Fortunately, we’ve got answers to those questions and many more, including some that might surprise you. Diet plays an important role in the health and happiness of senior felines. With this helpful guide, you’ll learn everything you need to know about selecting a senior cat food that fits your feline family member’s specific tastes and needs.

Senior Cat Nutrition: Why It’s Important

Senior cats experience many changes in their golden years, and nutrition impacts how they tolerate those changes. 

Appropriate senior cat nutrition may prevent some health concerns in older cats. For other cats who go on to develop various conditions, their diet may alleviate symptoms. For all senior cats, we want their nutrition to promote overall wellness.

To understand the importance of senior cat nutrition, it’s helpful to know how your cat’s health and needs may change in the years ahead, as well as the role diet can play in managing those changes. 

Here are some of the most common challenges cats face as they age:

• Increased energy needs: While most adult cats are prone to obesity and may require calorie restriction, senior cats tend to face the opposite problem. Many aging cats have trouble keeping weight on. This is because their digestive system becomes less efficient, meaning they don’t absorb as much energy from their food. As a result, they have a higher energy requirement. 
• Weakened immune system: The immune system of a senior cat may not be quite as effective as a younger cat’s at fighting off infections. Senior cats also have an increased risk of chronic health conditions that weaken the immune system.
• Increased likelihood of chronic health conditions: Several diseases, such as chronic kidney disease or hyperthyroidism, are more common in senior cats. Some of these conditions require specific diets as part of their treatment.
• Dental disease: Senior cats are more likely to have dental disease, often leading to tooth extraction or loss. In fact, some senior cats don’t have any teeth left, which can impact their desire and ability to eat.
• Increased need for water intake: Many senior cats will have changes to their kidney function that predispose them to dehydration. 
• Decreased appetite: Senior cats commonly have a lower appetite than their younger counterparts. In some cases, this may occur because their abilities to smell and taste aren’t as good as they once were. For others, this can occur because of an underlying disease that affects their appetite, such as chronic kidney disease.

Should You Change Your Senior Cat’s Diet? 

The answer to this question isn’t as simple as you might think. Here’s why.

While kitten food and adult cat food formulas generally adhere to nutritional standards set by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), no standardized AAFCO guidelines exist for senior cat diets.

This means that pet food manufacturers can create their own formulas to market as senior cat food. So it’s not as if any old cat food with the word “senior” on the packaging will suffice once your cat hits a certain age.

There’s no guarantee that formula will provide what your cat needs in their senior years. Your best bet is to work with your veterinarian to pick an appropriate diet for your aging cat.

When Should You Change Your Senior Cat’s Diet? 

Another myth in need of busting is that your aging cat’s nutritional needs change once they celebrate a specific birthday. Despite what you’ll see on pet food bags, there isn’t a particular age at which your cat should switch to a senior cat diet. 

If you look closely, you’ll notice that not all commercial senior cat diets use the same age cutoff for when a pet is senior. Some say 7+, others say 11+, and some won’t have a specific age listed at all. 

Instead of basing dietary changes for senior cats off the age listed on the food bag or cans, you should work with your veterinarian to determine if and when a dietary change is necessary. Issues that may indicate you need to change your cat’s diet include:

• Appetite changes
• Weight loss or gain
• Loss of muscle mass
• Vomiting
• Changes to stools, such as diarrhea, loose stools, or constipation
• Excessive drinking or urination

These warning signs could indicate it’s time to switch to a diet better suited to your cat’s needs. Or, they could point to a wide range of other health issues. So, it’s best to have your veterinarian conduct a thorough exam to ensure you know precisely what your aging cat needs. 

What to Feed Your Senior Cat

Since we now know that you can’t just pick any formula with “senior cat food” on the label, exactly what should you consider when deciding how to nourish your senior kitty?

If your senior cat isn’t showing any signs of slowing down or other age-related health issues, you may be fine feeding them any cat food formulated for adult cats. However, the symptoms of age-related health conditions in cats can be subtle and easy to miss. So, it’s a good idea to talk with your veterinarian before you decide on any dietary changes.

Questions to ask your veterinarian include:

• Does your cat have any special nutritional needs due to a specific health condition?
• Does your cat’s dental health affect the kind of food they should eat?
• How can you increase your cat’s water intake?
• How can you make food more appealing for a cat who won’t eat?

Depending on your cat’s unique needs, here are a few options your veterinarian may recommend.  

Prescription diets

For cats diagnosed with certain health conditions or nutritional needs, veterinarians may recommend a prescription diet that’s specially formulated to help them thrive. These options, also known as veterinarian-authorized or therapeutic diets, can only be purchased with special approval from a veterinarian.

Examples of common senior health conditions that may have dietary therapies available include:

• Chronic kidney disease
• Diabetes
• Dental disease
• Hyperthyroidism 
• Obesity

If your veterinarian prescribes a therapeutic diet for your senior cat, your best bet is to go with the formula they recommend. However, a variety of brands offer prescription diets. So, if your cat won’t eat their new food, it is worth asking your vet if the prescription diet is available from another brand and whether it would be appropriate to switch. 

You may also want to ask your veterinarian how long your senior cat should be on a prescription diet. For some conditions, feeding a therapeutic diet is part of a long-term treatment plan. For other conditions, such as obesity, it may be a temporary fix until your cat achieves a healthy weight and can switch to a diet designed to help maintain that weight.

Commercial diets

If your veterinarian does not recommend a prescription diet for your senior cat, then there are plenty of viable cat food options available to sustain your elderly feline in their golden years. 

However, not all formulas are created equal, and some may be better for senior cats than others. Here are some important considerations to remember when choosing a diet that will help your elderly cat thrive.

• Meets AAFCO standards: Any diet you choose should have an AAFCO statement near the nutrient label which says the food is approved for adult maintenance.
• Protein-rich: Your senior cat is an obligate carnivore, which means they need animal products in their diet to get all their essential nutrients. Look for options with meat or fish as the number one ingredient and check the percentage of protein content listed on the label. According to the American Animal Hospital Association, most senior cats should eat a diet with a minimum protein allowance of 30–45% dry matter. Avoid plant-based (vegetarian or vegan) diets, which are inappropriate for cats of any age.  
• Kibble vs. canned: While both kibble and canned food can provide senior cats with the nutrition they need, canned food may be a better pick for some older cats. The extra moisture in wet cat food helps combat dehydration in senior cats, and the softer texture is easier on senior cats with dental pain or fewer teeth. 
• Portion sizes: A cat’s weight can be challenging to manage in their senior years, so working with your veterinarian to develop a weight management plan is a great idea. If your cat is obese, consider reducing their amount of food by 10 percent and reweighing them every two weeks for a month. But what if they’re underweight?

If your cat is underweight, you should determine if they have any underlying health conditions. Assuming all is well, you have several options to consider:

• Increase their food amount by 10 percent and reweigh every two weeks for a month to ensure they are gaining weight. If there’s no progress, try increasing it by another 10 percent. 
• Try switching to a food with more calories in the same amount (higher caloric density), so they’re getting more energy from their food even though they’re eating the same amount.
• Switch to a canned food to see if this is more enticing.
• Heat the food to increase aroma and appeal.
• Add a small amount of canned food to their kibble as a topper.

If you are working to manage your cat’s weight, consider signing up for a GreatPetCare account, which has access to health management tools such as a pet weight tracker. 

Supplements

While it’s not necessary to supplement your senior cat’s diet if they are eating food that meets appropriate AAFCO standards, some nutritional supplements may help address age-related health issues. For example, joint supplements that contain extra glucosamine and chondroitin may help improve mobility in some cats with joint pain.

However, nutritional supplements do not replace appropriate veterinary treatment. If you’re considering supplements for your senior kitty, speak with your veterinarian before starting your cat on them. 

Hydration

Senior cats are often more susceptible to dehydration. This may be due to reduced sensitivity to thirst, disease, or mobility issues that make it harder to get to the water bowl. 

If your cat is a kibble-eater, consider switching to canned food to help keep them well hydrated. You can also coax your cat into drinking more by introducing water fountains and placing multiple water bowls on the levels of your home. 

Senior Cat Nutrition: Other Tips and Advice

Once you and your veterinarian decide what your senior cat should eat, there’s still the matter of ensuring they’re eating properly. Here are some expert tips to ensure your cat gets the nutrition they need to help keep them happy and healthy.

• When changing your senior cat’s diet, make that change slowly over several days. Changing the diet too rapidly can lead to stomach upset, which could result in diarrhea, vomiting, and appetite changes. To make the switch successful, follow the schedule below:
  • Day 1: 25% new food, 75% old food
  • Day 2: 50% new food, 50% old food
  • Day 3: 75% new food, 25% old food
  • Day 4: 100% new food

• If your cat is not finishing their meals, consider feeding smaller meals more frequently.
• If your senior cat is losing weight and is getting pickier, consider leaving kibble available at all times. This may not be feasible if you have other pets in the home who like to steal from their senior friends.
• Treats are safe for you to give your senior cat but should make up under 10% of their diet. If your pet is on a prescription diet, check with your veterinarian before feeding treats to ensure they do not pose any danger to your cat’s health. 
• Safe human foods that could be given to your cat as a treat include thoroughly cooked lean meats and fish, cooked eggs, cucumber, carrots, peas, and more. Always ensure that food is safe before offering it to your pet. 
• If your cat has multiple health conditions that complicate your dietary options, consider asking your veterinarian for a referral to a veterinary nutritionist. 
• If you are interested in a homecooked diet for your senior cat, you must work with a veterinary nutritionist to develop a nutritionally balanced diet.

Feeding your senior cat does require a slightly different approach than many pet parents may be used to, but it doesn’t have to be overwhelming. Now that you know how your aging cat’s nutritional needs may change and how that impacts their health, you can have thoughtful conversations with your veterinarian about the best diet for your senior cat’s overall health and wellness. 

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If your older cat is showing behavioral changes like these, they may be experiencing the onset of cat dementia, a neurological disease marked by a progressive impairment of cognitive function. While there is currently no cure for cat dementia, there are steps you can take to help your cat stay comfortable and content.

Can Cats Get Dementia?

Can cats go senile? Yes, absolutely. Cat dementia—known officially as cognitive dysfunction syndrome or CDS—is very similar to dementia or Alzheimer’s disease in humans. That’s because both cat dementia and human dementia “involve cognitive decline, memory issues, and behavioral changes,” says Dr. Gabrielle Fadl, director of primary care at Bond Vet in New York City. 

While CDS doesn’t appear in all senior cats, it’s relatively common in the feline world. One study found that 28 percent of cats between the ages of 11 and 14 showed behavioral changes consistent with CDS (1). For cats over 15 years old, 50 percent showed signs of this condition. 

Interestingly, dementia was only scientifically identified in cats in the early 2000s. Before that, cat dementia symptoms were dismissed as “old age.”

“It was identified in dogs much earlier, probably in the late ’80s and ’90s,” says Dr. Gary Landsberg, one of the clinical practitioners who first identified CDS in cats, who now works as a veterinary behaviorist at Fear Free Research and the veterinary scientific director at CanCog Inc. 

“One of the reasons that dogs probably became a focus of cognitive research was because they were also being looked at as models for the human brain, aging, and Alzheimer’s disease in people,” he adds. “Cats came along a little bit later.”

There is still plenty to learn about CDS in cats, but experts now understand that it is a very real condition that requires specialized care. 

What Causes Dementia in Cats?

The exact causes of cat dementia, or CDS, are unknown. However, researchers believe it can be triggered by degenerative changes in the brain, which can be brought on by old age, stress, or disease (2). 

Signs of Dementia in Cats

The acronym VISHDAAL refers to common behavioral changes in cats to watch for that could indicate cognitive dysfunction (2). This includes:

• Vocalization
• Alterations in interactions, such as increased affection
• Changes in sleep-wake cycles
• House-soiling
• Disorientation
• Changes in activity levels
• Anxiety
• Learning or memory deficits

“Disorientation might be not recognizing or not responding to stimuli the way they used to, going into rooms that they didn’t normally go to, or getting lost in the house,” Dr. Landsberg describes. “Whereas altered sleep-wake cycles could be waking more at night, sleeping more during the day, having restless or interrupted sleep, vocalizing at night.”

Diagnosing Dementia in Cats

Before giving a diagnosis of CDS, your veterinarian will first need to rule out the possibility of other medical conditions that could be causing behavioral changes in your cat, says Dr. Fadl. For instance, conditions such as hyperthyroidism, kidney disease, or brain tumors can present with symptoms similar to CDS, she says.

CDS is a “diagnosis of exclusion,” Dr. Landsberg describes. 

“[CDS] may be alone, but it’s often compounded by other medical problems,” he says. “In diagnosis, sometimes we even do what’s known as ‘response to therapy.’ So if your cat is vocalizing and moving slowly, and we think it might be painful … we might put it on pain medication to see how many of those signs clear up or improve. And whether they do or don’t can indicate whether those cognitive signs are pain-related signs.”

According to Dr. Landsberg, it is important to rule out medical issues related to:

• Arthritis
• Sensory issues
• Endocrine disorders
• Gastrointestinal issues
• Metabolic (renal, hepatic) problems
• Cardiovascular diseases
• Urinary problems
• Drug effects  

It is also important to exclude the possibility of behavioral changes due to stressors in a cat’s environment, such as moving to a new house or a change in their routine, Dr. Landsberg adds.

Cat Dementia Treatment

There are currently no FDA-approved drugs for cats with dementia. However, according to Dr. Landsberg, there are several approved medications for dogs, including selegiline, which has sometimes been used off-label in cats. There are also behavioral drugs such as gabapentin and pregabalin that can treat cat dementia symptoms like anxiety, irritability, and altered sleep. 

There is evidence that certain supplements can help control signs of cognitive dysfunction in cats (2). “Special diets rich in antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids may be beneficial,” says Dr. Fadl. “Supplements like SAMe and Coenzyme Q10 are also used to support brain health.”

Managing Cat Dementia

In addition to providing mental and physical stimulation for your cat, there are modifications you can make at home to help manage their condition. 

Jane Ehrlich, a feline behaviorist based in Arizona and owner of Cattitude Feline Behavior, says one of the simplest things you can do is to install night lights around your house to help cats orient themselves.

“It’s not because of any ocular changes,” Ehrlich says. “It’s because the atmosphere has become a little more threatening because they can’t maneuver as well as they used to. My biggest thing is for them to feel more comfortable in the world.”

You can also try putting litter boxes in more places around the house to make them more accessible.

It is also helpful to maintain structure and to help your cat remain familiar with their world, says Ehrlich. “There’s nothing like familiarity to bust stress.”

Ehrlich suggests capturing the cat’s scent by rubbing a cloth on the pheromones around their face and then rubbing the fabric on new or moved objects in the house or new rooms the cat is now exploring.

