Feline heart disease affects about 15 percent of cats. It is often called the “silent disease,” only making itself known when advanced.

With few exceptions, heart disease in cats is not curable. But, with careful monitoring and management, cats with heart disease can enjoy a good quality of life. 

Here’s everything you need to know about cat heart disease.

Cat Heart Anatomy

Understanding the basics of cat heart anatomy and function is a good first step to learning about cat heart disease.

Like the human heart, the cat heart is divided into four chambers: the left and right atria on top and the left and right ventricles on the bottom. A thick wall of muscle called the septa separates the ventricles. A thin, double-walled protective sac called the pericardium encloses the heart.

Heart valves ensure proper blood flow through the heart and then out to the rest of the body. This blood flow is tightly controlled by electrical signals that regulate when the heart contracts (squeezes) and relaxes.

The heart is vital to a cat’s overall health. It must work with perfect efficiency to pump oxygen-rich blood to the brain, lungs, and other organs.  

Types of Cat Heart Disease

Heart disease is defined as any disease process that affects normal heart function. The types of cat heart disease are broadly categorized as congenital or acquired.

Congenital Heart Disease in Cats

Congenital heart disease is a heart defect that develops during fetal development. Although some congenital heart diseases are apparent at birth, others may not cause symptoms until later in a cat’s life.

The most common types of congenital heart disease in cats are heart valve malformations, ventricular septal defect (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).

• Heart valve malformations: Heart valve malformations disrupt the normal blood flow through the heart. The most common heart valve malformation in cats involves the mitral valve, which separates the left atrium and left ventricle.
• Ventricular septal defect (VSD): VSD occurs when a hole develops in the septa, leading to abnormal blood flow through the heart.
• Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA): PDA occurs when a blood vessel (ductus arteriosus) that connects the aorta and pulmonary artery during fetal development remains open instead of closing soon after birth. PDA causes an overflow of blood from the heart to the lungs in newborn kittens.

Acquired Heart Disease in Cats

Acquired heart disease occurs later in a cat’s life, typically in adulthood. The most common type of acquired heart disease in cats is cardiomyopathy, a broad term that describes abnormal heart muscle. Three main cardiomyopathies affect cats:

• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM): HCM in cats occurs when the ventricle’s muscle wall becomes too thick. It is a genetic disease and the most common form of feline cardiomyopathy.
• Restrictive cardiomyopathy: Restrictive cardiomyopathy occurs when the ventricle’s inner lining becomes scarred, making it hard for the ventricle to contract and relax fully.
• Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM): DCM is rare in cats. It occurs when the ventricular muscle becomes thin and flaccid, preventing the ventricle from fully contracting and relaxing.

When heart disease becomes so advanced that the heart can no longer pump blood efficiently, congestive heart failure (CHF) develops. CHF is end-stage heart disease. It is life-threatening and requires intensive and potentially aggressive medical treatment.

Causes of Cat Heart Disease

The cause of many cases of heart disease in cats is not known. However, there are a few known causes of feline heart disease.

Congenital heart disease is caused by a heart defect during fetal development that may be genetic.

Underlying medical conditions, including hyperthyroidism, anemia, and high blood pressure, can cause acquired heart disease in cats.

In addition, a deficiency of the amino acid taurine can cause DCM. Taurine deficiencies in cats are uncommon, mainly because commercial cat diets are formulated to contain sufficient taurine for a cat’s dietary needs.

Some cat breeds are genetically predisposed to heart disease. For example, Maine Coon cats, American and British Shorthairs, and Persian cats have a high risk of developing HCM. Siamese cats are predisposed to developing PDA.

Symptoms of Heart Disease in Cats

With feline heart disease, symptoms are often absent until late in the disease process. Some of the symptoms we’ve listed below, such as lethargy and weakness, aren’t specific to heart disease but do signal that something is not quite right.

Sudden collapse and sudden hind limb paralysis warrant an immediate trip to your veterinarian or a veterinary emergency hospital.

• Lethargy
• Weakness
• Pale gums
• Weight loss
• Stunted growth
• Sudden collapse
• Decreased appetite
• Difficult, rapid breathing
• Arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm)
• Sudden hind limb paralysis (indicates a blood clot)

Unlike dogs, cats with heart disease do not cough.

Diagnosing Heart Disease in Cats

Diagnosing heart disease in cats involves a physical exam, imaging tests, and various laboratory tests.

On the physical exam, a veterinarian will pay close attention to the heart, listening for a heart murmur (abnormal heart rhythm). Heart murmurs do not always indicate heart disease but may be present with the disease.

Imaging tests include chest X-rays, an electrocardiogram (ECG), and an echocardiogram. Chest X-rays may reveal an enlarged heart, which strongly indicates heart disease. However, an X-ray will not provide information about the type of heart disease.

An ECG assesses the heart rate and rhythm. But, like the X-ray, an ECG does not help diagnose a specific type of heart disease.

An echocardiogram is an ultrasound of the heart. It is the most definitive way to diagnose heart disease. It provides a detailed picture of the heart’s dimensions and muscle wall thickness and measures how well the heart can contract.

Laboratory tests can help identify an underlying cause of the heart disease. For example, blood work may reveal hyperthyroidism or anemia.

A more specific blood test measures NT-proBNP, a protein whose presence in the blood indicates heart disease and the disease’s severity but not the type of heart disease.

Measuring blood pressure helps determine whether high blood pressure could be contributing to a cat’s heart disease.

Cat Heart Disease Treatment

Treatment for heart disease in cats depends on the type and severity of heart disease and its underlying cause.

Besides PDA, which can be treated surgically, treatment for congenital and acquired heart disease is with medication, if necessary. If a cat with heart disease has no symptoms or only mild symptoms, regular monitoring may be all that’s needed until symptoms appear or worsen.

Several types of medications are available to manage heart disease in cats. Here’s a list of those medications and how they work:

• Diuretic: Flushes out excess fluid from the lungs or abdomen
• ACE inhibitor: Relaxes blood vessels and reduces blood pressure
• Pimobendan: Improves heart function by improving contractility
• Blood pressure medication: Lowers blood pressure
• Beta blocker: Slows the heart rate, reduces blood pressure
• Calcium channel blocker: Slows the heart rate, helps the heart pump more efficiently, reduces blood pressure

Prognosis for Cats with Heart Disease

The prognosis for cats with heart disease will depend on the type and severity of heart disease. Kittens with severe congenital heart disease will have a poor prognosis. The prognosis is better with mild heart disease.

How to Prevent Heart Disease in Cats

Heart disease in cats cannot be prevented. However, regular wellness visits can help your veterinarian detect heart disease early and develop a management plan to slow disease progression and, as much as possible, maintain a good quality of life for your cat.

The post Cat Heart Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Allergies are the outward sign of the immune system’s overreaction to an allergen (allergy-causing substance). They are common in cats and can range from mildly irritating to life-threatening.

Learning about cat allergies will help you recognize allergy symptoms in your cat and quickly get the treatment your cat needs to feel more comfortable. 

7 Common Cat Allergy Symptoms

The signs of allergies in cats are variable and can depend on the type of allergy and severity of the allergic reaction. For example, symptoms may appear suddenly when an allergic reaction is severe and immediate or take years to develop after repeated exposures to a particular allergen. 

As you read through the list of symptoms of allergies in cats below, be aware that these symptoms do not always automatically point to an allergy. Your veterinarian will need to do some diagnostic detective work to determine whether your cat’s symptoms are due to an allergy or another medical condition.

Here are seven common cat allergy symptoms to look for:

Local or generalized itchiness

Allergies can make cats feel itchy in certain spots or are all over. For example, fleas tend to bite in hard-to-reach areas, like the back of the neck, making a cat feel itchy in that spot. Environmental allergies can cause generalized itchiness.

Hair loss

Allergies can make a cat’s skin very itchy, leading to constant irritation and scratching. This scratching leads to hair breakage and hair loss. Cats with allergies often have patches of hair loss from the itching and scratching.

Red, dry, flaky skin

Along with the itchiness and hair loss, cats with allergies commonly have red, dry, and flaky skin because of the constant skin irritation and discomfort.

Digestive upset

Cats with food allergies can experience digestive symptoms when something they eat upsets their tummy. For example, if a cat is allergic to chicken, eating a chicken-based food may cause symptoms like vomiting and diarrhea.

Itchy, watery eyes

Do you get itchy, watery eyes when there’s a lot of pollen in the air? A cat’s eyes can also become itchy and watery when they’re allergic to something in the environment. Even for strictly indoor cats, dust or strong scents can trigger an allergic reaction that causes itchy, watery eyes.

Coughing

Cats with allergic bronchitis, also known as asthma, will cough in response to an allergen that irritates their lungs.

Ear infections

Interestingly, food and environmental allergies in cats can lead to ear infections. 

Other Symptoms to Watch For

Other symptoms of allergies in cats to watch for include:

• Sneezing
• Itchy ears
• Nasal discharge
• Incessant grooming
• Difficulty breathing*
• Swelling (e.g., lips, paws)
• Conjunctivitis (swollen inner lining of the eyelid)

* Difficulty breathing in cats is a medical emergency. If your cat has trouble breathing, immediately take them to your veterinarian or a veterinary emergency hospital.

Diagnosing Allergies in Cats

Diagnosing a cat allergy can be challenging, time-consuming, and expensive, depending on the type of allergy. 

Before going into the diagnostic process, let’s first describe the types of cat allergies:

• Flea allergy: Yes, cats can and do get fleas. Proteins in a flea’s saliva can cause an allergic reaction, making the skin feel very itchy.
• Food allergy: Animal proteins, such as chicken and beef, are common causes of food allergies in cats. Less common food allergens include corn and wheat.
• Atopic dermatitis (environmental allergies): Substances in the environment, like pollen and grasses, can trigger an allergic skin reaction in cats. These allergies are typically seasonal but may occur year-round, especially with indoor allergens like dust and mold.
• Contact allergy: Rarely, substances that your cat contacts, such as shampoo or wool, can cause an allergic skin reaction.
• Cutaneous drug eruptions: Drugs can sometimes trigger an allergic reaction in cats, but this is uncommon.
• Allergic bronchitis (feline asthma): Allergic bronchitis is triggered by substances in the air, such as cigarette smoke or perfume. The allergic reaction causes the airways to become inflamed and constricted, making breathing difficult.

To diagnose an allergy in your cat, your veterinarian will first take a detailed history and conduct a physical exam. The history and physical exam will give your veterinarian the initial clues as to what type of allergy your cat may have.

Your veterinarian will then conduct diagnostic tests specific to the suspected allergy type: 

Flea allergy

Diagnosis is usually based on physical exam and history. If fleas are not seen on the cat, a positive response to flea treatment will confirm the diagnosis.

Food allergy

Diagnosing a food allergy requires an 8- to 12-week food elimination trial to identify the food allergen. During the trial, a cat eats only a novel protein diet (a diet containing a protein your cat has never eaten) with no extra treats, human food, or flavored medications. These trials are conducted with veterinary supervision and can be challenging.

Atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis can be diagnosed with a blood test or intradermal skin testing. The blood test looks for levels of antibodies in the blood that are responsible for inciting the immune response to an allergen. 

The skin test is the gold standard for diagnosing atopic dermatitis. The veterinarian injects tiny amounts of suspected allergens under the skin and waits for an allergic response to occur (skin swelling) that would identify the allergen. 

Contact allergy

Diagnosing a contact allergy can be expensive and time-consuming. The veterinarian applies a tiny patch of potential allergen (e.g., wool) to a cat’s skin. The area with the patch is monitored daily for the next 1 to 2 weeks for an allergic reaction. With so many potential contact allergens, diagnosing contact allergies can be time-consuming and difficult.

Cutaneous drug eruption

Diagnosing a drug allergy relies on knowing the history of medications a cat has recently taken. Symptoms that appeared soon after a particular drug was administered and stopped after the drug was discontinued indicate a drug allergy.

Allergic bronchitis

Chest X-rays are used to diagnose allergic bronchitis. 

Treatment for Allergies in Cats

As for allergies in people, allergies in cats are usually managed, not cured. Depending on the type of allergy, your cat may require lifelong allergy management to minimize the risk of future allergic reactions and treat allergy flare-ups.  

Flea allergies are treated with year-round flea prevention, even for strictly indoor cats. 

Food allergies are treated by feeding a diet that does not contain the allergy-inducing ingredient. 

Atopic dermatitis is managed with various medications, including steroids, antihistamines, and immunosuppressive drugs. Steroids provide rapid and effective relief, while antihistamines’ effectiveness is mixed. Immunosuppressive drugs like cyclosporine tamp down the allergic reaction’s intensity but can take up to 30 days to be maximally effective.

Managing contact and drug allergies is relatively straightforward. Avoiding the offending substance or drug is typically sufficient to prevent future allergic reactions.

Allergic bronchitis can be managed with medications to decrease inflammation and relax and open the airways. Cats with severe allergic bronchitis may need to be hospitalized and receive more aggressive treatment.

The post 7 Symptoms of Allergies in Cats You Shouldn’t Ignore appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Many dogs have not been exposed to the canine influenza virus, meaning they don’t yet have immunity to the disease. According to the American Veterinary Medical Association, about 80 percent of dogs exposed to the virus will get sick with symptoms like a soft, moist cough, nasal discharge, and lethargy.

Canine influenza is rarely fatal, but it can make dogs feel crummy. Because this disease is highly contagious, protecting dogs from exposure to the canine influenza virus is important.

The canine influenza vaccine is the best way to protect dogs from this disease. The more dogs that get vaccinated, the less the virus will be able to circulate throughout the dog population and cause disease.

What Is the Canine Influenza Vaccine?

There are currently two canine influenza vaccines, and both are FDA approved. They are available in veterinary practices nationwide, with no need to see a veterinary specialist to get the vaccine.

This vaccine is considered a non-core vaccine, meaning that not every dog needs to receive it. The 2022 American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) Guidelines state that non-core vaccines are “recommended for some dogs based on lifestyle, geographic location, and risk of exposure.”

Because the canine influenza vaccine is not a core vaccine, there are currently no legal requirements on the state or municipal level for dog flu vaccination. However, certain animal facilities, such as doggie daycares and boarding facilities, may require dog flu vaccination to prevent the spread of the disease in the facility.

How Does the Flu Shot for Dogs Work?

The canine influenza vaccine is a bivalent vaccine, meaning that it protects against the two strains of the canine influenza virus: H3N2 and H3N8.

The vaccine is made up of inactivated (killed) canine influenza virus. The killed virus will stimulate the immune system without causing disease. However, compared with other vaccine formulations, killed virus vaccines may have a shorter duration of immunity and may cause more negative side effects.

The canine influenza vaccine also contains adjuvants that help boost the immune response.

Note that the vaccine does not provide 100 percent protection against the dog flu. However, it does help reduce the duration and severity of illness in dogs that get the disease.

Canine Influenza Vaccination Schedule for Dogs

According to the AAHA Vaccination Guidelines, the canine influenza vaccination schedule is two doses 2 to 4 weeks apart, followed by an annual booster. It can be given to any dog who is over 8 weeks old. 

Possible Side Effects of the Dog Flu Shot

As with all dog vaccines, the canine influenza vaccine comes with potential side effects. Most dogs tolerate the vaccine very well and have either mild or no side effects, while some dogs may have severe adverse reactions that require medical attention.

Here are the more common and mild side effects of the canine influenza vaccine:

• Pain and swelling at the injection site
• Lethargy
• Reduced appetite

Serious side effects are listed below:

• Hives
• Collapse
• Persistent vomiting or diarrhea
• Swelling of the face, neck, eyes, or muzzle

Seek immediate veterinary care if your dog develops severe side effects after vaccination.

The canine influenza vaccine does not react with medications or other vaccinations.

Manufacturers of the Canine Influenza Vaccine for Dogs

Merck and Zoetis each manufacture the canine influenza vaccine.

Merck’s canine influenza vaccine is the Nobivac Canine Flu Bivalent. It was the first vaccine to demonstrate effectiveness against both strains of the virus. It received FDA approval in 2017 and can be given to dogs 7 weeks and older.

The canine influenza vaccine from Zoetis is called Vanguard CIV H3N2/H3N8. It also received FDA approval in 2017 and can be given to dogs 8 weeks and older.

Zoetis does have monovalent canine influenza vaccines that protect against one or the other strain of canine influenza virus. However, on their website, the company “strongly recommends that these vaccines be used only if a dog is lacking vaccination against one of the two strains, and then continue with the use of Vanguard CIV H3N2/H3N8.”

Costs of the Canine Influenza Vaccine

The cost of the vaccine will vary according to veterinary practice and geographic location. Generally, the vaccine costs approximately $20 to $55.

If your veterinarian performs a physical exam before administering the vaccination, expect to also pay for the cost of the office visit. The vaccine and office visit together could cost upwards of $100.

Low-cost vaccine clinics provide an inexpensive option to get your dog vaccinated. Contact your local low-cost vaccine clinics to ask whether they have the canine influenza vaccine.

Does Your Dog Need the Flu Shot?

That depends. Here are some factors that increase a dog’s risk of getting the dog flu:

• Traveling extensively
• Going to doggie daycare
• Staying at a boarding facility
• Frequently visiting the dog park
• Participating in social events, such as dog shows and agility events

In older dogs, respiratory disease and heart disease can increase the risk of getting the dog flu. Also, brachycephalic (smoosh-faced) breeds are at higher risk of canine influenza because their facial structure makes it harder for them to breathe.

Talk with your veterinarian if you’re unsure whether the flu shot is right for your dog.

The post Canine Influenza Vaccine: All About the Dog Flu Shot appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Don’t worry, you’re not alone. In this article we’ll go through what congestion in dogs sounds like, what causes it, and what you can do to treat and prevent it.

Do Dogs Get Congested?

Yes, dogs get congested and have many of the same symptoms of congestion that we experience, such as sneezing and coughing.

Congestion in dogs occurs for many reasons, such as respiratory infections or allergies. It isn’t life-threatening, but it’s reasonable to be concerned if your dog suddenly starts sounding congested and isn’t feeling too well.

Viral and bacterial respiratory infections in dogs are highly contagious, so it doesn’t take much for dogs in close contact with each other to get sick and start sounding congested.

Some dogs are naturally prone to congestion. Brachycephalic dogs, like Bulldogs, can sound congested because of their smoosh-faced facial structure. They have short snouts, making breathing more difficult. Their congestion is considered normal, but medical care may be needed to manage their breathing challenges.

What Dog Congestion Sounds Like

If your dog is congested, you’ll hear it. Dogs who are congested often cough, and that cough can be distinctive. For example, dogs with kennel cough, caused by the bacteria Bordetella bronchiseptica, have a dry, “goose honk” cough.

Coughing due to congestion may worsen when a dog is lying down at night. Severe coughing fits can even make a dog gag or retch, which certainly isn’t pleasant to hear.

A congested dog can also have noisy, labored, and rapid breathing because they have to work extra hard to get oxygen into their body. They might breathe with their mouth open because their nose is too stuffy for oxygen to pass through the nostrils. Sneezing and snoring are also common in congested dogs.  

Why Is My Dog Congested?

There are numerous potential reasons why your dog is congested. Many cases of dog congestion are caused by a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection, while others may be due to chronic disease. Here’s a list of what could be causing your dog’s congestion:

Viruses

• Canine influenza virus (dog flu)
• Canine respiratory coronavirus
• Canine adenovirus type 2
• Canine parainfluenza virus
• Canine distemper virus

Bacteria

• Bordetella bronchiseptica (kennel cough)

·  

Fungi

• Aspergillus

Viral and bacterial respiratory infections are easily transmitted through an infected dog’s respiratory droplets that land on high-touch objects like food bowls and toys. The fungi Aspergillus can get breathed in as a dog roots through the soil with their nose. Once these tiny pathogens enter the respiratory tract, the immune system starts fighting back, causing an immune response that makes dogs congested.

Beyond these common causes, there are other reasons your dog may be congested.

Seasonal allergies. Dogs with seasonal allergies are allergic to environmental substances, like pollen. Breathing in these allergens will trigger an allergic response that will make a dog congested.

Congestive heart failure. An end-stage heart disease, congestive heart failure is when the heart can no longer pump blood effectively, so fluid accumulates and leaks out of the blood vessels. A fluid buildup in the lungs can lead to symptoms of congestion, like coughing and difficulty breathing.

Heartworms. Heartworms get lodged in the pulmonary (lung) arteries and damage the lungs. Dogs with heartworms often cough and have difficulty breathing.

