, legs, tail, and muzzle). The points can be solid, black and red (tortie), tabby (lynx), or lynx-tortie. Their bodies are usually white, cream, fawn, grayish, or ivory.

Ragdolls mature more slowly than other long-haired breeds and are not considered full-grown until they’re 3 or 4 years old, says Rich.

Ragdoll Cat Personality Traits

With a reputation as a gentle, affectionate, playful, and easy-to-train breed, it’s easy to see why the Ragdoll has earned the nickname of “puppy cat.” No cat is crazy about being picked up, but Ragdolls seem to tolerate it a bit better than other breeds, says Rich. ”It is great to be able to pick up these cats (gently) and they appear to be comfortable enough to even go limp in our arms.”

Ragdolls do well in a variety of home settings and they’re generally good with kids and other pets from the same household. Creating a synergistic environment will require some effort on your part, however. “Cats can learn to be comfortable with children and pets through early positive and non fear-provoking exposure (positive socialization) when they are young, and ongoing positive interactions throughout their lives,” says Valli Parthasarathy, a board-certified veterinary behaviorist with Synergy Behavior Solutions in Portland, Oregon.  

Ragdolls are lovers, not fighters. While this is a nice trait in a companion animal, it also means they have more difficulty protecting themselves from predators. “So they should be indoor-only cats,” recommends Rich. 

This is a general description, and personality traits can vary, especially if you plan to adopt an adult Ragdoll cat. “From a rescue perspective, their personalities can be all over the board,” says Kirsten Kranz, director of Midwest-based Specialty Purebred Cat Rescue. “Yes, some can be easy going and floppy, but others can be energetic and moody. It is highly variable.” 

Ragdoll Care Guide

Like other breeds, Ragdoll cats require the basics—a complete and balanced diet, the need for activity and enrichment, and places in the home to feel safe. There are some breed-specific things you can do, however, to help your Ragdoll thrive. 

Diet and Nutrition

All cats need meat to survive and thrive. “The best diet for our feline friends is a high-protein, high-fat, and low carbohydrate diet,” says Rich. Additionally, she recommends avoiding foods with by-products, wheat, corn, or soy.

Most veterinarians recommend feeding a complete and balanced diet appropriate to the cat’s age. To be sure a food is complete and balanced, look for a nutritional adequacy statement on the label from the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) that the food meets or exceeds nutritional requirements and has been balanced for optimal benefit. Ask your veterinarian about the best diet for your cat’s individual needs.

Should you feed your Ragdoll wet or dry food? A wet diet can reduce shedding by up to 50 percent, says Rich. “Cats need lots of moisture since they lose as much moisture each day grooming themselves as they lose through urination.” She says wet food can also cut down on—and even eliminate—hairballs, and help prevent obesity because of its lower calorie count.   

Exercise and Activity

Though activity levels vary with each individual cat, Ragdolls tend to be lower key. Play should be tailored to your cat’s needs, says Parthasarathy. 

“For example, some cats like to chase toys that move through the air and others like to chase ones that move along the ground,” she says. “Giving all cats the opportunity to play in ways that stimulate their predatory instincts is important, giving them the chance to chase, stalk, and grab or pounce on prey.”

Grooming 

Ragdolls do shed, but not as much as other long-haired breeds, says Rich. “Ragdoll cats have soft and plush coats which need to be brushed and combed at least two to three times per week to avoid matting and excess shedding. Bathing is not required very often if the diet is high quality and combing is consistent.”

A note if you’re allergic to cats. Ragdolls are not hypoallergenic (no cat is), but they don’t have an undercoat, which might lessen some of the allergens.

Ragdoll Cat Health Issues

Ragdoll cats are susceptible to certain health problems due to their genetics. Below are a few of the common issues that Ragdoll cats may face.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM): It’s the most common heart disease in all cats, but is more prevalent in certain breeds, including the Ragdoll. HCM causes the heart’s muscles to thicken, which decreases its efficiency and can possibly lead to heart failure. When symptoms do occur (most cats don’t show any) they may include weight loss, labored breathing, and lack of energy.

Fortunately, the HCM Ragdoll test can identify the gene mutation associated with this disease. Ask your veterinarian about this important test for your Ragdoll.

Polycystic kidney disease. This is a genetic condition that causes cysts to form on the kidneys. These cysts—which grow larger with time—can ultimately result in kidney failure. Signs may include loss of appetite, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, and increased thirst and urination. 

Dental issues. Many Ragdoll cats have bad teeth, says Kranz. One common form of dental disease in all breeds is gingivitis (gum inflammation), and can result in symptoms like pain, discomfort, and weight loss, and is even linked to kidney and heart disease. “So it is important that yearly vet exams and regular dentals are followed,” recommends Kranz.

Mammary cancer. A study of 50,000 cats listed in the Swiss Feline Cancer Registry from 1965-2008 found over 18,000 tumors recorded, says Dr. Kate Vickery, assistant professor of clinical oncology, Flint Animal Cancer Center at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. Certain breeds are at higher risks for certain cancers when compared with European Shorthairs. One of these, Vickery says, is the Ragdoll, who has a higher risk of developing mammary cancer.

To help reduce your Ragdoll’s risk of cancer, Vickery recommends annual veterinary exams, monitoring for lumps and bumps, and keeping a close eye on your cat’s weight and eating habits. 

Interesting Ragdoll Facts

The Ragdoll is named for its tendency to go limp when being picked up.

Ragdoll popularity exploded when Martha Stewart started promoting her own cats in the 1990s, says Kranz.  

The Ragdoll has been a CFA top 10 breed since 2006, and was the most popular in 2018 and 2019.

The Ragdoll is sometimes referred to as a “puppy cat” because of its reputation as a gentle, loving, and affectionate breed.

They have incredibly soft coats. In fact, “Their coats tend to be silkier than Persians or Himalayans,” says Kranz.

Ragdoll Cat Adoption Tips and Things to Consider

Finding a purebred Ragdoll cat in a shelter can be tough. They’re rarely surrendered unless they have behavior problems, says Rich. 

Although we had difficulty locating Ragdoll-specific shelters, there are still some solid options if you have your heart set on one of these beauties. 

Purebred cat rescues. One is Specialty Purebred Cat Rescue, the foster network led by Kranz. “We see them fairly commonly as a specialty rescue.” You might also have some luck with all-breed cat rescues.

Online adoption databases. Sites like RescueMe, AdoptaPet, and PetFinder list available Ragdoll kittens and cats from individuals and rescues. 

Ragdoll breeders. Not all are equal. Here are a few things to keep in mind if you decide to work with a breeder.

• Meet breeders in person. To find a reputable one, attend a CFA or TICA cat show and meet breeders in person, recommends Kranz. If it’s not an option, request a video conference where you can virtually meet both breeder and cat.

• Don’t be afraid to ask questions. How long have they been in business? Do they test for genetic diseases like the HCM Ragdoll test? Does the cat have a veterinary record? Do they welcome communication? Do they have references?

• Know who you’re doing business with. The Internet is rife with pet scams, a trend that has proliferated because of COVID-19, the Better Business Bureau Reports. If you don’t have personal references, check sites like BBB’s Scam Tracker and Petscams.com that catalog scams.

• Be prepared for the cost. The cost for purebred Ragdoll kittens starts at about $400 and can increase into the thousands of dollars, especially for show-quality cats. Keep in mind that this is just the initial cost. You still need to figure in the cost of nutritious food and veterinary care. 

Ragdoll FAQs

If you’re considering welcoming a Ragdoll cat into your life, you should have as much information as possible about this specific breed. Here, we answer some of the most frequently asked questions about Ragdolls.

Are Ragdolls Hypoallergenic?

No, Ragdoll cats are not hypoallergenic. Like all cats, they shed and have dander. They don’t have an undercoat however, which may lessen allergens. 

Do Ragdoll Cats Shed?

Yes, this breed does shed but not as much as other long-haired breeds.

How Big Do Ragdolls Cats Get?

As one of the largest cat breeds, Ragdolls typically weigh between 10 and 20 pounds. Ragdoll cat size can be higher, especially with obesity on the rise.

Are Ragdoll Cats Smart? 

It depends on how you define intelligence, but Ragdoll cats are generally considered smart and easy to train.

Pictures of Ragdoll Cats

With their big blue eyes, long, fluffy coats, and expressive faces, Ragdolls are a joy to look at and interact with. Browse through our pictures of Ragdoll cats to see the personality of this breed shine through. 

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“People gravitate toward Labradoodles because they want to have the best of both worlds,” explains the founder of Michigan Doodle Rescue Connect, who goes by the moniker Nana Doodle. 

The designer dogs might be growing in popularity but the Labradoodle is not the right breed for everyone. If you’re considering adopting a Doodle, keep reading.

History and Origin

Labradoodles, now a popular designer breed, started out as a one-off attempt to breed a hypoallergenic service dog. The creator, Australian Wally Conron, the former head breeder for the Australian Guide Dog Association, bred a Labrador Retriever and a Poodle hoping that the mixed breed, which combined two well-known guide dogs, would be low-shedding.

The Labradoodle, which a New York Times article called a “ubiquitous, mopheaded designer dog,” became a fast Instagram sensation and is now popular throughout North America. It also inspired copycat “doodle” breeds, including the Goldendoodle, a mix of a Golden Retriever and a Poodle; and the Bernedoodle, a mix between a Bernese Mountain Dog and a Poodle.

The American Kennel Club doesn’t recognize the Labradoodle as an official breed. The Worldwide Australian Labradoodle Association, an international organization focused on improving the breed, created its own breed standard. The breed standard also allows the Cocker Spaniel to be part of the Labradoodle mix.

Types of Labradoodles

As the breed grows more popular, so do the number of variations on the original Labradoodle. Now, there are Miniature Labradoodles (Labrador Retrievers crossed with Miniature Poodles) that reach just 14 to 16 inches tall; Medium Labradoodles that are between 17 and 20 inches tall; and Standard Labradoodles, which can be between 21 and 24 inches tall and weigh up to 65 pounds. 

Since this is an ever-evolving breed, there are also F1, F2, and F1b Labradoodles. 

F1 Labradoodles are a cross between a Labrador Retriever and a Poodle, creating a “first generation” Labradoodle that is 50 percent Labrador Retriever, 50 percent Poodle. These dogs might not be hypoallergenic and may still shed. 

An F1b Labradoodle is the cross between a Poodle and an F1 Labradoodle. The resulting mix is 75 percent Poodle and 25 percent Labrador Retriever. As the dogs acquire more Poodle characteristics, the amount of shedding goes down and the likelihood that the dogs are hypoallergenic goes up.

An F2 Labradoodle is a mix of an F1b Labradoodle and a Poodle, creating a breed that is 87 percent Poodle and just 13 percent Labrador Retriever.

Within these variations, breeders might choose to breed Poodles to Yellow Labrador Retrievers (to create a dog known as a Golden Labradoodle) or a Chocolate Labrador retriever (to create a Chocolate Labradoodle).

Labradoodle Physical Characteristics

Even though Labradoodles are becoming more common, their curly coats and expressive eyes still attract a lot of attention. 

Standard Labradoodles can stand 21 to 24 inches tall and weigh up to 65 pounds and are the most common of the designer doodle breeds. The breed also comes in miniature (14 to 16 inches tall and weighing as little as 15 pounds) and medium (17 to 20 inches tall) sizes.

Nana Doodle notes that the dogs can have several variations in coat coloring and type from smooth coats and wavy coats to coats made up of tight, soft curls.

The Worldwide Australian Labradoodle Association refers to these different coat types as:

Hair coat, which similar to the longer, thick hair of a Labrador Retriever and common on earlier generation or F1 breeds)

Wool coat, which is dense and similar in texture to lamb’s wool with hair that hangs in tight or spiraling curls and is low-to non-shedding.

Fleece coat, which has a silky texture and straight to way curls. The fleece coat is also low-to non-shedding.

Labradoodle Temperament

Labradoodles are a mix of two of the most popular dog breeds and Nancy Doodle believes that the dogs exhibit personality traits from each breed. 

“Their temperament depends on the amount of genetics that each [dog] takes on,” she explains. “More times than not, they take after the Labrador Retriever. They are very loving, very smart, very loyal, eager to please and make great companions.”

The breed is known for its outgoing nature. Labradoodles will happily hang out at home while their owners are at work but form strong bonds with their owners and love being part of family activities. 

Labradoodles are patient with dog-savvy children and get along well with other family pets, including cats. 

“They are great dogs for first time dog owners,” Doodle says.

Similar to Labrador Retrievers and Poodles, Labradoodles are energetic and need regular exercise. A brisk walk around the block might do for some of these dogs but most prefer high octane activities such as running, hiking, swimming, games of fetch and romps at the dog park, according to Dr. Christian Latimer, a surgeon at Veterinary Referral Hospital of Hickory.

Labradoodles, like their Poodle parents or grandparents, are intelligent and require early and consistent training. Latimer recommends a basic obedience class and regular positive, rewards-based training at home, adding, “It sets the tone for good behavior for the lifetime of the dog.”

Labradoodle Care Guide

Like all dog breeds, Labradoodles need regular vet care, a high quality diet, exercise and grooming to ensure they live long, healthy lives.

Diet and Nutrition

Feed a Labradoodle a commercial diet formulated for their age and size. Your veterinarian might recommend feeding a standard Labradoodle a diet for large breed, active dogs to ensure it has the calories and nutrients it needs for proper growth and development. Look for foods made for large breeds that meet AAFCO guidelines.

Exercise and Activity

Labradoodles make great dogs for on-the-go families, Latimer says. Both Labrador Retrievers and Poodles are both active dog breeds who excel in dog sports such as agility, obedience, tracking, and dock diving and Labradoodles might enjoy those activities, too. Offering a combination of physical activity and mental stimulation (through games like fetch) are important for healthy bodies and minds.

Grooming and Nail Care

The amount of grooming a Labradoodle requires depends on its coat type. Nancy Doodle notes that many Labradoodles are “wash and go” but those with curly to wavy coats need a professional groomer to prevent their curls from forming webs that can be painful and—if left untreated—lead to skin infections. In addition to regular brushing, Labradoodles with tight curly coats should benefit from professional grooming every 8 to 10 weeks.

Regular nail trims and ear cleaning, occasional baths and annual dental cleanings will help keep Labradoodles looking and feeling their best.

Labradoodle Health Issues

As a mix of two breeds, Labradoodles can develop health conditions that are common in both Labrador Retrievers and Poodles—and might even be at increased risk of some diseases, according to Latimer.

“By mixing two breeds, the new breed is susceptible to the common diseases in each breed,” he explains.

These are some of the most common health issues in Labradoodles:

Ear Infections: Both Labrador Retrievers and Poodles have floppy ears that make them susceptible to otitis externa or inflammation in the ear canals. The infections can be chronic, causing pain and discomfort. “Keep their ears clean and if you notice symptoms, call your vet immediately,” Latimer advises.

ACL Tears: A rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament that stabilizes the inside of the knee is common in Labrador Retrievers and the condition also plagues Labradoodles, according to Latimer. An ACL tear causes pain and often lameness in the limb and mobility issues. Aging, obesity, genetics are all risk factors for ACL tears.

Hip Dysplasia: Larger breeds, including standard Labradoodles, are at higher risk for hip dysplasia, according to Latimer. Hip dysplasia is diagnosed when the femur fails to align with the hip socket. The condition causes pain and reduces quality of life. 

Eye Issues: Research shows that Labradoodles have higher rates of multifocal retinal dysplasia or small folds in the tissue of the retina that can cause vision loss and blindness, than Labrador Retrievers. It can be genetic.

Interesting Labradoodle Facts

Celebrities like Jennifer Aniston, Tiger Woods, and Jamie Lee Curtis have all owned Labradoodles.

A 2020 study into breed genetics found that Labradoodles get a far higher percentage of their genetics from Poodles than Labrador retrievers. Despite being considered a new breed, researchers noted, “[the] Labradoodle is largely poodle with an excess of poodle alleles related to coat type.”

Labradoodle Adoption Tips and Things to Consider

Labradoodles are a newer breed and there are still just a handful of rescue organizations devoted to rescuing and rehoming the mixed breed dogs. 

Labradoodle rescues in the U.S. include:

• Michigan Doodle Rescue Connect 
• IDOG Rescue
• Doodle Rock Rescue
• Doodle Dandy Rescue
• Doodle Rescue Collective 

These groups and organizations focus on all Doodle breeds and not just Labradoodles. Rescue groups focused the origin breeds—Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, and Poodles—might also take Doodle mixed breeds into the rescue.

It is possible to find Labradoodles in shelters and through rescue groups, but Nana Doodle warns that it can take a while to match families with available dogs because of the long list of families wanting to adopt the mixed breed dogs.

Labradoodle FAQs

Labradoodles are wonderful mixed breed dogs, but before welcoming one into your family, it’s important to know all of the facts and what to expect. Here are some commonly asked questions about the Labradoodle dog breed. 

Do Labradoodles Shed? 

It depends. Labradoodles have several different coat types and some are more prone to shedding than others. A Labradoodle that is a result of crossbreeding a purebred Labrador Retriever with a purebred Poodle is more prone to shedding than dogs that are bred from second-and third-generation Labradoodles.

How Long Do Labradoodles Live? 

The lifespan of a Labradoodle is 12 to 14 years.

Are Labradoodles Smart? 

Yes. Labradoodles are a result of mixing a Labrador Retriever and Poodle, breeds that are highly regarded for their intelligence.

When Do Labradoodles Stop Growing? 

Labradoodles reach maturity around 2 years of age.

Do Labradoodles Smell? 

In general, no, Labradoodles do not smell. Their low-to non-shedding coats tend to be low odor but Labradoodles that go swimming, hiking, or engage in other outdoor activities may need more regular baths.

Are Labradoodles Good With Kids? 

Yes. The breed is known for being gentle and patient with dog-savvy children. 

Pictures of Labradoodles

With their fluffy coats and loveable faces, Labradoodles are downright irresistible. See all of their colorings and personality traits come to life in our gallery filled with pictures of Labradoodles and Labradoodle puppies. So cute! 

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Although true calcium deficiency isn’t common in dogs—largely thanks to the use of commercial pet foods—there are several disorders that can cause your dog to have a low calcium level. 

Low calcium can be life-threatening, so it’s important to understand the warning signs and know how to prevent and address low calcium in dogs.

What Is Calcium?

Calcium is an essential mineral that all animals need in order to function. The vast majority of the calcium in our bodies is located in our bones and teeth, but calcium plays a role in other areas of the body as well. 

Dogs—like humans—get calcium through their diets. Dietary ingredients like bone meal and whey protein are included in many dog food formulations as a source of calcium and other nutrients. Many commercial dog foods also include supplements such as calcium carbonate to ensure your dog receives the recommended amount of dietary calcium daily. 

If your dog doesn’t get enough calcium, over time the body may begin to leach calcium from the bones to make up for the deficit. 

Why Do Dogs Need Calcium?

Dogs need calcium for all the same processes that humans do. Calcium is an essential building block for bones, and the balance of dietary calcium and phosphorous is especially important for young, growing animals. 

Pregnant and lactating dogs use high amounts of calcium to maintain the growing fetuses and produce enough milk to sustain the litter. 