“Some people find this odd, but it often works,” says Ehrlich. “When you move the chair, or you move anything a little bit, re-anoint the chair with the cat’s smell. If there’s a room that she goes into where she hasn’t before, rub the walls with her smell as high up as a cat can stretch.”

Ehrlich also suggests feeding your cat more frequent but smaller meals throughout the day to give them something to look forward to. You can also use food puzzles and try to play with your cat in a stimulating way, she says.

You shouldn’t necessarily introduce a new cat to the household when your cat has been diagnosed with CDS. According to Ehrlich, this can be stressful and disruptive to them. 

Feline Dementia and Euthanasia

There are very few cases in which a pet parent would need to humanely euthanize their pet due to CDS, Dr. Landsberg says. The more likely reason for euthanasia would be other medical conditions such as kidney disease or cancer, he says.

“It’s unlikely, especially with proper support with the early diagnosis, and with combining cognitive dysfunction treatment with other medical treatments, that cognitive dysfunction will solely be the cause of having to euthanize,” he says. “You’re trying to improve their quality of life while they deal with other age-related problems.”

Feline dementia itself does not normally cause physical pain, Dr. Fadl adds. “Euthanasia decisions should be made in consultation with a veterinarian when a cat’s quality of life is significantly compromised, and the pet is experiencing distress.”

Preventing Cat Dementia

Cat dementia can be challenging to entirely prevent, especially when the exact causes are unknown. It’s also impossible to stop your cat from aging. However, Dr. Landsberg says there are things you can do to help slow your cat’s cognitive decline.

“There is evidence that brain enrichment, physical activity, and social interactions can help to keep the brain healthy and slow decline,” says Dr. Landsberg. “Obviously, you’re not going to have cats doing Sudoku and computer games, so you do what cats do and keep them physically, socially, and mentally active. And reducing stress is another one because stress can contribute to disease, cognitive decline, and other welfare issues for cats.”

To help your cat, you can engage them in play, give them affection, and keep them busy with games and food puzzles, Dr. Landsberg says.

Besides mental stimulation, Dr. Fadl says you can delay the onset of dementia by giving your cat a balanced diet and taking them to the veterinary clinic for regular check-ups.  

“Regular veterinary check-ups for senior cats are crucial for early detection and management of cognitive dysfunction,” Dr. Fadl says. “Early intervention can often improve the cat’s quality of life.”

References

1. Landsberg GM, Denenberg S, Araujo JA. Cognitive Dysfunction in Cats: A Syndrome we Used to Dismiss as ‘Old Age.’ Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2010;12(11):837-848. doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2010.09.004
2. Sordo L, Gunn-Moore DA. Cognitive Dysfunction in Cats: Update on Neuropathological and Behavioural Changes Plus Clinical Management. Vet Rec. 2021 Jan;188(1):e3. doi: 10.1002/vetr.3. Epub 2021 Jan 12. PMID: 34651755.

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Treating Diabetes in Cats Without Insulin: Is It Possible?

Yes, it is possible to treat diabetes in cats without insulin. However, not all cats are candidates for oral treatment for diabetes, and insulin therapy is still considered the mainstay of diabetes treatment in cats. Potential candidates are cats who meet the following criteria:

• They have been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes
• They are otherwise healthy and do not have any health complications from diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes in cats, especially overweight and obese cats, and is due to insulin resistance. While cats with type 2 diabetes are making enough insulin, their bodies do not respond appropriately to the insulin, causing blood sugar to remain high. 

In contrast, type 1 diabetes is a condition where the body does not make enough insulin. Cats with type 1 diabetes are dependent upon insulin to control their blood sugar and cannot receive oral treatment. In general, cats who require insulin to control diabetes include:

• Cats with type 1 diabetes
• Cats who are sick
• Cats who have been treated with insulin injections in the past 
• Cats with liver or kidney disease

These cats are considered poor candidates for oral treatment without insulin, as they are at increased risk for a potentially dangerous medical complication called diabetic ketoacidosis. These cats should regularly receive insulin injections to lower their blood sugar. 

How to Treat Diabetes in Cats Without Insulin

Apart from receiving oral medication to control their blood sugar instead of insulin, much of a cat’s basic treatment plan will remain the same as a diabetic cat who receives insulin injections to control their diabetes. This treatment plan includes:

• Daily medication
• Feeding an appropriate amount of food at the same time every day. The best food for diabetic cats is low carbohydrate, moderate- to high-quality protein, moderate fiber, and moderate fat. Most people elect to feed their cat a therapeutic food that is specifically designed to control blood sugar in cats with diabetes
• Weight loss, if indicated
• Constant access to fresh, clean water
• Moderate daily exercise that is at the same time each day, if possible
• Monitoring your cat’s blood or urine sugar or ketones at home, depending on what your vet recommends
• Monitoring for diabetic complications, and calling your vet if you see increased urination, drinking, vomiting, diarrhea, or changes in energy levels or appetite
• Maintaining or improving your cat’s dental health
• Taking your cat to the vet a couple of times a year for examinations and lab work

Treating a diabetic cat without insulin requires administering a daily medication by mouth that is designed to keep blood sugar normal. Medication options that are currently available for treating a cat without insulin include:

• SGLT2 inhibitors, such as Bexacat daily oral tablet
• Glipizide

Treating Diabetes in Cats with Bexacat

Bexacat is the brand name for bexagliflozin, a drug that is known as a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor. SGLT2 inhibitors have been used in humans since 2013. Currently, Bexacat is the only SGLT2 inhibitor on the market that is approved by the FDA for use in cats. However, additional FDA-approved SGLT2 inhibitors are on the horizon. 

This type of medication increases urine excretion of sugar (glucose) by inhibiting SGLT2, a membrane protein in the kidney. Normally, SGLT2 reabsorbs most of the sugar from the blood that is filtered through the kidney. SGLT2 inhibitors, like Bexacat, prevent reabsorption of sugar from the blood as it is filtered through the kidney. The cat then pees out excess sugar in their urine, and their blood sugar is lowered to a normal level.

Bexacat is given as a once-daily flavored 15 mg tablet, and should be given at the same time each day. Bexacat costs about $70 for 30 tablets. 

Pros

• Once-daily flavored chewable tablet increases ease of administration, reduces owner confusion if multiple people are caring for the same cat, and improves the quality of life of people who care for diabetic cats
• Can be given with or without food
• Adverse side effects are generally mild and self-limiting in most cats
• The dose is the same for all cats who weigh more than 6.6 pounds 
• Very low risk for low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)

Things to Consider

• Can only be used in cats with uncomplicated type 2 diabetes who have never received insulin and are otherwise healthy
• Cannot be given to cats who are dehydrated, have liver or kidney disease, have or have had pancreatitis, or cats with elevated cholesterol or blood triglycerides
• Cannot be given to cats who weigh less than 6.6 pounds
• Common adverse side effects include dehydration, urinary tract infections, vomiting, and loose stools or diarrhea
• Requires ketone monitoring, as some cats are at risk for euglycemic ketoacidosis, a rare but serious adverse reaction
• Long-term use may alter blood calcium levels or increase the risk of urinary tract infections or certain cancers
• Cats may still drink, eat, and urinate more than usual on this medication even though their blood sugar is normal
• Some cats may gain excess weight

Treating Diabetes with Glipizide for Cats

Glipizide (brand name Glucotrol) is a medication used to treat type 2 diabetes in humans. In cats with type 2 diabetes, glipizide is often prescribed to lower blood sugar levels. Glipizide lowers blood sugar by increasing the amount of insulin secreted by the pancreas and by making the tissues of the body more sensitive to insulin. Most cats start with half a 5 mg tablet twice daily and increase to one tablet twice daily if needed.

Pros

• 100 tablets cost about $15, making glipizide relatively inexpensive
• Can be formulated into a tasty liquid, chewable tablet, or transdermal lotion
• Can be used in cats who weigh less than 6.6 pounds

Things to Consider

• There is some concern that glipizide can contribute to progression of diabetes mellitus in cats, leading to a need for insulin injections 
• Glipizide tablets must be given twice daily with food
• Transdermal lotion has variable absorption and is not considered reliable
• Use of glipizide in cats is considered ‘off label’ usage by the FDA
• Cats need to be screened regularly for liver toxicity while on this drug
• Not all cats will benefit from glipizide, with benefits reported in around 40 percent of cats

How to Give a Cat a Tablet

Treating Diabetes in Cats Without Insulin: Tips and Advice

Once your cat starts treatment for diabetes, you can expect their clinical signs to lessen once their blood sugar is controlled. This can look like:

• Normalized appetite
• Maintaining body weight or gaining some weight (note that weight gain should not be encouraged in cats with obesity)
• Normalized drinking and urination
• Normalized energy and activity levels

These are all signs that the medication is effective. With oral treatment for diabetes, it can take 6-8 weeks to see improvement in some cats. For newly diagnosed diabetic cats, you can expect to visit the veterinarian several times after starting the medication for physical examinations and lab work to ensure that the medication is helping your cat.

In contrast, if the medication is not controlling their blood sugar or if your cat has other health complications, then you will not notice any improvement or your cat may get worse. It is very important to monitor diabetic cats daily for adverse reactions, especially when they are starting a new medication. If you notice any of the following signs while your cat is receiving oral medication for diabetes, stop giving the medication and call your veterinarian immediately:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Loss of appetite
• Acting weak or wobbly
• Excessive tiredness
• Increased drinking and urination

If oral medication is not working for your cat, then your veterinarian will endeavor to discover why and eliminate the problem. Dental disease or urinary tract infections, for example, can interfere with blood sugar control. If your cat has high blood sugar but doesn’t have any conditions that interfere with blood sugar levels, then they will likely need to switch to insulin injections to control their blood sugar. 

Cats who have type 2 diabetes due to obesity may achieve diabetic remission once they have lost the excess weight, and may not continue to require medication to control their blood sugar. Many of these cats can be maintained in diabetic remission with a strict diet alone. This is one of many reasons that if you have a diabetic cat, it is important to work closely with a veterinarian to monitor your cat’s clinical signs and blood sugar. With the right tools, knowledge, and veterinary care, diabetic cats can live longer and enjoy a good quality of life. 

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What Is Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Dogs?

Inflammatory bowel disease in dogs is an intestinal disease that causes gastrointestinal signs (especially diarrhea), doesn’t have a known origin, and has lasted at least three weeks. With IBD, inflammatory cells are infiltrating the innermost lining of the intestines.

IBD in dogs can also be more specifically named based on what type of inflammatory cell is infiltrating the intestinal lining and what part of the intestinal tract is being infiltrated.

For example, if two types of white blood cells called lymphocytes and plasma cells are infiltrating the small intestine, we call this lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis. If a white blood cell type called a macrophage infiltrates the lining of the large intestine, we would call this granulomatous colitis. Other variations exist, but again, it depends on cell type and whether the small intestine and/or large intestine is infected.

The true prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease is not known. One study estimated the prevalence to be approximately 0.35 percent, or 35 out of 1,000 dogs (1).

Causes of IBD in Dogs

The exact cause of IBD is not known, but it’s thought to result from abnormal interactions between the microscopic organisms in the intestines and the dog’s own immune system, ultimately resulting in an uncontrolled immune response. Inflammation of the intestinal lining and subsequent poor absorption result in gastrointestinal signs.

Genetics likely play a role in the development of IBD in dogs, but information is limited. IBD can affect dogs of all ages, but older dogs are more likely to have severe forms.

Dog breeds that may be more likely to develop inflammatory bowel disease include (2):

• Weimaraners
• Rottweilers
• German Shepherd Dogs
• Border Collies
• Boxers

A specific form of IBD called granulomatous colitis more commonly affects Boxers and French Bulldogs.

In some dogs, infiltration of the intestines by inflammatory cells can be so severe that the absorption of proteins is impaired. In this case, it is called protein-losing enteropathy (PLE).

Breeds more likely to develop PLE include:

• Yorkshire Terriers
• Soft-Coated Wheaten Terriers
• Rottweilers
• Shar-Peis
• German Shepherds
• Norwegian Lundehunds
• Basenjis

Dog IBD Symptoms

Chronic diarrhea in dogs is one of the hallmark symptoms of IBD in dogs. While mild IBD may cause intermittent clinical signs, severe IBD will cause progressive clinical signs.

When the small intestine is affected by IBD, the dog will have what is called small bowel diarrhea. Because the small intestine is the location where most nutrient absorption occurs, the pet is more likely to have systemic signs like weight loss. Symptoms will include:

• Diarrhea which is often loose to watery, increased in volume, and occurs two to four times per day
• Decreased appetite
• Weight loss
• Vomiting
• Lethargy
• Poor haircoat
• Dehydration
• Pain or discomfort in abdomen
• Fluid build-up in abdomen, around lungs, and in limbs with PLE

When the large intestine is affected by IBD, the dog will have large bowel diarrhea. Dogs with large bowel diarrhea do not typically lose weight. Symptoms include:

• Diarrhea which is loose to semisolid, normal to decreased in volume, and occurs over four times per day
• Mucoid and/or bloody stool
• Occasionally vomiting
• Decreased appetite
• Abdominal pain

IBD can affect both the small and large intestine simultaneously (enterocolitis). In this scenario, the dog will have a mixed bowel diarrhea, meaning they will have signs of both small bowel and large bowel diarrheas.

Diagnosing Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Dogs

Diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease involves ruling out other conditions.

Your veterinarian will likely want to perform fecal examinations to rule out parasites. Even if they do not find parasites, they may wish to treat with a broad-spectrum anthelmintic drug to remove any doubt that parasites could be contributing to the pet’s condition.

X-rays and ultrasound of the abdomen allow the veterinarian to look for abnormalities in the abdomen. Some veterinarians may be able to detect changes in the intestinal wall or enlarged lymph nodes that may increase the suspicion that the pet has inflammatory bowel disease.

The veterinarian will likely also perform blood work and urinalysis to look at the pet’s overall health. Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease) can cause chronic diarrhea and weight loss, so it’s a good idea for the veterinarian to rule out Addison’s disease. This is done with a blood test.

If no obvious cause is noted after these tests, the veterinarian may recommend a dietary trial using either a novel protein or hydrolyzed protein diet.

In most cases, dietary intolerances are related to the protein in the dog’s diet. A novel protein diet aims to provide a protein that your dog is less likely to have been exposed to before, such as rabbit, venison, or alligator. With hydrolyzed protein diets, the proteins are broken down into smaller nutrients that may be more tolerable.

Diet trials are usually continued for at least eight weeks. Importantly, you must control everything that enters your dog’s mouth. They should not have table scraps, treats, oral preventions or medications that contain flavoring (consult with a veterinarian before stopping any medications), or access to trash.

Definitive diagnosis would require biopsy of the intestines. This can be done endoscopically or through an abdominal surgery. A pathologist will look at the intestinal biopsies and can determine if inflammatory cells are infiltrating the intestines.

