Stressful though it may be, regular veterinary care is vital to your cat’s health, and there are ways to make the experience better for the both of you. Here’s how often you should take your cat to the vet and why regular cat checkups are so important.

How Often Should Cats Go to the Vet?

Pet owners often ask when and how often their cat should go to the vet, and there are multiple variables that contribute to the answer to this question. Age, health status and lifestyle will all play a role in your cat’s vet schedule. That said, the American Animal Hospital Association recommends taking your adult cat in for a checkup at least once a year.

Why It’s Important to Take Your Cat to the Vet

Regular veterinary care throughout your cat’s life is valuable for many reasons. Every veterinary visit will include a physical examination which can help your vet detect issues including skin conditions, dental disease, and even masses found in or on your cat. External parasites, such as fleas, ticks or ear mites can also be found and treated at vet visits.

And even if your cat remains an indoor companion, it is still important to keep them up to date on vaccines and annual wellness testing (which includes a physical exam, blood work and a fecal test). Routine diagnostics like these will help your veterinarian catch any abnormalities readily and early so appropriate medications or treatments can be started. Regular vaccines will also keep your cat protected and immunized from life-threatening illnesses, like rabies. And don’t forget about those monthly flea, tick, heartworm and parasite preventives!

How Often Do Cats Get Shots?

Different life stages will require different levels of veterinary care. Kittens will see the vet more often, as vaccine boosters are required quite frequently until sufficient immunity is achieved. Beginning at 6 to 8 weeks of age, a kitten will receive their first FVRCP (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis Calicivirus Panleukopenia) vaccine. This is a combination vaccine often referred to as a feline distemper vaccine. It will need to be boostered three to four weeks later, then three to four weeks after that, for a total of three vaccines. Once the final round is given, these vaccines are good for one year’s time. Kittens will also receive their first rabies vaccine between 13 and 16 weeks of age.

If your kitten is going to spend any amount of time outdoors, it may be recommended by your veterinarian that they also receive the feline leukemia vaccine. Feline leukemia is spread from cat to cat (not transmissible to humans) via bodily fluids, so it is possible for an outside cat to encounter another cat carrying the disease at some point.

After your kitten gets all of its shots, they will be spayed or neutered (around 6 months of age). Vet visits during this time will also include fecal tests to check for intestinal parasites and a monthly flea, tick and parasite preventive should begin to be given. Once your cat is spayed or neutered and has all of its shots, they should be all set with veterinary visits until their annual cat checkup. 

After your cat receives their initial FVRCP and rabies vaccines, it is possible that your veterinarian will recommend a three-year version of these vaccines. That said, adult cats should still be brought in for an annual checkup to screen for any underlying health issues. A stool sample should be checked annually, as well, even if your cat does not go outside. 

Once your cat hits 7 years of age, it is recommended to increase veterinary visits to every 6 months. Just like aging humans, medical conditions in senior cats can arise quickly and without notice, making regular wellness exams very important. Annual routine blood work should be run to screen for any metabolic issues and overall organ function. 

If your cat is diagnosed with any illness or chronic condition throughout their lifetime, your veterinarian may recommend a different annual examination or vaccination schedule for them.

Tips for Bringing Your Cat to the Vet

Bringing a cat to the vet may not be the easiest task in the world, but there are a few things you can do to help get them there safely and happily:

Make sure your cat has a comfortable carrier. It should be large enough so that they fit comfortably, but not too large where they will feel vulnerable or jostled around in the car ride. It is helpful to leave the crate open at home for a couple of weeks before the appointment so that your cat becomes familiar with the equipment. You can put their favorite toy or an article of clothing that smells like you in the carrier with them or encourage them into the carrier with a little catnip or treats. There are also pheromone sprays that can be used as a calming agent. In addition, secure your cat’s crate on the floor between the front and back seat or strap it in so that your cat does not get jostled around.

Consider medicating your cat ahead of time. If your pet is a scaredy cat, share your concerns with your veterinarian before making your appointment, as there are medications that can help calm them down prior to the whole experience.

Make an appointment for a quiet time of day. Try to schedule your cat’s appointment for a quiet time of day at the veterinary hospital or clinic, such as mid morning or early afternoon. You can also ask for the quietest time of day or for a quiet exam room.

Try a Fear Free or cats-only clinic. There are some veterinary clinics that deal solely with cats, which may be an option depending on where you are located. And you may be interested to find out if your veterinary clinic is Fear Free Certified or uses low-stress handling techniques. This means they take every precaution to provide a calm environment for cats, as well as use minimal restraint during examinations and procedures.

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Let’s learn about doxycycline for dogs, what it’s good for, and how to administer it safely, so you can continue to take good care of your pet.

What is Doxycycline? 

Doxycycline is a prescription medication that was patented in 1957 and became commercially available in 1967. It is from the tetracycline group of antibiotics used to treat a variety of infections and conditions in veterinary medicine, including bacterial infections, respiratory infections, and tick-borne diseases. Doxycycline can be used in many different species, including dogs, cats, horses, reptiles, small mammals, rodents, and even birds.

It comes in different forms, such as tablets, capsules, and liquid, all to be given by mouth. You may see doxycycline under a few different brand names including Vibramycin, Oracea, Monodox, Periostat, Doryx, and Acticlate. 

This medication is FDA approved for human use. But there are no specific versions approved for veterinary use at this time, so the human version is what a veterinarian would likely prescribe your dog. 

Doxycycline is not available over the counter. However, it is readily available through your veterinarian, online pharmacies, compounding pharmacies, and human pharmacies with a prescription from your dog’s veterinarian. 

How Does Doxycycline Work? 

Doxycycline is derived from tetracycline, a semisynthetic drug made from both natural and synthetic sources. Tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis and alter the cytoplasmic membrane permeability of susceptible organisms—namely bacteria. 