Foreign body. If something is stuck in your dog’s nose, their immune system will work hard to get it out, causing dog nasal congestion symptoms such as sneezing and a runny nose.

Respiratory tumors. A tumor in the respiratory tract can block the normal flow of air, leading to congestion.

Obesity. Excess weight makes the heart and lungs work extra hard. More pressure on the lungs can lead to a dog having difficulty breathing and sounding congested.

Diagnosing the Cause of Dog Congestion

Call your veterinarian if your dog sounds congested. Not all cases of congestion warrant a trip to the doctor, but do not assume that home remedies are all your dog needs.

Your veterinarian will advise you on bringing your dog in for an appointment. For example, if your dog sounds congested when he breathes and becomes lethargic or isn’t eating or drinking well, they will need to be seen by your veterinarian.

During the appointment, your veterinarian will perform a physical exam, paying close attention to your dog’s lungs, heart, and nose.

Diagnostic tests will help your veterinarian figure out why your dog is congested. Blood work will give clues about your dog’s overall health, and chest x-rays will help them see abnormalities in your dog’s lungs or heart.

A rhinoscopy, which would let your veterinarian look in your dog’s nose, would be helpful if they suspect a foreign body or tumor in the nose.

Treating Congestion in Dogs

Treating congestion in dogs depends on the underlying cause. For example, bacterial respiratory infections, like kennel cough, are treated with antibiotics. Antifungal medications treat fungal respiratory infections.

Antiviral medications are typically not prescribed to treat viral respiratory infections like the flu. In these cases, veterinarians will usually recommend at-home care until the illness runs its course (usually 5 to 10 days).

Antihistamines help to manage seasonal allergies. If your dog has congestive heart failure, a diuretic would be prescribed to remove excess fluid from the body, easing congestion symptoms.

Your veterinarian will determine which medications, if any, are needed to relieve your dog’s congestion.

Do not give your dog any over-the-counter (OTC) medicines to relieve their congestion without talking to your veterinarian first. These medicines may contain ingredients that are safe for people but toxic to dogs. 

Benadryl is a common OTC medicine for relieving allergy-related congestion in humans but should only be given to dogs with veterinary supervision and guidance.

Home Remedies for Dog Congestion

At-home supportive care includes rest, hydration, and good nutrition for mild cases of congestion. Adding moisture to the air helps make breathing easier and can be done with a humidifier or by having your dog in the bathroom while you shower.

Wiping your pup’s nose and eyes with a warm, damp cloth to remove discharge is another helpful dog congestion home remedy.

How to Prevent Dog Congestion

Because there are so many potential causes of congestion in dogs, preventing it is not entirely practical. Vaccines are the best form of prevention against viral and bacterial respiratory infections. Limiting your dog’s time in crowded dog facilities like doggie daycares can also help decrease your dog’s risk of getting congested from these infections.

People commonly take supplements that claim to boost immune health, but these are not recommended for dogs. Currently, there’s no scientific evidence that immune-boosting supplements are beneficial for dogs.

The post My Dog Sounds Congested: 9 Reasons It Might Be Happening appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Many conditions can disrupt a dog’s normal heart rate, causing organs not to get the vital blood they need to function properly. An abnormal heart rate often signals the need for veterinary care and attention.

Why Understanding a Dog’s Heart Rate Matters

Knowing your dog’s normal heart rate will help you and your veterinarian quickly recognize when the rate is abnormal.

A normal dog heart rate is also known as the resting heart rate, the rate at which the heart beats when the body is at rest (like when you’re sitting still at the doctor’s office while a nurse takes your heart rate).

Regularly monitoring your dog’s resting heart rate will give you an accurate estimate of what’s normal. No need to buy a stethoscope, though. Later in the article, we’ll explain how to measure your dog’s heart rate without special equipment.

Also, you don’t have to check your dog’s heart rate every week. A dog’s resting heart rate stays steady over time. An occasional check at home and heart rate checks at each veterinary appointment are sufficient for the average, healthy dog.

Changes in heart rate can signal an underlying health issue that needs attention. Other times, though, a change in heart rate is normal and temporary, such as an increased heart rate with exercise. Your veterinarian can help you determine whether a change in heart rate is normal or indicates an actual health problem.

What Is a Normal Dog Heart Rate?

A dog’s normal heart rate primarily depends on their size and age. Normal heart rates are generally higher in puppies and small dogs than in adult dogs and large dogs.

Here’s a chart of average heart rates in dogs, measured in beats per minute (BPM):

An abnormally slow heart rate is called bradycardia, while an abnormally fast heart rate is called tachycardia.

Abnormal Heart Rates in Dogs

Abnormal heart rates in dogs are either physiologic (normal and temporary) or pathologic (caused by an underlying health issue).

Bradycardia occurs when the heart beats too slowly. Here are some causes of bradycardia in dogs:

Physiologic

• Very athletic dog

Pathologic

• Liver or kidney failure
• Hypokalemia (low potassium levels)
• Myocarditis (heart muscle inflammation)
• Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland)

Tachycardia occurs when the heart beats too quickly. A rapid heartbeat doesn’t allow the heart’s chambers to fully refill with blood between contractions (when the heart ‘squeezes’). Here are common causes of tachycardia in dogs:

Physiologic

• Stress
• Exercise
• Anxiety
• Excitement

Pathologic

• Fever
• Shock
• Infection
• Dehydration
• Low blood pressure
• Congestive heart failure

How to Check a Dog’s Heart Rate

Check your dog’s heart rate regularly when your dog is at rest.

There are several places on your dog’s body where you can check the heart rate:

• Directly over the heart: Place your hand on the left side of the chest, behind the elbow of the left front leg.
• Inside the front of the right or left hind leg.

Even though the heart rate is reported as beats per minute (BPM), you do not have to count for 60 seconds. Instead, count the number of beats for 15 seconds, then multiply that number by four. For example, if you count 30 beats in 15 seconds, the heart rate is 120 BPM (30 x 4).

Track the time with a watch, stopwatch, or your phone’s timer. Also, take your dog’s heart rate several times to ensure your measurement is accurate. Write down the measurement, especially if it’s abnormal.

Abnormal Dog Heart Rate: Next Steps

Take your dog to your veterinarian if your dog’s heart rate is abnormal and you’re unsure why. During the appointment, tell your veterinarian what heart rate you measured at home. They will perform a physical exam and listen closely to your dog’s heart.

Your veterinarian will then perform other diagnostic tests to examine your dog’s heart. One such test is an electrocardiogram, which evaluates the heart’s electrical activity. An echocardiogram is an ultrasound that shows the heart’s structures and how the heart is beating and pumping blood. A chest X-ray may show an abnormal appearance of the heart (e.g., enlargement).

In addition, your veterinarian will perform bloodwork and a urinalysis to evaluate your dog’s overall health and look for evidence of an underlying illness.

Treating an Abnormal Heart Rate

An abnormal heart rate can lead to other health problems, so it is essential to re-establish a normal heart rate. In cases of physiologic changes, such as exercise or anxiety, treatment may not be necessary.

However, if your dog has an underlying illness, that illness will need to be treated and managed to get your dog’s heart rate back to normal. For example, if an infection is causing your dog’s heart to beat too fast, treating the infection will help normalize the heart rate.

There are also specific heart medications that can re-establish a normal heart rate. Once your veterinarian determines why your dog’s heart rate is abnormal, they will prescribe the most appropriate medical treatment.

The post Normal Dog Heart Rate: What Should It Be? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Fleas can become a big problem within a few days of landing on your cat. Not only do they need to be eliminated as quickly and effectively as possible, but they must also be prevented from returning. 

Before we get into all that, let’s start by answering the main question you’re probably wondering: how do cats get fleas?

How Do Cats Get Fleas?

Contrary to popular belief, fleas cannot fly. Instead, they use their strong legs to jump and land on a cat’s body. Fleas can jump an average of 8 inches, which is quite far, given their tiny size.

The cat flea (also known as Ctenocephalides felis) can easily hop on indoor cats who occasionally spend time outside with their owners. Indoor cats who freely roam outside are also easy targets for fleas.

But how do indoor cats get fleas if they rarely or never venture outside? Unfortunately, cat fleas have found clever ways to get inside your home and onto your kitty:

Other pets. If you have a dog, your dog can carry fleas inside the home after a walk or playtime outside. Even if your dog is on a year-round flea preventative, fleas can ingeniously hop off your dog and onto your cat before getting killed 

Humans. Cat fleas can hitch a ride inside on your clothes or shoes.

Rodents. Rodents can have fleas. If you have a rodent problem in your home, fleas will have easy access to your cat.

Traveling. Traveling can be as simple as going to the veterinarian’s office. Other pets in the waiting room may have fleas that can jump onto your cat.

New home. A new home may look spotless, but immature fleas may be biding their time in the crooks and crevices of the house, waiting to become adults and jump onto your cat.

Old furniture. Did you recently buy furniture from a yard sale or consignment store? That furniture may also have immature fleas. 

The Flea Life Cycle

Understanding the flea life cycle goes along with knowing how your cat can get fleas.  

Adult fleas land on a cat and promptly start feeding on their blood. Adult female fleas then begin laying eggs – up to 40 to 50 per day! These eggs fall off the host and hatch after about 12 days as flea larvae. The larvae wrap themselves in a cocoon and mature into pupae.

The pupae can be dormant in their cocoons for months, even years. When the pupae sense that a host is nearby, they will emerge from their cocoons as mature adults. Mature adults will jump onto their host within a few hours of coming out of their cocoon, and the cycle begins again.

It’s also important to note that adult fleas comprise only a small percentage (5 percent) of the flea population in a home. Eggs make up 50 percent, larvae make up 35 percent, and pupae make up 10 percent.

How to Tell a Cat Has Fleas

Fleas are tiny and difficult to find on your cat. But they irritate a cat’s skin and can cause significant discomfort. Here are the common signs and symptoms of a cat flea infestation:

• Patches of hair loss
• Excessive grooming
• Constant itching and scratching
• Red, scabbed skin from scratching

Fleas also leave behind flea dirt, which is rust-colored flea poop. You can see flea dirt on your cat and where your cat likes to spend time, such as their bed or a cat tree.

Because fleas take a blood meal, a severe flea infestation can cause anemia, especially in kittens. Signs of anemia include lethargy and pale gums. This can be life-threatening in kittens and requires immediate veterinary treatment.

How to Get Rid of Fleas on Cats

Before going over the different flea treatments for cats, it’s important to note few considerations:

1. It can take at least three months to eliminate all flea life stages successfully.
2. All pets in the home need to be treated for fleas simultaneously, not just your cat.
3. Your home (indoors and outdoors) must be treated to eliminate all fleas and sources of fleas.

When it comes to eliminating fleas on cats, there are several treatment options available. Some treat active infestations, while others break the flea life cycle and prevent future infestations.

Shampoos. Flea shampoos are fast-acting and kill adult fleas on contact. However, they don’t provide long-term flea control.

Spot-on treatments and oral tablets. Both of these options break the flea life cycle and do provide long-term flea control (up to several months). They may contain an adulticide or an insect growth regulator (IGR). IGRs break the life cycle at the larval stage, preventing fleas from maturing into adults.

Natural remedies. Natural flea treatments often contain essential oils and have become more popular recently. However, they are not nearly as effective as insecticide-containing flea treatments. Also, if not used properly, essential oils can be toxic to cats.

Flea comb. Because the typical flea treatments are generally considered unsafe for kittens younger than 8 to 10 weeks old and weighing less than 1.5 to 2 pounds, the best option for them is a flea comb. After combing through your kitten’s fur, immediately dip the comb in a bowl of soapy water to kill the fleas.

Flea treatments are available over-the-counter (OTC) or with a veterinary prescription. OTC flea treatments are less expensive but may not be as effective or long-lasting as prescription flea treatments. Also, prescription flea treatments for cats can provide additional protection against heartworms and intestinal worms.

With so many options for flea treatments for cats, it’s best to work with your veterinarian to select the most appropriate one for your particular kitty. 

However, you must never use dog flea products on cats. Dog flea products may contain permethrin, which is toxic to cats. If you have a dog, ask your veterinarian about permethrin-free flea treatments.

How to Get Rid of Fleas in Your Home

It will take diligent work to eliminate the flea eggs, larvae, and pupae lurking inside and outside your home. Here are some strategies:

• Vacuum frequently, focusing on where immature fleas like to hide: bedding, soft furniture, carpeting, and cracks and crevices. Empty the vacuum bag outside your home
• Wash your cat’s bedding and soft furniture, such as pillows, in hot water
• Hire a pest control service to get rid of rodents
• Mow your lawn regularly and get rid of piles of leaves. Fleas love to hide in tall grass and leaf piles

Flea Prevention for Cats

Fleas are a big nuisance, so prevention is key. A year-round flea preventative for your cat and all household pets is the best way to avoid fleas.

Also, regularly check your cat’s fur for fleas with a flea comb. If you detect fleas, use the treatment strategies described above.

Continue to vacuum and clean regularly to ensure no flea eggs, larvae, or pupae are in your home.

Keep your cat indoors as much as possible, and check them for fleas whenever they do venture outside or travel with you.

The post How Do Cats Get Fleas? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Hepatic lipidosis in cats is one of the most common liver diseases and can be fatal if not treated immediately and aggressively. Fortunately, with early and effective treatment, cats can fully recover from hepatic lipidosis and not relapse.

What is Hepatic Lipidosis?

Hepatic lipidosis in cats is also known as fatty liver syndrome. It is a common feline liver disease caused by the liver being overwhelmed with body fat that is transported to the liver when a cat becomes anorexic.

Causes of Hepatic Lipidosis in Cats

Hepatic lipidosis in cats is usually caused by an underlying medical condition, including those listed below:

• Cancer
• Diabetes
• Pancreatitis
• Kidney disease
• Other liver diseases
• Nutritional deficiencies
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland)

In addition to these medical conditions, several risk factors can make cats more prone to developing hepatic lipidosis. These risk factors include obesity, stress, and a sudden change in diet. Overweight or obese cats are especially susceptible to hepatic lipidosis because of how much extra body fat they have.

The common denominator for these causes and risk factors is anorexia. When a cat stops eating for several days, the body starts using its fat stores for energy because the cat is not getting fat from their diet. The fat moves to the liver to be processed into energy.

Unfortunately, this massive movement of fat to the liver clogs the liver’s cells. The liver cannot process the fat quickly enough and stops functioning well. In severe cases, the liver stops working, leading to liver failure.

Symptoms of Feline Hepatic Lipidosis

Hepatic lipidosis can make a cat seriously ill very quickly. Here are common signs of hepatic lipidosis in cats:

• Pallor
• Lethargy
• Vomiting
• Constipation
• Muscle wasting
• Clotting problems
• Excessive salivation
• Neck bent downward
• Avoiding the food bowl
• Dramatic, rapid weight loss
• Behavioral changes (social withdrawal, depression)
• Jaundice (yellowing of the eyes, skin, gums)

The presence of jaundice indicates severe disease. A cat with jaundice from hepatic lipidosis could die from the disease and needs immediate and aggressive treatment.

Diagnosing Fatty Liver Disease in Cats

Take your cat to your veterinarian as quickly as you can if your cat has symptoms of hepatic lipidosis.

Your veterinarian will first take a history and perform a physical examination. For the history, share as much detail as possible about your cat’s symptoms and dietary and medication history.

In addition to the history and physical examination, your veterinarian will use bloodwork, abdominal ultrasound, and tissue sampling to diagnose hepatic lipidosis.

The bloodwork will reveal abnormalities that indicate liver disease, such as elevated liver enzymes. The bloodwork may also indicate anemia and abnormal levels of electrolytes like potassium and sodium.

An abdominal ultrasound will show an enlarged liver. On the ultrasound, your veterinarian will also look at other abdominal organs, like the kidney and pancreas, for evidence of underlying disease in these organs.

Tissue sampling, by biopsy or ultrasound-guided fine needle aspirate (FNA), is the best way to definitively diagnose hepatic lipidosis. Performing an FNA involves inserting a long, thin needle into the liver and removing a small piece of tissue. A biopsy would require surgery and may not be possible, depending on a cat’s health status.

Treating Hepatic Lipidosis in Cats

Treatment for hepatic lipidosis in cats must start early to maximize the chance of a full recovery and can last 6 to 12 weeks. There are several treatment goals for this condition. 

Through treatment, veterinarians try to:

• Correct dehydration
• Correct nutritional deficiencies
• Stop fat mobilization to the liver
• Restore normal electrolyte levels

Cats will need to be hospitalized for at least the early part of their treatment. Treatment includes nutritional support, medications, and intravenous fluid therapy. Nutritional support is complex and will be explained in the next section.

Medications are given to reduce symptoms, support liver function, and, if needed, manage the underlying disease that contributed to the hepatic lipidosis.

Depending on a cat’s nutritional deficiencies because of anorexia, injectable nutritional supplements may be given to correct those deficiencies.

Intravenous fluid therapy restores hydration and normal electrolyte levels. It is administered before beginning nutritional support. To prevent overhydration, obese and overweight cats with hepatic lipidosis should be given fluid therapy according to their ideal weight, not their current weight.

Nutritional Support for Cats with Hepatic Lipidosis

Nutritional support is provided to cats with hepatic lipidosis through long-term feeding tubes for at least 6 to 7 weeks. The tube is either an esophagostomy tube (placed directly into the esophagus) or a gastrostomy tube (placed directly into the stomach). For severe cases of hepatic lipidosis, cats may need to be fed intravenously before being fed through a feeding tube.

Affected cats are fed a high-protein, calorie-dense, balanced food. The goal is for cats to take in enough calories to stop fat mobilization. It is crucial to avoid forced feeding by mouth. Forced feeding can lead to food aversion syndrome, complicating and prolonging treatment.

Nutritional support through the feeding tube is gradually increased until a cat takes in their optimal daily caloric intake. Your cat will not stay in the hospital the entire time they are tube fed, so your veterinarian will instruct you on how to do the feedings at home and maintain the tube.

The tube can be removed after a cat can eat enough on their own, by mouth, to maintain their body weight.

The Cost to Treat a Cat for Fatty Liver Disease

The costs for treating fatty liver disease in cats can quickly add up, so be prepared. Here are the typical expenses for treating this condition:

• Medications
• Hospitalization
• Nutritional support
• Feeding tube placement
• Continued monitoring
• Intravenous fluid therapy

The total cost will vary, depending on disease severity and how long your cat needs to be hospitalized.

How to Prevent Hepatic Lipidosis

Hepatic lipidosis in cats is not entirely preventable, but you can reduce your cat’s likelihood of developing the disease. For example, monitor your cat’s weight and work with your veterinarian on a weight loss plan if your cat is overweight or obese.

Also, reduce your cat’s stress and stay on top of managing chronic diseases. Make changes to your cat’s diet gradually and take your cat for regular wellness visits.

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Dog strokes are often massive and quite frightening for pet parents to witness. If your dog has a stroke, they will need immediate veterinary care for the best chance of survival and recovery. Learning how to recognize dog stroke symptoms can help you get help quickly. 

Can Dogs Have Strokes?

Yes, dogs can have strokes.

Although strokes occur in both dogs and people, there are a few differences to be aware of. First, strokes are much less common in dogs than in people. Also, unlike people, dogs cannot tell us when they have mild stroke signs, such as slurred speech or dizziness. By the time a pet parent typically notices dog stroke symptoms, the stroke has progressed and become massive.

Strokes in dogs are either ischemic (blocked blood vessel) or hemorrhagic (ruptured blood vessel), with ischemic being the most common form.

All breeds of dogs can be affected by strokes. However, certain breeds are prone to health conditions that put them at higher risk. For example, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels are susceptible to heart disease, a stroke risk factor in dogs.

Strokes affect dogs of all ages. But older dogs have a higher risk because they are more likely to have one or more underlying health conditions that increase the risk of strokes.

Dog Stroke Symptoms

Symptoms of strokes in dogs appear suddenly and are similar whether the stroke is ischemic or hemorrhagic.

A dog’s stroke symptoms depend on several factors: 

1. Region of the brain affected by the stroke
2. Duration of blood and oxygen deprivation
3. Severity of blood and oxygen deprivation

Mild signs of stroke, such as dizziness and memory loss, are usually not apparent, but there are many dog stroke symptoms to watch for. These include:

• Circling
• Seizures
• Head tilt
• Blindness
• Incoordination
• Unconsciousness
• Nausea or vomiting
• Bathroom accidents
• Weakness on one side
• Sudden personality changes
• Unawareness of surroundings/disorientation
• Abnormal eye movement and position

Some of these dog stroke signs are also seen with syncope (fainting) and vestibular disease. Your veterinarian can rule out those other conditions using diagnostic testing.