How to Treat IBD in Dogs

Treatment for IBD can range from a simple dietary change to long-term daily management.

Treatment includes:

• Deworming
• Novel protein or hydrolyzed protein diets, which are often successful as the only necessary treatment in mild cases
• Antibiotics
• Probiotics
• Supplemental vitamin B12 (dog can become deficient with chronic diarrhea)
• Fluid therapy
• Antinausea medications
• Steroids or immunosuppressants

In severe cases, immune suppression with steroids (prednisone) may be necessary. If steroid immunosuppression is still not working, you can consider other medications that affect the immune system, such as cyclosporine, azathioprine, or chlorambucil. You will want to work with your veterinarian to find the lowest effective dose.

If your pet also has PLE, they may need additional medications like clopidogrel or aspirin to reduce the risk of blood clots. These medications should not be given without consulting your veterinarian.

At-home treatments are unlikely to completely control your dog’s IBD. However, some pets may respond very well to a home-cooked diet. You should work with your veterinarian or a veterinary nutritionist to formulate a home-cooked diet that is well-balanced and eliminates food items that your dog may be reacting to.

Dogs with large bowel diarrhea may benefit from the addition of soluble fiber, like psyllium. If you are interested in giving psyllium, check with your veterinarian.

Dogs that respond well to an elimination diet are expected to do well long-term. Dogs with

low albumin (protein level), low B12 levels, and severe intestinal lesions noted on endoscopy or during surgery are unlikely to achieve full control of their symptoms. Dogs with IBD who develop protein-losing enteropathy typically have a more guarded prognosis, and their disease can be very difficult to manage. 

How to Prevent IBD in Dogs

IBD is not considered a preventable disease. However, regular monitoring of your pet’s bowel movements, appetite, and general behavior can help you catch chronic gastrointestinal conditions earlier for treatment.

References

1. Wiles, Bonnie & Llewellyn-Zaidi, Aimée & Evans, Katy & O’Neill, Dan & Lewis, Tom. (2017). Large-scale survey to estimate the prevalence of disorders for 192 Kennel Club registered breeds. Canine Genetics and Epidemiology. 4. 10.1186/s40575-017-0047-3. 
2. Kathrani A, Werling D, Allenspach K. Canine breeds at high risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease in the south-eastern UK. Vet Rec. 2011 Dec 10;169(24):635. doi: 10.1136/vr.d5380. Epub 2011 Sep 6. PMID: 21896567.

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However, none of that means you can’t make your cat’s elder years comfortable, special, and filled with love. Read on to find out our seven tips for caring for a senior cat.

What Your Senior Cat Needs for a Healthy, Happy Life 

According to the American Animal Hospital Association, cats enter the senior phase of their life after age 10. And because indoor cats can live over 20 years, seniority may encompass as much time as the other phases (kitten, young adult, mature adult) of their lives combined. 

“Cats show many similar age-related changes as we see in people,” says Sarah M. Schmid, DVM, DACVIM, assistant professor of internal medicine at the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine. “For example, they begin to slow down, develop cloudy eyes, and their senses start to dull.”

Cats may also show age-related behavior changes, she adds, “such as becoming less tolerant of stress or having changes in their sleep-wake cycle. In multi-cat households, the social hierarchy may also change.”

For all of these reasons, careful attention to your cat’s physical and mental health, comfort, eating and drinking habits, litter use, and more will be the key to their happiness as the years go on. 

Senior Cat Care: 7 Tips and Tricks

If your cat is getting older, follow these tips and tricks to ensure optimal care:

Increase vet visit frequency

There is a seemingly endless number of ailments that may affect your senior cat, either for the first time once they reach this age or more frequently at this age than at any point previously. According to Dr. Schmid, common health conditions that can affect senior cats include:

• Chronic kidney disease
• Osteoarthritis
• Hyperthyroidism
• Diabetes mellitus
• Hypertension (or high blood pressure)
• Heart disease
• Gastrointestinal disease
• Dental disease
• Cancer
• Cognitive dysfunction

Keep in mind, a number of physical and behavioral changes you may observe in your senior cat are symptoms of some or all of these conditions. Not only that, “cats are very good at hiding signs of disease and pain,” Dr. Schmid adds. 

For that reason, she advises senior cat parents to move to a schedule of visiting the vet every six months, instead of the usual yearly checkup during early and mid-adulthood.

Note changes in your cat’s vocalization tendencies 

One less commonly known symptom of several different senior cat conditions is a change in vocalization. Dr. Karen Perry, the Pat Carrigan professor of feline medicine at the Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, says you may notice changes in the frequency and character of vocalization in cats with osteoarthritis, and increased vocalization may accompany chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus. 

Additionally, “Cats with systemic hypertension may vocalize more at night,” she says. Noting any changes in your cat’s vocal tendencies, including what specifically those changes are, may help you identify a health problem sooner and make diagnosis by a vet easier. 

Abnormal vocalizations, especially at night, can also be a sign of cognitive dysfunction, which is sometimes referred to as cat dementia.

Add water bowls to your house and offer high-moisture foods

“As cats get older they are often at increased risk for dehydration due to a decreased sense of thirst and mobility issues that may limit access to water,” Dr. Perry says. 

One easy thing you can do is increase the number of clean and full water dishes that are available to your cat throughout the day. Ensuring that all of these dishes are easy for your cat to access, even if their mobility has decreased, is also important.

If this isn’t entirely doing the trick, Dr. Perry says a water fountain can help entice cats to drink. Cat food with higher-moisture content will also go a long way toward keeping your senior cat hydrated and healthy.

Consider more senior-friendly litter solutions

Many cats go their entire adult lives without having issues using the litter box. However, the switch to seniority increases the chance of a change in the way your cat eliminates. 

“If a cat experiences pain in the litter box, they may associate the litter box with that pain and then choose to relieve themselves elsewhere,” Dr. Schmid says. “A cat may have pain while using the litter box due to constipation, lower urinary tract disease, or osteoarthritis that make it difficult for them to posture.”

When it comes to osteoarthritis, one easy and quick fix to your cat’s elimination issues is to provide a litter pan with low sides, Dr. Schmid says. “In addition, with decreasing mobility, you may find that more litter boxes need to be added or boxes need to be relocated.” For example, a cat who normally goes in the basement may need a litter box on the main floor once they hit their senior years.

Encourage play, but don’t force it

Osteoarthritis is present in about 90 percent of cats age 12 and older, says Dr. Perry. So when it comes to a senior cat’s activity levels, there are very few hard and fast guidelines. “Every cat is an individual, but it is incredibly common for decreases in activity in cats to be blamed upon aging.”

She adds that it’s most important for you to pursue veterinary care when you notice a dip in activity, rather than push through and assume you need to try harder to engage your cat. That way, you’re treating the underlying cause of the change.

As far as the types of games and toys to play with, Dr. Schmid says food-filled toys are great because they keep the cat more interested and also engage their mind. “Scattering flavored food, treats, or catnip in different locations can allow your cat to engage in games of searching and hunting,” she says. “In addition, providing a varied environment for your pet to explore, climb, and perch can also help keep their mind sharp.”

Assist them with grooming

Your cat may already like to assist you with grooming, so this is just returning the favor. (But don’t worry: You don’t need to lick your cat.)

“As cats age, they may find it more difficult to groom themselves due to osteoarthritis or obesity,” Dr. Schmid says. “In addition, many older cats develop chronic kidney disease or hyperthyroidism, which may alter their coat and grooming habits.” 

To help combat this, you’ll want to brush your cat regularly so that matting is less likely to occur. Just make sure both your touch and that of the brush are gentle because your cat may be more sensitive than they used to be.

If you do notice mats developing, consider asking a veterinarian or a groomer to help you remove those mats. Your senior cat’s skin may be thinner, which can easily result in injury if you’re using razors or scissors to remove mats.

Additionally, Dr. Schmid says aging cats tend to have thicker nails than younger cats. That’s because they shed the outer layer of the nail sheath less than they used to. On top of that, “With decreased activity and scratching, senior cats’ nails can easily overgrow and may become ingrown,” she says.

This means it’s more important than at any other point in your cat’s life to trim their nails. To make the experience easier on both parties, Dr. Schmid recommends providing treats throughout the session and trying more frequent, shorter sessions at first until your cat is more comfortable with the practice. 

Make sure their favorite spots are easily accessible

When they’re younger, many cats love to be in the highest spot possible—on a shelf, in a window, atop a tower, etc. But you’ll likely notice your cat staying a little lower to the ground as they age. They probably don’t like that spot any less, but rather it’s not as accessible because of osteoarthritis or some other underlying condition.

This doesn’t mean your cat has to give up their favorite spot. You can help make the spot more accessible with the use of ramps or other load-lessening paths, Dr. Schmid says.

When to Call Your Veterinarian 

As outlined above, vet visits every six months are helpful when it comes to identifying hard-to-spot health conditions in senior cats early. If you’re wondering whether a behavior change or apparent physical ailment with your senior cat warrants a trip to the vet, it probably does.

Dr. Perry says many of the first signs you might spot for common senior cat health conditions (including osteoarthritis and chronic kidney disease) are behavioral in nature and include house soiling, anxiety, aggression, excessive vocalization, and changes in personality. 

Any of these behavioral changes on their own is enough to warrant a call to your veterinarian, especially if your cat is older, but if you begin to start observing physical changes as well, you’ll definitely want to schedule an appointment.

With osteoarthritis, these signs can include decreased grooming, overgrowth of nails, hiding more, and interacting with you less, says Dr. Perry. With chronic kidney disease, you may notice a reduced appetite, constipation, a poor coat, and weight loss, as well as increased drinking and urination.

Never hesitate to call your vet when you notice something out of the ordinary. Staying on top of your senior cat’s health care will ensure their longevity and comfort, as well maintain the strong bond you share.

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Whatever the reason, it can be heartbreaking and frustrating to suddenly find your old dog peeing in the house. So, what can you do about it? First and foremost, you should consult a veterinarian and follow any treatment plan or advice they suggest. But you can also do several things yourself to help your dog—and keep your house clean.

Why Is My Old Dog Peeing in the House?

It can be perplexing to find your fully housetrained old dog having accidents suddenly, but this behavior is usually explainable.

“House soiling, including urinating indoors, while not uncommon, is typically a sign that your pet needs to visit the vet,” says Dr. Alejandro Caos, a veterinarian at The Vets, a mobile pet service in Austin, Texas. “As dogs age, they may experience changes in bladder control, cognitive decline, or mobility issues, which can contribute to this behavior.”

Most of the time, there is a medical reason why your senior dog can’t hold pee. Dr. Caos says common issues include urinary tract infections (UTIs), bladder stones, hormonal imbalances, and kidney disease. Your dog could also have arthritis or another painful ailment that makes it difficult to physically reach an appropriate urination place. Yet another explanation is that your dog has cognitive dysfunction syndrome—a condition similar to dementia in humans—that inhibits their ability to recognize when and where to do their business.

Your old dog may also be peeing in inappropriate places due to anxiety or stress. “Changes in routine, household dynamics, or environmental stressors can cause anxiety in senior dogs, leading to house soiling,” says Dr. Caos.

The issue can also just be a sign of age. According to Dr. Caos, older dogs experience age-related changes to their bodies that could lead to a decline in their bladder control and muscle tone, which makes it more likely for them to have accidents inside the house.

Determining the Cause of an Old Dog Having Accidents

Experts advise pet parents to seek professional advice rather than try to figure out the cause on their own. However, observing your dog’s behavior patterns and reporting your findings to your veterinarian can be helpful.

“Maintain a record of the accidents, including dates, times, locations, and any notable circumstances or events preceding them,” says Dr. Caos.

For instance, if your old dog is urinating or dribbling while asleep, this could be a clue that your dog has a bladder sphincter tone issue—that is, a problem with the muscles that help them control when they pee. When this function diminishes, your dog can become incontinent.  

If your dog pees small amounts in multiple places, they might have a UTI. If they pee during a thunderstorm, stress might cause them to have accidents. If your dog is also showing atypical behaviors, like wandering the house at night or increased anxiety, they could suffer from cognitive dysfunction.

Dr. Caos says it is also essential to monitor your dog’s water intake. “Excessive drinking could indicate an underlying health issue and may contribute to increased urination,” he says. “Discuss any concerns with your veterinarian.”

Old Dog Peeing in House: 6 Tips to Help

Are you eager to figure out how to stop your old dog from peeing in the house? Here are some things you can do to help.

Take your dog to a veterinarian

If your dog has started piddling in the house, you should first contact your veterinarian, says Dr. Kasey Aona, owner and medical director of GoodVets Polaris, a veterinary clinic in Westerville, Ohio.

“Senior dogs are more likely to get some medical issues that can lead to them urinating in the house, like kidney disease, diabetes, other endocrine diseases, urinary tract infections,” says Dr. Aona.

Even if your dog isn’t having accidents, Dr. Aona recommends senior dogs have a full comprehensive exam every six months since they’re prone to developing chronic health issues in old age. “It’s better to get ahead of things and catch things early,” she says.

Keep a diary of your dog’s day

Val Suleski, the head of kennels at the Raystede Centre for Animal Welfare in the U.K., says it’s important to keep a diary, noting where your dog pees, what was happening when they did it, and other helpful information.

“Even if a medical reason is indicated and the vet is providing care, having additional information to help with developing a plan around management to best support the dog is useful,” says Suleski.

Make it easy for them to get around

Your old dog may keep peeing in the house due to mobility issues. Therefore, it’s essential to make your dog’s space as accessible as possible and to give them easy access to the outdoors.

“Install a doggy door if feasible or create a clear and easily accessible path to the designated potty area,” says Dr. Caos. “Consider using ramps or steps to assist dogs with mobility issues.”

Try dog diapers, belly bands, or pee pads

Dog diapers and belly bands—a wrap designed to fit around a male dog’s waist to catch urine—are two products that help keep your house clean if your senior dog is having accidents. But Dr. Caos says these items only temporarily manage accidents without resolving the underlying issue.

Diapers and belly bands may also contribute to developing urine scald, especially if left on for too long. In female dogs, they may increase the risk of developing UTIs.

Another thing you can try is pee pads or puppy pads—super absorbent cloths that soak up your dog’s urine.

“If the dog is always peeing in certain spots, you can get disposable or reusable puppy or toilet pads that have non-slip and waterproof backing, put these down and just wash and reuse,” Suleski says. “Even laying cheap, old rugs in most often toileted areas can make cleaning up easier.”

Use an odor eliminator

Odor-elimination products can also be helpful. Not only do they get the dog urine smell out of the carpet, but they might discourage your dog from peeing in a particular spot, says Dr. Aona.

“Oftentimes, when dogs urinate, they go on a specific rug. If they can smell that urine, they’re more likely to go there again,” she says. “So I think it definitely could help to use an enzymatic cleaner to make sure that we’re getting rid of that smell as much as possible.”