Since healthy cells are not as susceptible, that allows the drug to stop bacterial growth in order to fight off bacterial and microbial infections.

What Is Doxycycline Used For in Dogs? 

Doxycycline is typically used to treat a range of bacterial infections in dogs, as well as infections caused by microorganisms. It is not effective against viral infections or fungal infections. 

Your veterinarian might prescribe this drug to treat a present infection, or as a precaution against a secondary bacterial infection that your dog may be at risk of developing. This is the reason why a veterinarian might prescribe doxycycline for a viral infection like canine parvovirus. Even though the drug will do nothing to fight the viral infection, doxycycline is an effective precaution because parvovirus leaves dogs vulnerable to secondary bacterial infections. 

Doxycycline is commonly prescribed for susceptible bacterial infections including:

• Respiratory tract infections
• Urinary tract infections
• Oral infections
• Leptospirosis
• Toxoplasmosis
• Mycoplasma
• Psittacosis

Doxycycline is also effective against many tick-borne diseases and other diseases caused by parasites, including:

• Lyme disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Salmon poisoning 
• Heartworm 

Doxycycline may be dispensed by your regular veterinarian or specialist after examination and diagnostic testing, such as a culture and susceptibility test, which would indicate if it is the appropriate drug to treat the infection.  

How to Give Doxycycline to Dogs

Once your dog has been prescribed doxycycline, the next big question is how are you supposed to give it to your pet? 

If you are dispensed the liquid version, simply squirt the correct dosage directly into your dog’s mouth. It may be flavored to make it more palatable—hopefully with chicken or another flavor your dog will like! If your dog has food allergies, be sure to alert your veterinarian. Also, even though it is a liquid medication, it is best to give it with food to avoid stomach upset. 

If your dog was prescribed a tablet or capsule, it is important to get your dog to drink at least 6 ml of water after you administer the pill. This will “wash it down,” helping the pill get to the stomach smoothly and ensuring it does not get stuck in the esophagus, which can cause discomfort. 

You can try putting the pill in a small meatball of dog food or a small piece of cheese if your prescribing veterinarian allows it. There are also treats on the market (available at pet stores or through your veterinarian) that make it easier to pill your pet. 

It is not recommended to crush doxycycline tablets and put them into your dog’s food, as it has a bitter taste and may make the food taste bad. That could deter your pet from eating some or all of their food, which could make it difficult to tell if they received the full prescribed dose. 

If giving your dog a capsule, do not open it up and sprinkle the contents on the food for the same reason. Opening the capsule may also cause the drug to be less effective.

To ease potential stomach upset, it is recommended to give this medication with a meal or a bit of food. But do not give doxycycline with foods containing iron or dairy, as these can block its efficacy. 

Doxycycline Side Effects in Dogs 

As with any medication, there are potential side effects to doxycycline. Though it is usually tolerated very well in dogs, the most common side effect is gastrointestinal upset, including vomiting, diarrhea, and lack of appetite. 

Acute allergic reactions are also possible, just as they are with any other drug. So be sure to let your veterinarian know of any previous drug reactions your dog may have had.

Doxycycline may also make your dog’s skin more sensitive to sunlight and therefore sunburn, especially on hairless areas like the nose, eyelids, and ears. If you have a hairless breed, your dog is most at risk.

Doxycycline should not be given to dogs who are pregnant or lactating. Tetracycline antibiotics, as a group, can cause skeletal limb deformities to puppies in utero. 

More serious side effects include liver failure, as well as seizures, bleeding, behavior changes, or even trouble swallowing. Contact your veterinarian if you detect any sign of these serious side effects. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Another factor to keep in mind if your veterinarian prescribes doxycycline for your dog is whether your pet is taking any other medications. As with any drug, caution must be used when administering multiple medications at once to avoid potential negative reactions. 

For instance, tetracycline drugs can cause blood clotting disorders, so if your dog is already on a blood thinner such as warfarin, it’s important to keep an eye out for signs of a reaction. Also, certain antacids may be needed to be administered several hours before or after the doxycycline, so be sure to discuss any and all medications with the prescribing veterinarian. 

Doxycycline Dosage for Dogs

The appropriate dosage of doxycycline for dogs will vary depending on their health and the condition being treated. Please follow all prescription directions carefully, and do not make any adjustments without consulting your veterinarian. Changing your dog’s medication can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is dangerous for your dog and may also result in a longer recovery time. Do not stop giving the medication if your dog’s condition improves—always finish all medication prescribed. 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Doxycycline

If you miss giving your dog a dose of doxycycline, and it is relatively close to when it was due (within 2 hours), you can give the dose. But if it is close to the time for the next dose, skip that missed dose, and return to the regular dosing schedule. Never give your pet two doses at once or give extra doses! 

Cost of Doxycycline for Dogs

Doxycycline is a relatively cost-effective drug, so using the generic version instead of name-brand options may not save you too much money. Depending on the size of your pet, and what dose is prescribed, costs can range from around $0.25 – $1.50 per dose. 

Doxycycline Storage Instructions

Doxycycline tablets and capsules should be stored in a tight container at room temperature (59 – 86 degrees), away from sunlight and out of reach of children and pets. The medication is usually dispensed in a dark container to protect it from the sun. You do not need to refrigerate doxycycline liquid unless it is recommended for any compounded liquid. In that case, the refrigerated medication should be discarded after 14 days. 

The pharmacy will be able to provide additional storage and handling recommendations, depending on the prescribed instructions.

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Regardless of whether your dog is a spa lover or a bathtime ball of nervous energy, the question may have popped into your head—how often do I actually need to do this?

If you’re wondering how often you should bathe your dog, there are a couple of variables to keep in mind. Let’s dive in and review the basics so you can come up with the right bathing balance for your pup.

How Often Should You Bathe a Dog?

The truth is, there is no set-in-stone answer to how often you should bathe your dog. It can depend on your dog’s skin and coat type, health issues, and the lifestyle your dog lives.