What Causes Dog Strokes?

A blood clot is the most common cause of strokes in dogs. For hemorrhagic strokes, trauma can cause a blood vessel to rupture and leak blood into the brain.

A blockage in a blood vessel (such as bacteria or a tumor) can also cause a stroke, but in nearly half of stroke cases in dogs, the cause remains unknown.

Various health conditions increase a dog’s risk of having a stroke:

• Cancer
• Diabetes
• Heart disease
• Kidney disease
• Hypothyroidism
• Cushing’s disease
• Bleeding disorders
• Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
• Hypertension (high blood pressure)

Diagnosing Dog Strokes

If your dog is having a stroke, take them to your veterinarian right away. The longer your dog’s brain is deprived of oxygen, the worse the prognosis.

Call your veterinarian before you leave the house to let them know you’re on your way. If your dog has a stroke after regular business hours, take them to the nearest emergency veterinary hospital.

After taking a detailed history and conducting a physical exam, your veterinarian will evaluate your dog’s heart to differentiate between a stroke and syncope. A heart evaluation includes an electrocardiogram to analyze heart rhythm, an echocardiogram (heart ultrasound) to evaluate blood flow, and a chest X-ray to look at the physical appearance of the heart.

Once your veterinarian has ruled out syncope, they may recommend that your dog have an MRI or computed tomography scan to evaluate brain function and rule out other diseases.

Your veterinarian will also perform basic diagnostic tests, including blood work and a urinalysis. Hormone testing will be recommended if your veterinarian suspects an underlying hormonal condition, such as hypothyroidism.

Although strokes are an emergency in dogs, a proper evaluation is crucial to accurately diagnose a stroke and develop the most appropriate treatment plan.

Dog Stroke Treatment

Early stroke treatment is critical to quickly restore blood flow to the brain and increase the likelihood of a full recovery.

Treatment for strokes in dogs consists of medications and various supportive care measures to manage underlying health conditions and alleviate and resolve symptoms.

Some of these medications may include:

• Blood thinners to break down blood clots
• Hormone therapy to manage hypothyroidism
• Blood pressure medication for hypertension

Other medications may be needed depending on your dog’s underlying health conditions. For example, hypothyroidism would be managed with a thyroid hormone supplement.

Several supportive care options, such as supplemental oxygen to supply oxygen to the brain, are also available. Other supportive care measures include intravenous fluid therapy, physical therapy, and nutritional management.

Surgery is not part of the treatment protocol for strokes in dogs. 

Recovering from a Stroke

Even with early treatment, dogs with a stroke will face a long recovery. The neurologic signs will gradually resolve on their own as blood flow and oxygen are restored to the brain.

However, if the stroke was severe or treatment was delayed, a dog may have permanent brain damage and lingering symptoms. In the worst-case scenario, strokes can be fatal in dogs.

Preventing Dog Strokes

Unfortunately strokes in dogs cannot be prevented. However, you can decrease your dog’s risk of a stroke by staying on top of their health.

Be sure to take your dog to regular wellness visits and follow your veterinarian’s instructions for managing any underlying health conditions. For example, if your dog has diabetes, follow your veterinarian’s prescription instructions for administering insulin. Prioritizing your pup’s health is the best way to encourage general wellness and avoid a stroke.

The post Dog Stroke Symptoms: 12 Signs to Watch For appeared first on Great Pet Care.

And for a good reason. Tetanus in dogs is uncommon because they are relatively resistant to the toxin released by the bacteria that causes the disease. However, even though it’s not common, tetanus can become life threatening in dogs if not detected and treated early.

In this article, we’ll cover the basics of dog tetanus, including symptoms, treatment, and prevention.

What is Tetanus?

Tetanus is a bacterial infection that affects the nervous system. The bacteria that causes tetanus (Clostridium tetani, or C. tetani for short) lives in soil. It can also be found in an animal’s intestinal tract and is shed through the feces. C. tetani is an anaerobe, thriving in environments with little to no oxygen. It is very hardy and can live in these environments for years.

C. tetani enters the body through a puncture wound. The bacteria multiplies within the wound and releases a neurotoxin called tetanospasmin when cells in the wound begin to die. The toxin then attaches to nerve cells that control voluntary movement and blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (chemical messengers in the nervous system).

Without this control, muscles involuntarily spasm and contract. Involuntary muscle movements can be life-threatening when the respiratory muscles spasm, leading to an inability to breathe.

People get tetanus shots to protect themselves from the disease. The first shot is given during childhood. Because tetanus shots do not provide lifelong protection, adults need booster shots to maintain disease protection. 

Can Dogs Get Tetanus?

Yes, dogs can get tetanus, but it is unusual because they are typically resistant to the toxin released by C. tetani. 

There are two forms of tetanus in dogs: localized and generalized. Localized tetanus causes symptoms at the site of the wound. Generalized tetanus occurs when the toxin enters the nerve tract and travels from the wound to the brain and spinal cord. 

If a dog does get tetanus, it is more likely to be localized tetanus. However, it is possible for localized tetanus to progress to generalized tetanus.

How Do Dogs Get Tetanus?

As with people, dogs get tetanus when C. tetani enters the body through a puncture wound. It’s important for pet parents to be aware that the wound does not have to be large in order for tetanus to be present – a minor puncture wound can allow entry of C. tetani. Additionally, while any dog can technically get tetanus, it is most likely to affect young, large-breed dogs.

Symptoms of Tetanus in Dogs

Tetanus symptoms in dogs are due to tetanospasmin’s effects on nerve cells, resulting in involuntary muscle contractions and spasms. The incubation time (i.e. time until symptoms appear) for tetanus in dogs is usually about 5 to 10 days, but it can range from 3 days to several weeks. This timeframe is so long because of dogs’ resistance to tetanospasmin.

Symptoms of both localized and generalized tetanus in dogs include:

Localized Tetanus

• Muscle stiffness near the wound
• Muscle tremors near the wound

Generalized Tetanus

• Lockjaw
• Erect ears
• Wrinkled forehead
• Inability to swallow
• Excessive drooling
• Difficulty breathing
• Stiff head and neck
• Mouth partially open
• Elevated third eyelids
• Stiff and extended tail
• Curled lips (‘sinister smile’)
• Difficulty walking or turning around
• Fever due to heat from constant muscle contraction

It’s also important to note that the muscle spasms associated with tetanus can be severe enough to cause bone fractures.

Diagnosing Tetanus in Dogs

Veterinarians diagnose tetanus according to symptoms. Ideally, the wound can be identified; however, because of the long incubation time of tetanus in dogs, the wound usually heals by the time symptoms appear.

Tests to identify C. tetani are not always reliable, so testing is usually not performed to make the diagnosis. However, a veterinarian may perform diagnostic testing to assess an affected dog’s overall health. This can include bloodwork, urinalysis, chest X-rays, and an electrocardiogram to measure heart rate and rhythm.

Treatment for Tetanus in Dogs

When it comes to treating tetanus in dogs, the earlier treatment is started, the better. The goal is to begin treatment before tetanospasmin has attached to nerve cells. If the wound can be identified, the veterinarian will debride (remove all dead tissue) and clean it.

Beyond wound care, the specific course of treatment depends on disease severity, but several treatments are generally recommended, including: 

Antibiotics The first line of treatment is typically an antibiotic, specifically penicillin. Killing C. tetani prevents the release of tetanospasmin, and improvements from antibiotic treatment are typically seen within the first week.

Other medications. Additional medications to relax the muscles and control spasms may also be used. Because light and noise can trigger muscle spasms, dogs must remain in a dark, quiet room during treatment.

Antitoxin. A tetanus antitoxin is another form of treatment, though it is a controversial option. An antitoxin is a blood product that contains antibodies against tetanospasmin and is derived from the blood of a horse or human. Its role is to prevent attachment of the neurotoxin to nerve cells, so it is effective only during the early stages of the disease.

Unfortunately, this antitoxin can have serious side effects. Because it is a blood product of another species, it may be rejected by a dog’s immune system and cause anaphylactic shock, a severe and life-threatening allergic reaction. Anaphylaxis is more likely with intravenous administration of the antitoxin.

Depending on disease severity, additional supportive care measures may be taken, such as:

• Feeding tube
• Breathing support
• Intravenous fluid therapy
• Soft bedding and regular body rotation to prevent bed sores

Full recovery from tetanus typically takes at least one month. 

How Much Does It Cost to Treat Tetanus in Dogs?

The cost to treat tetanus in dogs varies according to how severe it is. Localized tetanus treatment costs are lower because the dog may not need hospitalization or require intensive care.

Generalized tetanus is much more expensive to treat, given the costs of intensive supportive care, medications, and hospitalization.

How to Prevent Tetanus in Dogs

Although people get tetanus shots in childhood and adulthood, because tetanus is so uncommon in dogs, these shots are not routinely given in the canine community.

The best prevention against tetanus in dogs is prompt and thorough cleaning of puncture wounds and antibiotic treatment. If the cleaning is beyond what you can do yourself, your veterinarian can thoroughly debride and clean the wound, and also prescribe an appropriate antibiotic to administer at home.

The post Tetanus in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Keeping the paws healthy is key to a dog’s ability to move about their environment comfortably and easily.

Paw infections are often painful and irritating, making life difficult for dogs. Unfortunately, given the paws’ location, these infections are challenging to treat and may take a long time to heal.

The sooner you recognize their paws are infected, the sooner you can get your dog the veterinary care they need. 

Types of Dog Paw Infections

Generally, infections are caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, that invade the body and activate the immune system. 

The main types of dog paw infections are:

• Bacterial
• Fungal
• Yeast

Causes of Dog Paw Infections

Dog paw infections occur when the paws’ protective padding is damaged, allowing microorganisms to enter the paw and multiply.

Here are a few ways in which the paw can become damaged and prone to infection:

Trauma. Trauma to the paw can be as tiny as a puncture wound or as large as a long gash. Either way, microorganisms enter that wound and cause a painful infection.

Allergies. Common dog allergies include food, fleas, and environmental. Allergies make a dog’s paws feel incredibly itchy, leading to constant licking and biting at the area. This will eventually damage the paws’ protective covering, allowing bacteria or other microorganisms to enter.

Immune suppression. A dog’s immune system may be suppressed because of treatment, such as for cancer. A suppressed immune system cannot mount a strong immune response to fight off an infection.

Body type. Dogs with skinny legs and thin paw padding, such as Greyhounds, are prone to paw infections.

Dog Paw Infection Symptoms

The symptoms of an infected dog paw are usually quite evident and similar regardless of the underlying cause.

Here are signs of a paw infection to look for:

• Redness
• Swelling
• Visible injury
• Pain in the paw
• Discolored nails
• Foul smell from the paw
• Reluctance to have paws touched
• Greasy or discolored paw discharge
• Difficulty walking or refusal to walk
• Vocalizing when trying to walk
• Constant licking or biting at the paws
• Signs of allergies (e.g., watery eyes, skin rash, itchy skin)

These symptoms range in severity according to the infection’s severity, and knowing the normal appearance of your dog’s paws will help you recognize anything out of the ordinary more quickly. 

Diagnosing Dog Paw Infections

If your dog is showing signs of a paw infection, your veterinarian will need to diagnose the infection and perform a few basic tests to determine the infection’s cause.

Your veterinarian will first take a history from you and conduct a physical exam, paying close attention to your dog’s paws. Tell them your dog’s symptoms and when they first appeared, and if your dog recently suffered a paw injury. Your veterinarian will ask you other questions to get more details from you about the problem.

To look for microorganisms in the paw, your veterinarian also will do a few simple tests, such as a skin scrape and tape impression. For the skin scrape, they’ll gently scrape a thin layer of the paw pad to collect skin cells, then place this scraping on a microscope slide. For a tape impression, your vet will press a piece of tape across the affected paw and place the tape on a microscope slide.

Once analyzed under a microscope, the appearance of the microorganisms will allow your veterinarian to determine whether bacteria, yeast, or fungi caused the infection.

Additional diagnostic testing is needed for severe paw infections. X-rays of your dog’s paw and leg will help your vet determine if the infection has spread beyond the paw. Blood work indicates whether the infection has entered your dog’s bloodstream.

Dog Paw Infection Treatments

Treatment for a paw infection depends on the underlying cause and the infection’s severity and duration. Allow at least a few days for the paw to heal.

Medications to treat dog paw infections include antibiotics and antifungals. They can be applied topically to the paw as an ointment or, for severe infections, given by mouth. Pain medications are given to relieve pain and discomfort.

Infected dog paws must also be cleaned to remove as much dirt, debris, and damaged tissue as possible. After the paw is cleaned, it is bandaged to protect it from further injury, allowing it to heal as fully as possible.

Cleaning and bandaging may be challenging, depending on how well your dog tolerates their infected paw being handled. Your veterinarian will provide at-home instructions for cleaning and bandaging the infected paw, and your dog will wear an e-collar during treatment to keep them from biting and picking at the bandage.

Follow your veterinarian’s treatment instructions to ensure that the infection clears and the paw fully heals. Let them know if you’re having trouble keeping the paw clean and bandaged.

How to Prevent Dog Paw Infections

Dogs love to run and play, so preventing a paw infection may not be easy. However, a few prevention strategies can help make paw infections much less likely for your dog:

Regular grooming. Keep your dog’s nails trimmed. Overgrown nails can curl under and puncture the paw pad.

Paw protection. Put booties on your dog’s paws when your dog goes outside.

Keep an eye on the paws. Inspect your dog’s paws regularly, especially after going outside.

Wash after walks. Clean and dry your dog’s paws after taking a walk or vigorous outdoor play. Dog paw cleaners can make this process easy and efficient. 

Allergy treatment. Manage your dog’s allergies to make the paws feel less itchy.

Prevent pests. Have your dog on year-round flea and tick prevention to avoid itchy bites.

Dog paw infections can be very uncomfortable, but they are treatable and preventable. Taking good care of your dog’s paws will help keep them healthy and infection free.

The post Dog Paw Infections: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But various health problems can lead to your cat pooping blood, which will understandably make you concerned, and perhaps a bit grossed out.

Blood in a cat’s stool is not always an emergency, but it does point to an underlying cause that needs to be diagnosed and treated by your veterinarian.

Blood in Cat Stool: What Does It Look Like?

Looking closely at your cat’s poop is probably not your idea of fun. But being able to describe what the blood in the poop looks like will help your veterinarian determine how the blood got there and how to treat it.

Let’s go through a few things to observe about blood in your cat’s poop.

Color

The color of the blood indicates where the bleeding is occurring in your cat’s gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

Dark and tarry blood – called melena – resembles coffee grounds and indicates a problem in the upper GI tract (stomach and small intestine). Melena’s appearance is due to the blood being partially digested.

Bright red, fresh blood – called hematochezia – is a sign of problems in the lower GI tract (colon, rectum, or anus).

Consistency

Clots of blood in the stool resemble clumps of jelly and point to a problem in the lower GI tract.

Volume

The blood may be mixed throughout the stool, present on one end of the stool, or take up almost the entirety of the stool.

Take note of the stool’s appearance as well. Extremely hard stool is a sign of constipation, while loose, watery poop indicates diarrhea.

11 Common Causes of Blood in Cat Poop

The list of causes of blood in cat poop can run a mile long. Here’s a list of the most common causes:

Constipation: Straining to poop can rupture blood vessels around the anus, causing bleeding. Prolonged constipation can damage the colon.

Diarrhea: Diarrhea can irritate the lining of the GI tract as the loose poop passes through, causing bleeding. Long-term diarrhea can lead to severe dehydration and should be treated promptly.

Parasites: Intestinal worms, such as hookworms, can attach to the intestinal lining, leading to bleeding. Intestinal parasites steal nutrients from their host, causing such problems as malnutrition and poor coat condition.

Inflammation: Inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, irritate the GI tract lining, causing bleeding. Although not life-threatening, inflammatory diseases are chronic and require consistent management.

Cancer: Cancerous growths in the GI tract can cause bleeding. Cancers range in severity and aggression.

Polyps: Polyps are benign growths but can still damage the GI tract lining and cause bleeding.

Stress: Stress in cats can cause a condition called stress colitis (inflammation of the colon). An inflamed colon can leak blood into the poop.

Infection: Disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and fungi can cause GI upset and bleeding.

Foreign bodies: A sharp-edged foreign body may lacerate the GI tract lining and cause bleeding after ingestion.

Dietary indiscretion: Cats that sift through the garbage may eat something that causes GI illness and bleeding. Dietary indiscretion can be severe if your cat eats toxic food like garlic.

Rat poison ingestion: Rodenticides contain an anticoagulant and are toxic to cats. A cat that eats rat poison or a rat that ate the poison will be unable to clot blood, leading to significant GI bleeding.

Each of these causes requires veterinary attention. Rat poison ingestion is an emergency and must be treated immediately.

Getting a Diagnosis for Blood in a Cat’s Stool

Schedule an appointment with your veterinarian if your cat has blood in its stool. Your veterinarian will first take a history from you and perform a complete physical examination. 

Be ready to answer questions from your vet, such as those listed below:

• When did you first notice the blood?
• What does the blood in the poop look like?
• What other symptoms is your cat experiencing (e.g., lethargy, vomiting)?
• Has your cat experienced recent stressors (e.g., new pet, baby, recent move)?

Your veterinarian may also perform various diagnostic tests, listed below, to determine the cause of the blood in your cat’s stool.

• Blood work
• Fecal exam
• X-rays
• Abdominal ultrasound

Your vet may also want to perform an endoscopy of the GI tract, for which your cat would be sedated. An endoscope consists of thin tubing and a camera, along with small pinchers to take tissue samples, if necessary. An endoscopy would allow your vet to see evidence of inflammation, cancerous growths or polyps, and foreign bodies.

How to Treat Blood in Cat Poop

Treating blood in cat stool depends on the underlying cause. For example, a deworming medication kills intestinal worms. Constipation can be treated with stool softeners. Inflammatory bowel disease is typically managed with dietary changes to reduce inflammation and irritation in the GI tract.

Surgery may be the best option to remove a foreign body, polyp, or cancerous growth.

Home remedies are generally not recommended to treat blood in cat poop. The only safe and appropriate home remedy is dietary management, which may involve feeding a hypoallergenic diet and adjusting your cat’s fiber intake.

How to Prevent Blood in Your Cat’s Stool

With so many causes of blood in cat poop, prevention is not always possible or practical.

Fortunately, there are a few things you can do to reduce the likelihood of blood appearing in your cat’s stool:

Eliminate stress. Reduce your cat’s stress by providing plenty of environmental enrichment, such as toys and cat perches.

Don’t let your cat dumpster dive. Block your cat’s access to rat poison and garbage.

Keep regular veterinary appointments. Take your cat for wellness visits according to your veterinarian’s recommended schedule.

The post Blood in Cat Stool: 11 Common Causes appeared first on Great Pet Care.

A dog’s kidneys work hard to keep the body healthy, carrying out such functions as regulating electrolyte levels and filtering out waste from the blood. A cascade of health issues can develop when the kidneys fail, making dogs quite ill.

Recognizing the signs of kidney failure and knowing what to do next will help you get your dog the help they need when their kidneys stop working.

Kidney Disease Vs. Kidney Failure in Dogs

Let’s first differentiate kidney disease from kidney failure.

You can think of kidney disease and kidney failure as being at different points along the same continuum of kidney problems.

Kidney disease describes a condition when the kidneys aren’t working well but are still functional. The kidneys are designed to have a lot of reserve capacity. Kidney disease usually doesn’t become apparent until approximately 70% of kidney tissue is damaged.

Kidney failure is the end point of kidney disease when the kidneys are no longer functional and there is no reserve capacity to keep the kidneys working.

Types of Kidney Failure in Dogs

Kidney failure in dogs is classified as acute or chronic. 

Acute kidney failure occurs suddenly and is usually due to infection or toxins. Chronic kidney failure occurs gradually and is most commonly due to old age-related deterioration of the kidneys.

14 Signs of Kidney Failure in Dogs

The kidneys’ functions are so widespread that their failure affects the entire body. Body systems affected by kidney failure include the digestive system, urinary tract, and nervous system.

The symptoms of kidney failure in dogs occur suddenly with acute kidney failure and gradually with chronic kidney failure. With chronic kidney failure, the symptoms take so long to develop because the kidneys have had time to compensate for the damaged kidney tissue.