Calcium also plays a role in the contractions of muscles—everything from the skeletal muscles that allow your dog to run, to the smooth muscles in organs like the intestines, to the cardiac muscle that pumps blood throughout your dog’s body. 

Calcium is also involved in several feedback loops and hormone signaling pathways in the body, which means that abnormal levels of calcium can quickly lead to other problems, too. 

With so many important functions throughout your dog’s body, it’s safe to say that calcium is essential for your dog’s health!

Can Dogs Have a Calcium Deficiency?

It is possible for dogs to develop a calcium deficiency. Dogs can have low calcium due to inadequate dietary intake, loss of calcium in the urine or stool, or an imbalance of calcium mechanisms in the body. 

When the calcium deficiency is mild, many dogs will not have any symptoms. A severely low calcium level can cause tremors, seizures, abnormal heartbeat, stiff gait, restlessness, hypersensitivity, rubbing the face, disorientation, muscle cramping, and increased drinking and urination. 

Calcium deficiency, or hypocalcemia, is diagnosed with a blood test. A calcium level is often included on blood work panels. If your dog’s calcium level is low, your veterinarian may recommend an additional test called an ionized calcium level to further evaluate the amount of free calcium in your dog’s blood.

Many different conditions can cause low calcium levels in dogs, including:

• Poor diet
• Hypoparathyroidism
• Sepsis
• Severe trauma
• Eclampsia
• Pancreatitis
• Protein-losing enteropathy
• Kidney failure
• Diabetes mellitus
• Urethral obstruction
• Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) toxicity

In order to treat your dog’s calcium deficiency, your veterinarian will first need to determine what caused the low calcium level. Additional diagnostics such as blood work, diagnostic imaging, and urinalysis may be necessary to fully evaluate the problem. 

Common Sources of Calcium for Dogs

Just like humans, dogs get calcium through the foods they consume. Commercial dog foods are required to be complete and balanced, meaning that they will provide appropriate levels of nutrients, vitamins, and minerals to meet the needs of the animal that the product has been labeled for. 

Dog foods often include ingredients such as leafy greens, bone meal, and organ meats like liver to provide adequate levels of calcium. Most commercial dog foods also include vitamin and mineral supplements to ensure your dog is receiving an appropriate balance of essential nutrients. 

A healthy dog eating a commercial dog food typically does not need any additional source of calcium. However, problems can arise for dogs that are eating a homemade or raw meat diet that is not complete and balanced. If your dog is not eating a commercial dog food, make sure you consult a board certified veterinary nutritionist to ensure your dog’s diet contains the recommended amount of calcium and other nutrients.

Calcium Supplements for Dogs

Most healthy dogs that are eating a complete and balanced diet do not need a calcium supplement. Too much calcium can also cause problems for your dog, so you should never give your dog a calcium supplement without first consulting your veterinarian. If you are concerned that your dog may have a calcium deficiency, it is important to first see your veterinarian to diagnose the underlying cause.

If your dog has been diagnosed with low calcium, the treatment will focus on supplementing calcium and correcting the underlying cause. If your dog’s calcium level is severely low or life threatening, your veterinarian may recommend hospitalizing your dog to administer an intravenous calcium supplement and fluids. 

Once your dog is stable, you may be given an oral calcium supplement, usually in the form of a tablet, to administer at home. Some dogs may also be prescribed calcitriol, also known as Vitamin D3, which helps them absorb calcium from their digestive tract. 

After your dog has started calcium supplementation, your veterinarian may recommend regular rechecks and monitoring of calcium levels to ensure your dog is taking the appropriate dose. 

Never stop the supplement abruptly or change the dose without first talking to your veterinarian.

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Before adopting a Great Dane, spend some time learning about this breed.

History and Origin

The origin of the Great Dane can be traced back to ancient Egypt where drawings of men walking giant dogs resembling Great Danes were found on monuments dating back to 3,000 B.C. 

Due to their size, Great Danes, known as Boar Hounds, were trusted hunters and valued protectors. German nobles bred Great Danes in large numbers and favored the largest and most attractive dogs, developing the breed and welcoming the gentle giants into their homes. 

The transition from working dog to companion animal led to the breed being known as Kammerhunde or Chamber Dog. Only royals owned the breed, pampering them with ornate collars that were padded with velvet and adorned with fringe.

Over time, Great Danes became sought after and the breed could be found across Europe. The breed earned its current moniker when a man visiting Denmark noted that the breed was similar in appearance to a Greyhound but much larger, causing him to remark that the Danish climate had made the dogs into “Grand Danois” or Big Danish. The name stuck and perpetuated the notion that the breed hails from Denmark though its origins can be traced back to a much more ancient and remote part of the world.

The American Kennel Club (AKC) recognized the breed in 1887. 

Great Dane Physical Characteristics

It’s no surprise that most of the words used to describe Great Danes—imposing, majestic, immense, massive—all relate to their size. Cinnamon Ellison, founder and coordinator of Great Dane Friends of Ruff Love in Charlotte, North Carolina, notes that “gentle giant” is often used to describe Great Danes, which is a nod to both their size and temperament.

The Great Dane is a giant breed with males reaching 30 to 32 inches in height and weighing in between 140 to 175 pounds. Females are just a little smaller, reaching 28 to 30 inches tall and weighing between 110 and 140 pounds.

Great Danes are powerful, muscular dogs with broad, deep chests, long legs, and rectangular heads with strong muzzles and expressive, intelligent eyes. Their coats are short and thick and have a glossy appearance. 

Great Danes come in several different colors, including black, black and white, blue, brindle, fawn, harlequin, mantle, merle, and white and their coats may have distinct patterns or markings. Brindle dogs have black cross stripes on their backs, chevron patterns on their coats and black masks while harlequin Great Danes have a white and black base color with merle patches all over their bodies.

Great Dane Temperament

The term gentle giant refers to this breed’s temperament. These oversized lap dogs love spending time with their owners and will happily tag along for walks or curl up on the couch for movie night.

“Great Danes are super sweet dogs that love to be around their owners,” says Naomi Merino, a volunteer with Harlequin Haven Great Dane Rescue in Bethel, Ohio. 

Although their size and deep bark might make them imposing, Merino warns that Great Danes, while protective of their owners, are not the best guard dogs. 

“Great Danes are a sought after breed but often for the wrong reasons,” she says. “People want to adopt them as guard dogs but these dogs are lovers and too friendly to be guard dogs. We tell them that if you need a security system, get an alarm, not a Great Dane.”

Merino notes that most Great Danes get along well with children and other pets, including smaller dogs and cats, as long as the dogs are well socialized and proper introductions are made. 

Their size and exuberance—the breed remains in puppyhood until they reach 2 years old—might not make them the best match for families with small children or apartment living.

Ellison notes that Great Danes aren’t super active but during regular “zoomies” the dogs could knock over small children. And a big dog thundering across a small apartment might not be the best idea with neighbors living below. The good news: “The zoomies last about 10 minutes and then it’s time for nap,” she says.

Great Dane Care Guide

Your Great Dane needs regular vet care, a high quality diet, exercise, and grooming to ensure they live long, healthy lives.

Diet and Nutrition

Like all dog breeds, Great Danes do best on a diet formulated for their age and size. Look for dog foods made for large breeds that meet AAFCO guidelines. As fast-growing puppies, a lower fat, lower protein diet is best for the giant breed to promote healthy bone and muscle development.

“A high fat, high protein diet can cause them to grow too quickly and may cause deformities,” Merino explains.

Exercise and Activity

If you are looking for a running partner, this is not the breed to choose. For a big breed, Great Danes only require small amounts of exercise. 

“Great Danes tire out too easily to go long distances,” Ellison says.

Ellison recommends daily walks to provide physical and mental stimulation. Great Danes will also enjoy playing in a fenced backyard. Due to their size, these dogs can easily clear short fences (and sometimes tall fences, too) and should never be left unattended in the yard.

Due to their size, Merino notes that leash training is essential, adding, “If they aren’t good on a leash, you’re going to have an issue with a 150-pound dog pulling you down the road.”

To minimize the risk of bloat, Great Danes shouldn’t exercise an hour before or after mealtime.

Grooming and Nail Care

Thanks to their short coats, Great Danes don’t shed much. Their grooming needs are basic and include regular brushing, nail trims, and ear cleanings and occasional baths.

Great Dane Health Issues

Great Danes are wonderful dogs but it’s important for owners to be aware of a few common health issues.

Bloat: Great Danes, like other deep chested-breeds, are at high risk for bloat. The condition occurs when gas stretches the stomach, causing it to twist, cutting off the blood supply to the stomach. 

Ellison advises using puzzle toys to feed Great Danes and prohibiting exercise one hour before and after meals to minimize the risk of bloat. If you suspect your dog has bloat, “go to the vet immediately,” she adds. Untreated, bloat can be fatal.

Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy: This condition, better known as HOD, is a skeletal disorder that affects fast-growing large-and giant-breed dogs. It has a sudden onset and can cause symptoms such as painful, aching limbs, lethargy, fever and partial paralysis in puppies. In mild cases, puppies can recover but more severe causes of HOD can cause disabilities and deformities. Unfortunately there is no cure.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy: This condition, also known as DCM, is a form of heart disease. In dogs with DCM, the walls of the heart become thin and dilated, causing an abnormal rhythm and progressive loss of heart function. Without adequate blood circulation to the heart, fluid can build up in the lungs, causing chronic lethargy. DCM often goes undetected for years. There is a strong genetic component to the disease. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is in the midst of ongoing research to determine whether there is a link between grain-free diets and DCM.

Interesting Great Dane Facts

Great Danes are the tallest dogs in the world. A Great Dane named Zeus reached a height of 44 inches, earning him a spot in the Guinness Book of World Records for being the world’s tallest dog.

The Great Dane is the official state dog of Pennsylvania.

The breed inspired several adorable cartoon characters, including Scooby Doo, Marmaduke, and Astro (the space age dog on the Jetsons).

A dog named Just Nuisance is the only dog to ever be enlisted in the British Royal Navy. He enlisted on August 25, 1939, and traveled with sailors serving as their companion and mascot. The Great Dane died on April 1, 1944 and was buried with full military honors.

Popular Great Dane Mixes

Some of the most common Great Dane mixed breeds include:

• Labradane (Great Dane and Labrador Retriever mix)
• Great Shepherd (Great Dane and German Shepherd mix)
• Daniff (Great Dane and Mastiff mix)
• Great Danoodle (Great Dane and Poodle mix)
• Great Dane Husky mix

Great Dane Adoption Tips and Things to Consider

Great Danes are a sought-after breed that don’t turn up often in shelters. Your best bet to find a Great Dane is a breed-specific rescue. These include:

• Great Dane Friends of Ruff Love
• Harlequin Haven
• Rocky Mountain Great Dane Rescue
• Mid-Atlantic Great Dane Rescue League

Most rescues will require an adoption application, vet references, and a home visit to approve an adoption. Before filling out an application, Ellison suggests thinking through the practical considerations. For starters, it’s often more expensive to own a Great Danes than another breed.

The doses for most flea and tick and heartworm medications go up to 100 pounds but Great Danes can weigh up to 150 pounds, which means two pills per month. Their anesthesia costs, also calculated by weight, will be higher for procedures such as dental cleanings or surgeries. And food costs for giant breed dogs are also usually higher than those for small and medium-sized dogs.

“You have to be prepared to commit to an expensive dog,” she says.

You’ll also need to “Dane-proof” your home before welcoming one of these gentle giants to ensure that the dog can’t access items on the countertop and steers clear of the stove burners. These considerations often mean that it can take longer to adopt a Great Dane.

“If the rescue is doing it right and trying to find you the best fit so the dog goes to the right home, it can take time,” Ellison says.

Great Dane FAQs

Before welcoming a Great Dane into your home, it’s important to be prepared with all the information you need to care for them. That’s why we’ve rounded up answers to some of the most common questions about Great Danes.

How Long Do Great Danes Live? 

The average lifespan for a Great Dane is 7 to 10 years.

How Tall Is a Great Dane? 

Males can stand 30 to 32 inches tall while females can reach heights between 28 and 30 inches tall.

Do Great Danes Shed? 

Like all dog breeds, Great Danes do shed some hair but the shedding is minimal thanks to their short, sleek coats.

What Were Great Danes Bred For? 

Great Danes were bred to hunt boars (and their descendants were known as Boar Hounds) but the breed has evolved to a companion that is bred to serve as a four-legged best friend.

Are Great Danes Good With Kids? 

Most Great Danes are good with respectful children. Their sheer size increases the odds that children could get knocked over but the breed is not known to be aggressive. Children should never be allowed to treat a Great Dane like a horse and attempt to ride them, Ellison warns.

How Fast Can a Great Dane Run? 

Great Danes can run at speeds of up to 30 miles per hour.

Pictures of Great Danes

With their giant statures and varying coat colors, Great Danes provide endless looks that make us want to open our homes to these (very!) big dogs. Browse these pictures of Great Danes to see these colossal canines in action. 

The post Great Dane appeared first on Great Pet Care.

More recently, police dogs’ work has expanded to mirror almost everything their human counterparts do—from apprehending suspects and patrolling, to assisting on search and rescue missions, to sniffing out drugs, guns, and bombs. It’s nuanced and demanding work, requiring a special temperament and skillset, which is why you’ll see certain breeds used as police dogs again and again.

Still, experts agree that breed alone doesn’t automatically qualify a dog for police work, nor does a less common K9 breed rule one out. “Yes, we’re drawn to certain breeds because we know what their characteristics usually are,” says Shana Parsnow, manager of working dog programs for Highland Canine Training, LLC. “But the characteristics of the individual dog are really the most important thing.

What It Takes to Be a Police Dog

Often a dog’s road to police work begins at birth, or even before. A number of breeders in the US and Europe specialize in producing dogs that are perfectly suited for law enforcement roles. But becoming a police K9 isn’t as simple as having the right parents. While it varies somewhat depending on the job, most K9 police work requires dogs that are alert, obedient, physically fit, and highly driven yet still calm.

Police dogs undergo continuous training throughout their lives, often starting with obedience and socialization exercises in puppyhood and followed by frequent endurance and agility drills as they mature. 

Usually when they’ve reached around a year of general training, dogs are paired up with their police handlers, undergoing another 3 to 6 months of focused specialty training for the job they’ll be assigned to. Dog-and-handler teams continue to train together right up until a dog retires from police work (usually around 10 years in).

6 Police Dog Breeds

Most police dog breeds fall into one of the following six categories:

German Shepherds

Often the first breed that springs to mind when you think of police dogs is the German Shepherd. You’ve likely spotted them in airports, schools, and arenas over the years—and German Shepherds top nearly every list of K9 dog breeds for good reason. 

Known for their courage, intelligence and unflinching loyalty, German shepherds can assist in virtually any area of police work, from sniffing out drugs and explosives to apprehending or restraining a fleeing suspect. “They’re very strong dogs, both physically and mentally,” Parsnow says. “They’ve been bred for exactly the kind of [police] work that they’re doing.”

Belgian Malinois

These lean, muscular herding dogs are known for being smart, protective, and very high energy—all characteristics that make them one of the best police dog breeds. For K9 breeds, “you want dogs that are go-go-go nonstop and live to work,” Parsnow says, and Malinois fit that bill. 

Like shepherds, “these dogs are very high in prey and hunt drives,” she adds, “so they’re always tempted to chase cats. But those are the characteristics we look for—in order to teach this work, they have to have those drives.”

Dutch Shepherds

Like German Shepherds and Belgian Malinois, Dutch Shepherds are among the top choices for police K9 breeds that perform “dual-purpose” police work—that is, a combination of detection-based jobs and roles that are more active, such as patrol and apprehension. 

Ranked at the highest energy level among dogs by the American Kennel Club, Dutch shepherds were originally bred as all-purpose farm dogs. Today their loyalty, intellect, athleticism, and drive to work make them one of the more popular types of police dogs.

Labrador Retrievers

The Labrador Retriever’s friendly and social personality, combined with their intelligence and enthusiasm for hard work, land them among the most common police dog breeds. Labs typically train for detection work (finding drugs or explosives) or trailing/tracking (finding missing people), and their outgoing natures and high energy make them ideal fits for these tasks, according to Neil Day, who owns All Day Dog Adventures, LLC and has trained numerous dogs with the National Search and Rescue Dog Association. 

“They could be finding a little old lady or a young child,” Day notes, so a gentle, amiable temperament is key. And on those not-uncommon days of 10-hour searches through the forest, “you need a dog that’s got high drive and super energy,” he adds.

German Short-Haired Pointers

Like labs, these dogs were originally bred to help with hunting—seeking out prey, pointing at it, and retrieving it—while still being friendly family dogs. Smart, ultra-energetic and eager to please, GSPs are often assigned to similar detection and tracking work as labs. And like Labs, “we love them because they have the drive and the natural desire to hunt and work, but they’re also very social dogs and usually fit right in with handlers’ families,” Parsnow says.

Bloodhounds

While all dogs have a fantastic sense of smell, Bloodhounds are famous for their determined and skillful sniffing. Police often use these keen, persistent trackers to find missing people and locate criminals. With their droopy faces, wrinkled brows and propensity for stringy drool, Bloodhounds are also a friendly-looking bunch, making them a perfect match for finding missing children. (Looks aside, they’re also a breed that’s generally very good with kids.) 

Bonus: Mixed and Unexpected Breeds

There are certainly exceptions, additions, and even surprises to this list of popular K9 breeds. Many mixed breeds and shelter rescues have become successful members of various police forces around the country. And especially when it comes to detection or search and rescue, “many different breeds can be used if they have the right temperament,” Day says. The only ones he’s seen struggle a bit are short-nosed breeds like Bulldogs or Frenchies.

“Motivation is the biggest key,” adds Parsnow. “We’ve trained all kinds of different dogs for detection work. In fact, right now we have a Dachshund, and he does it just fine. You wouldn’t expect him, but he has all the characteristics for a detection and trailing dog. If a dog has those characteristics—the prey drive, the hunt drive, the sociability, the want to possess a toy—then the dog can do the job,” she says, regardless of its size, breed or lineage.

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As a pet, the German Shepherd is an obedient and playful companion. This muscular and agile dog is best suited for an active family. 

Keep reading to learn about this fascinating dog breed and find out how you can call one your next best friend.  

History and Origin

As the name suggests, this confident canine originated in Germany and was used primarily for herding sheep. German cavalry officer, Captain Max von Stephanitz, further developed the breed to become an ideal herder and started the first canine club devoted to the breed in the late 1800s. 

German Shepherds became one of the few breeds to accompany both German and Allied soldiers in both the world wars. The services these canines provided throughout the Second World War helped increase their popularity in the United States.

German Shepherds (also known as GSDs), became popular in the United States in the early 1900s after the wars, mostly due to the popularity of movie stars like Rin-Tin-Tin and Strongheart. The decline of herding in the modern world led to the use of GSDs in law enforcement and the military. 

The American Kennel Club accepted the German Shepherd in 1908 in the herding breed category. Today, professionally trained GSDs can be seen protecting our cities and towns as K-9 officers alongside their police guardians, sniffing out bombs, helping our soldiers in wars, and participating in search and rescue missions after natural and man-made disasters. The obedient and charismatic German Shepherd also has a loyal following of people eager to call them their pets. 