For an average dog—one that goes on leisurely walks, is generally healthy, and lives a normal life of lounging on the couch—he may not need to be bathed more than 3 to 4 times per year. Pet owners may choose to do this when their dog’s odor becomes noticeable.

Variables That Could Impact Bathing Frequency

There are instances where a dog needs to be bathed more or less than the average 3-4 times per year. Here are some other considerations when trying to determine if it’s time to bathe your pooch.

Your Dog’s Lifestyle

Is your dog the outdoorsy type? Does he enjoy swimming or frolicking in the woods? Does he enjoy long walks on the beach? Does he spend time romping through puddles and getting covered in mud? If so, you should play it by ear and bathe your dog as needed.

If dogs are avid swimmers, it’s important to clean off irritating salt or pool water from their skin and fur—even if it’s just a quick rinse. If your dog enjoys hiking and running amok in the muck, your pup may need a full bath to clean off dirt and debris.

Your Dog’s Overall Health

Does your dog suffer from an underlying disease? Certain medical conditions—such as hypothyroidism, Cushing’s disease, or diabetes—may cause secondary skin or coat issues. If your dog is ill in any way, speak with your veterinarian about the best bathing recommendations for your pet. A veterinarian may prescribe a special protocol or shampoo, as to not to dry out your dog’s skin or further exacerbate any issues.

Your Dog’s Skin/Coat Type

Does your dog have long, flowing hair? Or is he hairless? Different breeds have different coat types.

For instance, if you have a long-haired dog, such as a Collie or Sheltie, they need to be brushed before, during, and after their bath, and they also need a special doggie-conditioner to keep their fur from tangling and matting. A Chinese Crested has little to no hair, and may have blackheads that need a medicated shampoo to treat. If you have a double-coated dog, such as a Siberian Husky or Labrador Retriever, they may need a deshedding shampoo or no bath at all, just a good brushing. If a dog has a heavy coat, and is not thoroughly dried, they may get skin irritation, a rash, or infection from remaining moisture.

Consult your veterinarian or a groomer for instructions about bathing your specific dog breed.

Can You Bathe a Dog Too Often?

Yes, you can bathe a dog too often. Giving baths more than necessary may strip your dog’s coat of essential oils. This may cause secondary issues, such as a bacterial skin infection, or dry itchy skin. Frequent bathing could also complicate an underlying medical condition.

Speak to your veterinarian about what protocol works best for your dog’s specific needs before attempting any at-home grooming task.

When to Take Your Dog to a Professional Groomer

If at-home bathing sessions stress you out, a professional groomer can make sure your dog gets cleaned, brushed, and trimmed appropriately.

Groomers are educated, licensed, and experienced with all types of dog breeds, coat types, shampoos, conditioners, and other supplies. They may also pick up on underlying issues found during an appointment, such as skin irritation, tumors, cysts, an ear infection, or broken toenail.

If your dog’s fur is particularly matted or dirty, a groomer may have better tools and products to help remove mats and grime than you do at home.

If your dog suffers from any serious medical conditions, you can also ask your veterinarian if they provide grooming services at the clinic. Many veterinarians will offer grooming services for dogs with skin conditions or allergies.

A professional setting may also be more conducive to bathing your dog. If your home or apartment doesn’t have a bathtub or you don’t want your dog tracking water all over your house, taking your dog to a groomer may make your life easier.

Tips for Bathing Your Dog at Home

If you want to get down and dirty with giving your dog a bath at home, here are some tips to keep you and your spa buddy safe.

Have your supplies ready. Before you start bathing your dog, have all of your tools and supplies on hand. You may not be able to leave your dog in the tub while you run for a towel or cup. You may need towels, a cup for rinsing your dog, dog shampoo and conditioner, a blow dryer, cotton balls, and a brush and/or comb.

Brush your dog before bathing. Give your dog a thorough brush out, as this will help remove some of the loose fur, dirt, and debris, and save your drain.

Protect your dog’s ears and eyes. Place cotton balls in your dog’s ears to help keep any water and soap out. Be careful around your dog’s eyes and cover his eyes gently with your hand if you are rinsing his head. Some groomers recommend bathing your dog’s head last because getting their head wet can cause anxiety. Some dogs may benefit from simply wiping their head and face with a wet washcloth.

Use a shampoo formulated for dogs. Avoid using any human shampoos on dogs—even baby shampoo. Dogs and humans have different pH levels, so human shampoos can irritate a dog’s skin.

Follow instructions on the shampoo bottle. Follow the instructions on the shampoo bottle and be sure to rinse thoroughly. Any soap left behind can cause irritation to the skin, or your dog may ingest it by licking it off later.

Don’t let your dog drink bath water. Bath water shouldn’t be ingested. It can cause an upset stomach, vomiting, diarrhea, or lack of appetite.

Dry your dog thoroughly. Once you are finished, be sure to dry your dog using towels and/or a hairdryer. Some dogs may not like the dryer, so if your dog shows any signs of anxiety or discomfort, simply use a towel.

Watch for skin irritation. No matter what kind of shampoo you choose, keep an eye out for any adverse reactions. This may be red, irritated skin, itchiness, hair loss, or even hives. If you see any sign of a reaction, rinse your dog thoroughly and contact your veterinarian.

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This is a dangerous condition for our dogs and if it’s left untreated or it cannot be controlled, it could be deadly.

Let’s look at what causes heat stroke in dogs, how to recognize the signs and symptoms, and what you need to do to get your dog help quickly.

Can Dogs Get Heat Stroke?

Yes, dogs can suffer from heat stroke. This happens because dogs don’t sweat like humans.

Dogs regulate their body temperatures mainly through panting. Although dogs have a few sweat glands—mostly on their paw pads—panting is the primary way their bodies release heat. When panting is not enough to bring down their temperature, heat exhaustion and heat stroke can occur.