However, Dr. Aona adds that odor eliminators don’t necessarily stop the behavior, especially if there is an underlying medical reason for your senior dog peeing in the house.

Re-house train your dog

Another idea is to try and modify your dog’s behavior through training.

According to Dr. Caos, behavior modification can work if your dog’s indoor peeing habit is due to age-related factors, cognitive decline, or anxiety.

“This can involve providing frequent potty breaks, establishing a consistent routine, using positive reinforcement … for appropriate elimination, and providing a comfortable and stress-free environment,” he says.

Dr. Caos says you can also re-house train your dog through crate training. He adds that it’s crucial never to scold or punish your dog for accidents since that can “create fear or anxiety, potentially exacerbating the issue.”

“Patience, consistency, and positive reinforcement are key,” he says.

Senior Dog Peeing in House: Other Advice

Finding yellow spots and puddles in the house will likely cause some frustration for pet parents. But Suleski says it’s important to remember that your dog is probably not doing this on purpose.

“Senior dogs peeing indoors is generally not something they are voluntarily choosing to do,” she says. “They literally suddenly must go and the drive to relieve a biological need will override any previous training.”

On this note, Suleski offers some sage advice: “Definitely do NOT scold or punish your dog; your dog will not understand why you are scaring or hurting them. Behaving negatively towards them is likely to increase the peeing incidents as they will become anxious and stressed about being around the people in the house that they experience behaving negatively around them.”

She adds that it’s essential not to show your anger when you’re cleaning up their mess since they “just won’t understand why” you’re mad.

Dr. Caos reiterates the importance of seeking out professional advice. “It’s crucial to address any potential medical issues and consult with professionals for personalized advice,” he says. “They can help determine the best approach for managing accidents in your senior dog and improve their overall well-being.”

“Remember, each situation is unique, and it’s important to consult with a veterinarian or a professional dog behaviorist for a comprehensive evaluation and personalized advice,” Dr. Caos adds. “They can provide guidance tailored to your dog’s specific needs and help develop a plan to address the issue effectively and compassionately.”

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Healthy Cat Poop: What Should It Look Like? 

Healthy cat poop should be brown to dark brown in color and have a segmented, sausage-shape. While the poop should be firm, it shouldn’t be overly hard or pebble-like. You should not see obvious blood or mucus in the feces. 

Normal cat poop does have an odor, but it shouldn’t smell foul, rancid, or metallic. If the smell sends you running out of the room holding your nose, your pet’s poop may be abnormal.

Healthy adult cats will usually poop in their litter box once or twice daily. A lot of cats will defecate shortly after eating. While not all cats consistently poop after a meal, it’s a normal response to eating in those that do. After all, they’re going to need to make space for what they just ate! 

Kittens may poop three or four times daily, sometimes more. Kitten poop may be softer than adult poop but should not be watery, bloody, or contain a lot of mucus.

Abnormal Cat Poop: A Sign of Potential Health Problems

Noticing changes to the color, smell, or consistency of poop, as well as how often your pet is having bowel movements, can help you detect changes to your pet’s health. 

The list of potential reasons your cat’s poop is abnormal is quite long. While it’s the veterinarian’s job to figure out why your cat’s poop is abnormal, they’re relying on you to monitor your cat’s poop at home. They won’t know about it unless you bring it up!

The litter box should be scooped daily, allowing you to monitor for changes to your pet’s bowel movements. While some self-cleaning litter boxes may make it more difficult to notice changes to bowel movements, some of these devices track how often your pet enters the litter box and how full the litter tray is, allowing you to monitor your pet’s bathroom habits. You can also pick up on changes to the color or consistency of your cat’s feces when you empty the tray.

Abnormal Cat Poop Chart

Many different types of abnormal cat poop exist. The Abnormal Cat Poop Chart below outlines types of abnormal cat poop, what they could mean, and their severity level.

Keep in mind that some changes in your cat’s poop color may be related to their diet. For example, if your cat is eating food with a green dye or color, you may notice a green tint to their feces. In this case, it’s likely not a cause for concern if they’re otherwise acting normal. If you’ve recently changed your cat’s diet and notice a slight change in their poop color, it’s likely just due to their new food.

You will note that the severity level of these abnormal cat poops ranges, sometimes all the way from mild to severe. This is because many underlying diseases can often lead to similar changes. While a cat having diarrhea due to stress has a mild condition, a cat having diarrhea due to panleukopenia virus has a more severe condition. 

When to See a Veterinarian

If your cat has one abnormal poop but is otherwise acting normal, you’re usually good to monitor at home. However, if your cat has runny poop, is regularly having abnormal bowel movements, has intermittent loose stools, has undergone a sudden change to bowel movements, or is otherwise acting abnormal (vomiting, loss of appetite, etc.), then you should follow up with your veterinarian. 

If you see worms in your cat’s stools, you should contact your veterinarian. Your veterinarian will easily be able to figure out what type of worm your cat has and how to treat the parasites. 

In most cases, blood in the stool at least warrants calling your veterinarian.

Signs to watch for which may indicate that your cat needs veterinary attention include:

• Vomiting
• Changes to your pet’s appetite
• Straining to defecate or urinate
• Weight loss
• Unkempt coat
• Lethargy
• Fecal staining on your cat’s backside
• Abdominal pain when picked up
• Hypersalivating
• Dehydration causing a prolonged skin tent (skin between shoulder blades does not return to normal position when pinched up) or a sunken appearance to eyeballs
• Excessive drinking 

Stress, treats, and dietary changes can all impact your cat’s stools. If changes are mild and your cat’s poop returns to normal over a couple days, veterinary attention is not necessary.

Keeping Your Cat’s Poop Normal

Although you cannot prevent every potential cause of abnormal poop in cats, the following steps will help you keep your cat’s digestion and poop healthy.

• Feed a regular, high-quality diet that is approved for your cat’s life stage.
• If you change your cat’s diet, do so slowly over the course of a week.
• Keep your cat on parasite prevention as recommended by your veterinarian.
• Keep your cat up to date on vaccinations as recommended by your veterinarian.
• Avoid feeding your cat foods intended for human consumption.
• Ensure you keep food scraps and other tempting objects like string put away to prevent your cat from consuming these items. 

Most cats do not need over-the-counter supplements to help with their feces and will have normal poop with a regular, healthy diet. However, some cats may benefit from supplements like probiotics or fiber. Speak with your veterinarian before adding any supplements to your cat’s daily regimen. 

The post Abnormal Cat Poop Chart: What Colors and Consistencies Mean appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Pet parents may be familiar with smells that cats hate, like citrus or a dirty litter box. But what smells do cats love? We’ll share eight scents that most cats find simply irresistible, but first, let’s cover some feline olfaction basics.  

Why Do Cats Have a Strong Sense of Smell? 

Cats have an exceptionally developed sense of smell, with 50 to 80 million odor-sensitive cells. In comparison, humans have just 5 million of these cells (2). 

Felines also possess a special scent-detecting organ called the vomeronasal or Jacobson’s organ. Located in the roof of the mouth, it allows cats to taste-smell certain pheromones, offering additional information beyond what their nose detects. Cats are pulling pheromones into this organ when they exhibit the “flehmen response,” a peculiar, open-mouthed grimace cats make to enhance their perception of a scent.

Cats rely on their keen sense of smell to interpret their environment, recognize fellow felines, choose food, and identify potential threats, such as predators or toxins. This reliance on scent harks back to their evolutionary past as wild predators.

Why Do Cats Like Certain Smells?

Many of the smells cats are drawn to reflect their basic needs, such as food and safety.

Cats have far fewer taste buds than humans—about 470 vs. 10,000 respectively (1). As a result, cats use their sense of smell far more than taste in deciding what to eat, explains Stephen Quandt, a certified feline training and behavior specialist and founder of Stephen Quandt Feline Behavior Associates.

Pheromones, which are chemical substances produced by animals for communication, also play a significant role in shaping a cat’s scent preferences. They’re scentless to humans but have profound effects on animal behavior. Scents that mimic these pheromones can be attractive to cats. 

When a cat is attracted to a smell, they may rub their face against the source, roll over it, purr, try to eat it, or exhibit a flehmen response. On the flip side, if a cat doesn’t like a smell, they tend to retreat, run away, or show signs of distaste, like wrinkling their nose or shaking their head.

While there are certain scents that most cats tend to enjoy, not all cats react to smells in the same way. Just as humans have personal likes and dislikes, cats also exhibit individual variations in their scent preferences. 

What Smells Do Cats Love? 8 Aromas That Attract Felines

Since scent serves as a fundamental aspect of a cat’s sensory and communication experience, it’s important to provide our feline friends with a variety of appealing and safe smells to explore and enjoy. 

In doing so, we can enhance their indoor environment and fulfill their instinctual need for curiosity, discovery, and engagement, says Quandt. 

Let’s explore eight aromas cats generally favor and why they appeal to our whiskered companions.

1.    Catnip 

Catnip, an herb in the mint family, is well-known for its intoxicating effect on many cats. This effect is due to nepetalactone, a compound in the plant that may mimic the structure of a feline pheromone associated with mating behaviors. This explains why cats under the influence of nepetalactone exhibit behaviors such as rolling, rubbing, purring, and leaping. In rare instances, cats may become aggressive. 

When a cat encounters nepetalactone, the compound enters the cat’s nasal tissue and binds to receptors that stimulate sensory neurons in the brain, explains Quandt. The effect is a harmless “high” that lasts about 5 to 15 minutes. 

Interestingly, not all cats go cuckoo for catnip. Sensitivity to catnip is likely inherited, and 1 out of every 3 cats lacks the genetic predisposition to it (3).

Catnip can be administered via catnip-filled toys, catnip spray, solid catnip balls, fresh catnip plants, or dried catnip that can be sprinkled on toys, scratching posts, and other items.

2.    Valerian Root 

Valerian root is an herb that works much the same as catnip, creating a euphoric effect in most cats—at least initially. After a few minutes, the hyperactive effects wear off, leaving cats feeling calm and drowsy. 

Valerian root’s effects lie in a specific compound it contains: actinidine. Like catnip, it’s thought that this compound stimulates the same receptors in the cat’s brain that respond to feline pheromones. 

Never give your cat human valerian root supplements. Instead, stick to cat toys filled with valerian root or a small sprinkling of dried, finely minced root. 

3.    Vanilla 

Anecdotally, many cats seem to like the aroma of vanilla. Because of this appeal, some supplements and medications, such as Credelio CAT, include vanilla to entice picky felines. 

Credelio CAT is an oral flea and tick treatment for cats that starts working in as little as 8 hours and prevents reinfestation for one month (4). This small, chewable tablet is a great choice for cat parents who struggle with topical flea applications. In a U.S. field study, cat parents successfully administered the tablet 99.5 percent of the time (5). Nearly 47 percent of the cats voluntarily accepted the tablets when they were offered by hand, on the floor, in an empty food bowl, or with food. 

4.    Yeast

If you’ve ever noticed that your cat tries to steal bites of bread, this is because cats are attracted to the scent and taste of yeast. One study showed that cats preferred foods with a yeast extract added (6).

Cats can occasionally eat small amounts of baked bread, but it shouldn’t be included as a regular part of your cat’s diet. Ensure any breads you let your cat taste don’t include toxins like garlic. 

In addition to vanilla, Credelio CAT includes yeast in its oral tablets to further entice our furry companions to consume this flea-and-tick-zapping medication. 

5.    Silver Vine 

Also known as matatabi, silver vine is a plant native to Japan and China that often attracts cats with its irresistible scent. The smell of silver vine elicits a similar response to catnip in many cats. 

However, “studies have shown that silver vine is more likely to affect cats than catnip,” says Quandt. This may be because it has additional chemicals that cats respond to, such as actinidine, iridomyrmecin, and isodihydronepetalactone (3).

Silver vine is commonly available as sticks or powder. 

6.    Olives 

You might be surprised to learn that some cats enjoy the scent of olives. This is believed to be due to a group of chemicals in olives known as isoprenoids, which are similar in structure to the nepetalactone found in catnip, says Quandt. 

If your cat likes the smell of olives, they might enjoy the taste too. You can give your cat a tiny piece of an olive (not a whole one) a couple of times a week. Just ensure it’s thoroughly rinsed of salt or seasoning, and that the pit has been removed.

7.    Animal Protein  

For many cats, nothing beats the tantalizing scent of fish or meat. These aromas are incredibly attractive to cats because they’re obligate carnivores, which means they require meat to fulfill their nutritional needs. 

Smelling fish or meat can provoke behaviors like licking their lips, meowing, and showing increased alertness or excitement. Many cats will try to reach for the source of the aroma, drawn by the tantalizing scent of their preferred prey. 

8.    You! 

It might surprise some pet parents to learn that one of the smells cats love most is the scent of their human companions. 

“Cats create community scent by transferring their scent to us and taking some of our scent on them,” says Quandt. This essentially signals that you are a part of their “colony” and helps them feel safe and secure.

Your cat achieves this scent exchange by rubbing parts of their body that contain social pheromones (cheeks, forehead, and around the mouth) against you and objects in your home, explains Quandt. 

Similarly, if your cat enjoys sleeping on your clothing, it’s often because they’re attracted to and feel comforted by your scent.

Smells Cats Like: Why It Matters

Knowing which smells your cat loves can significantly improve their quality of life and even their health. Here are some ways to apply this knowledge: 

• Create a safe, comfortable living environment: Scent can be used to help your cat feel more comfortable, calm, and safe in certain situations. For instance, placing an unwashed article of your clothing in their cat carrier can help relax them when traveling to the vet. Another example is adding a loved scent  to a new bed or carrier to make it more inviting, ease transitions, and reduce stress.
• Assist with medication administration: Getting cats to take necessary medication can sometimes be challenging. Some medications, such as Credelio CAT, have been formulated with enticing scents or flavors to make administering them easier. 
• Adding enrichment: Scents like catnip, silver vine, or valerian root can be used to stimulate play and exercise, which is crucial for your cat’s physical and mental health. Sprinkling some of these enticing aromas on their toys or scratching posts can motivate them to engage in play behavior, reduce boredom, and potentially mitigate behavioral issues like inappropriate scratching. 
• Use for training purposes: Scents that appeal to your cat can be used in training for positive reinforcement scenarios. For example, a catnip-sprayed toy or a tasty salmon treat can serve as an excellent reward for a successful training session. 