German Shepherd Physical Characteristics

A wide and wedge-shaped head with erect and pointed ears are a German Shepherd’s most distinctive features. The dog is large in size, with a double coat, long body, 

bushy tail and sturdy legs, which he uses to stride confidently. His hair is typically tan with a black “saddle” on the top and sides. These dogs can also be red and black in color. 

Females tend to be 22-24 inches tall and weigh 50-70 pounds, and males 24-26 inches tall and weigh 65-90 pounds. German Shepherds reach adulthood between 1 and 3 years. 

German Shepherd Temperament

Because German Shepherds tend to be aloof and wary of strangers, they are often misunderstood as aggressive. However, these intelligent and versatile dogs, when properly trained, are loyal and protective of their humans. 

Dr. Erin Downes, owner of Paoli Vetcare in Pennsylvania, says that German Shepherds are loyal and affectionate. “Their innate guarding instinct and strong pack instinct makes them more likely to stick close to their person at all times.” she says.  

The highly valued qualities of a German Shepherd are what makes them excel in professions and situations where a protective nature is lauded. “German Shepherds are highly intelligent, extremely loyal, but often wary of strangers; this is why they make great personal security dogs,” says Dr. Jamie Richardson of Small Door Veterinary in New York City.  

German Shepherds can do well with children and pets if they are raised with them as they tend to form strong bonds and become extremely loyal to their family. “If, however, they are not raised in a family with other pets or children, they may not be as suitable, since German Shepherds are often wary of strangers,” states Richardson. 

Richardson adds that early and regular socialization is crucial. “Owners should ensure they are regularly exposed to children/other pets, and provide consistent training,” she says.  

German Shepherd Care Guide

These active and double-coated dogs need plenty of exercise and regular grooming. Their strong, muscular bodies thrive on a quality diet. Being a German Shepherd parent requires time and commitment for the dog’s training, mental and physical stimulation, and welfare. Here, we’ve broken down their needs to help you better prepare. 

Diet and Nutrition

German Shepherds do not have any special dietary needs. “They simply need a high-quality dog food that is appropriate for their life stage (puppy/adult/senior) and size (large breed),” says Richardson. She recommends food with an AAFCO statement, which certifies that it is nutritionally complete for their life stage. 

Additionally, because we are dealing with a large breed dog, Richardson suggests pet parents add Omega fatty acid supplements to their dog’s diet that “can help support joint and skin health.” 

Exercise and Activity

The German Shepherd’s intelligence can be both a pro and a con. According to Richardson, “They are capable of learning many commands and tasks, but they also require a great deal of mental and physical stimulation.”  

Because these dogs were bred to be working dogs, pet parents need to provide them with enough exercise and stimulation. They thrive while partaking in activities such as agility training and swimming lessons.

If proper physical stimulation is not provided, Richardson warns that “they may develop compulsive behaviors or turn to destructive behaviors to keep themselves entertained.” 

Grooming and Nail Care

The double coat of a German Shepherd is easy to maintain. “They require weekly brushing, and occasional baths,” says Richardson. “They may shed profusely once or twice a year.”

“If you don’t keep up with grooming, expect large ‘tumbleweeds’ of shed hair around the house,” says Downes. 

Nails should be trimmed every six to 10 weeks to prevent overgrown claws. 

German Shepherd Health Issues

As a large-breed dog, German Shepherds are impacted by a couple of common health conditions. Here’s what you should watch for.

Hip Dysplasia: Large breed dogs like German Shepherd suffer from hip dysplasia. If you are getting a German Shepherd puppy from a breeder, Richardson suggests checking “the sire/dam (parents) carefully to ensure the breeder has had them undergo appropriate hip screenings.” These dogs may also suffer from elbow dysplasia. 

Hip dysplasia can be managed with weight management, dietary joint supplements, anti-inflammatory medication, physical therapy, and in severe cases surgery. 

Allergies: German Shepherds are also prone to suffering from allergies and pet parents need to be vigilant about monitoring signs of allergy and getting them help as soon as possible. Symptoms, according to Richardson, include “itchiness, incessant scratching or licking, red or swollen patches of skin, and hair loss.” 

Bloat: Downes says that German Shepherds can have other health issues such as “GDV — gastric dilatation-volvulus, also known as bloat. Gastric Dilatation-volvulus is a dangerous condition where a dog’s stomach turns on itself. This life-threatening form of bloat requires emergency treatment. 

Spinal Disease: Spinal disease like degenerative myelopathy may also impact German Shepherds. This is an incurable condition that affects the nerves of the spinal cord, causing gradual loss of mobility and feeling in the limbs. 

If you have concerns about any of these health problems, discuss them with your veterinarian. 

Interesting German Shepherd Facts

German Shepherds are soon to become even more popular in the country. Find out why and learn interesting and notable facts about these canines. 

A rescued German Shepherd is about to become the First Dog of the United States for the first time ever with President-elect Biden moving into the white house in January. The Biden family adopted a GSD named Major from the Delaware Humane Association in 2018. The family has another German Shepherd named Champ. 

Canine movie and TV stars like Rin-Tin-Tin and Strongheart solidified the GSD popularity in the United States. Strongheart’s film debut took place in 1921 in an outdoor adventure film, The Silent Cal. Rin-Tin-Tin was not only one of the most famous movie stars who appeared in several movies between 1922 and 1931, he was also famous for being rescued by an American soldier during WWI. 

More recently, Sam in I am Legend, became the star of the apocalyptic sci-fi movie featuring Will Smith. 

During WWII, German Shepherds helped by transporting messages, locating wounded soldiers, and patrolling alongside officers.  

A majority of seeing eye dogs currently are Retrievers and Labradors, but the first dog to help the blind was a German Shepherd. “The Seeing Eye,” was founded by Mrs. Harrison Eustis and a 20-year-old blind man named Morris Frank in 1928 for the purpose of providing trained dogs to guide the blind. 

Popular German Shepherd Mixes

See below for some of the most common German Shepherd mixes: 

German Shepherd Husky mix: Gorgeous mix of German Shepherd with the blue-eyed Husky.    

German Shepherd Golden Retriever mix: This blend of two popular dogs—GSD and Golden Retriever—makes for one beautiful dog. 

German Shepherd Corgi mix: For those looking for a smaller dog, this cross between a GSD and Corgi is a good choice.  

German Shephrador: This cross between a GSD and the popular Labrador Retriever is an ideal mix that is both protective of their loved ones and friendly towards others. 

German Shepherd Adoption Tips and Things to Consider

German Shepherd puppies are adorable, and people who get them have no idea what they are in for. When these puppies grow into adults, they often end up in shelters or breed-specific rescues because their guardians have relinquished them. 

Two main reasons that are often cited for surrendering are excessive shedding and aggressive behavior towards children. As mentioned earlier, proper training and socialization is needed at an early age for German Shepherds to get along with kids and other pets. 

That said, when getting an adult German Shepherd from the shelter or rescue, give him time to adjust and invest in dog training, especially training that includes positive reinforcement.

Below are German Shepherd rescues potential pet parents can reach out to to add a new furry family member: 

• The German Shepherd Rescue and Adoption Group
• The German Shepherd Dog Club of America
• Mid-Atlantic German Shepherd Rescue
• Shepherds Hope Rescue
• All Shepherd Rescue 

German Shepherd FAQs  

Before bringing home a German Shepherd, it’s important for you to arm yourself with essential information. Here, we answer some of the most frequently asked questions about this active and athletic dog breed.

Do German Shepherds Shed? 

Yes, these dogs shed excessively. Pet parents should be ready for regular brushing and to deal with a lot of hair when German Shepherds go through seasonal shedding. 

Are German Shepherds Good with Kids? 

If the dog is raised alongside growing kids and is properly trained, he is more likely to get along with them. Parents should devote time to training and socialization early to ensure interactions between children and a German Shepherd go smoothly.

How Big Do German Shepherds Get? 

German Shepherds stand 22 to 26 inches in height and weigh between 50 and 80 pounds. A male dog can get up to 90 pounds!

Are German Shepherds Aggressive? 

They are not an aggressive breed. However, German Shepherds can express destructive behavior when not property socialized and trained. 

How Fast Can a German Shepherd Run? 

They can run up to 30 mph. Their athleticism is one of the reasons they are used regularly as police and military dogs. 

When Do German Shepherds’ Ears Stand Up? 

These dogs are born with their ears down, but they become erect at around 4-5 months of age.

Pictures of German Shepherds

With their athletic builds and distinct coloring, German Shepherd dogs are easy on the eyes. Plus, we love how expressive they look when they let their tongues hang out!

If you’re a fan, browse through our collection of pictures of German Shepherds to get a feel for the personality traits and characteristics that make them so lovable.

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Dr. Jerry Klein, an emergency and critical care veterinarian with more than 35 years experience and chief veterinary officer of the American Kennel Club (AKC), explains that big dog breeds known for their fluffiness were no accident—they were bred that way to perform certain tasks and excel in specific environments. 

“When we’re talking about standard dog breeds, their physical attributes—like fur length and texture—aren’t arbitrary,” he says. “Those attributes are based on the function that those breeds were bred to have. Almost all of the big fluffy breeds were, at one time, working breeds.”

What Makes a Dog Fluffy?

Before we dive into the specific breeds, it’s worth covering what makes a dog fluffy. Heather Cameron, a certified dog groomer and owner of Good Dog Grooming in Glen Gardner, New Jersey, says that the fluffiest dog breeds have a double coat. “That means that their fur has two layers; an outer layer and an undercoat,” she explains.  

It’s the combination of the two that make fluffy dogs so fluffy.

Klein adds that the undercoat helps insulate dogs from cold and wet weather, which is especially important when a dog was bred for a certain kind of work.

10 Big Fluffy Dog Breeds

Ready to be overwhelmed by fluff? Here are 10 big, fully dog breeds you should know.

Alaskan Malamute

Alaskan Malamutes have “big, dense coats that are very, very thick to protect them from the extremely cold elements in Arctic climates,” Klein describes. 

These dogs are one of the oldest Arctic sled breeds and were bred to help transport goods over long distances. Alaskan Malamutes are typically a combination of white and either gray, black, or sable (brown or tan fur with black). They have white faces and big fluffy tails. 

Bernese Mountain Dog

While Bernese Mountain Dogs aren’t quite as furry as Alaskan Malamutes, they have a similar fur texture. “They’re from Switzerland, so they had to be accustomed to cold climates,” Klein explains. These dogs have a distinctive black, brown, and white coat and they shed a lot. 

Bernese dogs should be brushed weekly most of the years, but during shedding season they should be brushed daily to keep their coats looking great. 

Chow Chow

Though they aren’t the biggest dogs on this list, Chow Chows boasts an impressive amount of super-cuddly fur. 

One of the oldest dog breeds, Chow Chows originated in China and are known for the immense “lion’s-mane” ruff that goes around their head and shoulders. Chow Chows can have black, gray, brown, white, or red fur. They should be brushed at least twice a week and the wrinkles in their faces have to be cleaned regularly.

Collie

While Collies are on the smaller side of big fluffy dogs, they may be among the fluffiest, so we’re including them in this list. Collies should be brushed regularly to prevent matting.

“Collie fur is a little dryer than most fluffy dogs because of the terrain they were bred to function in,” Klein says. While most people picture collies as tan and white, they come in a variety of color combinations.

Great Pyrenees

Great Pyrenees dogs are big, fluffy fellows with long white fur. They were first bred hundreds of years ago in the Pyrenees Mountains to protect sheep. Their coats are tangle-resistant, but still require diligence from pet parents. As with other fluffy dog breeds, regular brushing will help keep shedding under control. 

Leonberger

Leonbergers are enormous dogs that can weigh up to 170 pounds. While they may look imposing, they’re generally sweet dogs and make good family pets. 

They are not low-maintenance, though. Leonberger dogs should be brushed every day, and benefit from a more thorough grooming at least once per week. These guys shed a lot, but daily brushing should help control the amount of fur left around the house.

Newfoundland

Black and white and furry all over, Newfoundland dogs were bred to be water rescue dogs. “The Newfoundland was basically meant to go in cold water and rescue people. They were often kept on boats,” explains Klein. “Their fur has a more water-resistant texture than other dogs and is a little oiler to better repel water,” 

Like most of the other dogs on this list, Newfoundlands should be brushed at least once a week.

Old English Sheepdog

These gray and white living balls of fluff are known for their easy-going nature. They are also one of the only double-coated dogs that may get trimmed at the groomer. “You almost never trim a double-coated dog,” Cameron says. “But we make an exception for Old English Sheepdogs. Otherwise, their fur would get out of control.” 

Between professional grooming sessions, pet parents should brush out Old English Sheepdogs on a weekly basis.

Samoyed

Samoyeds originated in Siberia, so a thick, warm coat was essential to their survival. Klein notes that Samoyeds have a similar coat to the Alaskan Malamute—a course and thick outer coat protecting a soft, wooly undercoat. Samoyeds are typically light-colored and also require daily brushing.

Tibetan Mastiff

The Tibetan Mastiff breed is so old that no one really knows when it actually originated. They do know where it originated, though: The Himalayas. 

“Some of the most difficult weather in the world is in the Himalayas,” Klein notes. “These very imposing guard dogs had to have a lot of fur to be able to weather that climate.” 

Tibetan Mastiffs have a wooly undercoat and their fur is actually pretty easy to maintain. They should be brushed out once a week and pet parents should untangle any knots they find.

How to Care for Your Big Fluffy Dog

Caring for a large dog with a whole lot of fur can be challenging, and people who are looking to bring a big fluffy dog into their homes should be sure they understand the care requirements of one of these cuddly beasts before taking the plunge.

Grooming Necessities

First and foremost, big fluffy dog parents must commit to regularly grooming their dogs—and that doesn’t mean a cursory, two-minute brushing once a month. “Many people don’t brush their dogs thoroughly enough, which means when it’s time for the dog to get groomed, things are usually much worse than they look,” Cameron says. “The top layer looks nice, but there’s sometimes more than two inches of fur that didn’t get brushed, and that can lead to mats, hotspots, and other skin and fur problems.” 

Mats in particular can be an issue for big fluffy dogs. They occur when fur becomes so knotted that it starts to pull on the dog’s skin. Klein says that if a fluffy dog has a mat, do not cut it with scissors; the risk of cutting your dog is too great. “You should gently work the mat apart with your fingers and be sure to brush it out completely,” he recommends.

When bathing a large dog with lots of fur, Klein also says that pet parents should be sure to rinse away all of the shampoo. “Rinsing a dog off should take longer than shampooing,” he says. “Shampoo that isn’t rinsed away can cause dry, flaky skin.”

Nutritional Needs

Beyond grooming, large fluffy dogs need to eat a solid diet to keep their skin and fur healthy. According to Klein, this shouldn’t be an issue if you feed your dog a high-quality dog food. 

“I think that these days, quality pet food manufacturers work really hard to include the right amount of nutrients,” he says. “However, if a large breed dog with lots of fur is on a low-quality diet, that could cause issues and you may need to supplement.”

Love and Cuddles

Above all else, pet parents should be prepared to shower their pup with love. “There’s a reason that big, fluffy dog breeds are so popular,” Klein says. “They are usually wonderful companions and the amount of joy they bring counteracts any excessive hair that you may have in your home. There’s just nothing better than snuggling up with them on a cold night.”

The post 10 Big Fluffy Dog Breeds You Can’t Help But Cuddle appeared first on Great Pet Care.

It is undoubtedly scary to see your dog acting so strange, but there are steps your veterinarian can take to help your dog recover. First, you’ll need to understand what ataxia is and how it can affect your dog.

What is Ataxia?

Ataxia is a catch-all term used to describe a lack of coordination caused by a problem in your dog’s nervous system. Dogs with ataxia typically have an abnormal swaying gait and difficulty maintaining their balance. 

Ataxia is not a medical condition in and of itself, and it always occurs as a symptom of an underlying medical condition.  

Types of Ataxia in Dogs

When veterinarians are trying to diagnose the underlying cause of ataxia, it is sometimes helpful to identify the specific type of ataxia that is occurring. Ataxia can generally be broken down into three categories:

General Proprioceptive Ataxia. This type of ataxia occurs when your dog’s nervous system has problems determining where the body is located in space. This is often characterized by swaying, stumbling, falling, and dragging one or more limbs.

Cerebellar Ataxia. This type of ataxia is caused by problems in the cerebellum, which is the part of the brain responsible for coordinating movement. Cerebellar ataxia is often characterized by a swaying head and exaggerated movements of the limbs.

Vestibular Ataxia. The final type of ataxia is caused by a problem in your dog’s inner ear or brainstem. Dogs with this type of ataxia will typically stumble and fall to one side, but sometimes both sides can be affected.

Causes of Ataxia in Dogs

Ataxia does not occur by itself and it is always a symptom of an underlying injury or illness. There are a multitude of conditions that can cause ataxia in dogs, and these are just a few of the most common ones:  

• Middle or inner ear infection
• Old Dog Vestibular Disease (also called Idiopathic Vestibular Disease)
• Congenital abnormalities
• Tumors of the brain or spinal cord
• Intervertebral disc disease
• Degenerative myelopathy
• Fibrocartilagenous embolism
• Electrolyte imbalances
• Toxin ingestion
• Medication overdose
• Trauma to the brain or spinal cord
• Infection or inflammation affecting the brain or spinal cord

Many of these conditions are serious and delays in treatment can result in permanent damage. If your dog is showing symptoms of ataxia, it is extremely important to see your veterinarian right away.

Symptoms of Ataxia in Dogs

Depending on the underlying cause, ataxia may appear suddenly or may come on gradually.  In some cases, ataxia may be progressive and it will worsen over time.  

If your dog is experiencing ataxia, you may notice symptoms such as:

• Swaying gait
• Wobbling
• Appearing drunk
• Dragging one or more feet when walking
• Crossing the legs when walking
• Difficulty maintaining balance
• Staggering or falling
• Wide-based stance
• Exaggerated limb movements

These symptoms can indicate a potentially severe problem for your dog. As soon as you notice symptoms of ataxia, it is time to consult your veterinarian for advice.

Diagnosing Causes of Ataxia in Dogs

Ataxia can be caused by many different conditions, so your veterinarian will need to perform some diagnostic testing to look for the underlying cause of the ataxia. Your veterinary visit will typically start with a thorough history. A member of the veterinary team will ask you detailed questions about your dog’s health, behavior, and environment. Then your veterinarian will perform some or all of the following tests:

Physical Examination. Your veterinarian will perform a full head-to-tail examination on your dog. This will include listening to your dog’s heart and lungs, taking vitals, and palpating your dog’s spine and limbs, all of which can provide more information about the underlying cause of the ataxia.

Neurologic Examination. Your veterinarian may perform a neurologic exam on your dog.  This includes evaluating your dog’s reflexes, posture, and gait. This type of examination can help your veterinarian determine which parts of your dog’s nervous system are affected.

Blood Work. A complete blood count and biochemistry panel will be performed to look for conditions such as infection, inflammation, electrolyte imbalances, and organ system dysfunction which may be causing your dog’s ataxia.  

Diagnostic Imaging. Your veterinarian may recommend X-rays or an ultrasound to further evaluate the underlying cause of your dog’s ataxia. In severe cases, a CT scan or MRI may be recommended to identify the part of your dog’s nervous system that is affected.