Some dogs are at higher risk of developing heat stroke if they are older or overweight. Certain breeds are also more prone to it, due to their physical make-up. These mostly include brachycephalic (flat-faced) breeds such as Pugs, Bulldogs, or Boston Terriers.

Dogs with underlying medical conditions, such as laryngeal paralysis, respiratory issues, or cardiac disease are also at higher risk. Dogs with thick coats or working dogs that over-exert themselves should also be monitored closely for signs of heat stroke.

What Causes Heat Stroke in Dogs?

Heat stroke in dogs is caused by an elevated body temperature. This happens, primarily, because of elevated environmental temperatures or over-exertion during exercise. Dogs may also overheat and experience heat stroke if left in hot cars, left in overheated, non-ventilated rooms, or even left outside without shade or fresh, cool water to drink.

When the surrounding environment gets hot and a dog’s body temperature rises, they release excess heat through open mouth breathing, or panting. When panting is not enough to bring down their temperature and their internal body temperature rises above 103 degrees, they go into heat exhaustion.

If their temperature continues to rise above 106 degrees, they are at risk of heat stroke.

Although these temperatures may seem high, keep in mind that a dog’s regular body temperature ranges from about 100-102.5 degrees. So, heat stroke can occur if a dog’s body temperature rises by just a few degrees.

Signs of Heat Stroke in Dogs

Signs of heat stroke in dogs are usually easy to spot, and pet parents who notice these signs should act quickly to cool dogs down and get help.

Symptoms to watch for include:

• Excessive panting
• Drooling
• Reddened gums
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Mental dullness
• Dizziness or lack of coordination
• Loss of consciousness
• Collapse

What to Do if You Think Your Dog Has Heat Stroke

As soon as you recognize a sign of your dog overheating, you must take immediate action to start cooling them down.

Step 1: Immediately move your dog to a cooler area. This may be into the shade, under a fan, or indoors into air conditioning.

Step 2: If possible, take your dog’s temperature. Most thermometers used for humans will work. Do not use a glass thermometer or a thermometer meant to take temperature from the ear or forehead. Gently lift your dog’s tail and place the thermometer about half an inch into your dog’s anus (the butt). Hold it there until the thermometer beeps, or indicates it is done reading. If the temperature is between 103-106 degrees, they are in heat exhaustion. If it is above 106 degrees, they are at risk of heat stroke. Contact your veterinarian immediately if the temperature is above 103 degrees.

Step 3: Try to bring your dog’s temperature down. You can soak towels or washcloths in cool water and wet your dog down. Place the cool wet cloths on the neck, armpits, and between your dog’s hind legs. You can also gently wet the ears and paw pads with cool water. Do NOT put your dog in an ice bath, as a dog’s temperature must be brought down gradually.

Step 4: Offer cool, fresh water to drink, if they are able to and conscious enough to drink on their own. Your dog should be able to lift his head and be sitting up for it to be safe to offer water to drink. Do not force your dog to drink. Do not feed ice cubes or use ice water, as it may drop a dog’s body temperature too quickly.

Step 5: Get your dog to a veterinarian as soon as you can and be sure to keep the windows of the car open or the air conditioning on.

If your dog has collapsed or is unconscious, rush your dog to an emergency veterinarian right away. On your way to the emergency room, try to cool your dog’s body temperature by using wet towels.

Diagnosing Heat Stroke in Dogs

Heat stroke is usually diagnosed by taking a detailed history of what the dog was doing prior to developing symptoms. Veterinarians will ask what environment the dog was in, whether the dog was exercising, and whether your dog had shade or water.

A veterinarian will also obtain an accurate body temperature. If the temperature is above 106 degrees, heat stroke is diagnosed.

This condition can cause many serious effects in the body, such as kidney failure, development of neurologic symptoms, abnormal blood clotting, changes in blood pressure, and electrolyte abnormalities. Severe cases may cause organ shutdown, cardiac arrest, and death.

Your veterinarian may suggest running blood work to look for any internal damage and to determine what supportive care is needed.

How to Treat Heat Stroke in Dogs

Active cooling is the primary treatment for heat stroke in dogs. The quicker you pick up on the signs that your dog is in trouble, and can begin the cooling process, the better the chances of your dog’s recovery.

When brought into your veterinarian or the emergency clinic, intravenous fluids may be administered to your dog in order to help support hydration levels and bring down his body temperature.

Supportive care will be administered throughout the recovery process. Your dog will be monitored for all vital functions, such as respiratory rate, heart rate and function, and blood pressure.

Depending on the severity of the condition, additional medical treatments or support may be needed. They may need cardiac (heart) support, gastrointestinal support, or even neurological support.

Prognosis for dogs experiencing heat exhaustion and heat stroke is most dependent on how quickly the dog gets treatment and the highest body temperature experienced. When the body temperature reaches 109.4 degrees, organ damage and high mortality are seen.

Preventing Heat Stroke in Dogs

Because heat stroke is such a dangerous condition for dogs, prevention is key. You can help keep your dog from overheating with some basic safety practices.

To prevent heat stroke in dogs:

• Limit exercise or outdoor activity on excessively hot or humid days. Make sure your dog takes breaks when he is panting heavily, even if he doesn’t want to.
• Provide plenty of shade and water when your dog is outdoors.
• If your home does not have air conditioning, ensure a flow of fresh air at cooler times of the day, block out sunlight and have plenty of water available at all times.

NEVER, under any circumstances, leave your pet in a parked car—not even in the shade with the windows rolled down. On mild days with temperatures in the 70s, the inside of a parked car can reach 120 degrees in minutes, making this an extremely dangerous environment for dogs, even for a short time.

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Many times, these tumors are benign growths called lipomas. Lipomas are fatty masses that occur in all types of breeds, ages, and types of dogs.

Lipomas are common and often not worrisome, but any mass found on your pet should be examined by your veterinarian.