Here are the symptoms of kidney failure, according to body system:

Digestive System Symptoms

The kidneys rid the body of a waste product called urea. With kidney failure, urea accumulates in the blood (‘uremia’), leading to various problems in the gastrointestinal tract.

These GI symptoms include 

• Vomiting, with or without blood
• Diarrhea
• Reduced appetite
• Bad breath
• Mouth ulcers
• Dark, tarry stool
• Bleeding gums

Urinary Tract Symptoms

The kidneys produce urine, which flows from the kidneys, through the ureters, and then to the bladder. With kidney failure, urine production becomes abnormal, leading to either too much or too little urine being produced and subsequent changes in thirst.

You may notice these urinary signs as part of kidney failure:

• Increased or decreased water intake
• Increased or decreased urination

Nervous System Symptoms

When the kidneys can no longer filter out waste from the blood, the accumulation of these waste products in the blood can affect the nervous system.

Nervous system symptoms associated with kidney failure in dogs include:

• Lack of coordination
• Seizures
• Depression

General Symptoms

In addition to the signs listed above relating to the digestive tract, urinary tract, and nervous system, pet parents may notice more general signs including:

• Lethargy
• Significant weight loss

Not all dogs with kidney failure will experience all signs of the disease.

What to Do If You Notice Signs of Dog Kidney Failure

If you do notice signs of kidney failure in dogs, take them to your veterinarian. Your dog will need emergency veterinary care if these symptoms occur suddenly, possibly indicating acute kidney failure.

A detailed history and physical examination, along with diagnostic testing, will help your veterinarian determine what caused your dog’s kidney failure. Diagnostic tests include blood work, urinalysis, imaging (e.g., X-rays, ultrasound), and blood pressure measurement.

Once your veterinarian has identified the underlying cause, you will work with your veterinarian to decide the best path forward for treating and managing your dog’s kidney failure.

Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and whether the kidney failure is acute or chronic.

Acute kidney failure is reversible but requires early and aggressive treatment. If acute kidney failure is not caught early enough, the kidneys may be damaged beyond repair.

Chronic kidney failure is not reversible and requires lifelong management, which can be expensive and challenging.

Consider several factors when deciding on a treatment plan for your dog:

• Your dog’s age and overall health
• Level of care that is required
• Cost of care
• Prognosis

Suppose you decide to move forward with treatment. In that case, your veterinarian will recommend the most appropriate treatment plan to take the burden off your dog’s kidneys, relieve symptoms, and improve quality of life.

If you decide not to pursue treatment for your dog, consider discussing end-of-life options with your veterinarian. Euthanasia (humane death) is rarely an easy decision, but your veterinarian can help you understand the process. They can also discuss hospice care to keep your dog comfortable in their final days.

At any point during treatment, you may decide to discontinue if your dog is not responding to the treatment and has a reduced quality of life.

Bringing It Together

Kidney failure is a major illness for dogs, and its treatment and management can be intensive and expensive.

If your dog has kidney failure, work with your veterinarian to help your dog feel better and achieve the best possible quality of life.

The post 14 Signs of Kidney Failure in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Deciding to euthanize a dog is difficult for many pet owners. Knowing when to put a dog down is equally challenging.

We’re here to help you learn more about euthanasia and recognize the signs that indicate when saying goodbye may be the best option for your dog.

Dog Euthanasia: A Humane Option

Euthanasia is defined as humane death. It is a painless process that enables a pet’s smooth transition from life to death. For dogs with uncontrollable pain or terminal illnesses, euthanasia is a humane option to end their suffering.

To perform euthanasia, a veterinarian will administer a sedative for relaxation and drowsiness. Then, they will administer an overdose of a barbiturate to cause unconsciousness and stop the heartbeat. After several minutes, the veterinarian will confirm that the dog’s heart has stopped beating. It is a painless and fast procedure that ends a dog’s suffering.

It isn’t easy to contemplate and acknowledge that the end of your dog’s life is near. Understanding how euthanasia works can help you prepare to make end-of-life decisions, knowing that your dog will not suffer in those final moments of life.

There are various details to consider, including the location of euthanasia (vet’s office or at home), whether you choose to be present, and what to do with your dog’s remains. Making these decisions in advance allows you to emotionally prepare for saying goodbye without the stress of making the decisions amid your grief.

When to Put a Dog Down? 8 Signs 

The decision to euthanize a dog is personal. Your veterinarian can provide guidance, given your dog’s health and quality of life, but the ultimate and final decision rests with you. Take the time to think it through and decide when you are ready.

But how do you know when it’s time to put your dog down? Below, we’ve listed 8 signs to provide you with a framework to discuss euthanasia with your veterinarian:

1. Refusal to eat. Some dogs may be picky eaters and refuse to eat from time to time. But if your dog is regularly refusing food and appetite stimulants aren’t working, it may be time to talk to your veterinarian about end of life care. A dog that isn’t eating won’t get the nutrients that they need to sustain a high quality of life. 

2. Terminal illness. A dog that is diagnosed with a terminal illness will progressively go down hill. As the disease advances, your dog may experience pain, confusion, and difficulty doing the things they enjoy. You may want to consider euthanasia following a terminal diagnosis to prevent your dog from suffering. 

3. Inability to walk. A dog that can no longer walk may be experiencing extreme pain and likely isn’t enjoying a high quality of life. While there are ways to help your dog get around – like strollers, carts, and harnesses – it’s important to consider how your dog’s inability to walk is impacting their level of happiness and satisfaction. 

4. Uncontrollable pain. There are various vet-recommended pain medications that can help a dog feel better. But if pain medications don’t seem to be working or your dog always seems to be struggling with pain, it may be time to talk to your veterinarian and prepare for euthanasia. 

5. Life-threatening injury. If an accident or injury has put your dog’s life in the balance, it may be necessary to consider euthanasia as an option to prevent further suffering, complications, or expenses. 

6. Unmanageable aggression. Dogs who are in pain or suffering from canine cognitive dysfunction may experience unexpected behavior changes. If your dog suddenly becomes aggressive to you, family members, or other pets, it could be time to talk to your veterinarian. 

7. Significant decrease in quality of life. It’s difficult to assess your dog’s quality of life. But it’s important to pay attention when considering end of life options for your pet. Lap of Love, a nationwide provider of at-home euthanasia for pets, provides a quality of life assessment that you can fill out to help you monitor your dog’s overall wellbeing. If you no longer think your dog has a high quality of life, it’s important to start discussions about euthanasia with your veterinarian.    

8. Loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities. If your dog no longer wants to go for walks, play fetch, cuddle on the sofa, or tug on a toy, it could be a sign that it’s time to let them go. Dogs that no longer show interest in activities they previously enjoyed are often in pain and are not enjoying life like they once did. 

Along with looking for the signs listed above, consider asking yourself these questions when deciding if euthanasia is the right choice for your dog:

• Is my dog suffering?
• Is my dog having more bad days than good days?
• Can I afford my dog’s ongoing medical expenses?
• Can I handle the emotional toll of my dog’s suffering?
• Am I prolonging my dog’s life to avoid having to say goodbye?
• Do I have the time to continue providing the level of care that my pet needs?

When you discuss euthanasia with your veterinarian, they can help you better understand your dog’s declining health. They can also explain the veterinary office’s euthanasia policies, such as whether they do at-home euthanasias and how they schedule euthanasia appointments (usually the last appointment of the day).

Remember, it’s ultimately up to you to decide when it’s the right time to put your dog down and end their suffering. The guidelines above can help you assess your pet, but you know your dog best. Whatever you decide to do is the right decision. 

Making Your Dog’s Last Days Count: 4 Tips and Ideas

Once you have decided to euthanize your dog and put the final details in place, you can choose how you want to spend time with your dog in their last days.

As with the decision to euthanize, how you want to spend those final moments with your dog is personal. However, here are some ideas:

Take your dog to their favorite places. Even if your dog is having a hard time getting around, let them enjoy their favorite places one last time. This might be a specific park, the beach, a hiking trail – wherever you and your dog have happy memories. Unplug and enjoy your time together. 

Feed your dog their favorite meals and treats. Although pet parents are usually discouraged from feeding dogs people food due to high calories and fat content, there’s a lot of wiggle room for dogs that are approaching the end of their lives. If you have a week or a few days left, allow your dog to enjoy the foods they love and make their last meal something extra special. 

Spend quiet time with them on the couch or sit with them near their bed. Saying goodbye to your beloved canine companion is one of the hardest things to do. Soak up the quiet moments and let your dog know they are loved by simply being with them. 

Have a professional photo shoot with your dog. While you may have plenty of photos of your dog on your phone, having professional pictures taken of both of you is a great way to memorialize your bond and create a lasting keepsake. Just make sure to have your dog’s comfort in mind when planning a photo shoot. 

Bringing it Together

Saying goodbye to your four-legged friend at the end of their life is a sad yet inevitable reality of dog ownership. Knowing when euthanasia is the right choice for your dog can help you prepare to say goodbye and make the most of your dog’s final days.

The post When to Put a Dog Down: 8 Signs it Might Be Time appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But foxtails could be lurking in that open field, spelling danger for dogs. Foxtails are found just about everywhere and can be troubling for unlucky dogs that pass by them.

What Is a Foxtail?

A foxtail is a weed that grows at the top of grasses and resembles the bushy tail of a fox.

Foxtail goes by many names, including:

• Timothy
• Grass awn
• June grass
• Cheatgrass
• Bristlegrass
• Giant foxtail

This weed has seeds arranged in spiky clusters. The seeds have backward-facing barbs that allow foxtail to burrow into a dog’s skin and other body parts. Without veterinary intervention, burrowed foxtails are impossible to remove entirely.

Foxtails are most prominent in the western United States but can be found throughout most of the country. They make their home along open roadways, hiking trails, meadows, and open fields – all of the places where dogs love to run and play.

Foxtails begin growing in early spring, are in full bloom in early summer, and die in the winter.

Dangers of Foxtails for Dogs

Foxtails and dogs are a bad combination. If a foxtail happens to land on your dog, it won’t be long before the weed starts to burrow, carrying infection-causing environmental debris and bacteria. The burrowing is aided by movement: the more a dog moves, the more deeply the foxtail will burrow.

Because of a foxtail’s shape, the weed will continue burrowing until it can’t burrow any further.

Foxtails will cause problems wherever they land on a dog’s body. For example, a foxtail that burrows into the skin can cause skin infections and abscesses (pockets of bacterial infection). Foxtails that burrow into internal organs can wreak havoc, causing such damage as internal abscesses and intestinal perforation.

Foxtails do not break down in the body. If they are not removed, they will continue to cause problems and put your dog at risk of severe infection.

Can Foxtails Kill a Dog?

Although rare, foxtails can cause life-threatening internal damage. For example, a perforated intestine can put a dog’s life at risk if not treated early and aggressively. 

Foxtails that are inhaled and get lodged in the lungs can cause a respiratory infection that requires immediate life-saving emergency care.

Where You’ll Find Foxtails on a Dog

Foxtails can land anywhere on a dog’s body, but here are the most common body parts where foxtails will land:

• Eyes
• Nose
• Mouth
• Paws
• Ears

Dogs love to explore the environment with their nose, so it is no surprise that foxtails can easily attach to the nose and other parts of the face. In addition, a dog’s paw pads are an easy target for foxtails’ sharp tips.

If you take your dog to an area with lots of foxtails, check the body parts listed above for this weed. Generally, checking your dog from head to toe for foxtails is a good idea.

Signs Your Dog Has a Foxtail

Foxtails will cause symptoms according to the part of the body into which they’ve burrowed.

Nose

• Snorting
• Head shaking
• Pawing at nose
• Violent sneezing

Eyes

• Tearing
• Swelling
• Squinting
• Pawing at eye
• Eyes are swollen shut

Ears

• Head tilt
• Head shaking

Mouth

• Gagging
• Refusal to eat
• Difficulty eating

Paws

• Swelling
• Limping
• Excessive licking or nipping of affected paw

Because foxtails carry debris and bacteria, they cause infection wherever they land and burrow. Here are common signs of infection:

• Bad odor
• Draining tracts
• Abscesses (pockets of bacterial infection)
• Signs of inflammation, including redness and swelling
• Discharge that may be discolored (yellow, green) or bloody

Once infection has set in, a dog will have symptoms of systemic illness, including:

• Lethargy
• Depression
• Reduced appetite

Foxtails that have burrowed into an internal organ can cause enough damage to warrant emergency veterinary care. Symptoms of internal organ damage will vary according to which organ is affected. For example, lung damage can result in severe respiratory distress. Intestinal perforation can cause severe abdominal pain.

What to Do if You Find a Foxtail on Your Dog

Foxtails must be immediately removed from a dog’s body to avoid damage and infection caused by the weed’s burrowing.

Foxtails can be removed at home if they have not yet become embedded or burrowed through the skin. Foxtails in the fur can be removed with a fine-toothed comb or brush. Tweezers help remove foxtails from the skin.

If you can remove the foxtail, gently clean the affected area with mild soap and rinse with water.

If the foxtails have already started burrowing, take your dog to your veterinarian for treatment as soon as possible. Do not try to remove embedded foxtails on your own.

Your veterinarian will have the tools and techniques to remove embedded foxtails. For example, an endoscope (a video camera with small pincers attached) can identify and remove foxtails embedded in the nose. Surgery is recommended for foxtails that have burrowed into an internal organ.

If your veterinarian performs the removal, they will prescribe medications to treat (or prevent) infection and reduce pain and inflammation.

Take your dog to your veterinarian even if you removed foxtails on your own. Your veterinarian will determine if the entire foxtail was removed and complete the removal, if necessary.

How to Prevent Foxtails on Dogs

Because foxtails are just about everywhere, preventing them from landing on your dog can be tricky. Here are a few prevention strategies you can try:

Check your dog after outdoor excursions. Always check your dog’s body for foxtails after being outside, paying close attention to the body parts where foxtails are most likely to attach.

Stay away from foxtail-prone areas. Avoid outdoor areas where foxtails are prevalent, particularly from the spring to early fall.

Keep your yard clean. Mow your lawn and remove weeds regularly.

Trim your dog’s fur in the summer. Keeping your dog’s fury shorter can help you see foxtails more easily. 

Shorten your dog’s leash. Keep your dog on a short leash when walking outside. Do not let your dog go off-leash.

Try protective gear. Put protective gear (e.g., vests, paw covers) on your dog before going to foxtail-prevalent areas.

The post Dangers of Foxtails for Dogs (and How to Remove Them) appeared first on Great Pet Care.

According to the American Veterinary Medical Association, about 25 percent of dogs will develop cancer.

Many types of cancer affect dogs. These cancers differ in several ways, including aggressiveness, location, symptoms, and prognosis.

Bone cancer in dogs is a common canine cancer. It is aggressive and progresses quickly, so early detection and treatment are crucial to providing a dog with bone cancer an ideal quality of life.

What is Bone Cancer?

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. Bone cancer is the uncontrolled growth of bone cells responsible for building bone (osteoblasts) and breaking down bone (osteoclasts). In healthy bone, osteoclast and osteoblast activity is tightly regulated. With bone cancer, this tight regulation is lost.

Bone cancer is malignant and very painful. Like other malignant cancers, bone cancer invades nearby tissues and metastasizes (spreads) throughout the body, frequently to the lungs. Bone cancer is unlike benign tumors, which do not invade other tissue or metastasize.

Bone cancer typically affects middle-aged- to older dogs.

Osteosarcoma represents 85 to 95 percent of canine bone cancers. It can affect all breeds, but large and giant breed dogs, such as Rottweilers and Great Danes, are most susceptible.

Osteosarcoma is classified as appendicular (limbs) or axial (skull, ribs, vertebrae, jaw bones). Appendicular osteosarcoma is more common in large and giant breed dogs, while axial osteosarcoma primarily affects small breed dogs.

Causes of Bone Cancer in Dogs

The exact cause of canine bone cancer is unknown. However, genetics play a prominent role in bone cancer development. Breeds that are genetically predisposed to osteosarcoma, for example, include large and giant breed dogs.  

Prior bone trauma caused by fracture, infection, or radiation therapy can also lead to bone cancer.

Other potential contributing factors include rapid growth and gender. Osteosarcoma tends to affect male dogs more than female dogs.

Symptoms of Bone Cancer in Dogs

The signs of bone cancer in dogs can be nonspecific. Also, these signs can depend on the primary cancer’s location. For example, primary bone cancer will have bone-related signs, while a secondary bone cancer will have symptoms related to its original location.

Here are examples of nonspecific signs of bone cancer in dogs:

• Irritability
• Weight loss
• Reduced appetite
• Difficulty sleeping
• Increased vocalization
• Increased heart rate

Bone-related symptoms of bone cancer are listed below:

• Limping
• Lameness
• Limb swelling
• Reluctance to exercise or play

If you notice any of these signs, take your dog to your veterinarian for further examination.

Types of Bone Cancer in Dogs

Bone cancer is either primary (originating in the bone) or secondary (originating elsewhere and spreading to the bone). Osteosarcoma is a primary bone cancer. 

Secondary bone cancers include:

• Chondrosarcoma (cancer of the cartilage)
• Fibrosarcoma (cancer of the fibrous tissue)
• Hemangiosarcoma (cancer of the blood vessels)

Stages and Progression of Bone Cancer in Dogs

Staging in bone cancer helps determine the type of bone cancer and the extent of its spread and provides general health information. A veterinarian uses cancer staging to develop an appropriate treatment plan and determine a prognosis.

Bone cancer staging in dogs follows general cancer staging:

• Stage I: Low-grade tumor with no metastasis
• Stage II: High-grade tumor without metastasis
• Stage III: High-grade tumor with metastasis

Although early detection is always recommended, osteosarcoma is so aggressive that even early detection does not guarantee an improved treatment and survival outcome.

Diagnosing Canine Bone Cancer

Diagnosing bone cancer in dogs involves a history and physical exam, followed by laboratory and imaging tests. For the history, your veterinarian will ask detailed questions about which symptoms your dog has and when those symptoms first appeared.

The physical exam will include an orthopedic exam, which will focus on your dog’s bones and joints. Your vet will pay close attention to areas of pain and swelling.

Laboratory testing, such as bloodwork and biopsy, will provide more information about your dog’s general health and specific information about the bone cancer. Bloodwork provides information about organ function. For example, elevated liver enzymes indicate decreased liver function.

A biopsy is used to definitively diagnose bone cancer. Your veterinarian will sedate your dog to obtain a cancer tissue sample and have the sample analyzed by a veterinary pathologist.

Imaging tests for bone cancer include X-rays, abdominal ultrasounds, and advanced imaging.

X-rays are performed of the affected limb. Examples of X-ray findings that suggest bone cancer are listed below:

• “Moth-eaten” appearance, indicating bony destruction
• “Sunburst” appearance, showing abnormal bone changes
• Pathological fractures (fractures not caused by trauma)
• Soft tissue swelling around the affected bone

X-rays are also taken of the chest to look for lung metastasis. Abdominal ultrasounds can demonstrate abdominal metastasis.

Advanced imaging – computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – provide detailed images of the extent of nearby tissue invasion and distant metastasis.

Bone Cancer Treatment Options for Dogs

The treatment goals for bone cancer are to treat the cancer locally and prevent metastasis. Unfortunately, achieving long-term control is difficult because bone cancer in dogs can be so aggressive.

Several treatment options are available for bone cancer treatment.

Amputation

For appendicular osteosarcoma (affecting the limbs), entire limb amputation is the recommended treatment option. Complete limb amputation not only removes the entire tumor but also provides relief from tumor-related pain.

With axial osteosarcoma, however, surgery may not completely remove the tumor. In these cases, additional treatment would be needed for local tumor control.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is given after amputation to control cancer spread and, ideally, extend survival time. Most dogs tolerate chemotherapy well, experiencing mild side effects (e.g., reduced appetite) that last only a few days. Common chemotherapy drugs for osteosarcoma are doxorubicin and carboplatin.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy is a treatment option if amputation is not possible or practical. It can be a palliative treatment to relieve discomfort without providing a cure.

Pain Medication

Pain control is an integral aspect of bone cancer treatment. Pain medication can help improve quality of life while receiving other cancer treatments. Types of pain medication include opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

The Cost to Treat Bone Cancer in Dogs

Bone cancer treatment in dogs can easily cost thousands of dollars. Each type of treatment option will have its own set of expenses. We’ve listed examples of some of the expenses below.