How to Treat Ataxia in Dogs

The treatment for ataxia focuses on identifying and addressing the underlying cause of the neurologic dysfunction. Some conditions that cause ataxia in dogs may be treated or even cured with medication alone, while others may require surgery to correct the problem.  

In some cases, such as severe infections or ingestion of a toxin, your dog may need to be hospitalized for more intensive care. 

Once the condition that caused the ataxia has been diagnosed, your veterinarian will be able to discuss your dog’s treatment options with you. 

General Cost to Treat Ataxia

Because so many conditions can lead to ataxia, it is difficult to estimate how much it will cost to treat your dog. Some cases may require advanced diagnostics and referral to a specialist, which can quickly become expensive.  

Pet owners should expect to spend anywhere from a few hundred to several thousand dollars to diagnose and treat ataxia in a dog.

How to Prevent Dogs from Getting Ataxia

Ataxia is caused by a wide variety of medical conditions, but some of them can be prevented through good wellness care. Ensuring that your dog eats a nutritious diet, maintains a healthy weight, and stays up-to-date on vaccinations and routine veterinary care can help prevent some common causes of ataxia.  

You should also be sure to keep any medications, household chemicals, and other toxins well out of your dog’s reach.  

Related Conditions

• Vestibular Disease
• Intervertebral Disc Disease
• Canine Distemper
• Degenerative Myelopathy
• Fibrocartilagenous Embolism

The post Ataxia in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Read on to learn everything you need to know about this fantastic cat breed.   

History and Origin

The Maine Coon is endemic to the United States, originating from Maine, where it was named the official cat of the state. It’s estimated that around 1850, long-haired cats from Asia and Europe, brought onboard ships to control mice, mated with local short-haired cats to create our modern-day Maine Coon. 

This majestic cat boasts thick fur on her chest, belly, and back, a strong build, and a brush-like tail. The animal’s bushy ringtail resembles that of a raccoon’s, adding the word “Coon” to its name. 

There were several myths associated with the origins of Maine Coon, one which involved the polarizing figure of Marie Antoinette. Legend has it that her six Turkish Angora cats made it onto a ship during a rescue mission. While the queen didn’t make the ship, her pets continued on and reached Maine where they interbred with local cats and created the big Maine Coon. 

Some believe that these foreign cats interbred with bobcats, resulting in large cats with tufted ears. Another myth revolves around the impossible—mating with racoons. Regardless of how these cats came to be, there is no denying that the end result is a stunning and loving cat that has stolen our hearts. 

The CFA (Cat Fanciers’ Association) accepted the breed under provisional status in 1975, and approved it for championship status a year later. In 1980, Maine Coons were imported to the United Kingdom and were fully accepted into the Federation Internationale Feline in 1982 and the Governing Council of Cat Fancy (GCCF) in 1993. 

Maine Coon Physical Characteristics

Maine Coons are among the largest cat breeds, third after the Ragdoll and the Norweighian Forest Cat. They show a close resemblance to the Norwegian Skogkatt (Forest Cat). The Maine Coon is easily identified by her massive size, lion-like mane, long hair, and bushy tail. 

According to the The Governing Council of the Cat Fancy, this cat breed has a rectangular, muscular body and a broad chest. An adult male can weigh up to 18 pounds and be 16 inches tall, and a female up to 12 pounds and up to 14 inches tall. The Maine Coon size doesn’t reach its full potential until 3 to 5 years old. 

Maine Coons come in a variety of colors, from black, ginger, white, blue (gray), and cream and feature solid, bi-color, smoke, or tabby patterns. 

Their thick, water-resistant coat and dense tail keeps them insulated during harsh winters. Their eyes come in colors of green, copper, and blue and have no relation to the color of the coat. Their ears, with their tufts of pointed hair, resemble those of a lynx. 

What Is the Temperament of a Maine Coon?

Loyal, docile, and affectionate are words that describe a Maine Coon’s personality. You are lucky to call this friendly and fuzzy feline a family member. “Most of the Maine Coon cats that I see in my clinic are very sweet cats,” says Dr. Sara Ochoa of Whitehouse Veterinary Hospital in Texas. “They are affectionate and loving. These cats can be very smart and loyal to their owners.”

If you are looking for a cat that loves to be around family and does well with kids and pets, a Maine Coon is your best bet. “This breed is great with kids and adapts well to a house with other pets. They love to play with other cats or dogs,” says Ochoa. Maine Coons, while great with exercise and mental enrichment, can also be lazy and sleep all day, she adds.   

“Like all breeds of cats, they can be stubborn and want to be independent,” says Christine Kolenz of Only Maine Coons Rescue. “They are typically smart cats who are big goof balls.”  

Maine Coon Care Guide

Taking care of a Maine Coon involves some commitment, especially to maintain their long, luscious hair. Plenty of exercise and playtime can help these cats lead enriching lives. Annual and semi-annual veterinary visits help to identify and prevent any genetic health issues. 

Diet and Nutrition

Pet parents tend to overfeed Maine Coons in an attempt to get them fluffier. Given that these felines take years to reach their full size, it’s important to give them food in moderation as they have a propensity to obesity. Consult with the veterinarian to discuss the right diet for your Maine Coon. 

“Talk to your veterinarian about a well-balanced diet that supports growth of healthy bone structures, and builds a healthy gut for a good immune system later on,” says Dr. Lily Chen of Point Vicente Animal Hospital in Rancho Palos Verdes, California.     

Exercise and Activity

These New England cats have adapted to thrive in the natural environment and hence enjoy spending time outdoors. A house with a fenced backyard or an enclosed catio where they can play is ideal. If the cat mainly stays indoors, exercise and enrichment in the form of scratching posts, climbing trees, and interactive toys are needed. Kittens, Kolenz says, “need more time, attention and playtime.” Recommended playtime ranges from 20 to 40 minutes a day. 

Both Maine Coon kittens and adults love getting attention from their humans. For their daily needs, make sure to provide them with a large enough litter box that can fit their big bodies. 

Grooming

Maine Coons don’t shed more than other cats, but due to their long hair, it’s more noticeable. Frequent brushing and grooming can help reduce shedding and prevent hair from matting. “These cats have long hair that needs brushing daily to keep them from matting,” says Ochoa. 

Bathing is sometimes necessary to prevent hair from getting matted. “Most cats do not like baths, so unless you are prepared for a battle, use a waterless shampoo,” recommends Kolenz. “I use a flea comb to get close to the skin to brush the mats out.”

Maine Coon Health Issues

Maine Coons are genetically predisposed to certain health issues. Here are the ones you should be aware of

Heart Disease: “The most significant and prevalent heart disease we see with the Maine Coon is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM),” says Chen. “It is believed to be due to genetic mutations, and tests are available to test for possible mutation.”

According to Ochoa, HCM happens when the chambers of the cat’s heart are smaller than they should be, which decreases the blood flow around the body. While the disease can start early in life, it’s most often diagnosed when Maine Coons are around 7 to 10 years, adds Ochoa. 

To prevent this genetic mutation, Chen states that “responsible Maine coon breeders should have the parents tested and screened for this issue prior to breeding.” 

Hip Dysplasia: Another issue veterinarians typically see in Maine Coons is hip dysplasia (malformed hip joints) and predisposition to arthritis later in life. 

Spinal Problems: Additionally, Chen says that Maine Coons suffer from spinal muscular atrophy. “This is a disease similar in people where progressive loss of muscular function is seen.”

Interesting Maine Coon Facts

Maine Coons are very vocal. These friendly fluffballs love to follow their humans around and communicate by meowing, trilling, and chirping. Trilling is a combination of meowing and purring. 

They are also fond of water: Unlike most cats, Maine Coons love the water, and revel in playing with water in the sink or shower tub. They are also capable of swimming. 

They break world records: In 2010, Stewie made the Guinness Book of Records for being the world’s longest domestic cat. He was 48.5 inches long when stretched out. Currently, Ludo, another Maine Coon, held the title of the longest domestic cat in the world in 2015. The 26-year-old Corduroy, a Maine Coon-mix, became the record holder for the oldest living domestic cat in 2015. Sadly, he escaped his home a year later and was never found.  

They are famous: Maine Coons garnered tons of popularity for appearing in the Harry Potter franchize as Mrs. Norris, the beloved cat of Mr. Filch, who patrols the corridors of the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. 

The breed is first to be cloned: The first commercially cloned pet was a Maine Coon. In 2004, a cat named Little Nicky, was cloned by Genetic Savings & Clone for a fee of $50,000 for a woman in Texas.  

Maine Coon Adoption Tips 

There are two ways of getting a purebred Maine Coon—purchasing one from a reputable breeder or going through a breed-specific rescue. If a Maine Coon ends up in a shelter, it may or may not be a purebred, given that in most circumstances the animal is abandoned or surrendered without any paperwork registering them as a purebred cat. When purchasing from a reputable breeder, the price for a Maine Coon can be anywhere from $800 to $2,000. 

Maine Coon rescue groups like Only Maine Coons Rescue work with Maine coon mixes taken from shelters and pure breeds that are surrendered from owners, with the latter requiring registration papers. Cats adopted with papers cost more. Only Maine Coons Rescue adopts out their kittens at $200 and adult cats from $175. Purebred cats of any age with papers go from $225 to $350.   

“If buying from a breeder, make sure to research a lot as there are a lot of scammers,” recommends Kolenz. She also recommends searching for Maine Coons online and on Social Media like Facebook. 

See below for some breed-specific Maine Coon rescues in the U.S. 

• Only Maine Coons Rescue, located in New Jersey, is a volunteer-run group that rescues Maine Coon purebred and mixed cats and kittens from shelters and unwanted situations and places them in foster homes until they find their forever homes. 
• Maine Coon Rescue, located in Lerona, West Virginia is a nationwide rescue run by a network of volunteers. They rescue abandoned, abused, homeless and surrendered Maine Coons, regardless of their registration. 
• East Coast Maine Coon Rescue, spread across several Northeastern states, is also a volunteer run rescue with a mission to protect Maine Coons from kill shelters and horrible conditions. 

Maine Coon FAQs 

These affectionate fluffballs make great family pets and wonderful companions. But before bringing a Maine Coon into your home, find out everything you need to know with these frequently asked questions.

How Big Do Maine Coon Cats Get?

An adult male can weigh anywhere from 13 to 18 pounds and an adult female from 8 to 12 pounds. They stand between 10-16 inches tall.

Do Maine Coon Cats Shed?

Maine Coon cats have longer hair, but they don’t shed anymore than your average cat. They are just more noticeable. 

Are Maine Coon Cats Hypoallergenic?

They are not hypoallergenic, as they do produce allergens. 

Are Maine Coon Cats Aggressive?

Maine Coons are not aggressive, but proper socialization at an early age is needed to avoid accidental aggressive behavior. 

Are Maine Coon Cats Good Family Pets?

These loyal and loving cats make wonderful family pets, so long as they are given the proper attention and care. They are traditionally good with children and other household dogs and cats. 

Pictures of Maine Coon Cats

Due to their sweet natures and playful antics, we can flip through pictures of Maine Coon cats all day long. If you feel the same way, browse this gallery showing off the traits, colorings, and characteristics of these fluffy felines.

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These hairless cats make great family pets—especially for those who don’t want to clean up cat hair. To learn more about the Sphynx, just keep on reading.

History and Origin

Hairless cats have been around for centuries, and ancient civilizations—including the Aztec civilization—shared their lives with hairless breeds. There are multiple types of hairless cats, which happens due to a naturally occurring gene mutation. However, the Sphynx cat is distinct from other hairless breeds and is often called the Canadian Sphynx or Canadian Hairless.

The Canadian moniker comes from a Toronto litter in the 1960s. A hairless kitten named Prune (because of his wrinkles, presumably) was born to a traditional fur-coated kitty. Breeders decided to see if they could produce more hairless cats. When Prune was old enough, they cross-bred him with his mother (a common breeding practice.)  

Sure enough, that union produced more hairless cats, and the Sphynx cat breed was born. 

Today, the Sphynx is recognized by the reputable cat breeder’s associations. According to Cyndee Hill, who breeds Sphynx cats at Pin Up Cats and is the Sphynx Breed council secretary for The Cat Fanciers’ Association, 95 percent of the world’s feline organizations recognize the Sphynx breed. These organizations include the Cat Fanciers’ Association (CFA), The International Cat Association (TICA), and the American Cat Fanciers’ Association (ACFA). 

Sphynx Cat Physical Characteristics

One misconception about the Sphynx cat is that they’re bald, but that’s not true. Most have a soft down that makes for suede-like skin. They also have distinctive faces. 

Large, pointy ears top triangular-shaped heads. They have pronounced cheekbones like a fashion model and almond-shaped eyes, while wrinkly skin gathers around their neck and legs. 

Sphynx cats come in a range of colors, just like traditional fur-covered cats, but the pigment is in their skin. Sphynx cats can be solid colors (black, white, cream, gray, brown) or patterned (tortoiseshell, pointed, etc.).

Sphynx cats typically measure 8-10 inches in height and most weigh under 12 pounds. These hairless cats live on average 10-15 years. 

Hill says that Sphynx cats are considered adults at 8 months of age, though they may continue growing until a year old.  

Sphynx Cat Personality Traits

The hairless Sphynx cat is playful and affectionate. “They’re very affectionate and loving,” Hill says. “They want to be held and treated like a baby. It’s part of their charm.”

The Sphynx cat loves people of all ages, including children, and they’re good with other animals, including dogs. Unlike some cats who like to tuck themselves in a closet for hours, the Sphynx likes to be with you when you’re home. 

“They’re very co-dependent,” says Shauntay Burris, breed committee chair at TICA and Sphynx breeder at Scantily Clad Sphynx. “They’re also an energetic breed until 3-4 years old, and then they’re lazy.” 

The Sphynx breed is also highly intelligent. “I’ve had more than one family call me and say their Sphynx has learned how to use the toilet,” Hill says. 

Sphynx Cat Care Guide

One big misconception about the Sphynx is that they’re low maintenance—but that’s far from the truth. Hill explains that the Sphynx breed requires regular bathing and grooming to keep their skin healthy.  

Those considering adopting or buying one of these hairless cats should do their research on the grooming requirements. “They need regular baths—you have to wipe their faces and keep their nails clipped,” adds Hill.

Sphynx cats also get cold easily due to their lack of a fur coat. You’ll find these felines looking for warm places to nap, and many of them will tolerate wearing sweaters or other warm clothes. If they’re outside in the sun, they can sunburn, so you’ll want to protect them with clothes, cat-safe sunscreen, or by keeping them in the shade. 

Besides grooming, Sphynx cats demand attention. If you’re considering Sphynx cat adoption, you’ll want to have other pets or family members to help entertain your kitty. 

Diet and Nutrition 

Sphynx cats have a fast metabolism because their bodies are always working to keep them warm. As a result, they like to eat frequent meals.

Burris says you can estimate a Sphynx cat to eat about 6 percent of their body weight a day. “It depends on their activity level, age, whether they’re spayed or neutered, but a 12-pound cat can eat 6-12 ounces a day,” she explains. “Kittens could double that.” 

Both Hill and Burris say they feed their Sphynx cats a raw diet, but Burris explains that it’s important to speak to your veterinarian or a pet nutritionist if you’re looking to feed raw food. “It’s not a diet for everyone to just pick up because it’s dangerous if it’s not balanced,” she adds. 

There are nutritionally balanced, commercial raw foods on the market. Or you can choose traditional canned or kibble cat food. As always, it’s a good idea to talk with your veterinarian about the right diet for your cat’s age and activity level. 

Exercise and Activity 

The Sphynx is sociable, smart, and energetic. That means they need lots of attention to keep them occupied.

The Cornell Feline Health Center newsletter, Catwatch, says you can teach a Sphynx to do almost anything, including “shake” and retrieve. They need a healthy mix of both physical and mental exercise to keep them happy. 

“One of the most important things I stress is interacting with your cat. Take an hour a night and play with them,” Burris says. “The additional benefit is they sleep through the entire night. It makes for a happier cat.”

Sphynx cats also make great therapy animals as they’re easy to train and highly affectionate. 

Grooming

As previously mentioned, Sphynx cats require regular grooming upkeep. They won’t shed on your clothes, but their skin does produce natural oils, which can sometimes feel greasy. 

While some advocate weekly baths to keep their skin clean, Burris suggests otherwise. She says if you bathe them too frequently, you throw off their PH balance, and it can make their skin greasier. The former groomer said she only bathes her Sphynx once a year or every six months. 

“I do clean the ears weekly,” Burris adds. “They produce a lot of earwax, so those need frequent cleaning.” 

Sphynx Health Issues

While this breed is typically healthy, the Sphynx may be at risk of certain genetic or environmental health issues. The followings are conditions to watch for:

Heart Problems. The Sphynx cat is prone to genetic heart problems—particularly feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). This disease causes the muscular walls of a cat’s heart to thicken, affecting how the heart functions [1].

While there’s not been a fool-proof way to prevent HCM in the Sphynx breed, recent research gives hope. Dr. Kate Meurs at North Carolina State University has been hard at work searching for the gene marker for over a decade. She’s in the process of developing a DNA test that will test for the presence of HCM in Sphynx cats. 

Reputable breeders have their Sphynx cats scanned yearly or even every 6 months by a board-certified cardiologist. That way, they can track their cats and not breed animals with HCM. 

Skin Allergies: Like all cats, Sphynx cats may develop skin allergies. There’s a rare skin condition called urticaria pigmentosa, which can look like pimples or dark patches on the skin. If you see anything unusual on your cat’s body, consult your veterinarian. 

Sphynx Cat Facts

The Austin Powers movies featured a Sphynx cat at the sinister sidekick to Dr. Evil. Known as Ted Nude-Gent, the name is a play on the breed’s nickname of “Nakeys” by some Sphynx cat enthusiasts.

Several well-known celebrities have Sphynx cats as pets, too, including Lady Gaga, Kat Von D, and Steven Tyler. 

While the breed received its name from the iconic Egyptian cat statues, Sphynx cats did not exist as part of Ancient Egypt. As previously mentioned, the breed originated in Canada in the 1960s. 

One thing that may surprise new Sphynx enthusiasts is their dog-like nature. Burris compares the breed to a Golden Retriever. “They love everyone, which is why they make great therapy animals,” she says. “They’re obnoxiously affectionate and need companionship.” 

Sphynx Cat Adoption and Buying Tips 

If you’re considering adopting a hairless cat, like the Sphynx, you’ll want to consider your lifestyle. Sphynx cats need playmates. It can be another cat, a dog, people, other animals, but they do best with attention and interaction. 

Since it’s a relatively rare breed, many people buy Sphynx kittens from breeders, and the price for these cats run anywhere between $1,700 and $2,200. You can search for a Sphynx cat breeder via professional organizations like Cat Fanciers’ Association (CFA) and The International Cat Association (TICA.) 

Occasionally you might find Sphynx cat adoption possible through a rescue, but this route will likely require patience and a little bit of luck. But your best bet is to look for a breed-specific rescue dedicated to rehoming or rescuing Sphynx cats.

Sphynx Cat Rescues

While there aren’t a ton of breed-specific Sphynx rescues out there, we recommend checking in with the following organizations if you’re interested in rescuing one of these cats. 