How to Help Your Cat Have Positive Experiences with Scent  

Understanding your cat’s scent preferences can be a fun journey of discovery. Here’s how you can decode your feline’s favorites:

• Do a “sniff” test: Present your cat with a variety of scents, one by one, and watch your cat’s reaction. Positive responses can include purring, cheek rubbing, kneading, or even rolling around in delight. Signs that your cat doesn’t like a scent may include hissing, backing away, turning their head away from the item, shaking their head, gagging, or appearing agitated. Never force a smell on your cat, and always let them retreat if they wish.
• Monitor for changes over time: Cats’ preferences can change as they age or experience changes in health. Regularly retesting your cat’s favorite scents can help you stay attuned to their preferences.
• Use your judgment: Just because your cat is attracted to a smell doesn’t mean it’s safe or beneficial for them. For instance, some cats may be drawn to the smell of substances like antifreeze or lilies. However, these substances are highly toxic and potentially lethal if ingested, even in small amounts. Always prioritize your cat’s safety and consult a professional if you’re unsure if something is safe for cats. 
• Use in moderation: Potent scents like catnip and silver vine should be used in moderation, as too much exposure can reduce their novelty and, therefore, their effectiveness. Always monitor your cat’s reactions to ensure they’re enjoying the experience and not becoming overstimulated.
• Consult your vet if you notice sudden changes: If your cat suddenly seems repelled by a smell they once loved, it could be a sign of a health issue, especially if accompanied by other changes in behavior, eating, or litter box habits. Always consult your vet if you’re concerned.

Your cat’s love of certain smells is not just a cute quirk—it can be an important aspect of their care and well-being. By paying attention to their scent preferences and using this knowledge wisely, you can help make your feline friend’s world even more enjoyable. 

References

1. Ahmet Yavuz Pekel, Serkan Barış Mülazımoğlu & Nüket Acar (2020) Taste preferences and diet palatability in cats, Journal of Applied Animal Research, 48:1, 281-292, DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2020.1786391
2. Douglas, Kate. (2009). The great pet showdown. New Scientist. 204. 32–37. 10.1016/S0262-4079(09)63262-0. 
3. Bol, S., Caspers, J., Buckingham, L. et al. Responsiveness of cats (Felidae) to silver vine (Actinidia polygama), Tatarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica), valerian (Valeriana officinalis) and catnip (Nepeta cataria). BMC Vet Res 13, 70 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-0987-6
4. Wright I. (2018). Lotilaner – a novel formulation for cats provides systemic tick and flea control. Parasites & vectors, 11(1), 407. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2970-x
5. Chappell, K., Paarlberg, T., Seewald, W. et al. A randomized, controlled field study to assess the efficacy and safety of lotilaner flavored chewable tablets (Credelio™ CAT) in eliminating fleas in client-owned cats in the USA. Parasites Vectors 14, 127 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04617-5
6. Oliveira, Rúbia & Haese, Douglas & Kill, João & Lima, Anderson & Malini, Pablo & Thompson, Guilherme. (2016). Palatability of cat food with sodium pyrophosphate and yeast extract. Ciência Rural. 46. 2202-2205. 10.1590/0103-8478cr20151651.

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Why Understanding a Cat’s Heart Rate Matters

Measuring your cat’s heart rate on a regular basis gives you an idea of your cat’s baseline. Significant changes from normal can alert you and your veterinarian to potential changes in your cat’s health. Some conditions, like hyperthyroidism or a heart arrhythmia, can cause a change in heart rate. You’re also likely to see an increase in heart rate when your cat is experiencing fear or pain. Determining what is causing the change in heart rate helps your veterinarian decide if treatment is necessary and what the treatment plan should be.

What Is a Normal Cat Heart Rate?

When we’re talking about a “normal” cat heart rate, we must consider whether we’re looking at an adult cat or a kitten. A normal cat heart rate for an adult cat is 140 to 220 beats per minute (bpm). Kittens usually have a significantly higher heart rate at rest than a mature cat, and it’s not abnormal for a kitten to be closer to 300 bpm.

Heart rates will also be higher in the veterinary clinic than at home because cats are often anxious and stressed in the clinic despite the veterinarian’s best efforts to be gentle and fear-free.

Physical activity also increases a cat’s heart rate. A cat lounging in a sunny window seat at home will usually have a lower heart rate than a cat with the zoomies or one who is vaulting cat trees.

We have created a cat heart rate chart to help you understand what’s normal, low, and high in an adult cat. You may find variation in what is listed as a normal heart rate for cats. When in doubt, we recommend you discuss concerns with your veterinarian. Your veterinarian can help you determine what is normal for your cat and if you should be concerned about your cat’s heart rate.

Adult Cat Heart Rate Chart

Keep in mind that each cat is an individual, so what’s normal for one cat may not be normal for another. If your cat’s heart rate is normally 150 bpm at rest, but you’re noticing that it’s consistently 210 bpm, then you may contact a veterinarian even though they’re still in the “normal” range.

If you feel your cat’s heart rate is abnormal, you need to determine if this can wait for a normal appointment or if it’s an emergency. If your cat is acting otherwise normal, you can likely just contact your veterinarian. If your cat is fainting, acting disoriented, repeatedly vomiting, or yowling in pain, these are signs you should see an emergency veterinarian.

Low heart rates are quite uncommon in cats. Once your cat falls below 100 beats per minute, they’re likely to experience fainting or loss of consciousness. This warrants a trip to the emergency veterinarian.

Abnormal Heart Rates in Cats

When listening to your cat’s heart rate, your veterinarian isn’t just taking a heart rate. They’re also listening for abnormal heart sounds, such as heart murmurs, or abnormalities in how the heart beats, called an arrhythmia. There is some interplay between heart murmurs, arrhythmias, and heart rate. While you as a pet owner may not be able to specifically recognize heart murmurs and arrhythmias, if you’re familiar with what’s normal for your cat, you may be able to pick up on changes.

If your cat’s heart beats with a normal rhythm but is faster than normal, this is called sinus tachycardia. Your cat may have a physiologic elevation in their heart rate. This means the heart rate is increased due to a normal stimulus. Normal situations in which your cat’s heart rate may increase include:

• Excitement
• Exercise
• Stress or anxiety
• Painful stimuli

Heart rate can also increase due to illness and disease. Pathologic causes of a high heart rate in cats could include:

• Anemia or blood loss
• Congestive heart failure
• Hyperthyroidism
• Infections
• Blood clots
• Abnormal electrical activity within the heart or arrhythmias

If your cat’s heart beats at a normal rhythm but is slower than normal, this is called sinus bradycardia. Causes of decreased heart rates in cats include:

• Unconsciousness
• Sedatives
• Anesthesia
• Seizures
• Abnormal electrical activity within the heart or arrhythmias

How to Check a Cat’s Heart Rate

Usually, it’s best to leave heart rate monitoring in cats to a veterinarian. If your cat has a significant change in their heart rate that requires medical attention, they typically have other signs that will alert you that they should see a veterinarian. Measuring your cat’s heart rate on your own can easily lead to a lot of anxiety for you. Keep in mind that veterinarians are trained not only to detect an abnormal heart rate but also abnormal heart sounds and rhythms.

If you are wanting to monitor your cat’s heart rate at home, there are two easy ways. In a lot of cats, particularly those who aren’t overweight, you can gently apply pressure with your hand on the underside of their chest between the two front legs and feel the heartbeat. You can also purchase a cheap stethoscope online that will allow you to listen to your cat’s heart. Cat hearts are easiest to hear on the left side of the chest behind and below the left armpit or in the middle of the chest between the two front legs.

Once you can feel or hear the heart, count how many times the heart beats over 15 seconds and multiply by four. This gives you the number of beats per minute.

Abnormal Cat Heart Rate: Next Steps

If you suspect that your cat’s heart rate is abnormal, but your cat is otherwise acting like their usual self, you are usually safe just to call your veterinarian. They may recommend an appointment, or they’ll simply discuss your findings with you and determine if there is a cause for concern. If you notice your cat’s heart rate seems off and they’re not acting normal, consider seeking emergency attention for your cat.

If your veterinarian detects an abnormal heart rate, there are a few tests they may recommend running.

• Chest X-rays: Chest X-rays allow your veterinarian to see the overall size of the heart and assess if the lungs look normal.
• Electrocardiogram (ECG): An ECG involves sticking electrodes on your pet. This will create a waveform that allows the veterinarian to see if your pet’s heart has normal electrical activity. ECGs help determine if an arrhythmia is present, which can affect heart rate.
• Echocardiogram: An echocardiogram is an ultrasound of the heart. This test allows the veterinarian to see the individual chambers and walls of the heart. The veterinarian can see if blood is flowing normally through the heart and rule out tumors of the heart.
• Blood work: Your veterinarian may want to run routine blood work. This can detect conditions like hyperthyroidism or infections that may affect heart rate. There are also blood tests that can detect damage to heart muscle, which your veterinarian may recommend.

If your cat has an underlying condition that is causing a change to the heart rate, such as hyperthyroidism or an infection, then treating the underlying condition should improve the change in the heart rate.

If the heart rate is abnormal due to a change in electrical activity within the heart (arrhythmia), then specific medications designed to improve arrhythmias may be recommended. Examples of medications that can be given to cats with arrhythmias include propranolol, atenolol, sotalol, and diltiazem, but it depends on your veterinarian’s specific findings. In severe cases, some medications may be given intravenously in the clinic. Rarely, a pacemaker may be recommended for a cat with an arrhythmia.

Your veterinarian is best suited to advise you on what’s normal for your cat. While it’s good to be knowledgeable about your cat’s heart health, we wouldn’t want you to get caught up in repeatedly checking your cat’s heart rate! Make sure you’re paying attention to other indicators of your cat’s health, such as their activity level, appetite, bathroom habits, and grooming behaviors. Pet parents will often notice changes in behavior that help the veterinarian figure out what’s going on and how to help our feline family members.

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“Treating the symptoms of allergies without addressing the underlying cause will only provide temporary relief,” says Dr. Alejandro Caos, a veterinarian with at-home veterinary service The Vets. “Working with a veterinarian to identify the specific allergen can help avoid exposure to the allergen and prevent future allergic reactions.” 

Dogs can be allergic to many different things, including flea bites, pollens and grasses, food ingredients, cleaning products, metals, synthetic materials, and even medications.

“The most common allergy diagnoses in dogs are related to food, environmental factors like pollen, and flea bites,” says Lindsay Butzer, DVM, of Clint Moore Animal Hospital in Boca Raton, Florida. 

Read on to find out why allergy relief for dogs is so important and learn more about different allergy treatments.

Allergy Relief for Dogs: Why It’s Important

Because allergies in dogs are typically life-long, it’s important to treat and manage them correctly. 

“Untreated allergies can lead to complications, such as skin infections, ear infections, respiratory issues, and GI issues,” Dr. Caos says. “Allergies can make your pet quite miserable. Identifying and treating the underlying cause of allergies can help prevent these complications from developing.”

It can be tricky to get to the bottom of what is causing allergies, but veterinarians have strategies for diagnosing them. Some dogs might need blood or skin tests, or in the case of suspected food allergies, an elimination diet to pinpoint problematic ingredients. 

“An examination and discussion with your veterinarian can help pinpoint the cause of the allergies,” Dr. Butzer says. “However, if the cause remains unclear or if the dog has persistent symptoms, allergy testing may be needed.”

What Can I Give My Dog for Allergies? 

Allergies can be frustrating to deal with, but the good news is, there are many helpful treatments for allergies in dogs, including veterinarian-prescribed and over-the-counter options. Some allergy remedies address the symptoms (itchy, inflamed skin) while others work to reduce or eliminate the allergies themselves. 

“Once the specific allergen is identified, the veterinarian can develop a customized treatment plan tailored to the dog’s needs,” Dr. Caos says. “This may include avoiding exposure to the allergen, medication, immunotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.” For dogs with food allergies, prescription diets might be used.

Prescription Allergy Medicine for Dogs

Based on the results of your dog’s physical exam and history, as well as any testing, your vet might prescribe certain allergy treatments, which could include one or more shots, tablets, pills or topical creams. According to Dr. Caos, some of the most common prescription allergy treatments for dogs are:

Antihistamines: These medications block the effects of histamine, a chemical released during an allergic reaction. 

Corticosteroids: These suppress the immune response and reduce inflammation. Some common corticosteroids include prednisone and dexamethasone. Long-term use of these drugs can be harmful, so these are generally used in the short-term.

Immunomodulators: These are often used long-term to suppress the immune response and reduce inflammation. Common immunomodulators are Atopica (cyclosporine) and Apoquel (oclacitinib). Apoquel is an oral tablet that can be used for long-term maintenance or short-term therapy to relieve and control allergic dog itch and inflammation due to skin allergies.

Immunotherapy: Also called allergy shots, allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) is often used for environmental allergies. Small amounts of allergens are injected under the skin to help the dog build up a tolerance to the allergen over time.

Antibiotics and Antifungals: If a dog’s allergies have caused a secondary skin infection, your veterinarian might prescribe antibiotics or antifungal medications to clear them up.

Over-the-Counter Allergy Medicine for Dogs

Some of the medications used to treat allergies in dogs are made for humans and sold over the counter. For instance, antihistamines like Benadryl (diphenhydramine), Zyrtec (cetirizine), and Claritin (loratadine) can be purchased without a prescription. 

However, Dr. Caos warns that you should never attempt to treat your dog’s allergies with over-the-counter medications without explicit instructions from your vet. 

“Some over-the-counter allergy medications commonly used by humans, such as antihistamines, decongestants, and nasal sprays, may be safe for pets in certain circumstances and under the guidance of a veterinarian,” he says. “However, the dosage and type of medication may differ for pets, and the veterinarian will need to consider the pet’s age, size, and medical history before prescribing any medication.”

When using over-the-counter medications as directed by your veterinarian, make sure you purchase products that contain the specified drug only and not any combination products. Some medications that are safe for humans can be deadly for pets. 

“You never want to give your dog any medication that contains pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine,” Dr. Caos says. “These medications are extremely dangerous to dogs.” 

If you are worried your dog might have ingested potentially dangerous human medication, call your veterinarian and/or the Pet Poison Helpline (855-764-7661) or the ASPCA Animal Poison Control hotline (888-426-4435). Consultation fees may apply.

Supplements for Dog Allergies

Certain supplements can be very helpful for managing allergies in dogs, but don’t use supplements as a substitute for veterinary care. Supplements should only be used under the guidance of a veterinarian. According to Dr. Caos, supplements that might be beneficial for dogs with allergies include:

Omega-3 Fatty Acids: The anti-inflammatory properties in omega-3 fatty acids might reduce the severity of allergic reactions by promoting skin barrier health. Common supplements use fish oil, flaxseed oil, and krill oil.

Probiotics: These beneficial bacteria can potentially help support a healthy immune system, reduce inflammation in the body, and improve digestive health, which could be beneficial for dogs suffering from food allergies.

Quercetin: This flavonoid found in many fruits and vegetables has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Quercetin is thought to reduce allergies by stabilizing mast cells.

Vitamin E: A well-known antioxidant, vitamin E can support a healthy immune system and reduce inflammation, which could be beneficial for pets with skin allergies or other allergic reactions.