• Amputation: pre-surgical bloodwork, anesthesia, pre- and post-pain medication, post-surgical in-hospital monitoring
• Chemotherapy: cost of medication, administration of the chemotherapy (if given intravenously)
• Radiation therapy: anesthesia, type of radiation therapy performed, number of radiation therapy treatment sessions
• Pain medication: cost of medication

In addition to these costs, there will also be the cost of follow-up visits to take X-rays and perform laboratory testing. Follow-up visits are typically every 2-3 months.

Pet insurance can help defray the high cost of bone cancer treatment. However, pet insurance may not cover pre-existing conditions, so it is best to have an insurance policy in place before the diagnosis.

Prognosis for Bone Cancer in Dogs

Dogs with bone cancer often have a poor prognosis. Even with early detection and treatment, including amputation and chemotherapy, life expectancy is only about one year after diagnosis.

Without treatment, the life expectancy is significantly shorter – about four months.

Because osteosarcoma is so aggressive, it is nearly impossible to prevent metastasis. Most dogs with bone cancer will eventually succumb to lung metastasis.

How to Prevent Bone Cancer in Dogs

It is not possible to prevent bone cancer. If your dog is genetically predisposed to bone cancer, monitor your dog for signs of bone cancer and seek veterinary treatment early.

The post Bone Cancer in Dogs: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Unhealthy gums can set the stage for periodontal disease, a disease of teeth and teeth-supporting structures. Periodontal disease in dogs is common, affecting approximately 80 percent of dogs by age 3.

Gingivitis is the earliest stage of periodontal disease. It is reversible but can lead to serious dental and systemic health problems if left untreated.

What is Gingivitis?

Gingivitis is inflammation of the gums and occurs at the gingival sulcus, where the gum meets the visible part of the teeth. Unlike other oral health issues that affect multiple parts of the mouth, gingivitis affects only the gums.

Gingivitis can affect any dog, but small breeds are most susceptible to this condition because of their small mouths. In a small mouth, teeth become crowded and misaligned, making it easy for plaque to build up and cause gum problems.

Gingivitis in dogs tends to start early in life, especially in small breeds.

Causes of Gingivitis in Dogs

In many cases, gingivitis is caused by poor dental hygiene. Without good dental hygiene, plaque accumulates on the teeth. Plaque consists of food, bacteria, and saliva. When the plaque is not removed, plaque bacteria travel below the gumline and release enzymes that irritate the gums and cause inflammation.

Unremoved plaque hardens into tartar (also called calculus). Tartar attracts bacteria, spelling even more trouble for the gums.

Factors other than poor hygiene can contribute to gingivitis in dogs:

• Old age
• Diabetes
• Soft food diet
• Autoimmune diseases

Untreated gingivitis can progress to periodontal disease, leading to loose and damaged teeth. Also, plaque bacteria can enter the bloodstream and negatively affect the liver, kidneys, and heart.

Symptoms of Gingivitis in Dogs

Early on, gingivitis is subtle and often goes unnoticed. Advanced gingivitis has noticeable symptoms including:

• Red, swollen gums
• Bad breath
• Difficulty eating
• Excessive drooling
• Bleeding gums during teeth brushing
• Excessive plaque and tartar
• Receding gums

Diagnosing Gingivitis in Dogs

Because gingivitis is reversible, it is better to get a diagnosis and begin treatment sooner rather than later.

To diagnose gingivitis, your veterinarian will first perform a physical exam and ask you for a history of the problem. Do your best to describe your dog’s symptoms and when they started. Also, provide details about your dog’s diet, medical history, and at-home dental care routine.

During the physical exam, your veterinarian will take an initial look in your dog’s mouth. However, a thorough oral exam requires anesthesia.

Your veterinarian will also perform blood work and a urinalysis to evaluate your dog’s overall health and determine if there’s an underlying health problem contributing to the gingivitis. For example, blood work may indicate liver and kidney problems, suggesting advanced gingivitis. Glucose in the urine indicates diabetes, which increases the risk of developing gingivitis.

Dental X-rays will show if there’s damage to tooth-supporting structures, such as the jaws, indicating that the gingivitis has progressed to periodontal disease.

When your dog is anesthetized, your veterinarian will examine your dog’s entire mouth. They will look closely at the gums and look for any loose or damaged teeth.

Gingivitis Treatment for Dogs

Gingivitis is treatable with a professional dental cleaning, which will be performed while your dog is still anesthetized from the oral health exam. This cleaning involves several steps. 

First, all plaque and tartar above and below the gumline will be removed. Then, the teeth will be polished to make it harder for plaque bacteria to stick and accumulate. Your veterinarian may also apply fluoride to the teeth to prevent plaque accumulation.

Any loose or damaged teeth will be removed. Rest assured that your dog can adjust to eating with fewer teeth. Removing those teeth will help your dog’s mouth feel more comfortable, making it easier to chew and swallow food. Your veterinarian can advise you on helpful dietary changes after tooth removal.

After the cleaning, your veterinarian may want you to bring your dog in for follow-up appointments to continue monitoring gum health.

Cost to Treat Gingivitis in Dogs

The cost to treat gingivitis in dogs depends on the severity of gingivitis and the presence of underlying health conditions. A professional dental cleaning will cost at least several hundred dollars, and even more if damaged or loose teeth need to be removed. Tooth removal is painful, so pain medications would be an additional cost.

For a dog with an underlying health condition, such as diabetes, treating gingivitis will include the cost of a professional dental cleaning along with the ongoing costs of disease management.

How to Prevent Gingivitis in Dogs

Good dental hygiene is essential to preventing gingivitis in dogs and includes regular at-home dental care and annual professional dental cleanings.

The best time to start a dental care routine is when dogs are puppies. Don’t worry, though, if your dog is older. What is most important is creating and maintaining a routine to keep your dog’s gums as healthy as possible.

The ideal at-home dental care routine is daily toothbrushing with a dog-specific toothbrush and toothpaste. However, not all dogs tolerate their teeth being brushed.

If your dog does not tolerate teeth brushing, alternative dental care products are available that promote good dental health. Visit the Veterinary Oral Health Council website to select high-quality dental health products that have been tested and approved to slow the accumulation of plaque and tartar. These approved products will have a VOHC seal on their label.

Alternative dental health products include dental chew treats, water additives, and oral sprays.

Bringing it Together

Gingivitis is a preventable and reversible dental problem in dogs. Do your best to stay on top of your dog’s oral health. If you notice signs of gingivitis, seek treatment early to prevent more serious health problems.

The post Gingivitis in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Anything that affects the kidneys could spell bad news for a dog’s health and quality of life.

Kidney disease can make dogs feel lousy and, if acute, be life-threatening if not treated quickly and aggressively.

Though kidney disease affects only about 1 percent of dogs¹, knowing about it can help you get your dog the treatment they need if their kidneys aren’t working well.

What is Kidney Disease in Dogs?

Kidney disease is a broad term describing any dysfunction of the kidneys. It is classified as acute or chronic. Acute kidney disease develops rapidly, while chronic kidney disease (CKD) develops slowly over a few weeks to a few years. Interestingly, acute kidney disease can progress to CKD.

Any age of dog can develop kidney disease. However, CKD is more common in older dogs.

When the kidneys stop working well, waste products normally removed by the kidneys accumulate in the blood. In addition, electrolyte levels become imbalanced, blood pressure increases, and red blood cell production decreases.

What Are the Causes of Kidney Disease in Dogs?

Causes of kidney disease are generally categorized according to whether the kidney disease is acute or chronic.

Acute kidney disease in dogs is commonly caused by ingesting something toxic to the kidneys, such as antifreeze, raisins, grapes, or aspirin. Other causes of acute kidney disease include bacterial infections, severe dehydration, heat stroke, and urinary tract blockage.

CKD in dogs is an old-age change. Kidney cells can wear out as dogs age, leading to decreased kidney function.

Kidney disease can also be an inherited condition. For example, a genetic disorder may cause a dog to be born without one or both kidneys. 

What Are the Symptoms of Kidney Disease in Dogs?

Symptoms of kidney disease in dogs develop rapidly with acute kidney disease and gradually with CKD. 

However, these symptoms aren’t immediately apparent because the kidneys can continue functioning quite well even with significant damage. Symptoms don’t become noticeable until nearly 75 percent of kidney function is compromised.²

Here are the early signs of kidney disease:

• Lethargy
• Depressed mood
• Increased urination
• Increased water consumption

As kidney disease progresses, dogs get sicker and show other symptoms, such as:

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Seizures
• Pale gums
• Bad breath
• Weight loss
• Mouth ulcers
• Incoordination
• Reduced appetite
• Blood in the urine
• Reduced amount of urine or no urine

Diagnosing Kidney Disease in Dogs

Diagnosing kidney disease in dogs is a process. First, your veterinarian will take a detailed history from you and perform a complete physical exam. Provide as much information as possible, including your dog’s symptoms and if your dog ate anything toxic.

Next, your veterinarian will perform blood work and a urinalysis, both of which can provide important clues indicating kidney disease. Blood work findings suggesting kidney disease include increased blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and electrolytes like potassium and sodium. Red and white blood cell levels may also be abnormal with kidney disease.

A urinalysis involves several tests to diagnose kidney disease:

• Urine culture to look for bacteria
• Identification of blood, protein, or both in the urine
• Urine specific gravity to measure urine concentration

Abdominal X-rays and an abdominal ultrasound may also be performed to evaluate the appearance of your dog’s kidneys. 

Because kidney disease affects blood pressure, your veterinarian may also take your dog’s blood pressure.

Your veterinarian will analyze all test results to diagnose and stage your dog’s kidney disease (if your dog has CKD), then develop a personalized treatment plan.

What Are the Stages of Kidney Disease in Dogs?

Kidney disease in dogs, specifically CKD, is classified according to a staging system developed by the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS). IRIS staging, performed after kidney disease is diagnosed, allows veterinarians to determine a specific treatment and monitoring plan according to disease severity.

Blood creatinine and SDMA, defined below, are measured to determine the stage of CKD. The staging system ranges from 1 (least severe) to 4 (most severe). 

• Blood creatinine: Creatinine is a waste product from the muscles. Levels are increased with CKD.
• Blood SDMA: SDMA is an amino acid removed by the kidneys as a waste product. Levels are increased with CKD.

The IRIS staging system also includes substages, which consider blood pressure and the ratio of protein to creatinine in the urine.

Treating and Managing Kidney Disease in Dogs

Treating kidney disease depends on several factors: overall health, type and severity of kidney disease, and underlying cause if present. Early treatment gives dogs with kidney disease the best chance to recover and enjoy a good quality of life. However, treatment will be ineffective if the kidneys are irreparably damaged. 

Let’s go through treatment for acute kidney disease and CKD.

Acute kidney disease treatment

Acute kidney disease can quickly turn into an emergency. It is reversible, but treatment must be early and aggressive to reverse kidney damage.

Intensive care may be needed, which includes intravenous fluid therapy, antibiotic therapy if a bacterial infection is present, and a feeding tube if a dog refuses to eat. Dialysis may also be needed to filter waste from the blood. 

Dogs with acute kidney failure are continuously monitored to ensure they recover and respond well to treatment.

CKD treatment

CKD is not curable, but it is manageable. Treatment for CKD aims to reduce the kidneys’ workload, filter waste from the blood, and return electrolyte levels to normal. Treatment options include specialized diets, dialysis, nutritional supplements, and medications.

There are many medications that a dog with CKD may need. Examples include:

• Erythropoietin to promote red blood cell production
• Blood pressure medicine to reduce blood pressure
• Phosphate binders to remove phosphorus from the blood

At-home fluid therapy, administered subcutaneously (under the skin), may also be needed to ensure your dog stays adequately hydrated. Your veterinarian will let you know how much fluid your dog needs and how often to administer it.

Treatment for CKD is long-term and must be consistent to effectively manage the disease and keep your dog feeling as well as possible.

Whether the kidney disease is acute or chronic, dogs with kidneys that are no longer functioning need a kidney transplant. 

Throughout treatment, follow-up appointments are needed to monitor your dog’s blood work and urine. Your veterinarian will adjust the treatment plan according to your dog’s response to treatment and disease progression.

Cost to Treat Kidney Disease

Costs for kidney disease treatment can quickly add up, especially if your dog needs hospitalization and intensive care. Examples of treatment expenses are listed below:

• Medication
• Fluid therapy 
• Specialized diet
• Kidney transplant
• Nutritional supplements
• Follow-up appointments
• In-hospital monitoring and testing

How to Prevent Kidney Disease in Dogs

Blocking access to kidney-toxic substances is key to preventing acute kidney disease. Be aware that 100 percent prevention of acute kidney disease is not practical.

CKD is not preventable because it is an old-age change. Feeding your dog a healthy diet, staying up-to-date on your dog’s vaccinations, and taking your dog for annual wellness visits will help keep your dog (and your dog’s kidneys) healthy for as long as possible.

Kidney Disease in Dogs Infographic

REFERENCES

1. Foley P; DACVIM (Small Animal Internal Medicine). BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Nephrology and Urology, 2nd ed. Can Vet J. 2008;49(3):291.
2.  Polzin DJ, Ettinger SJ: Chronic Kidney Disease. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 7th ed. St. Louis, Saunders Elsevier 2010 pp. 1990-2021.

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Yet even with this meticulous grooming, it’s a natural fact of life that cats shed. Shedding gets rid of old hair, allowing room for new hair to come in. But sometimes, cats shed too much, which can signal a potential behavioral or health problem.

If your cat is shedding like crazy and you’re not sure why, you’ve come to the right place. Keep reading to learn more about shedding in cats and what you can do to manage it.

Do Cats Shed?

Yep, all cats shed. Shedding is normal for cats and is part of the natural life cycle of their hair growth. Without shedding, old hair would pile up on a cat’s coat, increasing the risk of painful mats that are difficult to remove.

Several factors influence cat shedding:

• Breed
• Season 
• Overall health
• Coat characteristics (long hair, short hair)
• Living environment (indoor vs. outdoor)

Cat breeds that shed a lot include long-haired breeds, such as the Maine Coon and Persian. Russian Blue and American Shorthair cats also shed a lot of hair.

And if you’re wondering if cats shed as much as dogs, the answer is that it depends. The factors that influence cat shedding also influence dog shedding. So, depending on the circumstances, some cats may shed more than dogs, while some dogs may shed more than cats.

Do Kittens Shed?

Despite their tiny size, kittens shed as well. However, the shedding will be minimal until they mature into adults. At that time, a kitten sheds its soft kitten coat for their adult coat.

Understanding Cat Shedding Season

A cat’s living environment plays a role in when shedding occurs. An indoor cat will shed throughout the year because they are not exposed to the normal fluctuations in seasonal temperatures.  

On the other hand, outdoor cats shed twice a year: in the spring and fall. Shedding in the spring removes the thick winter coat to prepare for warmer temperatures. Shedding in the fall removes the lighter spring coat to make room for the heavier winter coat.

Why is My Cat Shedding So Much?

Although all cats shed, excessing shedding may indicate an underlying health or behavioral problem. If you’ve noticed that your cat is shedding more than usual, take them to your veterinarian for an examination. 

A history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests (e.g., bloodwork) will help your veterinarian determine the cause of your cat’s excessive shedding. 

Here are some reasons why cats may experience excessive shedding:

Allergies

Cats can develop skin, food, and environmental allergies that cause skin itchiness. Scratching the skin damages the hair and causes it to fall out more than usual. 

Skin Infection

Bacterial or fungal skin infections can also make the skin feel itchy and cause abnormalities, such as rashes. Skin infections can eventually lead to excessive shedding.

Metabolic Disease

Hyperthyroidism and kidney disease can disrupt the body’s normal metabolism, including the hair’s lifecycle, causing an increase in shedding. 

Fleas

Fleas are usually more problematic in dogs than cats. However, cats can get fleas. A flea infestation can cause intense itching and scratching, leading to more shedding than normal.

Stress

Cats can also shed more in stressful situations, such as moving or fighting for resources with another cat. This stress may cause a condition called ‘psychogenic alopecia,’ which occurs when a cat overgrooms in response to stress.

Poor Diet

A high-quality diet that is nutritionally complete and balanced promotes a healthy coat. On the flip side, a poor diet can lead to nutritional deficiencies, resulting in an unhealthy coat and shedding.

Old Age

Older cats sometimes struggle to groom themselves, which can result in matted fur and increased shedding. 

How to Stop Cat Shedding

Because shedding is normal in cats, you won’t be able to fully stop your cat from shedding. The best you can do is minimize it.

Minimizing shedding is important because a cat that sheds excessively may ingest a lot of hair, raising the risk of intestinal blockage from a big hairball.

After your veterinarian has determined why your cat is shedding so much, they can help you devise a plan to decrease it. Here are some potential strategies:

Treat health issues. Treating or managing your cat’s underlying health issues can help get their shedding under control. For example, kidney disease can be managed with medication and dietary changes, and a year-round flea preventative would avoid an itchy flea infestation.

Reduce stress. Removing stressors in your cat’s environment will reduce their stress. Environmental enrichment (toys, scratchers, cat trees, etc.), interactive playtime, and plenty of resources for a multi-cat household are great ways to reduce stress.

 Improve your cat’s diet. A high-quality cat food with appropriate amounts of meat-based protein and healthy fat can improve coat quality and reduce shedding. Ask your veterinarian for diet recommendations if you’re unsure which diet would be best for your cat. 

In addition to these strategies, daily grooming can minimize shedding and promote a healthy coat. There are many cat grooming tools available, such as deshedding gloves, to help keep your cat’s coat in great shape. Consider talking with your veterinarian or a local groomer if you need guidance on selecting the right grooming tools for your cat. 

Cat Shedding FAQs

To recap and help you understand the ins and outs of cat shedding, we’ve rounded up some of the most frequently asked questions on the subject.

Do all cats shed? 

Yes. Shedding is a normal occurrence in cats to get rid of old hair and replace it with new, healthy hair.

When do cats shed the most? 

It depends. Indoor cats shed year-round. Outdoor cats shed the most in the spring (to get rid of their winter coat) and the fall (to make room for their winter coat).

Do long-haired cats shed more? 

Long-haired breeds, such as the Maine Coon and Persian, shed more than short-haired breeds. However, the American Shorthair can shed quite a bit.

Do cats shed more than dogs? 

Not necessarily. A long-haired cat may shed more than a short-haired dog. But a long-haired dog like the Golden Retriever will shed much more than a cat.

Do cats shed more when stressed? 

Yes, stress can cause increased shedding in cats and result in ‘psychogenic alopecia,’ which is hair loss due to excessive grooming as an attempt to relieve stress.

How to Reduce Cat Hair in Your Home

Your cat’s shedding doesn’t have to be a nuisance for you. There are several ways in which you can reduce cat hair in your home without going to extreme measures.

Vacuum. A vacuum designed to clean up pet hair will help you keep your home from being overrun with cat hair. Follow the vacuum’s care and maintenance instructions to ensure that it remains effective at picking up the hair.

Remove cat hair from upholstery and clothing. Cat hair tends to end up everywhere. Using a brush designed to pick up cat hair, or even a simple roll of lint remover sheets, can get rid of hair from upholstery. You can use similar methods to help get cat hair off of clothing. 

Sweep up cat hair. A regular broom isn’t necessarily the best choice for sweeping up your cat’s hair. Consider using a wet mop or a dry mop designed specifically to remove pet hair.

Dust regularly. Dusting helps remove cat hair from surfaces such as coffee tables, desks, and kitchen counters.

Putting it All Together

Cat shedding is a fact of life for both cats and their owners, and knowing your cat’s normal shedding behavior can help you recognize when it’s happening more than usual. In talking to your veterinarian, you can figure out why and plan the best course of action to get things back on track.

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But why do cats hate water? And what can you do if your cat dislikes getting wet but needs a bath? We answer these questions and more information about felines and water below. 

Do All Cats Hate Water?

Most typical domesticated cats hate getting wet, but there is some nuance. Being submerged in water could be a cat’s worst nightmare, but playing with a stream of running water from a faucet is perfectly suitable for many cats.

Interestingly, several cat breeds actually like the water and even enjoy swimming (yes, cats can swim!). Here’s a list of cat breeds that don’t mind getting in the water:

• Bengal
• Bobtail
• Abyssinian
• Maine Coon
• Turkish Van
• Turkish Angora
• Norwegian Forest Cat
• American Shorthair

These breeds have water-resistant coats, making it easy to spend time in the water without getting soaked. 