• SOAR – Sphynx Open Arms Rescue
• Rescue Me!  – This site has a map that shows the number of Sphynx cats available for rehoming in every state (if there are any.) 
• Specialty Purebred Cat Rescue

Other options include, asking your veterinarian and other local pet professionals like dog or cat groomers. They’re often familiar with local pet organizations. You can even check in with your local shelters. While hairless cats aren’t that common, if they know you’re looking for one, you might get your wish. 

Sphynx Cat FAQs

These cats are a joy to have at home due to their affectionate natures and cool, photo-worthy looks. But before you decide that a Sphynx is right for you, check out these frequently asked questions about the breed.

Are Sphynx Cats Hypoallergenic?

They are actually not hypoallergenic. A common allergen can be found in the cat’s saliva as opposed to the fur. It’s also possible to be allergic to their sweat, which the Sphynx produces between their paws. “”Some people are more allergic to hairless cats,” says Hill.

How Much Are Sphynx Cats?

The cost to buy a Sphynx cat from a reputable breeder ranges between $1,700 and $2,200. While this hairless cat breed does sometimes show up in rescues and shelters, it is rare. Adopting a Sphynx cat may take quite a bit longer than purchasing one.

How Long Do Sphynx Cats Live? 

8-15 years is the average lifespan for a Sphynx cat. 

Why Are Sphynx Cats Hairless?

It’s due to a natural mutation. Sphynx were bred from the domestic shorthair, but they have two copies of the hairless gene rather than one. 

Do Sphynx Cats Have Whiskers? 

Some do, but not all. It depends on the specific genetics of the cat.  

Pictures of Sphynx Cats

If you’re looking for pictures of hairless cats, we’ve got you covered! Browse our gallery of images to see the best pictures of Sphynx cats doing what they do best—thriving!

The post Sphynx Cat appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Golden Retrievers are not suited for everyone, though. They’re high energy pups, they shed a lot, and are at a higher risk of developing a number of health problems. 

To help you make an informed decision about Golden Retriever adoption, we asked experts most familiar with this breed for their insights.

History and Origin

Once thought to be descendants of Russian track dogs (known as Russian Retrievers), experts now agree that Golden Retrievers originated in the rugged terrain of the Scottish Highlands during the mid-nineteenth century. Dudley Marjoribanks, a British Parliament member who later became a baron (and known as Lord Tweedmouth), wanted a dog capable of swimming long distances to retrieve ducks and other waterfowl.

In 1868, Tweedmouth bred a male Wavy Coated Retriever named Nous with Belle, a Tweed Water Spaniel (this breed is now extinct). “The resulting dogs included several yellow puppies that became the foundation of the Golden Retriever,” says Dr. Ann Hubbs, a veterinarian and chairperson of the Golden Retriever Club of America’s (GRCA) Health and Genetics Committee.

The Kennel Club of England officially recognized the Golden Retriever as a distinct breed in 1911, during which time the dogs also started to appear in the United States. In 1925, the American Kennel Club welcomed the Golden as its 78th breed. 

The Golden Retriever dog has since proven itself to be more than a proficient hunter. They also excel as therapy, service, guide, and search and rescue dogs. They also rock at organized dog events like obedience, agility, and rally trials, says Hubbs. 

“Most of all, Goldens are beloved family members who are equally comfortable with a hike, swim, romp in the snow, snuggle on the sofa, or taking up most of your bed at night,” she adds. 

Types of Golden Retrievers

Goldens can vary slightly in appearance by geographic region. These variations include:

• American Golden Retrievers
• British Golden Retrievers
• Canadian Golden Retrievers

The American Golden Retriever, who tends to be leaner with eyes that are more slanted and a darker coat, says Dr. Ashley Barnes, medical director at Louisville Family Animal Hospital in Colorado and a member of the Morris Animal Foundation Golden Retriever Lifetime Study. 

“British Goldens tend to be more muscular with blockier heads and rounder eyes, and lighter in color as well,” says Barnes. “Canadian Goldens tend to be taller with shorter and thinner hair coats.”

Golden Retriever Physical Characteristics

Large, strong, and athletic, female Golden Retrievers measure between 21.5 and 23.5 inches tall and weigh from 55 to 65 pounds. Their male counterparts are slightly larger, standing between 22 and 24 inches tall and weighing between 65 to 75 pounds. 

Like humans however, Golden Retrievers don’t fit neatly into any category. “My female golden is 77 pounds and not overweight,” says Barnes. (Your veterinarian is the best person to help establish an ideal weight for your dog.)

Within the breed, there are two main types, says Dr. Jessica Romine, a veterinarian with BluePearl Specialty and Emergency Pet Hospital in Southfield, Michigan. “A leggier, more athletic type favored by active hunters, and a blockier, shorter type favored by most show breeders,” she says. “It is important to know which type you’re getting, as it will impact their activity level and propensity for weight gain.”

Golden Retriever colors come in a range of golden hues, from creamy white to red. The outer coat is thick and water-repellant, a result of its breeding history. “Their roots as Retrievers working in the hills of Scotland means they have a warm, insulating coat with a protective top coat,” says Romine. The coat’s texture, which has been described somewhere between silky and coarse, can be straight or slightly wavy.

Goldens usually mature physically by 2 years old and mentally at around 3 years old, experts say, however “Sometimes, if you get a really goofy one, the answer is never,” adds Bobbie Greco, president of Golden Re-Triever Rescue of New Jersey.

Golden Retriever Personality Traits

Golden Retrievers possess a number of endearing qualities that have helped cement their spot as one of the nation’s most beloved breeds. Foremost, they’re kind and loving. “Their biggest goal in life is to please their humans,” says Greco. “They’re very affectionate and extremely loyal. They’re the definition of unconditional love.” 

Goldens are also smart and eager to learn, which is a huge plus when it comes time to train them.

The typical Golden Retriever is a bundle of energy and can destroy things (including your favorite pair of shoes or that expensive sofa) if not given enough exercise. “They are also super friendly,” says Barnes. “Given this, along with their energy, they tend to get overly excited with new people and are known to jump and turn in circles.”

Because Goldens are people-oriented, patient, and friendly, they tend to do well with kids and other pets. “This does mean they enjoy and benefit from training and need help building confidence to be sure they do not become overly-attached leading to separation anxiety,” adds Romine. 

Golden Retriever Care Guide

As large, high-energy dogs who shed (a lot!), Golden Retrievers have a few specific needs when it comes to diet, exercise, and grooming.

Diet and Nutrition

Veterinarians often recommended feeding Golden Retriever puppies a large breed puppy food. “And at about a year of age they can be transitioned to an adult maintenance food. Large breed adult food is a fine choice as well,” says Romine. 

Large breed puppy diets restrict calcium and calories to prevent rapid growth, a factor that puts these dogs at an increased risk for developing orthopedic disease.

Because Goldens are big and have boundless energy, they have ravenous appetites, which if unchecked, can put them at a greater risk for obesity. Ask your veterinarian to help you calculate your dog’s daily caloric needs based on age, spay/neuter status, and activity level, recommends Dr. Julia Labadie, epidemiologist at Morris Animal Foundation. “Try to limit the number of treats to less than 10 percent of your dog’s daily calories and encourage physical activity. Have your veterinarian show you how to assess your dog’s body condition score so that you can better monitor for any changes at home.” 

Any diet you choose for your Golden Retriever should be complete and balanced. This means the food meets or exceeds nutritional requirements, and that individual ingredients have been balanced for optimal absorption and benefit. Look for a nutritional adequacy statement on the label from the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), the organization that sets nutritional guidelines for pet foods. Always start any conversation about diet with your veterinarian.

Exercise and Activity

There are two main reasons why Golden Retrievers need ample exercise. For one, the typical Golden is a bundle of energy. “They are not as high energy as the herding breeds like Border Collies, but also don’t tend to be couch potatoes,” says Barnes. They’re also ravenous eaters, which puts them at a higher risk for obesity. 

Exercise can come in the form of walks, play, or swimming, says Barnes. “I would say the average is about one hour of activity per day, with younger dogs needing more than older dogs.”

Golden Retrievers also need focused play, which can be in the form of a job, a trait that also makes them great therapy and service dogs, says Greco. “Given that they are so smart, this is a very natural thing for them as they are quick learners and, again, are always looking to please.”

Grooming and Nail Care

Get used to your Golden Retriever shedding a lot. “They are big shedders, definitely more than Labs and other shorter coat breeds,” says Barnes. “They shed year round, typically blowing their coats about twice per year.”

Goldens also need to be brushed about every one to two weeks, although some may need more, especially if they’re blowing their coats, says Barnes. “I like to use a rake comb first to help get the thick undercoat, followed by a more standard brush.”  

Bathing is based on how dirty your Golden gets, says Barnes. “In general, bathing is needed every one to two months with a dog specific or baby shampoo.”

Nail trimming somewhat depends on their exercise level, says Barnes. “Dogs that do a lot of walks (especially on concrete) will wear their nails down naturally and need fewer nail trims. A good average is once every one to two months for nail trims.”

Golden Retriever Health Issues

Goldens Retrievers are unfortunately at risk of developing several major diseases. This doesn’t necessarily mean they acquire these diseases, but knowing their predispositions can help you be better prepared. These are some of the most common disorders affecting this breed.

Cancer (especially hemangiosarcoma and lymphoma): Based on the 1998 GRCA National Health Survey, the lifetime risk of hemangiosarcoma and lymphoma are one in five and one in eight, respectively, says Labadie. “Hemangiosarcoma is a very deadly cancer that affects many breeds, but seems to be especially common in Goldens.” 

For more information about cancer and other illnesses in Goldens, follow The Golden Retriever Lifetime Study (GRLS), an initiative that follows over 3,000 Golden Retrievers throughout their lifetime.

Heart Disease: Golden Retrievers are at risk for genetic heart conditions such as subaortic stenosis—fibrous tissue below the aorta that causes the blockage of blood flow through the heart; and dilated cardiomyopathy, which interferes with the heart’s ability to pump normally. They’re also predisposed to pericardial effusion, says Romine, which is “bleeding around the heart, either as its own disease or secondary to hemangiosarcoma in the region.” 

Joint Issues: Dysplasia (abnormal formation of joint) of the hip and elbow is common in large breeds, like Golden Retrievers. “These tend to be more congenital so it is important that the parents are screened for these diseases prior to being bred,” says Barnes.

Cataracts: This is one of the top eye diseases found in Goldens. A cataract is a cloudiness of the eye that can result in partial or full blindness. Juvenile cataracts are specifically prevalent and is usually genetic, says Barnes. 

Hypothyroidism: Hypothyroidism is a decrease in thyroid levels that can lead to weight gain, a brittle coat, and in some cases, coma. “It usually appears in older Goldens,” says Barnes.

Ear and Skin Problems: Golden Retrievers are prone to both environmental and food allergies, which typically appear as itchiness, ear infections, and skin infections, says Barnes. Although ear infections are secondary to allergies, “We can see them in dogs that do a lot of swimming as well,” she explains.

Interesting Golden Retriever Facts

Golden Retrievers have held the record as one of AKC’s Top 10 most popular dog breeds for decades. 

In the 144 years of the Westminster Kennel Club dog show, no Golden Retriever has ever won Best in Show, says Greco.

President Gerald Ford had a Golden Retriever named Liberty, which many say helped propel the breed’s popularity in the United States.

Goldens are naturals in the water. Chalk it up to their lineage (they were bred as waterfowl hunters) and their athletic build.

A Golden Retriever named Comet was the Tanner Family’s dog on the sitcom Full House.

Popular Golden Retriever Mixes

Given the fact that Goldens are beloved far and wide, it’s no surprise that Golden Retriever mixed breed dogs are growing in popularity. Here are some of the most popular Golden Retriever mixes:

Goldadors (Golden Retriever and Labrador Retriever mix): They’re described as loyal, affectionate, and gentle. 

Goldendoodles (Golden Retriever and Poodle mix). “Goldendoodles tend to be quite smart as both of the original breeds tend to be smart dogs,” says Greco.

Goberians (Golden Retriever and Siberian Husky mix). Energetic, smart, and affectionate, these pups take after both parents.

Golden Chi (Golden Retriever and Chihuahua mix). Because they’re opposite in size, this mix isn’t bred the old-fashioned way but by in vitro fertilization. The result is a medium-sized pup that’s smart and gentle, but with the Chihuahua’s characteristic feistiness.

Golden Retriever Adoption Tips 

If you’re considering Golden Retriever adoption, you might have a better chance of going through a breed-specific rescue. “Goldens sometimes do end up in shelters but it is rare and if it happens, there are usually quite a few applications for them,” says Greco. 

If you do go this route, keep in mind that adoption fees at breed-specific rescues tend to be higher than at standard shelters. Additionally, “The ones I’m familiar with have very strict protocols that are followed, ensuring that these dogs find the best forever home possible,” says Greco.

Regardless of where you adopt your Golden Retriever, do ample research first, offers Greco. “They are amazing, beautiful, incredible dogs but they are not for everyone. You need to know your lifestyle and understand what the commitment is before taking on a Golden (or any dog for that matter).”

Golden Retriever Rescues

There are several breed-specific rescues for Golden Retrievers located throughout the country. Here are just a few to consider.

National: The GRCA’s National Rescue Committee provides networking services for nearly 100 local rescues.

Eastern region: Golden Re-Triever Rescue of New Jersey Incorporated works to find homes for Goldens throughout New Jersey and parts of New York state.

Western region: Southern California Golden Retriever Rescue. Rehabilitates and finds homes for Goldens in the southern part of the state.

Mountain region: Golden Retriever Rescue of the Rockies re-homes about 300 Goldens each year.

Midwest region: As Good as Gold – Golden Retriever Rescue of Illinois. Their dual mission is to find homes for Golden Retriever and mixes, and to educate the public on proper husbandry.

Golden Retriever FAQs 

If you decide to welcome a Golden Retriever into your home, you’ll be given love, loyalty, and adventures to last a lifetime. But it’s important to have all of the facts about this breed’s disposition and care needs. Here are some frequently asked questions about Golden Retriever dogs:

Do Golden Retrievers Shed?

Yes, Golden Retrievers shed a lot. Living with a Golden means you’ll be doing a lot vacuuming. “They shed a good amount year round with two big sheds a year,” says Barnes.

How Long Do Golden Retrievers Live?

Goldens live about 10 to 12 years, although this is dependent on family history and the type of diet and care they receive. 

Are Golden Retrievers Good with Kids?

Goldens are usually good with children, says Barnes. “They enjoy being around people and tend to be gentle and patient.” Of course, all dogs are individuals, and training and early socialization are important regardless of breed.

When Do Golden Retrievers Stop Growing?

Most Golden Retrievers stop growing between 1 and 2 years of age, says Hubbs. “Early neutering of Golden Retrievers may delay this and some studies suggest that delay can increase adult size and the risk of orthopedic diseases such as hip dysplasia.”

Do Golden Retrievers Bark a Lot?  

If you’re wondering whether Golden Retrievers are big barkers, the answer is—it depends. “They are not known for being barkers but some Goldens bark a lot and some don’t,” says Barnes. “It is more dependent on training in this breed.”

How Fast Can a Golden Retriever Run? 

Golden Retrievers have been known to reach speeds upwards of 25 mph, says Greco.

Pictures of Golden Retrievers

Their golden coats, loving smiles, and sweet eyes mean that we can stare at pictures of Golden Retrievers for hours upon hours! If you feel the same way, browse our gallery of cute Golden Retriever pictures to get your fix.

The post Golden Retriever appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Many people are drawn to that squishy face and wide-set eyes, but Frenchies are more than a pretty face. They have an affectionate, playful, adaptable nature, which means they’re a great fit for both singles or large families.

These portable pooches aren’t for everyone, however. They’re prone to a number of breed-specific health issues, can snore pretty loudly (a result of that endearing squishy face), and have a stubborn streak. For pet parents able overlook these factors and make a commitment to their care, French Bulldogs are well worth it.  

History and Origin

The French Bulldog can trace its history to a powerful and fearless breed of Bulldog bred for the “sport” of bull baiting in 13^th century England. After the British Parliament outlawed this brutal bloodsport in 1835, fans of the dog started breeding a smaller, gentler version. This new toy Bulldog became popular in cities across England, most notably as a favorite of home-based lace weavers in the city of Nottingham. When the Industrial Revolution replaced these small-scale workers with machinery, they migrated to France to find work.

These little Bulldogs were beloved throughout France—where they were formally named Bouledogues Français, or French Bulldog—and became a mainstay of Paris life. “The breed was believed to be companions to certain ‘Ladies of the Night,’” says Gina DiNardo, executive secretary of the American Kennel Club (AKC). 

Wealthy Americans visiting Europe who had become smitten with the pups brought them back to the States, DiNardo says. By the end of the 19^th century, Frenchies had become widely known throughout Europe and the U.S., and in 1898 the AKC officially recognized the breed. 

While these pups make excellent companion animals, they’re also capable of taking on other impressive roles. “They can also be excellent working dogs in all kinds of therapy dog roles in volunteer settings such as schools, nursing homes, and hospitals,” says DiNardo.

Types of French Bulldogs

While there’s only one type of French Bulldog, some are selectively bred based on color and size. 

By Color

Standard French Bulldog colors are white, cream, and varying shades of fawn -a yellow-tan color- or any combination of these. They sometimes come in what experts refer to as “fad” colors including black, chocolate, tan, blue (silvery gray), merle (blotchy patches), black and fawn, fawn brindle and white, and gray and white.

Experts generally discourage breeding French Bulldogs for these colors. While these rare colors can be produced naturally, they’re typically generated by breeding a separate gene pool, says Patti Rungo, director of NorCal French Bulldog Rescue based in Folsom, California. 

There is evidence that this type of selective breeding can place Frenchies at risk for certain genetic disorders. For example, merle-colored French Bulldogs typically have blue or partially blue eyes, which increase their risk for eye disorders and deafness.  

By Size

French Bulldogs are sometimes bred to be teacup-sized, a practice experts say compromises a breed already at a greater risk for a number of health issues. The dog’s short, flat nose for example makes breathing difficult, which is intensified when this feature is miniaturized.  

French Bulldog Physical Characteristics

Don’t mistake the Frenchie’s small stature for fragility—these dogs are stocky, muscular, and heavy-boned. 

Most French Bulldogs stand between 11 to 14 inches tall and weigh about 20 pounds, with males slightly larger and taller than females. There are exceptions, though. “We have seen French Bulldogs as small as 11 pounds to 46 pounds,” says Rungo.

French Bulldogs have unmistakably large heads, wide set eyes, and flat, short noses that while endearing, places them prone to overheating and respiratory issues. Another Frenchie trademark is the bat-shaped ears—rounded at the top and standing straight up. The French Bulldog tail is short and stumpy, and either straight or corkscrew-shaped. 

Their coats are soft, short, shiny, and smooth, and come in cream, white, various shades of fawn, or any combination of these. They can also have markings that come in white, black, piebald (patches consisting of two colors), and brindle (brownish with streaks of other colors). Some possible French Bulldog color combinations might include cream, fawn, fawn and white, brindle and white, and white and brindle.

While it depends on the individual, DiNardo says Frenchies usually reach full physical maturity around 2 years of age.

French Bulldog Temperament

Although content to sit quietly on your lap, most Frenchies (especially French Bulldog puppies) also have a playful streak and will eagerly oblige you in a game of fetch. People who know the breed best also describe the French Bulldog temperament as affectionate, smart, and fun. 