Here’s everything you need to know about lipomas in dogs, from causes and symptoms to diagnosis and treatment.

What is a Lipoma?

A lipoma is a very common, usually benign, mass most often located under a dog’s skin. It is made up exclusively of fat cells.

Lipomas can occur at any age, though they are more common in middle-aged to older dogs. Aging dogs may develop many lipomas over the course of their lifetime.

These tumors are usually benign, or non-cancerous, and therefore do not metastasize, or spread, to other parts of the body or tissues. That means that most lipomas cause no harm to your pet. However, any mass should be tested to know for sure, rather than just assuming it’s benign.

There are a few types of lipomas that can cause illness, so diagnostics should always be performed by your veterinarian for proper identification. These include:

Liposarcomas: Rare cancerous tumors of the connective tissue that resemble fat cells under the microscope.

Infiltrative lipomas: Masses made up of fat cells that do not metastasize but rather infiltrate the surrounding tissues of the tumor. These can make it difficult or painful for your pet to move normally or compromise organ function.

Necrotic lipomas: Rarely lipomas may form in the abdomen or chest of a dog, where they may go unnoticed for long amounts of time. This may cause them to develop into necrotic lipomas meaning that the cells of the mass die and can lead to infection and inflammation.

What Causes a Lipoma in Dogs?

There is no known specific cause of lipomas in dogs. The masses are a mutation of fat cells and may be due to genetics or just how the cells grow. Certain breeds may be more predisposed to lipomas than other breeds. These include:

• Labrador Retrievers
• Weimaraners
• Doberman Pinschers

Lipomas also tend to occur in dogs who are overweight, especially females, as they age.

Symptoms of Lipomas in Dogs

Lipomas are usually discovered by owners when they are petting their dog, or when the lumps become large enough to see. Since they are primarily found under the skin, they may go unnoticed in long-haired dogs or if they are in obscure areas, such as the armpit.

You will usually notice a round, soft, squishy, isolated, freely moveable mass under your dog’s skin. It may start out small, but may grow, sometimes rather quickly. A lipoma can grow quite large, so be sure to have it examined by your veterinarian as soon as you find one.

Lipomas are not painful and may only cause discomfort if they become so large or are in a location that they affect a dog’s range of motion. For instance, if a lipoma is located in the armpit, and it becomes very large in size (think grapefruit sized), it may inhibit movement of the front leg.

Any mass on the limbs or the tail should be evaluated early and surgery considered because surgical removal is difficult in these locations if the mass grows.

Diagnosing Canine Lipomas

Any lump or bump that you discover on your pet should be examined by your veterinarian. There are many different types of masses and different levels of concern associated with them. And although a lump may look like a lipoma, it may not be. For example, mast cell tumors may look and feel similar to lipomas as can abscesses and burrowing parasites.

A fine needle aspirate will be performed, where your veterinarian will obtain a few cellular samples with a needle, which can then be examined microscopically to determine what type of cells the mass is made up of. Fine needle aspirates may be inconclusive, though, due to the small sample size.

If the fine needle aspirate is non-diagnostic, a punch biopsy may be performed, where your veterinarian can obtain a small sample of tissue from the tumor, and have it examined pathologically at the lab. This may give a more definitive diagnosis.

Many times, your veterinarian may suggest surgically removing the entire tumor and sending it out for histopathology. This is the best option, as the entire mass can be examined and tested.

And again, although it may look like a lipoma, even after removal, the trouble is, looks may be deceiving. Any mass worth removing is worth testing.

How to Treat Lipomas in Dogs

If the suspicious mass in your dog has been diagnosed as a lipoma, be it by fine needle aspirate or biopsy, then there are a few different treatment options.

The first is to do nothing and watch the mass. Since lipomas are benign, you may just want to keep an eye on the mass and alert your veterinarian if it grows. Many times, they will only need to be removed if they grow too large, or if they begin to affect mobility in any way.

Otherwise, if surgery is indicated, removal is curative. Most lipomas are encapsulated and easily removed in full, not needing any additional treatment. But this may depend on the size of the mass, where it is located, and if it has infiltrated the surrounding tissues.

Besides surgical excision, a few other alternative treatments have been explored, such as steroid injections and laser therapy, though these methods have not been proven to help at this time.

Surgical treatment options should be discussed with your veterinarian, as costs may range from a few hundred dollars to over a thousand, depending on the size of the mass, the age and health status of your dog, and which diagnostics are necessary.

How to Prevent Lipomas in Dogs

Because there is no known specific cause of lipomas in dogs, there is also no known prevention. Because they often occur in overweight dogs, it may be helpful to maintain your dog’s healthy weight and lifestyle.

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Though this condition is most commonly found in large dogs, it can happen to dogs of any breed and size. Approximately 15-20 percent of dogs are affected by some form of hip dysplasia (1) 

Certain breeds have an even higher incidence of hip dysplasia. According to the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals, canine hip dysplasia affects more than 62 percent of all Saint Bernards, Old English Bulldogs, and Pugs. 

What is Hip Dysplasia?

Hip dysplasia is the abnormal formation of the hip joint—also called the coxofemoral joint—in dogs.  It occurs during a dog’s growth stages and is a common condition that can be treated and managed.  

The hip joint is a ball and socket joint. The ball is the head of the femur and the socket (also called the acetabulum) is where the femur fits into the joint. If either part of this complex joint is malformed and the femur does not fit correctly into the hip, hip dysplasia results. 

This condition is more prevalent in larger breed dogs and can cause symptoms ranging from a slightly abnormal gait to crippling arthritis and pain as a dog ages. 

Many contributing factors may lead to the development of hip dysplasia in dogs, including genetic predisposition and rapid weight gain or growth.

What Causes Hip Dysplasia in Dogs?