Why Do Cats Hate Water?

There are various reasons why cats hate water:

Evolution

Cats’ wild ancestors lived in dry, arid environments and thus had little contact with water. Fortunately, these wild ancestors got enough hydration from eating their prey, so being far away from a water source was not a big problem. 

Over the lengthy timeline of cats’ evolution, cats have not changed much regarding their relationship with water. Today’s domesticated cats have very little evolutional pull to get in the water.

Lack of Familiarity

Because cats don’t have a strong need or desire to get in the water, they’re generally not familiar or comfortable with it. Some cats could even be afraid of water. Also, since cats are meticulous groomers, they can keep themselves clean without needing a bath.

The best time to get a cat familiar with water is during the socialization window of kittenhood—between about 3 to 16 weeks of age. If kittens are exposed to water and have positive experiences with it during that time frame, they’ll be familiar and comfortable with water and might not mind a bath or dip in the kiddie pool.

Lack of Control

When a cat dips their paw in a stream of running water, they fully control the situation and their interaction with water. Being fully submerged in a tub of water is another matter, with the cat no longer being in control. 

Discomfort 

A wet cat is generally an unhappy cat. A cat’s grooming process distributes healthy oils through the skin and coat. However, oil and water do not mix. If a cat gets completely wet from a bath (or gets stuck in the rain), it will get soaked down to its skin.

Being completely soaked weighs down a cat, making them less agile. In addition, a drenched coat will take hours to fully dry, leaving a cat uncomfortably wet and cold for a long time.

Punishment

Cat owners will sometimes use a squirt bottle to deter or punish bad behavior in cats. For example, a cat that jumps up on the kitchen counter may get a squirt of water to the face as punishment. This type of punishment creates a negative association with water, increasing the likelihood of a cat hating, or possibly fearing, water.

Aversion to Scents

Cats can smell 14 times better than a person can. So, what may smell like a lovely scented shampoo or conditioner may be overkill for your cat, making them not want to take a bath.

Cats can also detect chemical scents in tap water, but there are varied opinions about whether these scents are off-putting for cats.

What to Do if Your Cat Hates Water

Having a cat that hates water does not need to be a source of great concern. Providing your cat with a comfortable and controllable level of water exposure may be all you need to do to keep your cat happy.

If you have a young kitten, consider gradually exposing them to water when they are 3 to 16 weeks old (you can follow the steps below for bathing a cat). Your kitten may not fall in love with water, but at least they will be comfortable in it if they ever need a bath.

How to Bathe a Cat Who Hates Water

Certain situations may make it necessary to bathe a cat. For example, arthritis or serious illness can make it difficult for cats to groom and keep themselves clean. 

But how do you bathe a cat that hates water? The key is to acclimate your cat to bathing and make bathing enjoyable. Let’s break down how to do this:

Acclimate your cat. Baths aren’t an emergency for cats, so take plenty of time to get your cat used to bath time. 

First, place some of your cat’s favorite toys into an empty tub. You can even spread a tasty treat like anchovy paste on the bottom of the tub so your cat can lick it (clean your tub first).

After your cat is acclimated to being in an empty tub, add an inch or two of warm water and place your cat’s toys in the water. Give your cat lots of verbal praise as she plays in the water.

Create a comfortable bath environment. Bath time should be pleasant for your cat and you. Gather all of your supplies, including a fluffy towel, cat-specific shampoo and conditioner, and a non-slip tub mat. You’ll also need a cup for pouring water on your cat’s head and special treats and toys. Keep the room quiet so your cat can feel more relaxed.

Bathe gently. Depending on your cat’s temperament, you may want to have someone gently hold your cat and keep them calm. Minimal restraint is ideal when bathing a cat.

Bathe your cat gently with the shampoo and conditioner, carefully avoiding the face. Consider using a warm washcloth to wipe and rinse your cat’s face. Encourage your cat with verbal praise.

Dry off your cat. After the bath, wrap your cat immediately in a warm towel and dry them off. Your cat will need some extra time to dry off fully, but the towel will remove most of the wetness. Give your cat lots of verbal praise and offer them a treat as a tasty reward.

In Conclusion

Cats aren’t big fans of water, but that’s not necessarily bad. Find fun ways for your cat to interact with water. If your cat does need a bath, make it a pleasant experience for both of you.

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Untreated pain, though, will eventually take a noticeable toll on a cat’s health and well-being.

Keep reading to learn more about identifying when your cat is in pain and doing what you can to relieve your cat’s discomfort. Trust us — your cat will thank you!

How to Tell if a Cat Is in Pain

In the wild, showing signs of pain makes a cat vulnerable. Domesticated cats have not lost that tendency to hide their pain. Fortunately, cats give clues, sometimes subtle, that indicate they’re in pain. Here’s what to look for:

Behavioral Changes

• Decreased energy
• Bathroom accidents
• Increased vocalizations
• Eating and drinking less
• Social isolation/withdrawal
• Changes in sleeping and grooming habits
• Increased aggression, especially if touched in painful spots

Physical or Postural Signs

• Hunched posture
• Front paws folded under
• Legs tucked underneath the body

Facial Expressions

• Grimacing
• Flattened ears
• Enlarged pupils

Because these clues can be subtle, knowing your cat’s normal behavior, routines, and physical appearance will help you recognize when something is a little off with your cat. Also, be aware that some of these clues, such as eating and drinking less, are not specific to pain. 

If you do notice any of these clues, schedule an appointment with your veterinarian to have your cat’s pain evaluated.

Diagnosing Cat Pain

Cats don’t just hide their pain around their owners. The veterinary office can be scary for cats, causing them to go into ‘fight, flight, or freeze’ mode and hide their pain even more.

Therefore, your veterinarian will need detailed information from you about your cat’s pain, such as what signs of pain you noticed and when.

Your veterinarian will conduct a complete physical exam, paying particular attention to signs of pain. One particularly helpful tool veterinarians use to assess cat pain is the Feline Grimace Scale.

Once your veterinarian determines why your cat is in pain, they will recommend a pain management plan.

What Can I Give My Cat for Pain?

We’ll say this first: Do not give your cat any pain medicine before seeing your veterinarian and learning why your cat is in pain. Certain human pain medicines can be toxic to cats, so you should not give your cat any pain medicine without your veterinarian’s approval and supervision.

Veterinary-Prescribed Pain Relief for Cats

Prescription pain medications are often the go-to method to provide pain relief for cats. Several categories of pain medications are available for cats. These include:

Opioids: Opioids, such as buprenorphine and the fentanyl skin patch, are prescribed for moderate to severe pain in cats. They can be given for a few days or long-term to manage chronic pain. 

Steroids: Steroids, such as prednisone, reduce inflammation and pain. Because steroids can produce adverse side effects like diabetes and delayed healing, they are given for only a short period.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): NSAIDs, such as meloxicam, are effective for treating mild to moderate pain. However, NSAIDs increase the risks of gastrointestinal bleeding and liver and kidney damage. Veterinarians use extreme caution when prescribing NSAIDs for cat pain.

In addition to these drug categories, other prescription pain medications for cats include gabapentin and maropitant.

Other Pain Management Methods for Cats

There are also non-prescription methods for managing pain in cats. 

For example, joint supplements for cats that contain chondroitin and glucosamine can relieve arthritis-related pain by supporting joint health. Omega-3 fatty acid supplements decrease inflammation and can also help relieve pain from arthritis.

CBD has become increasingly popular in veterinary medicine. Although studies have reported CBD’s ability to relieve osteoarthritis-related pain in dogs, CBD has not yet been extensively studied in cats. Thus, we cannot recommend CBD supplementation as a pain relief method for cats. 

Therapies such as acupuncture (yes, cats can have acupuncture!), physical therapy, and massage are all effective at relieving a cat’s pain. They can be used as complements to prescription pain medications to make your cat even more comfortable.

In addition to these non-prescription therapies, you can also make your cat’s physical environment more comfortable:

Keep your cat’s essentials close. Move your cat’s food bowl, water bowl, and litter box closer to your cat’s sleeping area. Keeping these items closer to your cat will make it easier for your cat to eat, drink, and go to the bathroom.

Try an orthopedic bed. Provide your cat with an orthopedic bed if they have arthritis. Orthopedic pet beds provide extra cushioning at common pain points, like the hips.

Reduce slippery surfaces. Use more rugs. Rugs will give your cat more traction as they walk, unlike a slippery floor. 

Can Cats Have Tylenol, Advil, or Other NSAIDs for Pain?

The short answer is no. Over-the-counter (OTC) human pain relievers are toxic and fatal to cats. Under no circumstance should you give your cat an OTC pain medicine. 

Three Ways to Prevent Pain in Cats

With cats living longer, it is more likely that they will experience painful health challenges in their golden years. These health challenges are not always preventable.

Although you may not be able to prevent all pain for your cat, there are some things you can do to keep your cat as healthy, happy, and pain-free as you can:

Keep your cat at a healthy weight. Excess weight puts extra, painful pressure on the joints. A proper diet and daily physical activity will help keep your cat at their ideal weight.

Take your cat for wellness exams. Wellness exams help your veterinarian detect potential health problems that could cause your cat pain and discomfort. The earlier an illness is detected, the earlier it can be treated.

Keep your cat indoors. The outdoors includes risks for your cat, such as cars, wildlife, and feral cats. Your home will protect your cat from outdoor dangers that could result in injury and pain.

Cats are master disguisers of pain, but they still need our help in relieving that pain. Pay close attention to your cat and take them to the vet if they start to show any signs of pain.

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To ease your worries, let’s go through what you need to know about nosebleeds in dogs, including what causes them and what you can do if your dog’s nose starts to bleed.

Do Dogs Get Nosebleeds?

Yes, dogs get nosebleeds. Dog nosebleeds are relatively common and can affect dogs of any breed and age. That being said, some causes of nosebleeds may be more common in younger than older dogs or certain breeds.

Nosebleeds in dogs can be unilateral (one nostril) or bilateral (both nostrils).

Causes of Dog Nosebleeds

Nosebleeds in dogs have many causes, ranging from minor to serious. Some of these causes include:

Trauma: This is one of the most common causes of dog nosebleeds. This trauma can be due to fights with other dogs or accidentally running into something sharp, like the edge of a door or cabinet.

Infections or tumors: Other common causes of nosebleeds are chronic nasal infections and nasal tumors. Chronic nasal infections can inflame nostrils, leading to bleeding. Similarly, nasal tumors can damage the delicate lining of the nostrils, causing inflammation and bleeding.

Foreign objects: Dogs that love to snoop on the ground—particularly young dogs—are prone to getting foreign objects (like grass or sticks) stuck in their nose.

Autoimmune diseases: In older dogs, autoimmune disease (the immune system attacks itself) can sometimes cause nosebleeds by triggering nasal inflammation.

Coagulation disorders: These disorders cause abnormal clotting and can lead to bleeding from both nostrils. Von Willebrand’s Disease is a genetic clotting disorder that affects certain breeds, such as Dobermans and German Shepherds.

Other causes of nosebleeds in dogs are listed below:

• Liver failure
• Dental disease
• High blood pressure
• Ingestion of rodenticides
• Fungal infection (Aspergillosis)
• Medications (e.g., chemotherapy)
• Ingestion of human nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• Tick-borne disease (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Ehrlichiosis)

Other Dog Nosebleed Symptoms to Watch For

Blood streaming from your dog’s nose indicates a nosebleed. However, depending on what’s causing the nosebleed, your dog may have some other symptoms.

For example, if your dog has grass stuck in his nose, he will probably be pawing at his nose, trying to get it out. Your dog may also sneeze blood because of the constant irritation in his nostrils.

Dental disease can cause such symptoms as excessive drooling, difficulty eating, or even refusal to eat.

With trauma, you may see bruises or scratches on your dog’s head and around the muzzle.

Nosebleeds often cause dogs to swallow a lot of blood, which can make a dog vomit blood or have bloody stool. If you see bloody vomit or stools with the nosebleed, they are likely due to the nosebleed and are not an actual digestive issue.

Rodenticide poisoning in dogs is life-threatening and needs immediate veterinary attention. Other symptoms of rodenticide poisoning, besides a nosebleed, include difficulty breathing, pale gums, bloody poop, and an enlarged abdomen.

If your dog is showing signs of systemic illness, such as lethargy or reduced appetite, or is having difficulty breathing, take your dog to your veterinarian as soon as possible. In these cases, the nosebleed indicates a more serious disease that needs prompt veterinary care.

Diagnosing the Cause of a Dog Nosebleed

A nosebleed is visually apparent, but identifying the cause of the nosebleed can take time.

A thorough history is the first step in diagnosing a nosebleed. Be prepared to answer numerous questions, such as those listed below, from your veterinarian about your dog’s bleeding nose. 

• Is your dog sneezing blood?
• Has your dog ingested rodenticide?
• Does your dog play rough with other pets?
• Have you noticed anything stuck in your dog’s nose?
• Is the bleeding coming from one nostril or both nostrils?
• Is this your dog’s first nosebleed, or does he have a history of nosebleeds?
• What medications is your dog currently taking? Has your dog accidentally ingested any medications?
• What other symptoms have you noticed, such as black or tarry stool, coffee-ground vomit, and bruising?

Your veterinarian will also conduct a physical exam. Here are a few things they will be looking for:

• Gum color
• Eye protrusion
• Nasal swelling
• Facial asymmetry
• Elevated third eyelid
• Bruising, darkened areas of skin
• Foreign object stuck in the nose
• Indications of dental disease (e.g., bad breath, inflamed gums)

According to the history and physical examination findings, your veterinarian will then perform a series of diagnostic tests, including those listed below:

• Routine bloodwork 
• Urinalysis
• X-rays
• Clotting tests
• Fungal cultures
• Blood pressure
• Nasal swab

Some diagnostic tests, including an oral exam and dental and nasal X-rays, require that a dog be anesthetized. If your veterinarian suspects a nasal tumor, your veterinarian will anesthetize your dog to get a tumor biopsy. 

How to Treat a Dog Nosebleed 

Treatment for a dog nosebleed is according to the underlying cause. Some nosebleeds can be treated at home with simple first aid, while others require veterinary treatment to address the nosebleed’s underlying cause.

If your dog’s nosebleed is minor and doesn’t need veterinary care, you can treat it at home with a few simple steps:

Keep yourself and your dog calm. Your dog probably isn’t bothered by the nosebleed, but you might be. Your dog will feel your anxiety and get worked up, raising his blood pressure and worsening the nosebleed. Stay calm so that your dog will also stay calm.

Apply an ice pack to the nose. The ice pack will constrict the blood vessels to stop the bleeding. For smoosh-faced dogs like Pugs, keep the nostrils uncovered to allow for easy breathing. 

Contact your veterinarian. After the bleeding has stopped, contact your vet for further instructions. Do not give your dog any medications unless your vet advises you to do so. Also, do not stick absorbent material, such as a cotton swab, into your dog’s nose; this will cause your dog to sneeze, making the bleeding worse.

Seek veterinary care if your dog has sustained an injury, has something stuck in his nose, has difficulty breathing, or is showing signs of systemic illness. 

How to Prevent Nosebleeds in Dogs

Not every cause of nosebleeds in dogs can be prevented. Preventable causes of nosebleeds include ingestion of toxins, bumping into sharp objects, and ingestion of human medication. 

Here are a few strategies for avoiding nosebleeds from preventable causes:

• Apply corner cushions to sharp furniture edges. 
• Keep rodenticide safely locked away and hidden from your dog.
• Store all of your medications in a locked cabinet, preferably high up.
• Remove anything from your dog’s outdoor walking path, such as grass shavings, that could get stuck in your dog’s nose.

Other causes of nosebleeds in dogs, such as cancer and Von Willebrand’s disease, cannot be prevented. 

Nosebleeds in dogs can be unsettling. Stay calm, perform first aid for minor nosebleeds, monitor your dog closely for other symptoms, and take your dog to your veterinarian if your dog does not look well.

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Although Lyme disease can affect dogs and cats, it is much more common in dogs than cats. Lyme disease in cats has been observed only in a laboratory setting and not in the natural environment. 

If you’re wondering if a cat can get Lyme disease, the short answer is: yes, but it is unlikely. Although Lyme disease is exceedingly rare in cats, it’s still worth learning more about this tick-borne disease.

Can Cats Get Lyme Disease?

Cats can get Lyme disease, but the chances of a cat—indoor or feral—being affected by the disease are close to zero.

Lyme disease is transmitted by the deer tick (Ixodes scapularis or Ixodes pacificus), typically in the spring and fall. Nymphs (baby ticks) and adult female deer ticks are the primary spreaders of the disease.

Deer ticks become infected when they feed off of wildlife infected with B. burgdorferi. The bacteria enters the tick’s body during a feeding.

Ticks like to perch on stalks of grass. Rather than jump onto their hosts, ticks wait until an unwitting host, such as a cat, walks by. The tick then crawls onto the host’s skin.

If a deer tick lands on a cat, it will start feeding and transmit B. burgdorferi through its saliva onto the cat’s skin. This transmission process takes about 24 to 48 hours. The bacteria replicates on the skin, then moves into the cat’s tissues, including the joints and nervous system, where it can stay hidden from the immune system.

Even for strictly indoor cats, a deer tick can find its way inside by hitching a ride on a person or dog who’s just been outside. That deer tick may eventually crawl onto the cat’s skin.

However, cats’ fastidious grooming habits work in their favor regarding Lyme disease. Even if a deer tick did land on your cat, your cat’s grooming would probably remove the tick before it began transmitting the bacteria.

Symptoms of Lyme Disease in Cats

Cats with Lyme disease are frequently asymptomatic. If a cat does have clinical signs, these signs will be similar to those seen in dogs with Lyme disease:

• Fever
• Fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Difficulty breathing
• Shifting leg lameness (shifting from one leg to the other because of pain) 

Severe Lyme disease can damage the kidneys and cause symptoms like vomiting, limb swelling, and weight loss.

A telltale sign of Lyme disease in people is a ‘bull’s eye’ rash at the bite site, but cats and dogs rarely develop this rash.

Symptoms of Lyme disease in cats don’t show up until several weeks after the tick bite. If a deer tick has bitten your cat, and the tick stayed on long enough to transmit B. burgdorferi, you would have to wait for at least several weeks to see any signs of the disease.

Ticks on Cats: What to Do

Check your cat’s skin regularly for ticks, especially if your cat spends any amount of time outside. Promptly remove any tick you see to minimize the chances of disease transmission. Here are the steps to safely remove a tick from a cat:

Step 1: Gather tick-removing supplies: rubbing alcohol, a glass jar, a pair of disposable gloves, a pair of tweezers, and triple-antibiotic ointment.

Step 2: Pour rubbing alcohol into the jar and clean the tweezers with some rubbing alcohol.

Step 3: Put on a pair of gloves.

Step 4: Pull back your cat’s fur as much as possible to get a good view of the tick.

Step 5: Use the tweezers to grasp the tick’s head. Do not squeeze or twist! 

Step 6: Firmly pull up and remove the tick from your cat’s skin. 

Step 7: Place the tick in the jar of rubbing alcohol to kill it.

Step 8: Throw away your gloves and wash your hands.

Step 9: Apply some triple-antibiotic ointment to the bite site.

Contact your veterinarian after you have removed the tick. Your veterinarian may advise you to submit the tick to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory for additional testing to determine the diseases the tick carries.

Although signs of Lyme disease take weeks to appear after a tick bite, continue monitoring your cat after removing the tick. Contact your veterinarian if your cat shows any signs of Lyme disease.

Diagnosing Lyme Disease in Cats

Veterinarians diagnose Lyme disease in cats by knowing a cat’s history of tick exposure, performing basic laboratory tests (blood work, urinalysis, X-rays), and ruling out other diseases that could be causing Lyme disease-related symptoms. Veterinarians may also test a sample of joint fluid for B. burgdorferi.

A blood test is available that detects Lyme disease. However, a positive test result would not show up until several weeks after the tick bite.

If you submitted the tick for testing, those results would help determine whether your cat has Lyme disease.

Treatment for Lyme Disease in Cats

Lyme disease in cats is treated with the antibiotic doxycycline, which works quickly and is very effective against the disease. When treated early, cats with Lyme disease have a good prognosis. 

Lyme disease that is not treated early or left untreated can cause permanent tissue damage, so early treatment provides the best chance of recovery.