Because they’re adaptable, these portable pooches can thrive in either a home or apartment, and DiNardo says they make great companions for all types of families. Another plus if you live in an apartment is their inherent quietness. While they may bark at unknown sounds, French Bulldogs are not overly yappy.

But the beloved French Bulldog personality comes with a few flaws. They can be stubborn, but that doesn’t mean they are difficult to train. In fact, training a French Bulldog just takes some patience, repetition, and routine. Additionally, “French Bulldogs can be very ‘oral’ or mouthy, which can be misinterpreted,” says Rungo. “So they’re not always the best choice for a family with small children.” 

Of course, every dog and family is different, and supervising any animal when near children is always advisable.

French Bulldog Care Guide

Before welcoming a French Bulldog into your home, it’s important to know what to expect when it comes to overall wellness and care. Follow these tips to keep your Frenchie happy and healthy. 

Diet and Nutrition

While they don’t necessarily require special French Bulldog food, veterinarians recommend feeding a complete and balanced diet appropriate to the dog’s age (puppy, adult, or senior). A nutritional adequacy statement on the label from the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) means the food meets or exceeds nutritional requirements and has been balanced for optimal benefit. 

French Bulldogs are prone to obesity, which DiNardo says can put them at a higher risk for some of the breed’s health issues (like exercise intolerance). “So it is vital to watch their calorie intake and weight.”

Dog treats should be given in moderation. Vets often recommend that treats comprise no more than 10 percent of the diet. “Give table scraps sparingly, if at all, especially avoiding cooked bones and foods high in fat,” says DiNardo.

Always talk to your veterinarian about a recommended diet and proper caloric intake requirements for your Frenchie.

Exercise and Activity

The level of activity needed for French Bulldogs depends on the dog, says Rungo. “Some require very little exercise. Others that are more Terrier-like require more exercise just to burn some high energy off.”

Generally, a daily short walk or outdoor play session should be sufficient for this breed, says DiNardo. “Frenchies also enjoy participating in canine sports such as obedience, agility, and rally.”

Given their front-heavy build, Frenchies are not natural swimmers. If you do want to experiment with the water, DiNardo recommends starting them off slowly, keeping flotation and safety devices on hand, and supervising them when in the water.

Whichever activity you choose, keep in mind that this breed is at an increased risk for labored breathing and overheating. Avoid strenuous exercise and keep your pup cool in warm weather, says DiNardo. If it looks like your Frenchie is overheating, becoming stressed too easily, is breathing noisily, or spitting up foam, consult your veterinarian, she adds.

Grooming and Nail Care

Frenchies don’t shed as much as other breeds do, but they still need to be brushed weekly with a medium-bristle brush, rubber grooming mitt, or hound glove to remove excess hair, says DiNardo.  She also recommends keeping their facial folds clean and dry to prevent bacterial buildup. Most French Bulldogs need a bath once a month, on average, but individual needs can change.

Overly-long nails can cause pain, so should be trimmed regularly, says DiNardo. Many experts recommend a trim every eight weeks.

French Bulldog Health Issues

With optimal care and nutrition, a French Bulldog’s lifespan is generally between 10 to 12 years, although this is just a guideline. Due to their physical structure, French Bulldogs are at a higher risk for a number of health issues. Here are some of the most common.

Breathing Difficulties: Breathing is more challenging for dogs with short muzzles and flattened faces. Frenchies are prone to brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome, a disorder that can lead to exercise intolerance, respiratory distress, wheezing, blue skin, and even collapse. “This usually requires surgical correction,” Dr. Kayte Anderson, a veterinarian at Fairwood Animal Hospital in Spokane, Washington.

Neck and Spinal Issues: French Bulldogs can develop abnormal vertebrae and premature degeneration of the intervertebral discs, says DiNardo. Symptoms of intervertebral disc disease include pain, paralysis, loss of limb function, and numbness in the hind legs.

Skin Allergies: One study published in Canine Genetics and Epidemiology found that skin problems were the most prominent health issue in Frenchies, which researchers attribute to their skin folds. “We see skin allergies, including on the face, ears, face folds, and tail folds,” says Rungo, who is also the office manager at Blue Ravine Animal Hospital, also in Folsom.

Anesthesia Complications: Frenchies have a narrower and smaller upper airway, making anesthesia riskier than in other breeds. Find a veterinarian familiar with brachycephalic breeds if your Frenchie should need surgery. 

Birthing Complications: Breeding French Bulldog should be done by responsible dog breeders, but it’s worth noting that French Bulldogs are often unable to deliver puppies on their own, says Anderson. “The majority of the time they need assistance with artificial insemination and caesarean section for delivery of puppies.” 

Interesting French Bulldog Facts

Thank Americans for the Frenchie’s trademark bat ears. They would have been bred out and replaced with folded-back ears, which DiNardo says would have resulted in a mini version of the English Bulldog.

A Frenchie, whose real name was Beatrice, played the role of Stella on the television show Modern Family. She was depicted as Jay Pritchett’s sidekick. Beatrice passed away just a few days after the show wrapped up filming its final episode. Before Beatrice, a Frenchie named Bridgette played the role of Stella until Season 4. 

The French Bulldog has surged in popularity in the past decade, even earning a spot on AKC’s Top Ten list consecutively since 2014.

Along with other breeds, including a King Charles Spaniel and a Great Dane, a French Bulldog was one of 12 four-legged passengers on the Titanic.

French Bulldogs have captured the hearts of celebrities like Hugh Jackman, Martha Stewart, and Hillary Duff.

Popular French Bulldog Mixes

Predicting what a Frenchie mix or any designer dog will look and act like is not a sure thing. Much of it depends on which genes are dominant. But here are a few common French Bulldog mixes:

• Frugs (French Bulldog and Pug mix)
• Frenchton (French Bulldog and Boston Terrier mix)
• Frengle (French Bulldog and Beagle mix)
• Froodle French Bulldog and Poodle mix)

French Bulldog Adoption Tips 

Because Frenchies are normally in high demand, they’re not often available in shelters, says Anderson. “So when there is one in a shelter they go fast.” And the majority at shelters are usually there due to medical or behavioral issues, adds Rungo. 

However, even if a French Bulldog in a rescue or shelter has a medical or behavioral issue, he or she may make the perfect pet if you’re willing to put in the time, energy, and care needed. 

It’s critical to do research before adopting a French Bulldog (or any breed) and to vet the rescue, shelter, or breeder. 

French Bulldog Rescues

If there are no French Bulldog rescues in your area, one of these national networks might be able to guide you in the right direction.

• French Bulldog Rescue Network 
• French Bulldog Village
• The AKC Rescue Network

Additionally, you can search for French Bulldogs on adoption websites such as Petfinder or How I Met My Dog to see if there are any of these dogs available in your area. 

French Bulldog FAQs

Frenchies have a lot of love to give and make great pets. But if you’re thinking about bringing one into your life, knowing as much information about this dog breed is important. Here are some common frequently asked questions about French Bulldogs.

Do French Bulldogs Shed?

Yes, French Bulldogs do shed, but minimally. Experts recommend a weekly brushing to remove excess hair. 

How Big Do French Bulldogs Get?

French Bulldogs typically weigh about 20 pounds and no more than 28. French Bulldog size can vary, however. Some have been known to weigh as little as 11 pounds and as much as 46 pounds.

Can French Bulldogs Swim?

French Bulldogs are not natural swimmers, due to their front-heavy build. When in the water, they need to be supervised and fitted with a life vest or other flotation device.

Are French Bulldogs Smart?

Although subjective, fans of the breed say Frenchies are highly intelligent and can also be excellent watchdogs. 

Do French Bulldogs Have Tails?

While it may seem elusive at times, Frenchies do, in fact, have tails. The French Bulldog tail is short and stubby. It can also be straight or curled.

Pictures of French Bulldogs

We can’t resist their squishy faces, pointy ears, and stocky builds. If you love Frenchies as much as we do, check out our gallery featuring pictures of French Bulldogs (including puppy pictures!). Browse through to see a variety of sizes, colors, and ages.

The post French Bulldog appeared first on Great Pet Care.

“I’d never heard of Bernese Mountain Dogs before,” she recalls. “Just seeing the dog, we knew it was what we wanted.”

Although Zaayer, a breed ambassador for the Bernese Mountain Dog Club of America and vice president of the Southern California chapter, was initially drawn to the adorable appearance of the large, tri-colored dogs, it was their sweet personalities that made her fall in love with the breed. 

“They are such sensitive dogs and really connect with people,” she says. “They are really good family dogs.”

History and Origin

As their name suggests, Bernese Mountain Dogs hail from the mountains of Bern, Switzerland. 

Thanks to their muscular builds and impressive strength, the dogs drove cattle and guarded farms, patrolling rugged terrain across expansive swaths of land. Bernese Mountain Dogs are perhaps best known as a drafting breed, able to pull carts filled with heavy loads.

Their reputation as excellent working dogs captured the interest of a farmer in Kansas who is credited with bringing the breed to the United States. He imported two Bernese Mountain Dogs to work on his farm and the breed was an instant hit. The American Kennel Club recognized the breed in 1937.

Bernese Mountain Dog Physical Characteristics

Bernese Mountain Dogs are powerful working dogs. Measuring 23 to 27.5 inches tall at the shoulders and weighing between 70 and 115 pounds, Bernese are adorable puppies that turn into strong, imposing—and just as adorable—adults. But their size is sometimes overwhelming.

“A lot of people who adopt these large-breed dogs have wonderful intentions but the adorable puppies turn into 100-pound teenagers,” explains Tonia Moore, co-founder of the Bernese Mountain Dog rescue, BFW Rescue. “Large breeds are slower to mature so they are still exuberant puppies at 3 years old.”

The tri-colored dogs are black with distinctive rust (or tan) and white markings. These dogs tend to have rust-colored patches over each eye, on the cheeks, either side of the chest, all four legs and under the tail. White markings appear as a muzzle band, the tip of the tail, feet and on the chest. 

Bernese Mountain Dogs have thick double coats that make them well-suited to cold temperatures. 

Bernese Mountain Dog Temperament

As working dogs, Bernese Mountain Dogs were prized for being alert, confident, and eager to please. Those same traits—along with their good-natured dispositions and deep sense of affection and loyalty—have made this dog breed a popular family pet. Bernese Mountain Dogs are known for being gentle with children.

Since Bernese develop strong bonds with their owners, they prefer not to be left alone for long periods, Zaayer says.

Socialization is important. In fact, Moore believes failing to socialize these gentle giants is one of the biggest mistakes Bernese owners make. 

“A lot of owners start strong and stop,” she explains. “The more you expose them to different sights, sounds, smells, and experiences, the more confident and comfortable and less shy and fearful they become.”

Although Bernese Mountain Dogs can be aloof with strangers, the breed is not aggressive. Berge notes that they tend to have minimal prey drive, making them well-suited to homes with other pets, including cats.

Bernese Mountain Dogs make great watch dogs that will bark if something is amiss but these are true gentle giants that, despite their size, have no guarding tendencies.

“They won’t go after someone, but their size and barking are often enough to scare them off,” Zaayer adds.

Bernese Mountain Dog Care Guide

There are two big downsides to the Bernese Mountain Dog breed, according to longtime Bernese Mountain Dog owner Dr. Kathy Berge, veterinarian and medical director for All-Pets Hospital in Des Moines, Iowa: The breed sheds and is prone to numerous health issues that shorten their lifespan.

Read on to learn more about Bernese Mountain Dog care.

Diet and Nutrition

Bernese dogs, like all breeds, benefit from high quality diets. Due to their risk of orthopedic issues, Berge notes that it’s essential not to over-feed Bernese Mountain Dogs to keep their weight in check. 

Exercise and Activity

These working dogs are happiest with something to do. Regular walks—with lots of chances to sniff and explore—provide important mental and physical stimulation. 

“A lot of people think that, because of their size, they need a house with 100 acres to roam but they are great apartment dogs,” Moore says. “They like to be active but, most of all, Berners want to be with their people.”

Bernese Mountain Dogs also love learning new tricks, practicing commands, pulling carts or participating in search and rescue. They are a sensitive breed so Zaayer suggests training that prioritizes positive reinforcement and rewards. 

Bernese Mountain Dogs thrive in cold climates and love a good romp in the snow. In warm climates, Moore suggests scheduling walks in the morning or evening before it gets too hot and watch for signs of heat stroke, including excessive panting, disorientation, vomiting, diarrhea, or bright red gums. 

Grooming and Nail Care

Bernese Mountain Dogs are heavy shedders. Berge suggests brushing them at least twice per week to remove excess hair. Zaayer uses a grooming rake to remove the undercoat.  Their nails should be trimmed regularly to prevent painful overgrowth. The breed doesn’t require professional grooming.

Bernese Mountain Dog Health Issues

As a giant breed, Bernese Mountain Dogs are prone to several common health problems.

Hip dysplasia and elbow dysplasia: Dysplasia is diagnosed when the hip or elbow joints fail to align with the sockets. The symptoms include pain, stiffness, altered gait, and potential lameness. Berge suggests asking breeders to provide the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) certifications for the parents to reduce the odds that Bernese puppies will have orthopedic issues.

Bloat: Also known as gastric torsion, bloat occurs when the stomach fills with food, fluid, or gas, causing it to stretch, cutting off circulation to the heart and stomach. Bloat causes tissue death and can be fatal.

Histiocytic sarcoma: The cancer, uncommon in other breeds, often affects Berners. It’s a cancer of the blood cells that starts in the spleen or liver and spreads to other organs. The prognosis is poor. Berge notes that most Bernese Mountain Dogs live just a few months after a diagnosis.

Interesting Bernese Mountain Dog Facts

In their native Switzerland, Bernese Mountain Dogs are known as Berner Sennenhund.

Swiss farmers sometimes referred to Bernese dogs as “Cheese Dogs” because they would be responsible for pulling carts of dairy products like milk and cheese. 

Celebrities like Kate Hudson, Chelsea Handler, and Hilary Duff all share their lives with Bernese Mountain Dogs.

A Bernese Mountain Dog named Luna (@luna.the.berner) has more than 112,000 Instagram followers.

Popular Bernese Mountain Dog Mixes

Bernese Mountain Dogs have a reputation for being calm, intelligent, and affectionate so it’s no surprise that these dogs are often mixed with other breeds. 

Some of the most common breeds mixed with Bernese Mountain Dogs include:  

• Bernedoodle (Bernese Mountain Dog and Poodle)
• Labernese (Bernese Mountain Dog and Labrador Retriever)
• Saint Bernese (Bernese Mountain Dog and Saint Bernard)
• Bernsky (Bernese Mountain Dog and Husky)
• Bernese Shepherd (Bernese Mountain Dog and German Shepherd)

Bernese Mountain Dog Adoption Tips

A Google search for “Bernese Mountain Dog rescue” will turn up information for rescues from coast to coast that specialize in finding forever homes for purebred and mixed-breed Bernese Mountain Dogs. 

While breed-specific rescues like NORCAL Bernese Mountain Dog Rescue; Gentle Giants Rescue and Adoptions; and Berner INC Education and Rescue; specialize in finding forever homes for rescued Bernese Mountain Dogs, most work with small numbers of dogs. At BFW Rescue Inc., which has a network of foster homes in all 50 states, fewer than 20 Berners end up in rescue every year.

“Although their numbers are growing, it’s not like a German Shepherd or Golden Retriever or Labrador Retriever that most people have seen or played with,” Moore says. “The breed is still unknown to a lot of people.”

There are still Bernese Mountain Dogs available for adoption but finding one might take time. The Bernese Mountain Dog Club of America, a national breed organization, has a committee that focuses on helping with rescue and rehoming situations and the website PetFinder allows you to search by breed and area to help you find a Bernese Mountain Dog close to home.

Keep in mind that if you’re interested in adopting a purebred Bernese Mountain Dog, it may take some time to find one. Otherwise, finding a reputable dog breeder and purchasing a Bernese may be a faster way to find your new canine friend. Just make sure to do your research, ask questions, and talk to references before purchasing a Bernese from a breeding kennel or facility. 

Bernese Mountain Dog FAQs

Bernese Mountain Dogs have lots to offer families. Their fun-loving personalities, docile natures, and sweet smiles are definitely something special. But before welcoming a Bernese into your home, it’s important to know exactly what you’re getting into.

Here are some frequently asked questions about the breed. 

Do Bernese Mountain Dogs Shed? 

Yes! Bernese Mountain Dogs do shed quite a bit. They have thick double coats and the breed “blows their coats” twice a year, creating even more dog hair than usual. Regular brushing can help remove excess hair but expect to find tufts of hair on clothes, furniture, and the floors.

Do Bernese Mountain Dogs Drool? 

No. In fact, Zaayer notes that it’s considered a fault in the breed to have “loose lips” that cause dogs to drool. “It’s considered a dry mouth breed,” she adds, meaning that this dog breed produces less drool than some others. 

Are Bernese Mountain Dogs Hypoallergenic? 

No, this is not a hypoallergenic breed. Some Bernese mixes, such as the Bernedoodle, may produce less dander based on the other breed they are mixed with. Since Poodles produce low dander, Bernedoodles may be better suited for those with allergies. However, no dog is truly hypoallergenic. 

Do Bernese Mountain Dogs Swim? 

Sometimes. It’s not a water breed like a Labrador Retriever or Irish Water Spaniel but some Bernese Mountain Dogs will take to the water, wading or even swimming.

Where Are Bernese Mountain Dogs From? 

The breed hails from the mountainous regions of Bern, Switzerland.

Bernese Mountain Dogs Pictures

There’s no denying that this dog breed is adorable. Browse our gallery to see Bernese Mountain Dog photos showcasing all seasons and situations.

The post Bernese Mountain Dog appeared first on Great Pet Care.

This outgoing dog breed enjoys the company of his humans and the great outdoors. While not as well-known as the Labradoodle or Goldendoodle, these teddy bear-like dogs are growing in popularity. 

History and Origin

Sherry Rupke, a Canadian dog breeder and owner of Swissridge Kennels, created the Bernedoodle hybrid in 2003 to please her customers loyal to the Bernese Mountain Dogs, who wanted a dog similar in temperament but with a longer lifespan.  

“I first decided to breed the two because of the health benefits of mixed-breed dogs,” says Rupke. “The second reason was they are great for most people with allergies (when bred right). If you do have allergies it is important to talk to your breeder so they can find the proper coat type for your allergies.”  

The Bernese Mountain Dog, according to “The Ultimate Guide to Dog Breeds” by Derek Hall, is an affable canine that arose from the “crossings of local Swiss herding dogs and a type of guard dog brought by invading Roman armies into what is now Switzerland about 2,000 years ago.” The dog is stocky and powerful and belongs to the working group. The breed has been used to pull produce carts from the market. Today, the Bernese is best suited for country life where he can roam around. 

As for the Poodle, Hall states that this high-spirited breed originated in Germany and was taken to France. Poodles were originally used as truffle hunters and retrievers because of their water-loving nature. Poodles are also known for their intelligence. 

The Bernedoodle has the smarts and longevity of a Poodle and the caring and fondness towards children of a Bernese, but he is not riddled with the health problems of the latter, according to Rupke.  

Because the Bernedoodle is a hybrid, the dog is not recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC). However, it is recognized by the American Canine Hybrid Club, Designer Breed Registry, and the International Designer Canine Registry. 