Home Remedies for Dog Allergies: Safety and Things to Consider

You can use some non-medication allergy remedies at home as part of your dog’s overall allergy treatment strategy. Our experts recommend oatmeal baths and cooling pads to soothe itchy, inflamed skin.

“You can purchase cooling pads designed for pets, or make your own by placing a damp towel in the refrigerator or freezer for a few minutes before applying it to your pet’s skin,” Dr. Caos says.

How to Help Dog Allergies: Other Tips and Advice

You can take other steps at home to minimize allergy symptoms in dogs by limiting exposure to allergens. Don’t smoke around your dog, and avoid using harsh chemical cleaners, perfumes, scented candles, or air fresheners. 

To cut down on allergens in your home, consider vacuuming, sweeping, dusting, washing your dog’s bedding, and laundering household blankets and pillows more frequently.

“Pet owners should avoid exposing their dogs to known allergens as much as possible,” Dr. Butzer says. “This might mean avoiding certain foods, using hypoallergenic products, or limiting time outdoors when there is a lot of pollen in the environment. It’s also important not to over-bathe your dog, as this can strip their skin of essential oils and make them more susceptible to allergens.”

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The good news is that there are plenty of flea and tick control products for dogs out there to combat these parasites and even prevent infestations. That being said, it’s not uncommon for dog parents to express concerns about the types of chemicals used in these products and potential side effects they may cause.

This has led some pet parents to search for natural flea and tick prevention for dogs. The question is, do natural remedies work when it comes to external parasites? Well, let’s take a look.

Flea and Tick Prevention for Dogs: Why It’s Important

Before we get into natural flea and tick treatment for dogs, let’s take a brief look at where dogs pick up these parasites and why it’s so vital to keep fleas and ticks at bay.

Fleas and ticks like to hang out in shady, moist areas, such as tall grass, shrubs, weeds, and wood and leaf piles. Inside the home, fleas can lurk in carpet, furniture, and cracks and crevices. Dogs can pick up fleas and ticks simply by getting close to these parasites, whether in the house, in the yard, at the park, or from other animals who already have them.

Once these parasites find a host, they feed on the animal’s blood. In doing so, they can transmit dangerous diseases. Ticks can carry Lyme disease, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and dogs can get tapeworms from ingesting an infected flea.

If not properly addressed, fleas on dogs can jump onto other family pets and even people, putting them at risk for illness too. 

Are Conventional Flea and Tick Products Safe?

Keeping dogs away from grassy and wooded areas where fleas and ticks live is one way to avoid interacting with these parasites. There are also natural ways to discourage fleas and ticks from finding your yard or home habitable (more on this to come). But dogs are gonna dog—sniff around, dig stuff up, play in the weeds, meet other animals—so this plan isn’t foolproof.

A more practical way to protect your pet is to use products that kill or repel fleas and ticks. The American Animal Hospital Association and the American Veterinary Medical Association recommend year-round prevention. Flea and tick control products for dogs come in a variety of forms, including oral medications, topicals, collars, and shampoos. Some require a prescription, while others are available over the counter. 

• Oral products, like the prescription-only chewable Bravecto, enter a dog’s bloodstream and are rapidly distributed to tissue fluids under the skin. When a parasite tries to take a blood meal, they take in Bravecto’s active ingredient, fluralaner, and die rapidly. 
• Topical solutions work in two main ways: 1) They get absorbed into the bloodstream and redistributed to the tissue fluids under the skin, or 2) They spread via the body’s natural oils. 
• Flea and tick collars for dogs, such as Seresto, slowly distribute active ingredients (like imidacloprid and flumethrin) across the pet’s body.

While these products may effectively kill or repel fleas and ticks, some dog parents worry about whether the chemicals they contain are harmful to their dog, other household pets, or children. 

According to the FDA, there have been a limited number of reports of flea and tick products in the isoxazoline class of parasiticides being associated with neurological side effects, such as muscle tremors and seizures, in dogs and cats (1). Overall, the FDA still considers these products to be safe for use in most dogs.

Seresto collars made news in 2021 after the federal government examined reports from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regarding potential adverse reactions to the collars. Veterinary experts mostly agree that the collars are safe when used appropriately. Similarly, while some dog parents might blanch at giving their pups a chewable containing an insecticide like fluralaner, the general consensus among veterinarians is that these chewables can be safely used in most pets. 

Dr. M. Blake Murray, assistant professor in primary care at the Oklahoma State University College of Veterinary Medicine and chief of staff at Banfield Pet Hospital in North Oklahoma City, says he is “very comfortable with the safety of our currently available prescription medications,” especially given the consequences of the diseases that flea and tick control products aim to curb. 

That doesn’t mean there is zero risk—it means the benefits outweigh the potential risks. “It would be irresponsible to say that every prescription medication will be 100 percent risk-free for use in every patient,” Dr. Murray says. “Often in medicine we are making recommendations based on management of risks.”

Dr. Clay Bernard, a holistic vet in Austin, Texas, says he isn’t against using conventional flea and tick products, he just prefers not to use them regularly. “I’d rather use these medications if needed and only a month at a time, since some pet guardians ultimately do a great job with environmental management and diligently keeping fleas off their pet,” Dr. Bernard says.

Does Natural Flea and Tick Prevention for Dogs Exist?

With prevention being the best medicine, it’s no surprise that there are plenty of DIY recipes and products for pets on the market that claim to naturally combat fleas and ticks. You’ll find collars, sprays, wipes, and shampoos that tout natural ingredients like essential oils, neem oil, vinegar, and citrus. However, while essential oils and neem oil may help, they can’t solve flea and tick problems. In other words, they help repel pests, not kill them.

Veterinarians mostly advise against using natural flea and tick repellents made from essential oils or neem as the only means of protection for pets. The effectiveness of these products has not been established, Dr. Murray adds.

“There certainly are lots of natural flea and tick repellents on the market,” he says. “I make recommendations for my patients based on peer reviewed studies that evaluate the safety and efficacy of products. Currently, I am unable to find any such studies that support the efficacy of natural flea/tick repellents. As such, I cannot make a recommendation for a natural repellent and trust that it will work.”

Before you decide to purchase a natural flea and tick collar or whip up a natural flea and tick spray for dogs, it’s best to talk to your vet first. With all that in mind, here is a closer look at some commonly used natural remedies for fleas and ticks on dogs. 

Essential Oils

Essential oils, like citronella and peppermint, are a mainstay of natural dog flea and tick collars and natural flea and tick sprays for dogs. These types of oils may act as repellants by blocking odors that attract insects like fleas and ticks, making it harder for them to find their host (2).

There is some science to back up the idea that essential oils can work as flea and tick repellents. A 2017 study comparing the effectiveness of certain essential oils to that of DEET and permethrin found that “all oils were found to be more repellent than DEET and permethrin,” with thyme and myrtle oils being the most effective (3). However, it’s important to point out that this study was performed on humans, not dogs. It is also important to note that while thyme is safe for dogs, myrtle is not. 

A number of essential oils like tea tree oil can be toxic to dogs and/or cats when inhaled or ingested, especially if they are not diluted properly. “There are studies that demonstrate adverse reactions to pets exposed to essential oils,” Dr. Murray says. He points to one study in particular that found that “dogs and cats can experience significant adverse effects when exposed to plant-derived flea preventatives.” (4)

If you’re considering purchasing a flea and tick product with essential oils, make sure the company is reputable. Pet parents should not apply essential oils to their pet unless they are working in partnership with a veterinarian. 

Neem Oil 

Perhaps the most talked-about natural pest repellent for dogs is neem oil, also known as Margosa oil. It is a vegetable oil, not an essential oil. Neem oil is prized for its pest-repelling qualities in agriculture. People use it as a skin lotion, and natural-minded pet parents have turned to neem oil to help keep fleas and mosquitoes away. 

Aside from repelling fleas, neem can affect the feeding behavior of fleas and disrupt their growth and development (5). 

As with essential oils, neem oil must be diluted before application, so consult with your veterinarian first. When used properly, neem oil can be helpful as a natural alternative to conventional products, but it is best when used alongside products that treat the environment (more on this next). 

Cedarwood and Diatomaceous Earth

To help keep fleas and ticks at bay, it’s important to treat your pet and their indoor and outdoor environment. Natural pest control products for the yard and home include cedarwood and diatomaceous earth.

According to the USDA, cedarwood can be as effective as DEET in repelling fleas and ticks, without being derived from petroleum (6). Fleas and ticks dislike the smell of cedarwood, and it’s non-toxic to dogs and cats. This makes cedarwood chips around the yard especially attractive as a repellent.

Food-grade diatomaceous earth is another popular option for dog parents seeking natural pest control methods for their homes and yards. It is essentially the powdered remains of fossilized, single-cell algae. It’s a common all-natural repellent that most insects—especially fleas and roaches—prefer to stay clear of. It works by caking onto the bodies of insects and essentially suffocating them. 

Dr. Bernard says diatomaceous earth and beneficial nematodes are good natural preventatives that are especially troublesome for fleas in their development phase. “Since managing the egg and larval stages in the environment is 95 percent of any flea control regimen in high-burden areas of the country, diatomaceous earth and beneficial nematodes are key,” he says. “Diatomaceous earth can be likened to shards of glass that lyse (break down) the eggs and larva as they hatch. Nematodes [used as pest control] are microscopic organisms that live naturally in the soil and feed on the larval and nymph stages of fleas.”

However, there is no reliable data showing diatomaceous earth is useful for flea control inside the home. And when applied outdoors, diatomaceous earth (remember, it’s a powder) can easily be blown or washed away. There’s also the potential for respiratory trouble in pets.

“Diatomaceous earth itself is not apparently toxic to dogs when ingested,” Dr. Murray says. “However, it has the potential to cause ocular or respiratory irritation if applied directly to a pet. If you are going to use it, I would recommend reserving the use of diatomaceous earth to the environment when pets aren’t present.”

Safety and Things to Consider

While there is a bevy of natural alternatives to traditional flea and tick control products for dogs, the effectiveness of these products is questionable and, if misused, these products can be harmful to your dog. Essential oils can irritate your dog’s skin and some oils can be toxic if ingested when your dog is grooming themselves.

Veterinarians generally recommend that natural flea and tick alternatives for dogs be used in conjunction with conventional methods of parasite control. Always talk to your veterinarian before applying anything new to your dog’s skin or fur. 

One safe and effective method to check for fleas and ticks is a flea comb. Flea combs will catch on ticks and scoop up flea eggs in your dog’s fur. Dr. Bernard recommends using a flea comb two or three times a week.

If you find fleas, flea dirt, or flea eggs on your dog, your vet will advise on next steps. And if you find a tick on your dog, learn how to safely remove it or let your vet do it. 

As with anything related to your dog’s health, talking to a vet first is always good practice before you decide on a course of action.

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Continue reading to find out what cerebellar hypoplasia in cats is and how to manage your wobbly cat at home.

What Is Cerebellar Hypoplasia?

Cerebellar hypoplasia in cats, also known as wobbly cat syndrome or CH, is a developmental condition in which a specific part of the brain, called the cerebellum, fails to develop properly. 

The cerebellum, which means “little brain” in Latin, is a part of the central nervous system within the back of the skull between the cerebrum and brainstem. Specifically, the cerebellum is responsible for coordination and balance. The word “hypoplasia” refers to underdevelopment of a particular organ or tissue, meaning the affected organ or tissue is often smaller than normal.

Although cerebellar hypoplasia is lifelong and untreatable, there’s good news for cats with CH! Wobbly cat syndrome isn’t painful, and cats with cerebellar hypoplasia typically have a great quality of life. Importantly, wobbly cat syndrome isn’t contagious between cats. CH is different from a lot of other neurological disorders in that it’s typically present at birth, doesn’t worsen over time, and has signs restricted only to the cerebellum.

Although we don’t know the true prevalence of cerebellar hypoplasia in cats and the condition is uncommon overall, CH is among the leading causes of neurological signs in kittens or young cats. It’s the most common condition affecting the cerebellum of kittens.

Causes of Cerebellar Hypoplasia in Cats

The development of cerebellar hypoplasia in a cat is truly dependent on the health of their mother. A kitten can develop wobbly cat syndrome if their mother receives a modified live virus vaccine (typically their annual FVRCP vaccine) or contracts the panleukopenia virus during pregnancy. Panleukopenia virus is a parvovirus (same family as canine parvovirus), and it usually causes diarrhea and immune system suppression in adult cats. The reason for these signs in adults is that the panleukopenia virus preferentially attacks rapidly dividing cells. In an adult cat, the cells that line their intestines and their white blood cells are some of the most rapidly dividing cells, so they are affected by the virus most severely.

So how does this lead to cerebellar hypoplasia in a kitten? During fetal development and within the first two weeks of life, the cerebellum is undergoing rapid development. If the kitten becomes infected with parvovirus either through natural infection or a live vaccination while in the uterus or within the first two weeks after birth, the virus can affect the rapidly dividing cells of their cerebellum. This will cause them to have an underdeveloped cerebellum.

Interestingly, CH may affect only one kitten in a litter, or it may affect all of them. Kittens affected by panleukopenia virus after two weeks of age are likely to have severe signs of the virus itself but are highly unlikely to develop wobbly cat syndrome.

Infection with panleukopenia virus is the most common cause of CH by far, but the condition could also theoretically develop if the pregnant mother cat is really malnourished or if the kitten suffers a head trauma that affects the cerebellum during its rapid stage of development.

Symptoms of Wobbly Cat Syndrome

Even though cerebellar hypoplasia is usually present at birth, it’s often not apparent until the kitten is trying to stand and walk on their own. This is usually around 2-3 weeks of age. Clinical signs do not worsen over time but may slightly improve as the cat adjusts to their disability.

Signs of wobbly cat syndrome include:

• Jerky, shaky, uncoordinated walking
• Appearing to sway from side to side when walking
• A high-stepping gait called hypermetria (sometimes called goose-stepping)
• Wide-based stance
• Mild head tremors at rest
• More noticeable tremors when the kitten makes an intentional movement, such as trying to play with a toy or bending over to eat or drink from a bowl (intention tremors)
• Clumsy placement of feet
• Leaning against walls for support

The uncoordinated, high-stepping walk of this condition is often referred to as “cerebellar ataxia.”

Clinical signs vary in severity depending on how developed the cerebellum was when the kitten was infected. Most cats with cerebellar hypoplasia will have an uncoordinated gait and intention tremors, but they will be able to eat on their own and use the litter box. In severe cases, the cat may struggle to get into and out of the litter box and could be at significant risk of falling and injuring themselves.

Remember that this is a developmental disorder. If your adult cat develops these clinical signs after previously having normal balance and coordination, it is extremely unlikely to be cerebellar hypoplasia. In this case, we recommend having your pet promptly evaluated by a veterinarian.