Medications to Treat Lyme Disease in Cats

Doxycycline is typically given for a 30-day treatment course. Although this antibiotic is effective, it does have some drawbacks. For example, not all cats can tolerate doxycycline. Also, because B. burgdorferi likes to hide inside the tissues, multiple rounds of doxycycline may be needed to clear the body of the bacteria.

Doxycycline tablets can cause esophageal strictures that narrow the esophagus and make swallowing difficult. Veterinarians often prescribe liquid doxycycline to avoid this problem. 

Pain medication is recommended if a cat has joint pain. 

If a cat has severe Lyme disease, additional medications, such as intravenous fluid therapy and kidney medications, may be needed.

Cost to Treat Lyme Disease in Cats

Diagnosing and treating Lyme disease has varied costs. It may cost several hundred dollars to complete the diagnostic testing for the disease, especially if the tick is submitted for testing at a veterinary diagnostic laboratory.

The cost of medications varies, but doxycycline and common pain medications are usually not very expensive. Treatment costs can jump significantly for cats that require hospitalization because of severe Lyme disease.

Your veterinarian will determine the exact costs of treating your cat.

Preventing Lyme Disease in Cats

Monthly tick prevention is the best way to prevent Lyme disease in cats. A monthly topical tick preventative, given every month throughout the year, will provide the best tick prevention for your cat. Remember that tick prevention is still important for indoor cats.

Other prevention strategies include checking your cat’s skin for ticks regularly (and removing any ticks that you see) and keeping your grass trimmed. Of course, keeping your cat indoors as much as possible will minimize the chances of a tick crawling onto your cat.

Lyme Disease in Cats: Bringing It Together

Because Lyme disease is so rare in cats, this disease is not something that needs to be high on your list of concerns as a cat owner. Nonetheless, remain diligent about practicing tick prevention strategies and contact your veterinarian if your cat has been bitten by a tick and shows signs of Lyme disease.

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Cat eye infections are often uncomfortable and painful. A veterinarian must promptly diagnose and treat eye infections to restore good eye health and prevent more serious eye problems.

What is a Cat Eye Infection?

A cat eye infection is an eye problem that can be caused by infectious agents, such as viruses and bacteria. It can affect one or both eyes.

The symptoms of a cat eye infection, which we’ll discuss later in the article, resemble those of other eye diseases, such as conjunctivitis (inflammation of the lining of the eye). Therefore, it can be difficult for a pet parent to know whether their cat has an eye infection or another eye problem.

By performing a comprehensive eye exam, veterinarians can distinguish between an eye infection and other eye diseases. 

Causes of Eye Infections in Cats

Regardless of age or breed, all cats can get an eye infection. Causes of feline eye infections are often viral (like feline calicivirus or feline herpesvirus) but can also be bacterial.

Non-infectious eye conditions in cats that may present similar symptoms to eye infections include:

• Trauma
• Allergies
• An eye tumor 
• Conjunctivitis
• A foreign body stuck in the eye
• Corneal abnormalities, such as corneal ulcers

Cat Eye Infection Symptoms

Cats prefer to hide symptoms of illness if they can, but eye infection symptoms are hard to hide. If you notice any of the following symptoms, take your cat to your veterinarian for further examination. 

• Squinting 
• Cloudy eyes
• Light sensitivity
• Excessive blinking
• Rubbing at the eyes
• Excessive eye watering
• Redness in the whites of the eye
• Discharge from the eye that is thick or discolored (yellow, green)
• Swollen third eyelid (located in the inner corner of the eye)

You may also notice some behavioral changes in your cat. For example, your cat may be less playful and isolate itself from you. Your cat may also become quite moody because their eyes are so uncomfortable.

Diagnosing Cat Eye Infections

Eye infections are bothersome to cats, so don’t delay scheduling an appointment with your veterinarian to have your cat’s eyes examined if they are showing symptoms of an infection.

Your veterinarian will want to know the history of your cat’s eye problem. Provide as much information as you can, such as when you first noticed something wrong with your cat’s eyes and what symptoms you have observed.

Your veterinarian will then perform a physical exam and comprehensive eye exam. For the eye exam, they will use an instrument called an ophthalmoscope to examine all parts of your cat’s eyes. They will also perform a few eye diagnostic tests to determine the potential cause of the eye infection.

A fluorescein stain test is typically used to detect damage to the cornea, the clear protective covering of the eye. Your veterinarian will apply the stain to your cat’s cornea, turn off the light and look for a fluorescent green stain. A green stain indicates corneal damage, which could be causing an eye infection. 

Your veterinarian will also take a few small samples from the affected eye (skin and discharge) to look for signs of infection with a microscope.

Cat Eye Infection Treatment

You’ll want to start treating your cat’s eye infection as quickly as possible, but don’t start any treatment before going to your veterinarian.  

Over-the-counter medications and home remedies for cat eye infections are not always effective and may cause more harm than good. For example, you should never use Neosporin in a cat’s eyes. It is toxic to cats and causes life-threatening allergic reactions.

Your veterinarian will prescribe the most appropriate eye medicine for your cat, according to what has caused the eye infection. Many treatments for eye infections are applied directly to the eye as either an eye drop or ointment. 

Antibiotics are given to treat bacterial eye infections, and antiviral medications will treat viral eye infections.

Surgery is recommended if a foreign body is lodged in the eye or if serious damage to the cornea is present. 

Regardless of an eye infection’s cause, anti-inflammatory eye drops help to relieve pain and discomfort by reducing inflammation. These drops may delay the healing of corneal damage, though, so your veterinarian will examine your cat’s cornea before prescribing eye medicines.

If your cat has a lot of eye discharge, your veterinarian will recommend gently wiping away the discharge with a warm, damp cloth. Fortunately, most eye infections in cats heal well and quickly.

The cost of treating eye infections in cats can vary widely and depends on the cause and severity of the infection. With diagnosis and treatment, the cost of treating an eye infection in cats can cost several hundred dollars.

How to Prevent Cat Eye Infections

There are a few relatively easy things you can do to lessen your cat’s risk of eye infections.

Vaccination can prevent viral eye infections. The FVRCP vaccine, a core vaccine for cats, protects against feline herpesvirus type 1 and feline calicivirus, among other common cat viruses.

Keeping your cat’s nails trimmed is also helpful. Cats’ nails are sharp, so keeping them trimmed will lessen the likelihood of your cat scratching its eyes with its nails.

Conclusion

Eye infections in cats are serious and require prompt veterinary care. If your cat has symptoms of an eye infection, don’t delay in scheduling an appointment for your cat. The sooner your veterinarian can diagnose the infection, the sooner your cat can get the treatment they need for much-needed eye relief.

The post Cat Eye Infection: Symptoms and Treatment Options appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Viruses commonly cause feline respiratory infections. Calicivirus rises to the top of the list of viral causes of respiratory disease in cats.

There’s a lot to learn about calicivirus in cats. Without further ado, let’s dive right in!

What is Calicivirus?

Calicivirus is part of the Caliciviridae family of viruses. Viruses in this family infect cats and other animals like reptiles, amphibians, and livestock. 

Calicivirus affects wild and domestic cats all over the world. It primarily causes upper respiratory infections (nose, mouth, throat) and oral disease. Sometimes, though, it can spread down into the lungs, causing a lower respiratory infection.

There are many strains of calicivirus. They mutate rapidly and vary in severity. This is why, despite widespread use of a calicivirus vaccine (more on this later), calicivirus infections are still quite common in cats.

One particular strain of calicivirus, known as feline calicivirus-associated virulent systemic disease (FCV-VSD), makes cats very ill and can be fatal. Fortunately, this viral strain is rare.

A few other strains of the virus don’t cause respiratory infection at all. Instead, they affect the joints, causing FCV-associated lameness in our feline friends.

Is Calicivirus in Cats Contagious?

Yes, calicivirus is contagious. It can be spread from one cat to another via saliva, nasal droplets, or sneezing. 

If you’re wondering whether a dog or human can get calicivirus from cats, though, rest assured that this virus affects only cats. It cannot be transmitted to, or spread among, other species.

How Do Cats Get Calicivirus?

Calicivirus spreads easily between cats. The tiny virus particles are contained within aerosol droplets, eye and nose discharge, and saliva.

A cat becomes infected when they come into direct or indirect contact with an infected cat’s eye and nose discharge, saliva, or aerosol droplets. For example, when an infected cat sneezes, virus-containing aerosol droplets land on and contaminate surfaces in the cat’s environment, such as toys or a food bowl. A cat that plays with a contaminated toy can become infected.

Newborn kittens can become infected if their mother is infected and passes on the virus to her babies. 

Various cat populations, listed below, are at high-risk of calicivirus infections: 

• Old cats
• Cats with chronic disease
• Young cats, especially kittens
• Cats living in high-density environments (e.g., shelters, catteries)

Symptoms of Calicivirus in Cats

Cats with a calicivirus infection don’t immediately show signs of illness. When the virus enters the body, there is a 2- to 14-day incubation period before symptoms become apparent.

During this incubation period, the calicivirus sets up shop in the lining at the back of the mouth. While there, the virus replicates and then spreads to other places. With FCV-VSD, the virus spreads to major organs, like the liver. With FCV-associated lameness, the virus reaches a cat’s joints.

Once the symptoms appear, they usually last about 2 to 3 weeks but may last as long as 6 weeks in severe cases. An infected cat continues to shed the virus while showing symptoms.

Upper respiratory symptoms, listed below, are typically the first signs of a calicivirus infection:

• Sneezing
• Squinting
• Eye discharge
• Nasal discharge
• Nasal congestion
• Conjunctivitis (inflammation of the lining of the eyelids)

Eye and nose discharge range from clear to yellow-green. Yellow-green discharge indicates a secondary bacterial infection that developed after the viral infection.

When the virus spreads to the mouth, infected cats develop painful oral ulcers on the tongue, gums, and lips. These ulcers cause excessive drooling. 

Many cases of calicivirus are mild. However, if the infection becomes more severe, infected cats will show systemic signs of illness, such as weight loss, appetite loss, lethargy, and depression.

Cats with FCV-associated lameness will limp and have painful joints. Cats with FCV-VSD are critically ill, with symptoms like head and leg swelling, fever, and jaundice (yellow eyes, skin, and mouth).

Diagnosing Calicivirus in Cats

Veterinarians usually diagnose calicivirus according to symptoms. If your cat has symptoms of a respiratory infection, your veterinarian will take a history of your cat’s illness and perform a physical exam.

A definitive diagnosis of calicivirus is often not needed to begin treatment. However, there are some situations when a definitive diagnosis would be helpful. One such situation is multiple cats within one household becoming infected. Another is cats that are used for breeding.

To obtain a definitive diagnosis, a veterinarian would take a swab from the eyes, nose, or mouth and submit this sample to a diagnostic lab for virus identification. The virus can be identified in two ways:

• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test: a molecular test that detects viral DNA.
• Growing the virus in a petri dish.

Although these testing methods are accurate, false positives are possible. For example, a cat that was previously exposed to the virus in their environment will test positive, but may not be ill from the virus.

For cats with suspected FCV-associated lameness, X-rays would help rule out other causes of lameness, such as trauma.

If a cat has chronic respiratory symptoms that aren’t responding to treatment, chest X-rays, bloodwork, and eye and nose discharge analysis can help diagnose the problem.

How to Treat Calicivirus in Cats

Treating calicivirus in cats is aimed at treating the symptoms rather than targeting the virus itself.

Fortunately, many cats infected with calicivirus fully recover from the infection. There’s a caveat, though. Recovered cats may continue to harbor the virus in their systems, making them carriers of the virus.

After recovery, about 50 percent of cats become carriers, either temporarily or for the rest of their lives. Carrier cats can shed the virus intermittently, making them sources of infection for other cats.

Several medications are available to treat calicivirus symptoms:

• Antibiotics to treat secondary bacterial infections.
• Appetite stimulants to increase appetite.
• Saline nose drops to relieve nasal congestion.
• Anti-inflammatory medications to reduce oral discomfort.

Supportive care measures are also recommended for cats infected with calicivirus. These include:

• Wiping away nose and eye discharge. 
• Feeding extra tasty food to stimulate appetite.
• Environmental humidification (steam from a hot shower) to relieve nasal and airway congestion.

Cats with FCV-VSD need hospitalization and intense treatment, such as intravenous fluid, to make a full recovery. Unfortunately, nearly 70 percent of cats with FCV-VSD will not survive, despite treatment.

Cats with FCV-associated lameness will benefit from anti-inflammatories to relieve joint discomfort.

If you have multiple cats and one of them is being treated for calicivirus, isolate the infected cat during treatment. Disinfect the infected cat’s items (toys, bedding, litter box, food, and water bowls) with a mixture of 1/2 cup of bleach per gallon of water. Do not use Lysol because it is toxic to cats.

Although treatment costs vary between practices and geographic locations, the average cost of treating calicivirus virus in cats is about $300-$400. If an infected needs hospitalization and intensive treatment, that cost can rise significantly.

How to Prevent Calicivirus in Cats

With so many strains of calicivirus in cats, 100 percent protection from infection isn’t feasible. Fortunately, the prevention strategies listed below can significantly reduce your cat’s chances of developing a calicivirus infection:

Avoid interactions with unknown cats. Prevent direct contact between your cat and other cats, especially if you don’t know the other cat’s vaccination status.

Practice good sanitation measures. Wash your hands between handling multiple cats.

Be careful when introducing new cats. If you adopt a new cat, isolate them for 1 to 2 weeks and monitor them for respiratory symptoms.

Calicivirus Vaccine in Cats

Getting your cat vaccinated for calicivirus is an essential prevention strategy. The calicivirus vaccine is a core vaccine for cats.

Be aware, though, that the vaccine does not provide 100 percent protection against the virus. Even though a vaccinated cat can get calicivirus, the vaccine will help to reduce illness severity.

The vaccine comes in two formulations: nasal and injectable. The nasal formulation will cause a cat to sneeze for up to a week after vaccination. 

The calicivirus vaccine is given in combination with other vaccines, including feline herpesvirus-1 and feline parvovirus.

The 2020 American Animal Hospital Association/American Association of Feline Practitioner Vaccination Guidelines recommend the protocol listed below for the calicivirus vaccine:

• Administer the first dose no earlier than 6 weeks of age.
• Administer subsequent doses every 3 to 4 weeks until the cat is 16 to 20 weeks of age.
• Administer vaccine boosters every 1 to 3 years.

There are some variations in the frequency of booster vaccinations. For example, if you’ll be boarding your cat, your veterinarian may recommend a booster vaccine before your cat enters the boarding facility. 

Your veterinarian will determine how frequently your cat should receive a booster.

If your cat is older than 16 weeks of age at the time of the first vaccine, your veterinarian will follow a different vaccination protocol, such as giving two doses 3 to 4 weeks apart.

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But what exactly is taurine, and why is it such a big deal for cats?

We’re going to help you understand what you need to know about taurine so that you can keep your cat in optimal health.

What is Taurine?

Taurine is an amino acid, the building block of proteins. It is found only in animal-based proteins. 

For cats, taurine earns the additional classification of an essential amino acid. Essential amino acids must be obtained from the diet because they cannot be synthesized in the body. Cats cannot produce taurine, making it an essential amino acid for them.

It was first classified as an essential amino acid for cats in the 1980s. Since that time, all commercial cat foods have been supplemented with taurine.

Is Taurine Good for Cats?

Absolutely! Taurine plays a vital role in many body functions including:

• Vision
• Digestion
• Fetal development
• Healthy pregnancy
• Heart muscle function
• Immune system functioning

Common Sources of Taurine for Cats

Taurine is found only in animal-based proteins. Sources of taurine include chicken and beef. All regular commercial cat foods are supplemented with taurine. 

The amount of taurine in cat food varies between wet and dry foods. The processing required to manufacture canned cat food decreases the amount of taurine in the food. Therefore, the amount of taurine is higher in wet cat food than in dry food to account for what’s lost during heat processing.

Cats’ bodies metabolize taurine quickly, so cats need to have taurine in their diet every day. 

Taurine Deficiency in Cats

Given taurine’s many functions in a cat’s body, a taurine deficiency in cats has significant health consequences. 

First, though, let’s discuss why cats develop taurine deficiencies. 

Diet is the main reason. Cats that eat homemade diets without enough animal-based proteins are at high risk of a taurine deficiency. Also, cats that prefer dog food can become taurine-deficient because most commercially available dog food does not contain enough taurine.

Underlying illness is another reason for taurine deficiencies in cats.

Signs of taurine deficiency develop very slowly, taking anywhere from several months to several years to become apparent.

Now that you know why cats get taurine deficiencies, let’s explain what this deficiency can cause in a cat’s body:

Feline central retinal degeneration: Taurine helps maintain the health of the retina. With a taurine deficiency, the cells within the retina, called photoreceptors, start to degrade. This degradation is irreversible and leads to blindness.

Dilated cardiomyopathy: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) occurs when the heart muscles become large and flaccid, making the heart unable to pump blood adequately. A taurine deficiency weakens the heart muscles, leading to DCM. Left unmanaged, DCM eventually leads to congestive heart failure.

Signs of heart disease include weakness and reduced appetite.

Digestive problems: Taurine is found in bile salts, which are produced in the liver and help with a cat’s digestion. A taurine deficiency leads to digestive problems.

Pregnancy and fetal development complications: Taurine is necessary for a healthy pregnancy in cats. Mama cats with a taurine deficiency won’t be able to provide enough nutrition to their unborn kittens. After birth, kittens born to mothers with a taurine deficiency have poor and delayed growth and low birth weights. Also, taurine-deficient mama cats tend to have small litters. 

Diagnosing a Taurine Deficiency

Taurine deficiencies in cats are not always readily noticeable. If your cat has any of the health complications listed above, take your cat to your veterinarian for a diagnostic workup.

Diagnosing a taurine deficiency is a thorough process.

Your vet will ask you detailed questions about your cat’s history, especially their diet. Expect questions like these listed below:

• Do you feed your cat commercial cat food?
• Does your cat eat a homemade diet? If so, what’s in the diet?
• Does your cat eat dog food?
• What symptoms have you observed, and when did you first notice them?
• Is your cat bumping into furniture, as if they’re having trouble seeing?

The physical exam will be a comprehensive observation of all of your cat’s body systems, especially the heart and eyes. For the heart exam, your vet will listen closely to your cat’s heartbeat and rhythm. Additional heart testing, such as chest X-rays and an electrocardiogram, will provide more information about your cat’s heart function.

For the eye exam, your vet will look closely at your cat’s retina, located in the back of the eye. They will look for any signs of retinal damage.

Beyond the physical exam, your vet will take a few blood samples to perform routine blood work and test specifically for taurine levels.

If your cat has a taurine deficiency, your vet will prescribe taurine supplementation, which could be lifelong. 

Taurine Supplements for Cats

The only way to correct a taurine deficiency in cats is through supplementation. Taurine supplements come in various formulations. There’s powdered taurine, as well as taurine capsules, tablets, and gels.

Taurine supplements are available over the counter. However, they are not regulated by the FDA, and thus do not have the requirement to undergo rigorous testing for safety and effectiveness. 

If evaluating the products yourself seems daunting, ask your veterinarian for recommendations. For whichever product you select, your veterinarian can instruct you on how much to give your cat.

Here are a few more things to consider about supplementation for cats:

• Retinal damage from a taurine deficiency is irreversible. Supplementation may slow or stop the vision loss but cannot reverse it.

• Taurine deficiency-related heart damage is also irreversible. Supplementation may help to slow the heart muscle dysfunction.

• Other than retinal and heart damage, taurine supplementation may reverse the symptoms of deficiency if the deficiency is caught early enough.

The Importance of Taurine in Aging Cats

Sufficient dietary taurine from meat sources is as important to senior cats as it is to younger felines. Taurine helps optimize ocular, cardiac, and gastrointestinal health in cats of all ages and is especially important to geriatric cats who may be beginning to experience health issue with these body systems.

Taurine also assists with regulating blood sugar. Its antioxidant properties also theoretically help support your older cat from the effects of aging by assisting to preserve vision and overall multi-organ health, including that of the heart, liver, and kidneys, which may begin to decline in older cats. Taurine also helps support a healthy immune system, assisting your geriatric cat with warding off infections. Furthermore, taurine helps support a healthy coat and teeth and can help perk up your older cat’s energy level.

Consuming a well-balanced commercial cat food formulated for your cat’s life stage will provide sufficient taurine to enhance your aging kitty’s overall health.

The post Taurine for Cats: Why It’s Important appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Let’s explore why dogs have pale gums and what you can do about it.