Canine hip dysplasia can be caused by several factors, such as a dog growing too quickly or being predisposed to the disease. The condition progresses over time, as a dog ages. It results in a loose-fitting joint, which then causes the clinical symptoms of a change in gait, hip pain, and lameness.  

Dog breeds that are predisposed to hip dysplasia include:

• Great Danes
• German Shepherds
• Bernese Mountain Dogs
• Poodles

Stages of Canine Hip Dysplasia 

Dogs can be diagnosed with mild, moderate, or severe hip dysplasia.

Mild hip dysplasia is used to describe a hip that has a mild increase in the distance between the ball and socket. This causes the ligaments that hold them together to stretch and develop tears, causing looseness in the dog’s joint. In many cases, a dog with mild hip dysplasia will require monitoring and may need additional medical management in the future. 

Moderate hip dysplasia describes a hip in which the head of the femur barely rests inside the socket. Dogs with moderate hip dysplasia may experience pain, joint degeneration, and osteoarthritis.  

Severe hip dysplasia occurs over time, especially without treatment. In severe cases, the head of the femur may be barely within the socket or completely dislocated from the joint. On radiographs (X-rays), significant degenerative bony changes are present. The dog may be unable to walk or have great difficulty walking. Pets with severe hip dysplasia may require surgery. 

Symptoms of Hip Dysplasia in Dogs

Depending on the severity of the changes to the hip joint, your dog may display a variety of symptoms. Some pet parents may not notice any difference in their dogs, as the progression of hip dysplasia can happen slowly as a dog ages.  

Some of the most common symptoms of hip dysplasia in dogs are:

• A swaying gait or “bunny hopping” style of running
• Reluctance to jump, climb stairs, run, or exercise
• Difficulty rising from laying down or having difficulty laying down
• Decreased range of motion in the hind end or rear leg lameness
• Decreased activity level
• Narrowing stance of the hind end
• Muscle wasting in the hind end

Diagnosing This Condition in Dogs

To diagnose hip dysplasia in your dog, a physical examination is necessary to observe the dog’s gait and stance. You should be prepared to provide your veterinarian with a thorough history of your dog’s condition including onset of symptoms, nutritional information, and exercise regimens.  

Next the doctor will need to examine and touch the dog’s hips and entire body to feel for range of motion, muscle abnormalities, and to determine if there are any other orthopedic issues that may be contributing to the symptoms.  

Radiographs (X-rays) will need to be performed to truly diagnose hip dysplasia in dogs. Light sedation is often required in order to position the dog properly for the correct views needed to clearly visualize the hip joint. Your veterinarian will also be able to palpate the joint more freely while the dog is sedated, and the muscles are not tense.  

General screening blood tests and urine tests will also be useful, as they can help veterinarians determine assess for the presence of inflammation and muscle damage. Additionally, these tests can help your veterinarian make appropriate treatment recommendations for your dog.

How to Treat Dog Hip Dysplasia

There are different treatment options for hip dysplasia depending on the severity of the disease. Medical management may be possible for pets that are not surgical candidates, though sometimes surgery may be the best option. 

Medical management for the disease may include the following: 

Weight loss. For overweight dogs, this will help take any extra stress off the hip joint.

Joint supplements. Supplements can aid in the reduction of joint pain. Consult a veterinarian before giving your dog any kind of supplements. 

Anti-inflammatory medication. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or corticosteroids bring down inflammation in the body and can help ease joint pain.

Physical therapy. Manual therapy, hydrotherapy, acupuncture, and laser therapy can all be used to help alleviate some of the symptoms of canine hip dysplasia. These methods can help increase range of motion and decrease joint inflammation.

Hip Dysplasia Surgery for Dogs

If medical management is not enough, or surgery is recommended, there are a few different procedures that can be performed.   

A femoral head ostectomy (FHO) may be performed, where the head of the femur is cut out and removed. This leaves muscles to form a “false joint,” which may be less painful than a severely diseased hip joint.  

A total hip replacement can also be performed. This procedure is usually done in mature dogs that are not responding well to medical management and that are suffering from severe osteoarthritis. As with any surgery, there are always risks involved, including anesthetic risks and surgical failure rates. 

If hip dysplasia is detected at an early age (before the puppy is approximately 10 months old), a double or triple pelvic ostectomy (DPO/TPO) may be recommended. The goal of this surgery is to change the shape of the pelvis to provide better alignment of the hips, minimizing the need for a future FHO or total hip replacement.

Due to the great variation in treatment and surgical options, it is best to speak with your veterinarian in detail about this condition. 

General Cost to Treat

The cost to treat hip dysplasia in dogs can range greatly depending on your geographic location and the severity of your dog’s disease. 

Medical management may range from just a few hundred dollars to specialized surgery by an orthopedist that could range into the thousands of dollars. Your veterinarian will be able to discuss which option is the best for you and your pet.

How to Prevent Hip Dysplasia

It is difficult to fully prevent canine hip dysplasia, since it is usually attributed to genetics. However, feeding your puppy an appropriate diet for their size, breed, and age will give them a good chance for healthy bone and joint development and help prevent the excessive growth that leads to the disease.   

If a dog is diagnosed with hip dysplasia, they should not be bred, as the likeliness of passing the disease on is very good.  

You can help your dog by identifying any early onset of symptoms and addressing them with your veterinarian as soon as possible.

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Ringworm is a highly contagious fungus. Because of this, it’s important to identify and treat ringworm in dogs quickly to keep pets and people in your household healthy. 

What is Ringworm?

Ringworm in dogs, also called dermatophytosis, is an infection of skin, hair, or claws caused by a type of fungus. 

In dogs, about 70 percent of ringworm cases are caused by the fungus Microsporum canis, 20 percent by Microsporum gypseum, and 10 percent by Trichophyton mentagrophytes, an infection, named for its circular ring-like appearance, that resembles a coiled-up worm.  