Types of Bernedoodles

There are three different generations of Benerdoodles: The F1, F1b, and the F2. 

The F1 Bernedoodle is a first generation cross, in which the Bernese Mountain Dog and Poodle share 50 percent of the genetic makeup. The F1 cross is considered the healthiest, according to Swissridge Kennels, as the parents have less of a chance of contributing genes for common inheritable diseases.

In the case of F1b Bernedoodle, a Bernedoodle is crossed with a Poodle, making him only 25 percent Bernese and 75 percent Poodle. These dogs are most likely low-shedding, and therefore ideal for families with allergies, since Poodles produce less dander.

The F2 type of Bernedoodle is a second generation cross resulting from breeding two Bernedoodles. Keep in mind that some F2 dogs may not have the fleece-like hair of the Poodle. 

Bernedoodle Physical Characteristics

Add the bulkiness of a Bernese and the soft hair of a Poodle, you get a shaggy teddy bear-like animal that is the Bernedoodle. 

These fluffy dogs come in four color variations:

• Black
• Black and white
• Black and brown
• Tri-color (combination of black, white and brown) 

The tri-color is the most preferred coloring among Bernedoodle fans, as it closely resembles the Bernese Mountain Dog.  

The majority of Bernedoodles come with a wavy coat close to a Poodle’s, and will shed very little compared to other breeds, making it a good match for people suffering from allergies to dog dander. A Bernedoodle with a straighter coat is more likely to shed. 

If you are a fan of this goofy and loving dog, you can choose from three sizes to match your lifestyle. 

A Tiny Bernedoodle is a cross between a Toy Poodle and a Mini Bernedoodle, and they range in weight from 10 to 24 pounds. They can be between 12 to 17 inches tall. 

Mini Bernedoodles, a result of breeding a Miniature Poodle with a Bernese Mountain Dog, are mid-size, weighing 25-29 pounds and up to 22 inches tall. 

The Standard Bernedoodles, a mix of a Standard Poodle and a Bernese Mountain Dog, can weigh anywhere from 50 to 90 pounds depending on the size of his parents. They can reach 29 inches tall (two and a half feet to the shoulder). Females are smaller than males and both reach their full size around 2 years old. 

Bernedoodle Personality Traits

Sweet-natured and playful, Bernedoodles make perfect companions for active and attentive families. “I would describe this breed as being affectionate, social, intelligent, friendly, well-natured and loyal,” says Dr. Shadi Ireifej, chief of medicine at VetTriage, a veterinary practice offering telemedicine services. 

Size doesn’t seem to matter when it comes to the dog’s personality. “Whereas a Standard size Doberman Pinscher can vary widely compared to a Miniature in terms of personality, it seems the Bernedoodle breed is mostly consistent despite the size differences,” says Ireifej. 

He adds that the genotypic percentages of the puppy can affect the dog’s personality, and recommends looking into the Bernedoodle’s parentage when getting one from a breeder. 

“Bernedoodles are great with kids and other pets. They are very social and love to be the center of attention,” says Dr. Sara Ochoa, of Whitehouse Veterinary Hospital in Texas. Overall, these fluffy dogs can be gentle with babies, energetic enough to play with teenagers, and tender with the elderly. 

However, given that their lives revolve around their humans, they may be prone to separation anxiety when left alone. They may not be a good match to families that don’t have a lot of time for their canines or live in an apartment.  

Additionally, your Bernedoodle may inherit the stubborn trait of the Bernese or the high energy of the Poodle. In that case, Rupke says, “Like any dog, you need to put the time into training your Bernedoodle to be a great dog!”. 

Bernedoodle Care Guide

Plenty of exercise, regular grooming, and a diet proportionate with your Bernedoodle’s size will make your dog a happy and healthy companion. See below for a specific care guide for your loyal family member. 

Diet and Nutrition

Choose a high-quality diet from a reputable brand for your Bernedoodle. Rupke suggests food from Royal Canin, which she uses for her own dogs. However, she warns, “I wouldn’t say there is one food that fits all. Some dogs with food allergies or other issues may not do well on this brand.” 

When determining the right food for your pup, Rupke suggests looking at their energy level, coat (how shiny/thick), consistency of the stools, and how healthy they seem on the diet. It’s also important to discuss your Bernedoodle’s diet with your veterinarian. 

Because these dogs come in different sizes, calories vary depending on the size. Both the Toy and Mini Bernedoodles will do well with food for small-breed dogs, whereas Standard Bernedoodles need a large-breed formula. 

Standard Bernedoodles, given their size, are prone to GDV/bloat. A high-quality diet should be given along with practices that help slow down the dog’s eating and can prevent bloating and any emergency situations. Food puzzles and slow feeder bowls placed directly on the floor can help prevent your dog from gulping air with food. Feeding small meals throughout the day may also help. 

Exercise and Activity

Bernedoodles need a lot of exercise. “These dogs love to hike, run, and swim,” says Ochoa. “This breed of dog would make a great pet for anyone who loves adventures and outdoor activities.” 

Bernedoodle puppies can be energetic, but they can also become destructive if proper playtime is not provided regularly. Exercise averaging 60 minutes a day in the form of a walk, jog, or a game of fetch is suggested. 

Grooming and Nail Care

Since Bernedoodles shed very little, they need to be brushed two to three times a week to prevent tangles and matting. Get your Bernedoodle dog a haircut at the groomer every few months for healthy-looking curls. 

Keep in mind that the curlier the dog’s coat, the harder it is to maintain. Bathe your Bernedoodle every three to four months, and trim nails every three to four weeks. 

Bernedoodle Health Issues

While Bernedoodles are generally healthy and have a longer lifespan than Bernese Mountain Dogs, they are still prone to certain health issues. The following are conditions to watch for:

Bloat (GDV): Bernedoodles, typical of any medium to large dog breeds with deep chests, can suffer from gastric dilatation and volvulus (also known as GDV or Bloat), according to Ireifej. Bloat occurs when a dog’s stomach gets swollen with food and/or gas. 

For GDV prevention, pet parents can have an elective surgery procedure called prophylactic incisional gastropexy. Alternatively, puzzles and slow feeders can help your canine take in less air during meal times. When afflicted, treatment for GDV includes emergency surgery. 

Orthopedic injuries: Bernedoodles of any age may suffer from orthopedic issues such as cranial cruciate ligament ruptures, hip dysplasia, and elbow incongruity. Ireifej recommends weight management, hip and joint supplements with glucosamine and chondroitin, and fish oil to help a Bernedoodle suffering from any orthopedic conditions. In some cases, medications, physiotherapy, acupuncture, or surgery may be needed. 

Bernedoodle Adoption and Buying Tips

These popular hybrid dogs rarely end up in shelters. However, rescues that specialize in Poodle mixes are a good bet for finding your next best friend. 

Bernedoodles can be pricey when purchased from a reputable breeder, with prices ranging from $2,000 to $5,000. 

See below for things to keep in mind when getting your Bernedoodle from a reputable breeder, according to Rupke. 

• Ask to see breed-specific health clearances on the parent dogs.
• Ensure that the breeding facility is clean and the puppies are being raised with proper socialization. 
• A breeder should give the buyer a health guarantee on the puppy.
• You should be able to speak to past clients to get references. 
• The breeder microchips, vaccinates and deworms the puppy before going home. 
• The puppies are matched with the right families that have been vetted. 

See below for a list of Bernedoodle rescues in U.S.: 

• IDOG Rescue is a non-profit rescue based in Texas with foster homes all across the country. Their dogs come from shelters and owner-surrenders.  
• Doodle Rescue Collective, based in Rhode Island, has been operational since 2005 with help from a network of hundreds of fosters throughout the country. 
• Doodle Rock Rescue in Texas is a relatively new group dedicated to rescuing Doodles of all kinds. 

Bernedoodle FAQs 

Deciding to bring a Bernedoodle dog into your home is a big decision, so it’s important to have all the information before speaking to a breeder or searching breed-specific rescues. Here are some questions that people generally ask about the Bernedoodle dog breed

Do Bernedoodles Shed?

Because Bernedoodles are bred from Poodles, they do not shed as much as other dogs. Bernedoodles with wavy/curly hair are less likely to shed than those with straight hair. 

Are Bernedoodles Hypoallergenic?

No dog is completely hypoallergenic, but a Bernedoodle with Poodle-like hair is good for families with allergies. However, keep in mind that if you are allergic to dog saliva, you are likely to still have an allergic reaction to the Bernedoodle. 

How Big Do Bernedoodles Get?

Standard Bernedoodles can go from 50 pounds all the way up to 90 pounds. Mini Bernedoodles weigh 25-29 pounds and stand up to 22 inches tall. Tiny Bernedoodles (a mix between a Toy Poodle and a Mini Bernedoodle) weigh between 10 and 24 pounds and stand 12 to 17 inches tall. 

Do Bernedoodles Like to Swim?

Yes, Bernedoodles can swim, and many will learn to enjoy the water. But just like other dogs, they need to be taught how to swim. 

Bernedoodle Pictures

Browse through our gallery of Bernedoodles pictures to see just how sweet and adorable this goofy, loving, and loyal mixed breed really is. We won’t blame you for all the “awwwwws.”

The post Bernedoodle appeared first on Great Pet Care.

When Christian Latimer, a veterinary surgeon at Veterinary Referral Hospital of Hickory in North Carolina, wanted a running partner, he adopted a Poodle. His Standard Poodle, Gus, tackles long distances with ease thanks to a natural athleticism often overlooked in the breed.

“Gus loves to be on the move,” says Latimer. “A lot of people don’t realize that standard Poodles were bred as hunting dogs and do well with a lot of exercise.”

To learn more surprising and interesting facts and information about the Poodle dog breed, just keep on reading. 

History and Origin

Poodles might be the national dog of France—earning them the popular moniker “French Poodle”—but the breed actually originated in Germany. 

The name “Poodle” comes from the German word “pudel” or “pudelin” that means “splashing in the water” in honor of their heritage as a hunting breed. 

Standard Poodles were bred to retrieve ducks and other waterfowl from the water—even their unusual haircuts were designed to make them better suited to being in cold water. The so-called poodle cut serves two functions: Having less hair on most of their bodies makes poodles better swimmers and the puffs of fur on their torsos and joints protect their vital organs from the cold water, according to Tarah Schwartz, author of “The Complete Guide to Poodles.”

Thanks to their above average intelligence, Poodles were also popular circus entertainers, performing for audiences under the big top throughout Europe. Poodles later gained favor among French nobles and the breed transitioned from hunters and entertainers to beloved family pets.

“As the breeding and showing of purebred dogs rose in popularity in the 19th century, the Poodle became somewhat of a status symbol,” Schwartz says. “It was bred down in size to create the Miniature and Toy varieties and fell out of favor with hunters. By the 20th century, the Poodle’s history as a hunting dog was all but forgotten as the breed gained popularity as companions and circus dogs, leading to the ‘frou-frou’ reputation you’re familiar with.”

Poodles were recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1887.

Types of Poodles

There are three types of Poodles: 

• Standard
• Miniature
• Toy

Standard Poodles are at least 15 inches tall at the shoulder (though most Standard Poodles are between 22 and 27 inches tall) and weigh 45 to 70 pounds. 

Miniature Poodles are between 10 and 15 inches tall and weigh 15 to 17 pounds. 

Toy Poodles are the smallest Poodles, at heights under 10 inches and weighing between 6 to 9 pounds.

Poodle Physical Characteristics

Although Standard, Miniature and Toy Poodles are different sizes, they share similar physical characteristics, including square, well-proportioned builds and distinctive coats. 

Poodles have either curly or corded coats. A curly coat is dense and harsh in texture while corded coats consist of fur that hangs in tight cords of varying lengths. Poodles with curly coats are more common, according to Latimer.

While most people probably envision a white Poodle when thinking about the dog breed, Poodle coats actually come in a variety of colors and hues. Common coat colors for Poodles include:

• Apricot
• Black
• Blue
• Brown
• Cream
• Grey
• Red
• Silver
• White

Poodle Personality Traits

Standard, Miniature and Toy Poodles might be very different in size, but Schwartz says their temperaments are quite similar. She describes the breed as highly intelligent, active, sociable and loyal. 

Poodles develop strong bonds with their owners but Schwartz notes that it’s not uncommon for the dogs to be aloof around strangers. Once Poodles feel comfortable, the breed is known for being warm and loving. Schwartz adds that Poodles are “great with children” and are often used as service and therapy dogs because of their willingness to work and their desire to please.

Miniature and Toy Poodles are sometimes reputed to be snappy or neurotic but this often comes as a response to being under-socialized. Well trained, well socialized Poodles still make excellent watch dogs, Latimer says.

“They might be small but they will let you know if someone is coming,” he says.

As the adage goes, their barks are bigger than their bites. Poodles are known for being calm and loyal companions.

Poodle Care Guide

Poodles, like all breeds, require affection, regular exercise, balanced diets, and veterinary care to live long, healthy lives. To give the best care to your Poodle, consider the following advice:

Diet and Nutrition

There is no one-size-fits-all diet for Poodles. Latimer suggests talking to your veterinarian for the type of food and number of calories your Poodle needs. The recommendation will depend on size and weight, medical issues, and lifestyle factors. In general, a high quality commercial dog food and limited number of treats is sufficient for good Poodle nutrition.

Exercise and Activity

Poodles—even the Miniature and Toy varieties—need regular exercise. Latimer notes that Poodles of all sizes appreciate brisk walks and, thanks to their backgrounds as water dogs and retrievers, Poodles often enjoy supervised water activities and excel at games like fetch. 

Incorporating regular training activities into their routine allows Poodles to exercise their bodies and minds, which is important for the intelligent, active dog breed.

“Don’t underestimate this breed’s need for physical and mental stimulation,” Schwartz adds. “Poodles need something to do or else they may develop destructive bad habits in an effort to entertain themselves. Even Toy Poodles are capable of keeping up with their humans on long walks, hikes, or other outdoor activities.”  

Grooming and Nail Care

Regular grooming for Poodles is a must. Their coats should be brushed at least once a week to prevent matting. Latimer also recommends professional grooming every few months. A groomer can provide an all-over trim or a more traditional “Poodle cut” like a puppy clip or sporting clip.

To achieve the puppy clip, groomers shave the face, throat, feet, and base of the tail, leaving a pompom on the base of the tail. The sporting clip involves shaving the face, feet, throat, and base of tail—a pompom remains at the end of the tail and the body and legs are clipped to one inch in length (or less).

Latimer also recommends regular baths. Bathing once per month is sufficient for most Poodles but dogs that go hiking, swimming, or that enjoy rolling around in foul-smelling things should be bathed more often to remove dirt and debris from their coats.

Poodle Health Issues

Poodles are often healthy dogs that live long lives but the breed is prone to certain health conditions.

Hip dysplasia: Larger breeds, including Standard Poodles, are at higher risk for hip dysplasia, Latimer says. The condition is caused when the femur fails to align with the hip socket, causing pain and reducing quality of life. 

Mitral valve disease: The disease occurs when the valves on the left side of the heart degenerate. Age is often the cause. “Smaller, fluffier breeds are more prone to mitral valve disease than other breeds,” Latimer says. “We see it often in Toy and Miniature Poodles.”

Eye issues: Poodles are prone to several issues, including optic nerve hypoplasia, a congenital condition that impairs the development of the optic nerve, often causing blindness. They may also suffer from progressive retinal atrophy, a disease that causes abnormal retinal cells, also causing blindness.

Bloat: Bloat is one of the biggest health risks for Standard Poodles due to their thin waists and deep chests, Latimer says. Bloat occurs when gas stretches the stomach, causing it to twist, which cuts off the blood supply to the stomach. It can be fatal. A procedure called a gastropexy that involves stitching the stomach to the side of the body wall can prevent bloat. Bloat is so common in Standard Poodles that Latimer recommends having a gastropexy done during spay/neuter surgery as a preventive measure.

Interesting Poodle Facts

Poodles are popular with celebrities. Walt Disney, Lucille Ball, Jacqueline Kennedy and Marilyn Monroe all owned Poodle dogs.

But one of the biggest Poodle lovers was Elvis Presley. The King of Rock and Roll had a Poodle named Champagne while he was stationed in Germany and he gifted Poodles to the women he loved. He offered his wife Priscilla a Poodle named Honey and gave one of his early girlfriends, Anita Wood, a Toy Poodle named Little Bit. 

In the early 18th century, a Poodle troupe performed and danced in London under the direction of their trainer, a performer named Crawley. The performance was called The Ball of Little Dogs and the star performers were named Marquis of Gaillerdain and Madame de Poncette. 

In 1988, a team of Poodles traveled to Alaska to compete in the Iditarod Sled Dog Race. They were led by sled-dog racer John Suter. And while the Poodles finished a whole week after the winner of the race, the team of Standard Poodles made it to the finish line. 

A Poodle’s coat never stops growing, which is why they need regular grooming. Poodle hair goes through a natural cycle, ending in breakage and loss just like human hair, but they don’t tend to shed in clumps like dogs with a fur coat (like a Golden Retriever, for example).

Popular Poodle Mixes

Poodles are prized for being intelligent and affectionate, which makes them a popular choice for crossbreeding. 

The “Doodle” breeds are among the most popular. These include:

• Labradoodle (Standard Poodle crossed with a Labrador Retrievers) 
• Goldendoodle (Standard Poodle mixed with a Golden Retriever)
• Bernedoodle (Standard Poodle mixed with a Bernese Mountain Dog) 

Miniature and Toy Poodles are also cross-bred with Yorkshire Terriers to create Yorkipoos; Cocker Spaniels to create Cockapoos; and Maltese to create Maltipoos.

Poodle Adoption: Tips and Things to Consider

If you want to adopt a Poodle, skip the shelter and humane societies and look for a breed-specific rescue instead.

Latimer adopted Gus from Carolina Poodle Rescue. There are a number of Poodle rescues nationwide, including: 

• NorCal Poodle Rescue
• Poodle Rescue of Houston 
• Poodle Club of America Rescue Foundation 

Sites like Petfinder and How I Met My Dog allow you to search by breed, making it easier to find adoptable Poodles.

Not only will it be easier to find adoptable Poodles in a breed-specific rescue, Latimer believes that the staff and volunteers at Poodle rescues are passionate about the breed and can provide detailed information about the temperaments and health needs of the Poodles in their care.

Poodle FAQs 

Before you bring a Poodle into your life and your home, it’s important to have answers to some of the most frequently asked questions about the breed. Let’s dive in, so you have all the information you need.

Are Poodles Hypoallergenic? 

Poodles have less dander than other dog breeds, according to Latimer, but research published in the American Journal of Rhinology and Allergy found that dog allergen levels in homes with so-called hypoallergenic dogs, including Poodles, were no lower than allergen levels in homes with non-hypoallergenic breeds. 

The American Kennel Club notes, “no dog is 100 percent hypoallergenic.” Poodles and other breeds with low-shedding coats produce less dander and are considered to be one of the “less allergenic” breeds.

Do Poodles Shed? 

Poodles do not shed in the traditional sense. “Poodles have a hair coat and not a fur coat,” Latimer says. “Their hair doesn’t fall out.” While they may not shed in clumps, they can still experience hair breakage just like humans.

Are Poodles Smart? 