Dog Gum Basics: What Color Should Your Dog’s Gums Be?

The gums are one of several structures in the mouth that support the teeth. Healthy, normal gums in dogs have a pink or salmon color. The gums are pink because of the many tiny blood vessels just under the gums’ surface.

Healthy dog gums are also shiny and moist, indicating that your pup is well-hydrated.

There are normal variations in dogs’ gum color. For example, some dogs have mottled or pigmented gums, meaning that the gums have spots of dark pigment. This is nothing to worry about.  

Checking Your Dog’s Gums

As a responsible pet parent, you already know about closely monitoring your pet’s health and behavior so that you can detect when something’s not right. 

Checking your dog’s gums should be included in this monitoring. Fortunately, this is easy to do and not at all uncomfortable for your dog. 

How do you check your dog’s gums?

Gently lift the upper lip and pull down the lower lip to observe your dog’s gum color, which should be pink or salmon in color.

Next, gently touch your dog’s gums to determine if they feel moist. Gums that feel a little sticky or tacky could indicate dehydration.

You can also perform the capillary refill test, which is a quick way to evaluate hydration status and blood flow to the gums. Gently press your index finger to your dog’s gums and lift your finger back up. The area you pressed will be white from your finger’s pressure, then return to the normal pink color in 1-2 seconds, indicating adequate hydration and a quick refill of the blood vessels. 

If more than 1-2 seconds pass before your dog’s gums turn pink again, your dog may be dehydrated or have an underlying health problem that is affecting circulation.

How often should you check your dog’s gums?

Check your dog’s gums at least once or twice a month. However, it’s best to check the gums each time that you brush your dog’s teeth, which should be daily. Take note of any change in the gum’s feel and appearance.

Be aware that, for dogs with mottled or pigmented gums, it can be challenging to see the capillary refill test results and determine if the gums have changed color. 

Pale gums in dogs range from pale pink to white. Because pale gums are usually associated with a problem with hydration or circulation, the gums will probably feel sticky and lose their shiny appearance from a lack of moisture.

Causes of Pale Gums in Dogs

Many health problems can affect a dog’s circulation and lead to pale gums. Some of the more common causes of pale gums include:

Anemia

Anemia is a decreased number of red blood cells (RBCs). It is not a disease unto itself but rather a consequence of some other disease process. Dogs with anemia are often weak, tired, and have difficulty breathing. They also experience weight loss and have a faster heart rate to pump out more blood.

Kidney Disease

The kidneys produce a substance called erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates RBC production. During kidney disease, the kidneys stop working well, meaning that EPO production goes down. With less EPO, fewer RBCs are being produced, ultimately leading to pale gums.

Signs of kidney disease include excessive drinking and urination, reduced appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss. Chronic kidney disease can cause anemia.

Shock

Shock occurs after a traumatic event, such as being hit by a car, that causes significant external or internal bleeding. A dog’s circulation plummets, blood vessels constrict, and gums become pale.

Dogs in shock have rapid breathing, a rapid heartbeat, and reduced body temperature.

Shock is an emergency that requires immediate veterinary treatment.

Internal Bleeding

Bleeding internally can result from traumatic injury or organ disease, such as stomach ulcers. It reduces circulation, leading to pale gums in dogs. Signs of internal bleeding include sudden collapse, lethargy, and difficulty breathing. Internal bleeding is a medical emergency and you should take your pet to the veterinary hospital immediately.

Parasites

Parasites can wreak havoc by feeding on a dog’s blood and depriving dogs of vital nutrients. Fleas land on a dog’s fur and feed on the blood. A heavy flea infestation can cause significant blood loss, leading to pale gums. Symptoms of a flea infestation include intense itching and hair loss from the constant scratching.

Intestinal parasites like roundworms cause digestive problems, such as vomiting and diarrhea. They can also cause weight loss and reduced energy and appetite.

Bloat

Bloat in dogs can quickly become a life-threatening condition. When the stomach fills with gas, it can become so distended that it twists upon itself, leading to a dangerous cascade of circulation problems. Pale gums are a consequence of these circulation problems. 

Dogs with bloat have distended abdomens, may heave or retch, may collapse and be severely lethargic or may be restless and uncomfortable.

Blood Clotting Disorders

The blood clotting process is complex. A blood clotting disorder, such as thrombocytopenia (a lack of platelets), disrupts this intricate process and causes abnormal bleeding. Rate bait ingestion can also disrupt this process and cause abnormal bleeding. Pale gums could result from abnormal bleeding.

Signs of blood clotting disorders include excessive bleeding and skin bruises.

Heart Disease

If your dog’s heart cannot pump blood properly, the gums won’t get the blood supply they need to stay healthy, leading to pale gums. Heart disease signs are numerous and include lethargy, reduced appetite, coughing, and a fluid-filled abdomen.

Heavy Metal Toxicity

Dogs aren’t exactly picky eaters, so they may eat something that contains heavy metals, such as pennies or nails. Heavy metals like zinc can reduce RBC production, leading to anemia and pale gums.

Heavy metal toxicity also causes symptoms like vomiting, reduced appetite, and lethargy.

Cancer

Cancer robs the body of so much. Dogs can be affected by many types of cancer. Some types of cancer affect the bone marrow, which produces RBCs. If there’s cancer in the bone marrow, RBC production goes down, leading to anemia and pale gums.

Cancer has a broad range of symptoms that depend on the type of cancer.

What to Do if Your Dog Has Pale Gums

If your dog has pale gums and is lethargic or otherwise not themselves you should go to the vet immediately. Pale gums in dogs are abnormal and always warrant further investigation by a veterinarian.

If your dog is critically ill from shock or bloat, immediately seek veterinary care from your veterinarian or an emergency veterinary hospital. If your dog is in shock from a traumatic injury that’s caused significant bleeding, you can perform first aid by covering the wound with a clean cloth. However, your primary goal is to get your dog treated as soon as possible.

The other causes of pale gums listed above are not necessarily life-and-death medical emergencies. However, because pale gums indicate an underlying health problem, your dog will need prompt veterinary care. 

Your veterinarian will ask you many questions as they examine your dog to determine the cause of the pale gums. Come prepared with as much information as possible, including what’s listed below:

• First observation of the pale gums
• What the gums looked and felt like
• Other symptoms or changes in behavior
• History of trauma
• History of eating something that contains heavy metals (e.g., pennies)

A detailed history will give your veterinarian more clues of the underlying problem. After performing a physical exam, they will perform other diagnostic tests, including routine blood work, X-rays, and blood clotting tests.

A pet health insurance policy from a company such as Lemonade may help offset the costs of diagnostics, procedures, and medications for a condition related to pale gums. Your veterinarian may want to perform lab tests, blood work, or any number of diagnostics to determine the cause of your dog’s pale gums.

Having peace of mind with a customized pet health policy like Lemonade is worth its weight in gold. For more info, visit the Lemonade site and answer a few quick questions to get a personalized pet health insurance plan quote.

The sooner your veterinarian can determine what’s causing the pale gums, the sooner your dog can be treated and get back to good health.

How to Prevent Pale Gums in Dogs

Since pale gums are a sign of other underlying medical conditions, preventing pale gums in your dogs is a matter of staying on top of preventative wellness.

Always keep up with your pet’s vaccine and testing schedules so you can detect medical conditions as early as possible. When you are brushing your dog’s teeth, pay attention to any change gum color. If you notice anything abnormal, always reach out to your veterinarian to see if further evaluation makes sense.

The post Pale Gums in Dogs: 10 Reasons It Might Be Happening appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But what about cats? Are they part of the drool conversation?

They sure are! But usually not for a good reason. So why do cats drool? And what causes our feline friends to salivate? Let’s dig deeper into drooling in cats.

Do Cats Drool?

Cats do drool, but not as much as dogs. While some dog breeds are legendary for their drooling, there are no differences in drooling among cat breeds.

Drool is saliva, which is produced by the salivary glands. Saliva is normal and has a few essential functions, like lubricating food for easier travel down the esophagus. Saliva is considered to be drool when produced in large enough amounts to flow out of the mouth.

Some cats drool occasionally and are otherwise healthy. In most cases of cat drooling, though, there’s an underlying health problem that needs attention. 

Why Do Cats Drool?

Cats drool for numerous reasons. Some of these reasons are harmless, but most are not. Let’s go through the benign reasons first.

Some cats drool when they’re super-relaxed. For example, you may have noticed that your cat drools a little when you pet them. There’s no conclusive reason why this happens. Perhaps it’s because they’re so relaxed that their jaw muscles slacken and the drool pours right out of their mouths, similar to when we doze off and wake up with a small pool of drool on the pillow. 

Other cats drool when they hear the sound of a can of cat food being opened, and the smell of that tasty food reaches their noses.

But most of the time, if your cat is drooling excessively or often, it’s a sign of trouble. Cats drool more commonly when they’re unwell than when they’re feeling good. 

Worrisome reasons for cats drooling are listed below:

Periodontal Disease 

Periodontal disease is a disease of the teeth and teeth-supporting structures, like the gums. Cats with advanced periodontal disease have significant oral discomfort and cannot keep saliva from dripping out of the mouth. 

Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Disease (FORL) 

FORL is a cat-specific dental disease that occurs when a cat’s gums start to reabsorb the teeth. It causes significant pain, and drooling is one of the first signs of the disease.

Oral Pain

There are lots of causes of oral pain, such as trauma, infection, and foreign bodies. This pain leads to drooling.

Toxins

If a cat eats something toxic, such as a poisonous flower or plant (e.g., poinsettia), they will start drooling in an attempt to rid the body of the toxin. 

Nausea 

A cat that has an upset tummy and feels nauseated often starts to drool.

Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease is a common disease in older cats. When the kidneys stop working well, toxins build up in the blood, causing a condition called ‘uremia’ (urine in the blood). Uremia can cause problems in the mouth, including painful ulcers that lead to foul-smelling drool.

Medications

Some medications, such as certain antibiotics, cause drooling in cats.

Nerve Damage

Nerve damage is uncommon in cats. However, if the cranial nerve that controls mouth movement is damaged, a cat can longer close its mouth correctly, leading to drooling.

Excessive Drooling in Cats: When to Worry

Drooling a little bit before dinnertime or while being petted is not a big concern in cats.

So, when should you start to worry about cat drooling? Here are signs to look out for that indicate that your cat’s drooling is a problem:

• Signs of systemic illness, such as lethargy, loss of appetite, and weight loss
• Obvious oral discomfort
• Difficulty eating or drinking
• Bad breath
• New, finicky eating behavior
• Foul-smelling or blood-tinged saliva 
• Constant, excessive drooling

If you see any of these signs, take your cat to your veterinarian. Because cat drool often points to another health problem, you don’t want to delay getting your cat looked at. 

Diagnosing the Cause of Cat Drooling

If your cat is drooling a lot, your veterinarian will do a thorough diagnostic workup to determine the cause.

First, your veterinarian will perform a physical exam and ask you questions about the drooling. Be prepared to answer questions like these:

• What does the drooling look like?
• When did you first notice your cat drooling?
• Has your cat had behavior changes as a result of the drooling?

The more information you can provide about your cat’s drooling, the better your veterinarian will be able to determine what’s going on.

Part of the physical exam will include an oral exam. Depending on your cat’s level of oral discomfort, your veterinarian may need to sedate your cat to take a closer look in the mouth. They will look for any oral abnormalities that could be causing the drooling. 

Because drooling can sometimes result from systemic disease, your veterinarian will examine your cat’s entire body during the physical exam.

Depending on the physical exam findings, additional diagnostic testing may be needed. For example, bloodwork would reveal systemic disease, like kidney disease. X-rays of the mouth would reveal signs of oral trauma or dental disease.

Treating a Cat for Drooling

Once your veterinarian has finished evaluating your cat, they will develop a treatment plan that addresses the underlying health problem. Once that health problem has been treated or is successfully under control, the excessive drooling should resolve.

Can I Prevent Cat Drool?

You may not be able to stop or prevent your cat from drooling completely, but there are certain things that you can do to keep your cat’s mouth healthy. Try these tips to care for your cat’s oral health:

Brush your cat’s teeth. Regular toothbrushing (at least several times a week) helps keep the teeth and gums healthy. Effective dental treats help prevent the buildup of plaque and tartar on the teeth that can lead to periodontal disease.

Schedule dental cleanings. Annual veterinary dental cleanings, which are performed under anesthesia, give your cat’s mouth a deep clean and allows for early detection of dental disease. 

Keep consistent veterinary visits. Wellness checkups allow your veterinarian to assess your cat’s overall health and detect systemic health problems early. Catching and treating these diseases early can keep serious illness and excessive drooling at bay.

Drooling in cats usually signals a serious health problem that requires veterinary care. If you notice troubling signs of drooling in your cat, schedule an appointment with your veterinarian.

With proper diagnosis and treatment, your cat’s drooling can be managed, and your cat—and their mouth—will feel much better.

The post Why Do Cats Drool? Common Causes, Explained. appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Shedding can range from being a manageable mess to being a never-ending quest to clean up dog hair from, well, everywhere.

Wherever your dog is on the shedding spectrum, we’re going to help you understand more about dog shedding. We’ll explain why dogs shed, which breeds shed the most (and least), how to manage the shedding, and what to do about excessive shedding. 

Why Do Dogs Shed?

Before answering this question, let’s first talk about the basics of a dog’s coat. The coat serves many purposes, including providing insulation from the winter’s cold temperatures and protection from the summer’s unrelenting heat and sunshine.  

A dog’s coat contains three hair types: primary, secondary, and tactile.

Primary hairs, which make up the outer coat, are long and coarse. Secondary hairs, which make up the undercoat, are soft. Tactile hairs, like whiskers, help dogs to sense things in their environments.

Now, we’ll answer the big reason for why dogs shed. Dogs shed to get rid of dead or damaged hairs, making room for new and healthy hair to grow in. 

Dogs will shed either seasonally or year-round. Outdoor dogs—who may be living as strays— tend to shed seasonally in the spring and fall. In the spring, these dogs will shed to have a lighter outer coat for the summer. In the fall, shedding allows for a thicker and warmer undercoat to grow in to prepare for the winter.

Indoor dogs usually shed year-round because the artificial heat and light inside a home don’t provide the seasonal ‘signals’ to control when the shedding occurs.

Heat and light aren’t the only factors controlling a dog’s shedding. Health plays a significant role, too. Stress, anxiety, and various health conditions can cause shedding. Interestingly, pregnancy can cause shedding because of a loss of calcium and other nutrients that support a healthy coat.

Do All Dogs Shed? 

In a word, yes. Shedding is a normal occurrence in all dogs, but the rate and amount of shedding will vary among breeds and individuals within a breed. Breed characteristics, particularly coat type, play a significant role in how much a dog sheds.

Some breeds, like Poodles, have hair that doesn’t turn over quickly. These breeds won’t shed very much. 

You may think that breeds with longer and silkier hair, like Collies, are heavy shedders, but that’s not necessarily the case. Dogs with short and dense coats, such as Labrador Retrievers, tend to shed more than dogs with long hair.

Do Puppies Shed?

Indeed, they do! Puppies are born with a soft and fluffy coat that keeps their body temperature where it needs to be. Eventually, this coat will be shed and replaced by a thicker adult coat. Depending on the breed, the puppy will grow a single or double coat.

In some breeds, the adult coat will look drastically different than the puppy coat. For example, the coats of Dalmatian puppies have no spots, while adult Dalmatian coats are full of spots.

Puppies will usually begin shedding their puppy coat at around 4 to 6 months of age, but this shedding could start as early as 3 months of age. During the shedding process, a puppy may look a little unkempt until their adult coat comes in fully.

For some breeds, the adult coat takes a long time to come in. For Pomeranian puppies, it can take nearly two years to grow the adult coat.

Dog Breeds That Shed 

Some breeds are naturally heavy shedders. Breeds such as Siberian Huskies and Akitas that have thick double coats to protect them from cold temperatures are heavy shedders. 

In the spring, these double-coated breeds take shedding to an entirely different level. To prepare for the summer, they blow their coat—a process that sheds the soft undercoat. The hair comes out in large clumps that resemble sheep’s wool and are enough to fill a large trash bag (or two).  

Here are some other dog breeds that shed a lot:

• Chow Chow
• Saint Bernard
• Golden Retriever
• Labrador Retriever
• German Shepherd
• Bernese Mountain Dog

Dog Breeds That Shed the Least

Some dog breeds are bred to be light shedders. These low-shedding dogs are great for people who are allergic to pet dander, which is attached to a dog’s hair and gets released into the air during shedding.  

Low-shedding breeds are often called “hypoallergenic,” but this is a misnomer because all dogs shed and have some level of allergy-inducing dander in their hair.

Low-shedding dog breeds include:

• Maltese
• Irish Terrier
• Bichon Frise
• Afghan Hound
• Giant Schnauzer
• Miniature Poodle
• American Hairless Terrier

How To Reduce Shedding in Dogs

If your dog is a heavy shedder, you may ask yourself, “How can I stop my dog from shedding?” Well, because shedding occurs naturally, you won’t be able to stop it from happening. Fortunately, you can reduce the shedding to make it more manageable. 

Let’s go through some dog-shedding remedies.

Regular Brushing

Brushing gets rid of the dead and damaged hair that was going to come out anyway. This hair will accumulate in the brush and on the floor near your dog, making clean up quick and easy.  Brushing also distributes healthy skin oils throughout your dog’s coat.

Heavy shedders should be brushed at least a few times a week, if not daily. Monthly brushings are usually sufficient for light shedders. Your veterinarian or grooming professional can advise you on how often you should brush your dog.

Make sure to pick the right brush for the job. For example, a bristle brush works well for coarse coats, while a pin brush is ideal for long and silky coats. Brushing gloves are also available. Whichever brush type you use, always brush in the direction of your dog’s hair growth.

Regular Bathing

Like brushing, bathing gets rid of dead or damaged hair and collects it in one place. Oatmeal shampoos are a great dog shampoo for shedding because they help to maintain a healthy and shiny coat. 

Ask your veterinarian about how often you should bathe your dog. Some dogs can get by with a monthly bath, while others need a bath every 1 to 2 weeks. 

Healthy Diet

A well-balanced diet that’s chock full of essential nutrients will help to maintain your dog’s coat and make shedding more manageable. Fatty acids, such as omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, are part of that healthy diet. 

If not already included as an ingredient in your dog’s food, fatty acids can be given as supplements. For instance, Dinovite daily whole food supplements contain omega-3 fatty acids from ground flax seed, vitamin E, and a highly digestible form of zinc to support skin and coat health. Talk with your veterinarian if you’re unsure which fatty acid supplement to choose.

Coconut oil is another dietary remedy for reducing dog shedding. It contains fats called Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCTs), which are good fats that promote healthy skin and coat. You can add coconut oil, ideally unrefined or virgin coconut oil, to your dog’s food. Your veterinarian can advise you on how much to add. Be aware that too much coconut oil can cause greasy stools or diarrhea.

Dog Shedding Suit

There’s been a lot of buzz about dog-shedding suits. These suits are designed to contain a dog’s shedding and are reportedly comfortable for a dog to wear.

These suits are safe, but your dog may not be a fan of wearing one. If your dog is squirming and looks uncomfortable in the suit, don’t force your dog to wear it. Instead, try one of the other strategies for reducing shedding.

Excessive Shedding in Dogs: When to Seek Help

Not all shedding is normal. Excessive shedding often signals an underlying problem, including those listed below:

• Stress
• Malnutrition
• Skin infections
• Allergies (e.g., flea allergy)
• External parasites (fleas, ticks, mites)
• Hormonal imbalances (e.g., hypothyroidism)

Excessive shedding can lead to bald patches in a dog’s fur. It can also irritate the skin, leaving the skin with redness and bumps. 

If your dog is shedding more than usual and the skin is in bad shape, take your dog to your veterinarian for a thorough workup. Your veterinarian will perform various diagnostic tests to determine what’s causing the excessive hair loss. Once your veterinarian identifies the problem, they will prescribe the appropriate treatment. 

Treating the underlying condition will help to resolve the excessive shedding.

Dog Shedding: Staying on Top of It

Shedding is a normal occurrence in dogs and helps to keep a dog’s coat healthy. Develop a routine to manage your dog’s shedding and prevent your home from being taken over by your dog’s hair.

If the shedding is excessive and your dog’s skin looks unhealthy, consult with your veterinarian to determine what’s causing the problematic shedding and figure out the best treatment plan. 

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