The fungus thrives in the outermost layer of skin and in the hair follicles of infected dogs, and sometimes even in the nails. Young dogs, senior dogs, and dogs with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to ringworm infections.

Can You Get Ringworm From Dogs?

People and other pets can contract ringworm from infected dogs. It is zoonotic, which means it can be transmitted to people from animals. Elderly people, children, or anyone with immune problems have a higher risk of contracting the infection.

In humans, ringworm presents as a roughly circular rash that is often red and itchy. If you or a family member notices a rash on your body after your dog has been diagnosed with ringworm, contact your primary care physician.  

Symptoms of Ringworm in Dogs

Ringworm often causes a circular raised rash on the skin of dogs, but a ringworm infection can manifest in many ways. 

Some symptoms of ringworm in dogs include:

• Circular areas of hair loss
• Dry, brittle hair
• Skin crusts
• Scabby or inflamed skin
• Infection of the nail beds or brittle nails 
• Acne-like bumps on the skin
• Abnormal appearing skin or hair loss on the face, ear tips, tail, or paws

If you notice any suspicious areas of hair loss, redness, crusts, or lesions on your dog, have them checked out immediately.

How Do Dogs Get Ringworm?

Ringworm in dogs spreads through direct contact with the fungus. This can happen when a dog comes in contact with an infected animal or person or touches a contaminated object like furniture, carpets, or grooming tools.  

The fungal spores responsible for the spread of ringworm can remain viable for up to 18 months and typically spread through shedding or breaking of infected hairs. Dogs that visit grooming facilities, doggie day cares, boarding facilities, or pet stores frequently are at higher risk of contracting the infection. 

Ringworm is rare in healthy animals that live at home. Shelters will occasionally see outbreaks of ringworm infection because of the high number of unhealthy animals entering their facility. 

Some types of ringworm spores are found naturally in the soil. Others are carried by rodents. Contact with any source of a fungal spores can cause ringworm in your dog.

Diagnosing Ringworm in Dogs

Your veterinarian will need to perform a few diagnostic tests to confirm or rule out ringworm. 

First, a physical examination is necessary to assess your dog’s overall health. Their general health is an important indicator, as there are other diseases that can cause secondary skin issues, such as hypothyroidism, allergies, and Cushing’s Disease.  

Ringworm may be diagnosed by evaluation with an ultraviolet lamp, where a fungus-coated hair will glow with a yellowish-green color. The hairs that light up are then examined under a microscope for specific spores and other fungal characteristics. However not all ringworm infections will glow.

Performing a fungal culture of hairs and analyzing scrapings from the affected areas is the most accurate method of diagnosing ringworm in dogs. It can take up to four weeks to get the results. 

How to Treat Ringworm in Dogs

If your veterinarian diagnoses your dog with ringworm, there are a few treatments that may be prescribed.  

Ringworm treatment will involve oral medications and environmental decontamination and many also include topical antifungal medication. You may need to apply prescription cream or lotion to any lesions on your dog’s skin. In dogs, topical treatments can only be used in locations that your dog cannot lick. If this is a recommended treatment method, make sure to wear gloves to avoid the spread of spores. 

Ringworm in dogs is often localized, meaning it usually occurs in small areas of the body, so full body dips are not usually necessary. However, full body dips may be used for severely affected dogs or those who cannot tolerate oral antifungal medications.

Common Ringworm Medications for Dogs

Medications used to treat ringworm in dogs include:

• Itraconazole (oral)
• Fluconazole (oral or topical)
• Terbinafine (oral or topical)
• Clotrimazole (topical)
• Lime sulfur dips
• Enilconazole dips
• Miconazole shampoos
• Ketoconazole shampoos
• Climbazole mousse

It will take at least six weeks of repeated treatments to completely cure a ringworm infection. In some instances, it may take longer. Do not stop treatment unless it is recommended by your veterinarian, as cutting treatment short can result in a recurrence of the infection.  

Your veterinarian may also recommend treating other pets in the household, even if they do not show signs of a ringworm infection.  

If left untreated, ringworm in an otherwise healthy dog may resolve on its own. But it may take nine months to a year to do so, putting people and pets in your household at risk.  

Deep cleaning the house is just as important as giving your dog his prescribed medications. Repeated vacuuming will help to remove loose fur carrying fungal spores. Clean all hard surfaces with bleach. Anything that can be washed in the washing machine and dried in the dryer should be. Treating the pet and not the house will result in recurrent infections or spread of the infection to other pets and people. 

Cost of Ringworm Treatment in Dogs

If the ringworm infection is contained to only a few lesions, cost of treatment may come in under $100 for an initial veterinary examination and topical ointments or prescription antifungal medications. 

But more serious cases of ringworm can be much more difficult to treat and may cost upwards of $500 for an examination, diagnostics, and long-term treatment plans. No matter the cost, treating the ringworm appropriately is worth the safety of your dog and family.

Ringworm Precautions in Your Home

During treatment, it is also important to keep your home and your dog’s environment clean. 

Fungal spores can be killed with a solution of chlorine bleach and water using the dilution of one pint of chlorine bleach (500 ml) in a gallon of water (4 liters).  

Infected pets remain contagious for about three weeks if aggressive treatment is used. The ringworm will last longer and remain contagious for an extended period of time if only minimal measures are taken or if you do not follow your veterinarian’s prescribed treatment plan. 

Minimizing your dog’s exposure to other dogs or cats and to your family members is recommended during this period.   

How to Prevent Ringworm in Dogs

Besides keeping your dog away from other pets or people infected with ringworm, there is not much you can do to prevent ringworm in dogs. 

You can speak to the managers of any facilities your dog frequents, such as doggie day care or grooming salons, and ensure that there has not been a recent history of ringworm there.  