In his book, “The Intelligence of Dogs,” author Stanley Coren, a renowned expert on dog-human interaction, listed Poodles as the second smartest dog breed (Border Collies topped the list). Schwartz describes Poodles as a “highly intelligent” dog breed.

What Were Poodles Bred For? 

Although it may come as a surprise, Poodles were originally bred to be hunting dogs. Their jobs involved jumping into the water to retrieve ducks and other waterfowl.

Are Poodles Aggressive? 

In a word, no. Poodles are not typically aggressive. “Poodles are calm and laid back and have no reputation for having aggressive temperaments,” says Latimer. That being said, any dog can be aggressive regardless of breed, which is why good training is always essential!

Pictures of Poodles

Browse our photo gallery to see pictures of Standard, Miniature, and Toy Poodles all in one place.

The post Poodle appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Diabetes is a chronic disorder characterized by the inability to control insulin. With the proper exercise, diet, treatment, and communication with a veterinarian, dogs with diabetes can still live to their estimated lifespan. 

So, what exactly is diabetes? And how does it affect your dog? Let’s dig into the causes, symptoms, and treatment options. 

Understanding Glucose and Insulin

Before learning more about diabetes, it’s important to have background information about glucose and insulin.

Glucose is the main sugar found in your blood.  Every time your dog consumes food, the body breaks down the food into glucose, which is absorbed into a dog’s blood stream. 

At the same time, your dog’s pancreas releases a hormone called insulin. Insulin signals cells — particularly your dog’s liver, muscle, and fat cells — to uptake glucose from the blood stream.  These cells then either use the glucose for energy or store it for later use. 

What Is Diabetes in Dogs? 

Diabetes is a chronic disorder of dogs usually characterized by the inability to control the production of insulin. Without insulin, your dog is not able to use the glucose produced from the breakdown of food.  Cells are unable to adequately uptake glucose for energy, resulting in a high blood glucose level.  The cells ultimately become starved for energy, resulting in the body breaking down muscle and fat cells as a last resort.

Types of Diabetes in Dogs

Diabetes mellitus, the most common form of diabetes in dogs, is defined as increased levels of sugar in the blood (when fasted) and the presence of sugar in the urine. 

Dogs can develop Type I or Type II diabetes. 

• Type I diabetes is characterized by a loss of insulin-secreting ability through destruction of the pancreatic cells. This results in dependence on insulin administration. 

• Less commonly, dogs can develop insulin resistance or a decreased response to insulin produced by the body. This is Type 2 diabetes and almost always exists in combination with insulin deficiency.  

Diabetes mellitus in dogs is a serious condition and uncontrolled or poorly managed diabetes can be fatal. Uncontrolled diabetes can cause a variety of complications such as the formation of cataracts (cloudiness in the lens of the eye), poor haircoat, and urinary tract infections. 

Diabetes insipidus is a rare disorder in dogs that involves the body’s inability to regulate water. This is also known as “water diabetes.” Diabetes insipidus is categorized as either central (arising from the brain) or nephrogenic (arising from the kidney). Both involve antidiuretic hormone (ADH) with central diabetes insipidus causing a lack of ADH and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus lacking a response to ADH in the kidneys. 

This condition is so rare that it is almost always seen as a congenital defect (meaning dogs are born with it). Other causes of diabetes insipidus in dogs include response to drug administration, endocrine or metabolic disorders, brain trauma, or cancer. 

Causes and Risk Factors of Diabetes in Dogs

Several factors can put a dog at risk for diabetes. Risk factors for developing diabetes in dogs include:

• Genetics. Certain genetic factors predispose certain dog breeds to having an increased likelihood of developing diabetes. Samoyeds, Tibetan Terriers, Cairn Terriers, and Golden Retrievers have a higher likelihood of developing diabetes.

• Pancreatitis or other disorders of the pancreas, where insulin is produced, can cause damage to the insulin-producing cells.

• Medications such as steroids and progestins are also known to increase the chances of dogs developing diabetes. 

• Cushing’s disease. Also known as hyperadrenocorticism, Cushing’s disease causes your dog’s body to produce excess steroid hormone, which can lead to diabetes.

• Obesity is a major contributing factor to the development of diabetes in dogs, similar to people. 

• Pregnancy. Female dogs can develop diabetes while in heat or pregnant, similar to gestational diabetes in women. 

Symptoms of Diabetes in Dogs

Signs of diabetes in dogs can progress rapidly. It’s important to be mindful of your dog’s activity levels, appetite, and eating and drinking habits. If you begin to notice your dog is not her usual self, it’s important to take note of the changes you see. 

The most common symptoms of diabetes in dogs are: 

• Increased urination
• Increased thirst 
• Increased appetite 
• Weight loss 
• Enlargement of liver 
• Cataracts 
• Signs of ketoacidosis: Lethargy, depression, decreased appetite, lack of appetite, vomiting 

Sometimes it is difficult to notice these signs because they are so subtle. A few important questions to ask yourself when monitoring your dog are: 

• How many times am I filling up her water bowl? 
• Is she having accidents in the house or in the middle of the night? 
• Is she eating her food very quickly and begging for more? 
• Does she look around the same weight she was last year or 6 months ago?  

Diagnosing Diabetes in Dogs 

After noticing a few of the symptoms you might be wondering how to find out if your dog truly has diabetes. Your dog will need to go to the veterinarian to confirm a diagnosis. The veterinarian will assess your dog for the clinical signs listed above, but will also perform various tests. 

Tests performed to confirm diabetes in dogs include: 

• Complete Blood Count (CBC) 
• Chemistry Panel: to find fasting hyperglycemia 
• Urinalysis (UA): to find glucose and/or protein in the urine 
• Fructosamine Assay: for an accurate reflection of blood glucose over the last few weeks 

The diagnosis of diabetes is pretty straightforward and can usually be done in one visit to the veterinary clinic. 

The Risks of Uncontrolled Diabetes in Dogs

Your dog has been diagnosed with diabetes – now what?  It’s important to treat and manage your dog’s diabetes for your dog’s health and well-being.  Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to a whole host of other problems, including weight loss, urinary tract infections, and cataract formation. 

Uncontrolled diabetics are also at risk for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a severe, life-threatening condition caused by a deficiency of insulin and abnormal glucose metabolism. Diabetic ketoacidosis is an emergency condition and must be treated by your veterinarian right away. To prevent problems like DKA, proper dosing of insulin is necessary to manage your dog’s diabetes.

How to Treat Diabetes in Dogs 

Diabetes in dogs is very manageable and many dogs are able to live many years with controlled diabetes. 

The main treatment for diabetes is insulin. There are many different types of insulin, but your veterinarian will prescribe what is best for your dog based on her clinical signs. The insulin is administered by injection. This can be scary and comes with a learning curve for most pet parents. The most important thing to remember is that the injection is administered just under the skin and does not cause any pain when done properly. 

Your veterinarian will prescribe an initial dose of insulin, but your dog’s insulin dosage will likely need to be adjusted. After a few days of giving insulin to your dog, your veterinarian may ask you to bring your dog back for a Glucose Curve. The Glucose Curve is created by measuring blood glucose levels throughout the day to show when blood sugar spikes and plateaus in relation to insulin and eating a meal. This will help the veterinarian find the right dose of insulin to keep your dog’s blood sugar level throughout the day. 

For the first few weeks of managing your dog you may continue to see symptoms such as increased urination and drinking, but these will subside once the correct insulin dose is given. When symptoms subside and your dog’s blood sugar stays within an acceptable range throughout the day, your dog is considered to have controlled diabetes. 

In addition to insulin, diabetes is also managed with dietary changes. Many dogs diagnosed with diabetes are overweight or obese, despite having lost weight due to their diabetes. A prescription weight control diet that is high in fiber is often recommended to help your dog lose weight and maintain a stable blood sugar level throughout the day. To help regulate your dog’s blood sugar, it is also important to eliminate excess calories that often come in the form of treats and table scraps. While it’s okay for your dog to have the occasional treat, snacking between meals is generally discouraged as this can cause spikes in blood sugar. For any pet, regardless of health status, it is recommended that treats make up no more than 10 percent of your dog’s total daily calorie intake to reduce the risk of weight gain and dietary imbalance.

Just like us humans, dogs need regular exercise for their health and well-being, too. Implementing a good low-impact exercise plan such as a regular walking regimen will help your dog lose weight and maintain glycemic control. If your dog has generally been a couch potato up until this point, be careful not to do too much too quickly, as this could result in injury. Start out gradually with a few walks around the block, and slowly build up to longer sessions as your dog builds endurance.

How to Prevent Diabetes in Dogs 

Diabetes is a condition that some dogs develop no matter what type of lifestyle they live. Preventing diabetes can be impossible for some dogs and pet parents should not be too hard on themselves if their dog develops diabetes. 

There are certain risk factors for developing diabetes that can predispose some dogs. These include: 

• Age
• Gender
• Chronic or multiple bouts of pancreatitis
• Obesity
• Steroids
• Other endocrine or health conditions
• Genetics

While genetics and certain diseases may inevitably lead to diabetes in dogs, pet parents can do their part to keep their dogs at a healthy weight by giving dogs plenty of exercise and feeding a balanced diet. This may help prevent risk factors for diabetes in dogs. 

Diabetes in Dogs Infographic

Related Conditions

• Hypothyroidism
• Pancreatitis
• Cushing’s Disease (Hyperadrenocorticism)
• Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) 

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Knowing how to identify and address sebaceous cysts on your dog can help you be sure that your dog’s skin is staying as healthy as possible. Here’s everything you need to know about them.

What is a Sebaceous Cyst?

Microscopic structures called sebaceous glands cover your dog’s skin. These glands are responsible for secreting sebum, an oily or waxy substance that lubricates the skin and hair shafts.  

A sebaceous cyst is a dilation (opening) of the ducts within the sebaceous gland, causing fluid to accumulate.  

True sebaceous cysts are rare in dogs, but veterinarians often use the term interchangeably with other types of cysts. Follicular cysts—sac-like structures often associated with the hair follicles—are much more common in dogs but are generally included under this catch-all term.

What Does a Sebaceous Cyst Look Like on a Dog?

A sebaceous cyst typically appears as a small, raised, well-defined round structure in the skin.  Usually these cysts are solitary, but some dogs may be prone to getting several cysts in the same area of the body.  

A sebaceous cyst may feel firm or filled with fluid. If infected, the cyst may appear red, inflamed, and painful. Sebaceous cysts can sometimes rupture and may discharge fluid, pus, or blood.

What Causes Sebaceous Cysts on Dogs?

In most cases, we don’t know what causes sebaceous cysts on dogs. Some dogs may be more prone to developing sebaceous cysts due to their genetics. Others may develop cysts due to skin infections, scar tissue, trauma, or inflammation. Fortunately, in most cases we do not need to know what caused the cyst in order to address it. 

Sebaceous Cyst Symptoms in Dogs

Most pet owners will first notice a sebaceous cyst when they discover a raised bump on their dog’s skin. The bump can range from 0.5 cm to 5 cm in size—about the size of a pea to the size of two quarters.  

A sebaceous cyst is typically slow-growing and may not bother the dog at all.  

Other signs of a sebaceous cyst can include:

• Swelling or redness around the area
• Pain
• Hair loss around the bump
• Pus or fluid discharge

Common Places Sebaceous Cysts Develop on Dogs

Sebaceous cysts can occur anywhere on the body, but may be more common along the head, neck, and back. Some dogs will develop multiple cysts along the ears or around the anus.  

Occasionally, sebaceous cysts can develop on pressure points like the hips and elbows, especially if the dog is frequently laying on hard surfaces.  

How to Diagnose a Sebaceous Cyst

Always discuss any new lumps and bumps with your veterinarian, who can appropriately diagnose them. Your veterinarian will perform a full physical examination on your dog, including assessing the location, size, and appearance of the bump.  

Your veterinarian may also recommend the following tests:

Fine Needle Aspirate and Cytology. Your veterinarian may recommend taking a sample from the bump using a needle and syringe. Your vet will examine it under a microscope and often can determine whether the bump is a cyst or a tumor based on this sample.

Biopsy. In some cases, a needle alone won’t successfully obtain a sample.  When this happens, your veterinarian may recommend surgically removing all or part of the bump and submitting it to a diagnostic laboratory for evaluation. This is usually the best way to get a definitive diagnosis.

Many pet health insurance providers, such as Lemonade, can help out with veterinary bills for diagnostics and treatments related to sebaceous cysts. The key is to ensure you’re covered before the issue is detected, which is why it’s so important to insure your pet when they are young. 

When to Worry About a Sebaceous Cyst

If the lump you find on your dog turns out to be a sebaceous cyst, there’s not much cause for concern. Often, these bumps will stay quiet and simply live as a blemish on your dog’s skin.

However, these cysts have the potential to rupture, which opens up the possibility for other complications. Whether caught by accident from your groomer’s clippers or after your dog scratches it too vigorously, the cyst can open and become infected.

It’s time to worry when you notice that the cyst has become red, inflamed, and/or starts emitting an unpleasant odor. Sebaceous cysts that have ruptured may bleed and produce discharge, both of which can be unpleasant to your pup. If you notice any of these symptoms, or if you notice your dog in pain, take him to your veterinarian immediately.

Dog Sebaceous Cyst Treatment

Cysts are typically benign and slow-growing, so treatment is often not needed. Your veterinarian may recommend simply monitoring the area.  

If the cyst is growing or bothering your dog, your vet may recommend surgery to remove it. It’s best not to try to pop these cysts at home. Doing so may cause inflammation and infection, and may be painful for your dog.

Medications to Treat Sebaceous Cysts on Dogs

In most cases, sebaceous cysts will not go away with medication alone.  The only way to definitively cure a sebaceous cyst is to surgically remove it.  However, your veterinarian may prescribe medication to help manage the problem if the cyst becomes infected. These medications may include:

Antibiotics. If your dog’s cyst is infected, your veterinarian may prescribe antibiotics to treat the infection. These may include pills or topical ointments.  You may notice that the cyst shrinks or that the discharge resolves once your dog has completed the antibiotic course.

Anti-inflammatories. If the cyst is inflamed or painful, your veterinarian may prescribe anti-inflammatory medications such as NSAIDs or steroids to help. These are typically prescribed as a pill, although your vet may recommend a topical steroid instead.  

General Cost to Treat Sebaceous Cysts

Sebaceous cysts often do not require any treatment at all, so they are very inexpensive to manage in most cases. Your veterinarian may recommend simply monitoring the cyst for any changes.  

If a sebaceous cyst is surgically removed, many pet health insurance plans, such as those offered by Lemonade, may help offset costs depending on your policy’s terms, conditions, and eligible conditions.

How to Prevent Sebaceous Cysts on Dogs

Unfortunately, there do not seem to be any effective ways to prevent sebaceous cysts in dogs.  Although we don’t know exactly what causes some dogs to develop sebaceous cysts, many experts believe genetics play a role.  

However, keeping your dogs skin and coat healthy with regular grooming is always a good idea for your dog’s comfort and overall health. 

Related Conditions

• Follicular cyst
• Dermoid sinus
• Sebaceous adenoma
• Nodular panniculitis

The post Sebaceous Cysts on Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

The same is true for dogs. Like us, our pups need physical, mental, and social stimulation to thrive. But unlike us, they can’t simply register for a yoga class or meet friends for dinner. 

“Our dogs completely rely on us for their quality of life,” says Beke Lubeach, general manager for DOGTV and proud dog parent to Peyton and Walter. “That’s why daily enrichment is so important. When our dogs’ minds and bodies are working, they’re happy. And when they’re happy, we’re happy.”

Simple Activities to Enrich Your Dog’s Life

Ready to perk up your pup’s day? Consider the following easy enrichment ideas.

Go for a Walk

While walks may sound obvious, many dogs don’t enjoy regular strolls. In fact, a study on dog owners in the United States and Australia found that up to 40 percent of people don’t routinely walk their dogs.

Basic as they may be, walks provide numerous physical and mental enrichment opportunities. “A really good walk is fantastic for dogs,” says Lubeach. “They’re getting good exercise, they’re encountering new sights and smells, and you’re strengthening that human-animal bond.”

While every dog is different, a simple trot around the block isn’t enough for most dogs, notes Lubeach. To make the most of the experience, switch up your routes and seek out new environments. Your veterinarian can recommend an appropriate walking routine based on your dog’s breed, age, and health. 

Try Agility Exercises 

Backyards can offer valuable enrichment for dogs, but only when used correctly.  

“As a dog trainer, I do not actually consider letting the dog out in the yard to be any form of exercise,” says Steffi Trott, a certified professional dog trainer and owner of SpiritDog. “Dogs need mentally and physically stimulating experiences—and neither will be found in a yard that is always the same old, same old.”

For an enriching backyard activity, try agility training, suggests Trott. Home equipment including weave poles, tunnels, and jumps are readily available online. Get started by enrolling at a local agility training school, or cue up some training videos on YouTube.

Use Food Puzzles

Of course, we’re not always available for walks and play sessions. For those times when your dog is home alone, consider offering a food puzzle to keep his brain busy.

“Food puzzles are great mental stimulation,” says Lubeach. “As dogs work to get out the treats, they practice problem solving.” 

A DIY food puzzle can be as simple as hiding some kibble in an empty paper towel roll and stuffing the ends closed with washcloths. Store-bought puzzles can be more elaborate, offering multiple levels for experienced treat hackers.  

Serve Dinner Differently

For creative pet parents, even mealtime can provide mental enrichment. Instead of serving your dog’s dinner in a bowl, try using a snuffle mat, which requires dogs to “hunt” through the fibers for their kibble.

Or, for a DIY approach, simply scatter the kibble in tall grass, suggests Trott. “Scatter feeding challenges the mind and makes eating a fun, new experience,” she says. 

Train, Train, Train 

Dogs of all ages benefit from training. A 2018 study by researchers in Vienna found that when taught even one simple trick, senior dogs showed increased cognitive function and improved engagement.  

Puppy training classes are a great introduction, says Trott, but learning should be a lifelong pursuit. After your dog graduates, continue to work on his skills and introduce new exercises to provide daily mental stimulation. Try YouTube for fun, easy tricks, suggests Trott. 

Play a Scent Game

Dog noses are natural wonders. Uniquely structured and extremely sensitive, these super sniffers can pick up the faintest of scents. In addition to tracking smells, a recent study found that dogs can actually detect heat thanks to infrared sensors in their snouts.

For an easy enrichment activity, try engaging your pup’s sophisticated sense of smell with a “scenting” game, suggests Trott. To begin, keep things simple: Hide smelly treats under cardboard boxes, and let your dog discover them. As your pup becomes better at the game, try hiding the boxes or covering them with blankets for an added challenge. 

Play Fetch

Toys are fun—but they’re more fun when you have a playmate. “Being home alone with a few toys isn’t very fun,” says Lubeach. “Toys are best when they provide an opportunity to play interactively.” 

One of Lubeach’s favorite forms of enrichment? A good old-fashioned game of fetch. Use whatever your pup prefers—a durable ball, Frisbee, or rope toy—and reap the rewards. 

“Fetch is simple, but it’s so beneficial,” says Lubeach. “It’s really good exercise, and allows dogs to use their instincts and practice body awareness.”

Meet New Friends

Like us, dogs benefit from active social lives. “Dogs are social beings and like to interact with—or at least watch—other dogs and people,” says Trott.