Keeping your home and your pet’s areas clean are essential steps in preventing the spread of ringworm. Regularly disinfect your dog’s toys, food bowls, bedding, blankets, and grooming supplies to kill spores. Keep the environment clean by vacuuming carpets, furniture, and areas of the house that your dog frequents. Disinfect all areas of the house that your dog and other pets use frequently.

Hopefully, with a clean, happy, healthy house, and a bit of luck, you and your dog will never experience a ringworm infection.

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Because ringworm is highly contagious, it’s important to identify and treat ringworm quickly to keep the pets and people in your household healthy. 

What is Ringworm?

Ringworm, also called feline dermatophytosis, is a fungal infection, named for its circular ring-like appearance, that resembles a coiled-up worm. 

Can You Get Ringworm From Cats?

People and other pets can contract ringworm from infected cats. It is zoonotic, which means it can be transmitted to people and other animals. Elderly people, children, or anyone with immune problems have a higher risk of contracting the infection.

Symptoms of Ringworm in Cats

Ringworm often causes a circular, itchy rash on the skin of cats, but a ringworm infection can manifest in many ways. 

Some symptoms of ringworm in cats include:

• Dandruff-like scaling of the skin
• Excessive itching and scratching
• Red lesions on the head, chest, legs, or back
• Skin crusts
• Thickened or inflamed skin
• Infection of the nail beds  

If you notice any suspicious areas of hair loss, redness, itching, or lesions on your cat, have them checked out immediately. 

How Do Cats Get Ringworm?

Microscopic fungi organisms that live in the soil cause ringworm. Cats contract the fungus from the soil outside, other infected animals, or humans.  

As soon as the ringworm spores are comfortable and set up in a host’s body, the fungi live by digesting keratin, which is a protein in hair and nails. As they consume the keratin, they reproduce quickly, generating spores.  

The spores may cause dermatitis, which is inflammation of the skin. This results in the classic red, circular rash normally associated with ringworm. It can be found on your cat, other animals in the household, or on yourself or other people in the household.  

But not all spores cause a ringworm infection. Self-grooming cats can brush off fungal spores. While this is the best-case scenario for your cat, this could be bad for pet owners. The spores may set up shop on your skin and cause a ringworm infection on you.  

Another scenario is that the spores may exist on the cat’s skin and not cause any adverse reactions. Again, this can be detrimental to humans or other pets in the house who may become unknowingly infected from a cat that looks normal.

Diagnosing Ringworm in Cats

Your veterinarian will need to perform a few diagnostics to confirm or rule out ringworm. 

First, a physical examination is necessary to assess your cat’s overall health. Their general health is an important indicator, as there are other diseases that can cause secondary skin issues, such as thyroid disease or allergies.  

Ringworm may be diagnosed by evaluation with an ultraviolet lamp, where some species of ringworm will glow with a yellowish-green color. The hairs that light up are then examined under a microscope for specific spores and other fungal characteristics.  

Performing a fungal culture of hairs and analyzing scrapings from the affected areas is the most accurate method of diagnosing ringworm in cats. Be aware that it can take up to three weeks to get the results.  

How to Treat Ringworm in Cats

If your veterinarian diagnoses your cat with ringworm, there are a few treatments that may be prescribed.  

Ringworm treatment may involve topical antifungal medications as well as oral medications. You may need to apply prescription cream or lotion to any lesions on your cat’s skin. If this is the recommended treatment method, make sure to wear gloves to avoid the spread of spores or infection of your own skin. If the ringworm lesions are present on many areas of a cat’s skin, a full-body rinse or dip or oral medication may be used. 

Common medications used to treat ringworm in cats include:

• Itraconazole (oral antifungal medicine)
• Fluconazole (oral antifungal medicine)
• Terbinafine (oral antifungal medicine)
• Lime sulfur dips
• Miconazole shampoos
• Climbazole mousse

It will take approximately six weeks of repeated treatments to completely cure a feline ringworm infection. In some instances, it may take longer, and your veterinarian may recommend shaving your cat. Do not stop treatment unless it is recommended by your veterinarian, as cutting treatment short can result in a recurrence of the fungus.  

If left untreated, ringworm in an otherwise healthy cat may resolve on its own. But it may take nine months to a year to do so, putting other people and pets in your household at risk for infection.  

Ringworm Precautions in Your Home

During treatment, it is also important to keep your home and your cat’s environment clean. 

You may want to restrict your infected cat to easy-to-clean rooms, such as a bathroom. A solution of chlorine bleach and water kills fungal spores. The recommended dilution is one pint of chlorine bleach (500 ml) in a gallon of water (4 liters).  

Infected pets remain contagious for about three weeks, even during treatment. The ringworm may last longer and remain contagious for an extended period of time if only minimal measures are taken or if you do not follow your veterinarian’s prescribed treatment plan. 

Minimizing exposure to other dogs or cats and to your family members is recommended during this period.  

Cost of Ringworm Treatment in Cats

If the ringworm infection is contained to only a few lesions, cost of treatment may come in under $100 for an initial veterinary examination and topical ointments or prescription antifungal medications. 

But more serious cases of ringworm can be much for difficult to treat and may cost upwards of $500 for an examination, diagnostics, and long-term treatment plans. No matter the cost, treating the ringworm appropriately is worth the safety of your cat and family.  

Prevention of Ringworm in Cats

Besides keeping your cat away from other pets or people infected with ringworm, there is not much you can do to prevent ringworm in cats. However, there are a number of other things you can do to prevent your cat, your family, and you from catching the infection. 

Keeping your home and your pet’s areas clean are essential steps in preventing the spread of ringworm. Regularly wash your cat’s bedding and blankets in the clothes washer on sanitary cycle and disinfect grooming materials after use to kill spores. Keep the environment clean by vacuuming carpets, furniture, and areas of the house that your cat frequents. Disinfect all areas of the house that your cat and other pets use frequently.  

Hopefully, with a clean, happy, healthy house, and a bit of luck, you and your cat will never experience a ringworm infection.

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