Diagnosing CH in Cats

In most cases, the veterinarian can diagnose cerebellar hypoplasia based on history and physical examination. If you have a kitten who begins to show these signs around the time they begin walking, it is extremely likely to be CH, especially if you know the mother was infected with panleukopenia virus or received a modified live vaccine while pregnant. 

The disease should not worsen in severity over time and signs should be restricted to those that can be explained by underdevelopment of the cerebellum. If your cat has other clinical signs, such as a head tilt, blindness, seizures, or inappropriate mentation, additional diagnostics would be recommended to rule out other neurological diseases.

For a more definitive diagnosis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can sometimes show a smaller than normal cerebellum. Typically, this is not necessary for diagnosis. Your veterinarian may also recommend other tests, such as blood work, to rule out other conditions. This is particularly more likely if they’re looking at an adult cat with an unknown history, such as one you have adopted from a shelter or a community cat you’ve welcomed into your home.

Treatment of Cerebellar Hypoplasia in Cats

Cerebellar hypoplasia is a developmental condition, which means we cannot treat it once it has developed. Instead, we focus on modifying the environment to keep our wobbly cats safe.

Your CH kitty must remain inside. If allowed to go outside, they’re at an increased risk of getting hit by a car or attacked by another animal due to their lack of coordination.

Lowering their head to the floor to eat or drink can worsen intention tremors. Because of this, it’s common for pet parents of CH cats to use elevated food and water dishes to reduce the trembling and make it easier for the cat to eat and drink.

Because the cat has a lack of coordination and a wide stance, it can be hard for cats to get into covered litter boxes, elevated litter boxes, litter boxes with high sides, and narrow litter boxes. In this case, we highly recommend a wide, uncovered litter box with low sides.

Cats with cerebellar hypoplasia should NEVER be declawed. Declawing can alter the way your cat walks, cause pain, and make it difficult for them to grip surfaces. Your cat with cerebellar hypoplasia will likely rely more heavily on their claws and may use them to grip if they’re losing their balance.

Keep in mind that your cat may be a fall risk. If your cat has mild CH, they may still be able to navigate cat trees and window seats, but if your cat’s cerebellar hypoplasia is moderate to severe, we recommend avoiding giving them access to heights. They will be more prone to injuries associated with falling.

Most cases of CH have a great prognosis if you adjust your home to keep them safe. Cats with cerebellar hypoplasia can still safely undergo anesthetic procedures, such as spay and neuter. More severe CH cases may require more assistance with getting into and out of litter boxes and eating and drinking. In severe cases, it may be best to restrict the cat to a safe room rather than giving them free range of the house, particularly if your home has a lot of stairs or areas the cat could fall from. Most cats with cerebellar hypoplasia will adapt to their disability and continue to be happy, healthy companions.

How to Prevent Cerebellar Hypoplasia in Cats

To prevent cerebellar hypoplasia in a cat, we need to prevent infection of their mother with panleukopenia virus. As previously mentioned, cerebellar hypoplasia can occur in kittens whose mothers become infected with panleukopenia virus or who are vaccinated with a live vaccine during pregnancy or within the first two weeks postpartum.

The best way to prevent CH is to get female cats vaccinated against panleukopenia prior to pregnancy. If your cat is already pregnant but due for her vaccines, your veterinarian may recommend holding off on vaccination until after the kittens’ first two weeks of life. Importantly, some places with a higher risk of infectious disease, such as an animal shelter or cattery, may still vaccinate pregnant cats. In these scenarios, the animal professionals have determined that the risk of infectious disease, which can be deadly, is greater than the risk of cerebellar hypoplasia.

If your cat is pregnant and has an unknown vaccination history, we recommend keeping them separate from other unvaccinated cats to prevent them from contracting panleukopenia virus. It’s extremely important that newborn kittens remain in a sanitary environment. You should avoid letting newborn kittens interact with other cats besides their mother to reduce the risk of disease transmission.

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Studies show that 38 to 56 percent of dogs that check into emergency veterinary clinics are in pain. And although there are many situations that can cause your dog to feel discomfort, including injuries, ear infections, dental disease, arthritis, and surgery, no pet parent wants to see their dog in pain. 

So, how do you provide care and relief for a dog in pain? In this article, we’ll go over the basics of how to help a dog in pain, including specific tips on how to provide them with a sense of comfort.

What to Do When Your Dog Is in Pain

“Whether your dog experiences acute pain, chronic pain, or situational pain following surgeries or dental extractions, it can affect their mood and their quality of life,” says Dr. Amber Karwacki, veterinarian and partner at Heart + Paw vet clinic in Philadelphia. “Dogs who are in pain will not want to interact with their family as they normally do.”

Your veterinarian will be able to determine the source of the pain and then determine the best course of treatment. Providing pain relief medication to help manage a dog’s pain could be part of the plan, but Dr. Karwacki notes that you should skip the drug store because most over-the-counter pain medications made for pet parents are toxic to dogs.

In addition to veterinarian-prescribed pain meds, there are other ways to comfort a dog in pain.

8 Tips for Comforting a Dog in Pain 

Set Reminders

It’s important to stick to a schedule with medications that help relieve dog pain. Set a reminder in your smartphone to ensure that you don’t miss a dose or accidentally give your dog their medication before the next dose is due, which could increase the risk of side effects.

Create a Safe Space

Dogs in pain might need more rest and not feel up to interacting with their families or other pets, according to Dr. Karwacki. Setting up a crate in a spare bedroom or other quiet spot will give your pet a space to recover and decrease the risk of making the pain worse.

“You want to provide a space where your dog feels safe and protected,” Dr. Karwacki adds. “This will keep them from having any fight or flight reactions and possibly reinjuring themselves.”

Your veterinarian may also recommend crate rest and limited movement as part of the healing process.

Keep in mind that for some pets, particularly those with separation anxiety, being restricted to a separate room may increase their anxiety levels, causing them to exacerbate their pain. For these dogs, it may be best to set their safe space in an area you frequent.

Keep Them Cozy

Providing items like an orthopedic bed and soft blankets will keep your dog comfortable while they recover from an injury or surgery, or rest during illness — but think twice before setting up a heating pad.

“Heating pads can be helpful but most likely should not be on for long amounts of time,” Dr. Karwacki says. “If your dog is unable to get off the heating pad, a thermal burn could occur.”

She also advises keeping their water bowl and food bowl nearby so your dog doesn’t have to move too far to eat or drink when they aren’t feeling well.

Consider Complementary Therapies

When it comes to managing pain in dogs, massage or acupuncture could help. 

Dogs with musculoskeletal pain due to injuries, arthritis or other orthopedic conditions showed improvements in gait, posture and behavioral issues, and were more able to engage in daily activities after receiving massage [1]. 

Acupuncture can also improve quality of life for dogs suffering from neurological disorders and ​​musculoskeletal diseases [2]. Dr. Karwacki also suggests cold laser therapy and physical therapy for dogs in pain. 

“Not every veterinarian offers these services, but make sure to ask your vet who does offer these services as we usually know what is available in your area,” she says.

Make Movement Easier

For dogs experiencing pain due to arthritis or other chronic illnesses, adding ramps up to the bed, couch, or cars makes it easier for your dog to get to their favorite spot without jumping and putting added pressure on their joints.

Installing non-slip mats or carpet runners on hardwood or tile floors can also prevent your dog from slipping and improve their ability to move around the house.

Consider Supplements

For acute pain due to injuries or post-surgical pain, Dr. Karwacki suggests veterinarian-prescribed anti-inflammatory medications, but supplements could help dogs dealing with arthritis or other types of chronic pain.

Among dogs diagnosed with osteoarthritis, a supplement containing glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate was found to be “significantly beneficial” for alleviating pain and reducing symptoms [3]. CBD supplements may be another option, with one study at Cornell showing that 80 percent of dogs that received CBD supplements experienced decreases in osteoarthritis pain.

Talk to your veterinarian about which supplements might be helpful if your dog is in pain and confirm that supplements are safe to use with their current medications.

Prioritize Quality Time

Pain may make it difficult for your dog to go for long walks or play in the backyard so it’s especially important to prioritize their wellbeing while they heal.

Set aside special time for bonding and gentle snuggles to provide comfort — but make sure your dog welcomes the attention. Some dogs may prefer to be left alone (and pain may sometimes cause fear or aggression) so watch for clues that your dog takes comfort in gentle petting and the reassuring sound of your voice, or whether they would prefer to have some alone time.

Alternatively, buying a new squeak toy or special bone that your dog can play with on their cozy bed can provide important mental stimulation. 

“Puzzle toys can also help occupy their time if your dog can no longer do their normal activities,” Dr. Karwacki adds.

Watch for Signs

Sometimes pain management plans need to be tweaked. Watch for signs that medications, supplements, alternative therapies and lots of TLC aren’t easing your dog’s pain.

Dr. Karwacki advises looking for things like limping, a hunched back, a stiff gait, shying away from being touched, ears in a down position, or laying in unusual positions, adding, “If signs of pain are seen, you should bring your dog to the vet for an exam to determine the source and receive treatment.”

It’s hard for pet parents to see their four-legged companions in pain. Working with your veterinarian to identify the source of the pain, creating an appropriate treatment plan, and incorporating strategies to ease your pup’s discomfort can help them feel a little better while they rest and recuperate.

References:

1. Riley, LM, Satchell, L, Stilwell, LM, Lenton, NS. Effect of massage therapy on pain and quality of life in dogs: A cross sectional study. Vet Rec. 2021;e586. https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.586 
2. Silva NEOF, Luna SPL, Joaquim JGF, Coutinho HD, Possebon FS. Effect of acupuncture on pain and quality of life in canine neurological and musculoskeletal diseases. Can Vet J. 2017 Sep;58(9):941-951. PMID: 28878418; PMCID: PMC5556488.
3. Martello E, Bigliati M, Adami R, Biasibetti E, Bisanzio D, Meineri G, Bruni N. Efficacy of a dietary supplement in dogs with osteoarthritis: A randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. PLoS One. 2022 Feb 16;17(2):e0263971. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263971. PMID: 35171954; PMCID: PMC8849458.

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If you’re noticing that your dog seems stiff or reluctant to participate in activities, this could be due to dog joint pain. Joint pain can be caused by dog arthritis (joint inflammation), or other health issues.

While limping is an indicator of joint pain, there are several other early warning signs that a dog has joint pain.

We spoke to veterinary experts to learn more about joint pain in dogs and the signs that could mean a dog is suffering from joint pain. 

Causes of Joint Pain in Dogs

Although there are numerous causes of joint pain in dogs, they generally fall into the category of either developmental joint issues or degenerative joint issues, says Dr. Rosalie M. LoScrudato, of NorthStar VETS Veterinary Emergency, Trauma, and Specialty Center in New Jersey.

Developmental joint issues include those problems arising from genetic or heritable conditions. This means the joints don’t develop properly. These issues include hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, angular limb deformities, chondrodystrophic deformities (uneven growth of long bones), or osteochondritis dissecans (OCD or OD), an inflammatory condition that occurs when the diseased cartilage separates from the underlying bone.

Certain breeds are predisposed to joint pain in dogs, usually large breed dogs. For example, Bernese Mountain Dogs are more likely to develop elbow dysplasia (an abnormal development in the elbow joint) and Rottweilers have an increased prevalence of hip dysplasia.

Degenerative causes of dog joint pain include repetitive injury to the joint, infections in the joint, immune-mediated diseases of the joint (immune-mediated polyarthritis), cruciate tears, poor nutrition, and obesity. Cruciate tears are often seen with impact on the dog’s joints, like jumping on and off a couch or while running. Obesity puts excessive stress on joints and can exacerbate joint disease including arthritis, says New York City-based veterinarian Dr. Rachel Barrack, certified veterinary acupuncturist and certified veterinary Chinese herbalist.

“The deterioration of the joint structure and inflammation within the joint lead to progressively painful arthritis,”  says LoScrudato.

The two main types of arthritis in dogs are rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is common in senior dogs and large breed dogs. Osteoarthritis is estimated in about 20 percent of all dogs over a year old, according to data collected from over 200 veterinarians in North America. 

Signs of Joint Pain in Dogs

“Limping is most obvious but unfortunately is not often the first sign of pain,” says Dr. LoScrudato.

Dog joint pain symptoms include the following:

• Difficulty rising
• Lethargy
• Stiffness
• Swelling at the joints
• Decreased walking distance
• Reluctance to play or engage with owners
• Sleeping more
• Loss of appetite
• Reluctance to go up/down stairs or on/off furniture
• Difficulty getting into the car
• Changes in gait
• Slipping while walking
• Chewing, biting or licking painful areas
• Increased licking all over their body

Some behavioral indicators that your dog might be experiencing dog arthritis or dog joint pain include:

• Changes in demeanor
• Irritability
• Depression

These can be misinterpreted as signs of behavioral issues or dismissed as signs of ‘normal aging’ but may be signs that your dog is in pain, says Dr. LoScrudato.

When to See a Veterinarian about Dog Joint Pain

“Any time you suspect your dog may be experiencing any kind of pain, this warrants contacting your primary care veterinarian for further diagnostics and intervention to alleviate discomfort,” says Dr. Barrack. 

A progressive change in your dog’s behavior or reduced interest in physical activity is another reason to contact your pet, Dr. LoScrudato recommends. “In addition to a full physical examination, veterinarians will gather a full history and discuss changes they and the owners have noted.”

Diagnostic procedures like radiographs (X-rays) may be recommended, Dr. LoScrudato says. “Trial of pain medications may also be used to see if pet parents notice any improvements in their pets after use.”

Collectively, this information can help determine if pets are experiencing joint pain and what further course of therapies may be warranted. If the dog joint pain is caught early enough and is treatable, the vet may recommend medications, dietary changes, supplements, and physical rehabilitation.

“Some conditions require surgical intervention while others can be treated with more moderate management including Western medications and supplements, acupuncture, and/or traditional Chinese herbal therapy,” Dr. Barrack says.

Most cases of dog arthritis causing joint pain will require long-term management.

Dog Joint Pain Relief: 4 Ways to Help

You want your dog to get joint pain relief as soon as possible but know that it’s going to be a long-term process to find a resolution or simply help alleviate some of their pain and discomfort.

Once dog arthritis is present in a joint, it is likely to progress over time.

“[The vet’s goal] is to maintain comfort and slow down the progression,” says Dr. LoScrudato. “This is most effectively done using a multi-modal approach based on each dog’s clinical signs. Multi-modal means using a varying combination of techniques, medications, supplements, and therapies to reduce discomfort.”

Here’s how you can help with dog arthritis symptoms and dog joint pain:

Address the Inflammation

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesics are commonly used to help dogs experiencing inflammation and pain, including in their joints. “Humans should never use their own medications on their pets!” Dr. LoScrudato says. NSAIDs intended for people can cause gastrointestinal ulceration and kidney failure when given to dogs.

Disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs) such as Adequan can alter the progression of dog arthritis by improving the health of the joint fluid and cartilage.

Acupuncture and traditional Chinese herbal therapy can alleviate the inflammation and discomfort associated with osteoarthritis, says Dr. Barrack.

Supplements such as omega-3 fatty acids, microlactin, turmeric, and green-lipped mussels have been shown to reduce inflammation and joint pain. Joint supplements containing glucosamine and chondroitin can also be helpful. Only use supplements under the direction of your veterinarian.

Practice Weight Management

Weight management is crucial for helping dogs with mobility issues. Losing weight reduces the load on a dog’s joints and muscles. Recent studies also show that fat tissue contains factors that promote inflammation which causes pain and the progression of arthritis.

Veterinarians can help owners determine if their pet is overweight and create a weight loss plan to achieve a target weight.

Consider Alternative Therapies 

Consulting with a rehabilitation therapist who can offer advice on exercises, stretching and massage techniques appropriate for your pet is an excellent way to actively participate in a pet’s therapy program. “Acupressure and massage are great things owners can do at home when snuggling on the couch to help alleviate some of their dog’s joint-related aches and pains,” says Dr. Barrack.

Swimming is also a great low impact exercise that can help dog arthritis symptoms by increasing muscle mass which in turn helps strengthen and support joints. It can also be a good way to increase your pet’s activity level if you’re encouraging them to lose weight without increasing stress on their joints.

Make Modifications to Your Home

Keep your dog more comfortable by making some slight adjustments to your home. 

Providing ramps to get in and out of the house or vehicle and on/off furniture can be beneficial. Anti-slip mats or carpets can be added to areas that are frequently used by your dog to help prevent falls. 

Consider a heated dog bed or an orthopedic dog bed to provide maximum comfort and take pressure off your dog’s joints. 

Create places where your dog can relax away from overly enthusiastic housemates – such as other pets and toddlers — so they can rest.

“The benefits of adapting the home environment, weight management and lifestyle modifications cannot be over emphasized,” says Dr. LoScrudato.

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Cats can certainly have itchy skin, and many will also cough or sneeze from time to time. This begs the question: can cats have allergies? Let’s take a closer look.

Can Cats Have Allergies?

The short answer is yes, cats can have allergies. Allergies are an inflammatory response to a specific stimulus, and this delightful experience isn’t restricted to humans alone. That said, cats don’t necessarily experience allergies in the exact same way humans do, but many people know how uncomfortable it can be to have something seemingly innocuous (or even invisible) trigger a physical reaction like this.

According to Dr. Sarrah Hoppers, assistant professor of dermatology at the Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, allergies in cats generally first surface when the animals are young, specifically between ages 1 and 3. 

“Some studies have shown that Maine Coon, Abyssinian, Siamese, Persians, and Himalayan cats are predisposed to developing allergies,” Dr. Hoppers adds, “but we should be careful interpreting that type of information, as these might not represent a true breed predisposition but rather a regional popularity of certain breeds.”

Types of allergies in cats include:

• Food allergies
• Environmental allergies
• Allergic bronchitis (feline asthma)
• Flea allergies
• Contact allergies

What Causes Allergies in Cats? 

Many things can trigger allergies in cats. Here is a look at common triggers, broken down by allergy type. 

Food allergies

Cats can be allergic to specific ingredients in their food. “In the vast majority of cases of food allergies in cats and dogs, it is the protein source in the diet that causes the allergy,” Dr. Hoppers says.

The most common proteins that cause allergies in cats are chicken, beef, and fish, she adds. While more rare, other ingredients like wheat and corn can sometimes be the source of an allergy.

Environmental allergies

With the exception of flea allergies, most other allergies in cats are triggered by environmental factors, says Dr. Bruce Kornreich, the director of the Cornell Feline Health Center at the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. These are more commonly referred to as seasonal allergies because most of these allergens are typically prevalent during a specific time of year. 

“In the spring, it’s trees and grass growing. Molds are present in fall. And dust mites might be more prevalent in winter because the heat is turned on, and they’re in the duct work of the house, so they get stirred up into the air, and cats breathe them in,” Dr. Kornreich says. 

Allergic bronchitis

Airborne substances, such as cigarette smoke or strongly scented products like candles or even kitty litter dust, can trigger allergic bronchitis in cats, also known as feline asthma. “Feline asthma is a common problem,” says Dr. Jessica Bell, an assistant professor of community practice at Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine. Dr. Bell says smoke in the air from wildfires where she lives in the Northwest can trigger an asthmatic reaction in cats.

Flea allergies

The presence of fleas, of course, makes cats itchy, but it’s also possible that some cats are allergic to fleas, Dr. Kornreich says. More specifically, the proteins in flea saliva trigger a reaction in allergic cats when they get bit. 

If a cat is allergic to fleas, they might be allergic to other parasites, Dr. Bell says. Parasite control is one of the most important strategies for allergy management.

Contact allergies

Though it is rare compared to the other types of allergies discussed so far, cats can experience contact allergies. For example, a cat can be allergic to certain cleaning products used on countertops or other surfaces they come into contact with, Dr Kornreich says. 

Some shampoos may also cause allergic dermatitis in cats, Dr. Bell adds.

Allergy Symptoms in Cats

Symptoms of allergies in cats typically fall into three buckets: dermatological, respiratory, and gastrointestinal (GI).

The primary dermatological symptom of most types of allergies is itching, Dr. Hoppers says, but this leads to other behaviors that cause additional problems.

“Itching is usually the most prevalent symptom, and this leads to the cat over-grooming, which can look like excessive licking, chewing, and/or pulling out tufts of hair,” she says. “This self-traumatization often causes open and/or crusted skin lesions to develop, and secondary bacterial skin infections are relatively common.”

Treating secondary infections is just as important as dealing with the initial symptoms of the allergy, Dr. Kornreich says. Without doing so, your cat may end up in a cycle where the allergy is no longer bothering them, but the secondary infection causes itching that may lead to another infection, and so on.

While respiratory symptoms may not be as prevalent or common as dermatological symptoms for many types of allergies in cats, they manifest more frequently when it comes to inhaled allergens. Respiratory symptoms in cats due to allergies can include coughing and wheezing.

GI symptoms of allergies in cats include vomiting and diarrhea, says Dr. Bell. These symptoms can occur with diet-related allergens, though food allergy symptoms in cats also include itchiness that can occur anywhere on the body. Sometimes a cat’s head and neck are impacted by itchiness from food allergies in particular, Dr. Hoppers says.

Diagnosing Allergies in Cats

Diagnosing allergies in cats can be a challenging and potentially lengthy process for pet parents and medical professionals. This is because many of the symptoms associated with feline allergies are symptoms of other conditions as well. 

The process for diagnosing non-food allergies in cats starts with ruling out things like mites, ticks, fleas, and fungal skin diseases, Dr. Kornreich says.

Once these triggers are ruled out, a veterinary dermatologist can conduct an intradermal skin test on your cat. “It involves injecting very small amounts of various allergens under the skin as you watch to see if there’s an inflammatory reaction,” Dr. Kornreich says. 

There’s also a blood test that looks for a specific antibody called immunoglobulin E (IgE), which Dr. Kornreich says can be somewhat helpful for diagnosing environmental allergies in cats, but it’s not as reliable as the skin test.

If your veterinarian suspects a food allergy, the best way to confirm this is to try and eliminate the allergen from your cat’s diet. The preferred method of doing this is giving the cat a hydrolyzed diet, in which protein chains are broken into smaller pieces so that the body doesn’t recognize the protein that may be causing the allergy, Dr. Bell says. 

The cat should be on this diet for about 12 weeks to get an appropriate sense of whether it’s working, she says. During that time, no other sources of food—including treats, food that’s meant for another cat in the house, or table scraps—can be given to the cat or else the process must start over again. This includes medications, such as preventatives, that have flavorings in them. Check with your veterinarian before discontinuing any medications.

An alternative to a hydrolyzed diet that pet parents can perhaps more easily attempt on their own involves feeding a cat a protein that he has never been exposed to before (a novel protein) for a similar period of time and with the same restrictions on other types and sources of food, Dr. Bell says. However, if you wish to do this, it’s critical that you closely review the food label to ensure it’s limited in carbohydrates and doesn’t contain any fillers or other ingredients that come from other protein sources. 

For all of these reasons, it’s wise to work alongside a veterinary professional when trying to identify what’s triggering a food allergy in cats.

Treating Allergies in Cats

There are a variety of ways to treat allergy symptoms in cats with medications. The best option depends on the cat and the severity of the problem. “Allergy medications should be prescribed and monitored by a veterinarian, and home remedies are typically not effective or recommended,” Dr. Hoppers says.

Antihistamines are among the most common treatments for allergies in cats, Dr. Kornreich says. Veterinarians may also try cyclosporine for allergic dermatitis or a corticosteroid, though the latter comes with potential negative side effects.

“The biggest [side effect] is diabetes, and in some cases, if the cat has other problems like heart disease, [steroids] can worsen them,” he says. “So lifestyle changes, along with antihistamines and omega-3 fatty acids, might be worth trying first.”

Additionally, like humans, cats may undergo allergen-specific immunotherapy, Dr. Kornreich says, during which the cat is intermittently given small injections of the potentially offending allergen to desensitize them.

Preventing Allergies in Cats

If a food allergy is strongly suspected, the best method of prevention is formulating a diet for the cat that removes the offending ingredient, as outlined above. 

Keeping all pets in the home on year-round parasite prevention is the best way to prevent flea allergies.

Many other allergies in cats, including ones coming from specific environmental sources, may be more difficult to completely prevent. However, Dr. Kornreich says regularly changing the air filters in your house, cleaning out your ducts, and deep cleaning in general can all help rid your cat’s space of potentially offending allergens. 

And if prevention isn’t possible, treatment is your best course of action. The earlier you start that process, the better, Dr. Hoppers says. “The single most important thing a pet parent can do is intervene in the allergic process under the guidance of a veterinarian or veterinary dermatologist as early in life as possible,” she says. “When left undiagnosed and untreated, allergy symptoms tend to become more severe as animals age, and they can become more difficult to treat as a result. Identifying the problem and starting a treatment protocol early presents the best chance for success and improving quality of life.”

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Allergens, which are usually proteins, can be found in plants, animals, insects, and even foods. Dogs can also experience allergic reactions to chemicals, materials, and medications.

Read on to explore common dog allergies, allergy symptoms to look out for, and how to help your dog.

Signs of Allergies in Dogs

In humans, allergies are commonly associated with sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes. Although some allergic dogs do show these symptoms, allergies in dogs more commonly manifest as inflamed, itchy skin. The inflamed skin sometimes leads to skin or ear infections. Other dogs might have gastrointestinal signs, such as vomiting or diarrhea.

“Allergy symptoms in dogs can be similar to those of other medical conditions,” said Dr. Alejandro Caos, a veterinarian with at-home veterinary service The Vets. “A veterinarian can perform diagnostic tests to determine if the symptoms are indeed caused by allergies or if there is another underlying medical issue.”

Depending on the type of allergy and the individual dog, you might see:

• Red, itchy skin
• Rash
• Skin infections
• Hives
• Poor coat
• Excessive self-licking, especially of the paws
• Sneezing
• Watery eyes
• Itchy ears
• Ear infections
• Facial swelling
• Vomiting 
• Diarrhea
• Scooting on the ground

What Are Dogs Allergic To? Common Allergens

Knowing what is causing your dog’s allergies is the key to helping them find relief. Dogs might be allergic to just one allergen or might be affected by multiple allergens throughout the year.

“It’s super important for pet owners to work with their veterinarian to determine the cause of their dog’s allergies before attempting to treat the symptoms,” said Dr. Lindsay Butzer of Clint Moore Animal Hospital in Boca Raton, Florida. “Allergies can have many different triggers, and treating the symptoms without addressing the root cause won’t provide long-term relief for your furry friend.”

According to Dr. Caos, allergies in dogs can be broken down into five general categories: 

• Flea allergies (flea allergy dermatitis, caused by flea bites)
• Environmental allergies (e.g., pollens, mold, dust, and mites)
• Food allergies
• Contact allergies (any substance that contacts the skin, including plants, fabrics, and chemicals)
• Insect stings (e.g., bees, wasps)

What Plants Are Dogs Allergic To?

In addition to dust, mold and mites, environmental allergies in dogs can be caused by almost any plant pollen spread by the wind. Common culprits include grass pollens, weed pollens, tree pollens, and flower pollens. Any pollen can be a potential allergen. 

What Foods Are Dogs Allergic To?

Dogs can have adverse reactions to foods, whether true food allergies or food intolerances. Dogs can be allergic to any food ingredient, but according to one study, the most common food allergens in dogs are: 

• Beef
• Dairy products 
• Chicken 
• Wheat

What Other Things Are Dogs Allergic To?

Contact allergies, caused by substances that come in contact with the dog’s skin, are less common than flea allergies, environmental allergies, and food allergies. Dogs can suffer from contact allergies to almost any substance, but common offenders include:

• Cleaning products
• Laundry detergent
• Carpet fibers
• Plants
• Ingredients in topical parasiticides or flea collars
• Topical medications and shampoos
• Metals

How to Help Your Dog With Allergies

To know how to best treat and prevent allergies, your vet first needs to identify what your dog is allergic to. In addition to conducting a comprehensive physical exam, your vet will ask you questions about your dog’s lifestyle and when the allergies seem to be the worst. If signs of a flea infestation are seen, your vet will recommend starting your dog on an oral or topical flea preventive.

Allergy testing can be helpful to pinpoint environmental allergens. “Intradermal skin testing involves injecting small amounts of allergens under the skin to identify which allergens cause an allergic reaction in the dog,” Dr. Caos says. 

Food allergies are usually diagnosed using an elimination diet trial. Your vet will instruct you to feed your dog a special minimal-ingredient prescription diet that contains a single protein and a single carbohydrate source for about 8 to 12 weeks. During the trial, the dog cannot eat any other foods, including “people foods,” treats, or oral medications (including preventatives) that have added flavors. Speak with your veterinarian before discontinuiing any medications.

If the dog’s symptoms improve during the elimination diet trial, a food allergy is suspected. To identify the specific food or foods that the dog is allergic to, other ingredients are re-added back to the dog’s diet, one at a time. If the dog’s allergy symptoms return after the reintroduction of a certain ingredient, the allergy is confirmed. 

Once your vet has diagnosed allergies in your dog, they might prescribe or recommend certain medications. “There are several prescription medications available to treat allergies in dogs,” Dr. Butzer says. “These may include corticosteroids, antihistamines, and immunosuppressive drugs like cyclosporine. Your veterinarian will recommend the best treatment based on your dog’s specific needs and the severity of their allergies.”

Apoquel is a commonly prescribed oral medicine for allergic itch in dogs that provides fast, effective relief.

Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT, sometimes called allergy shots) can help improve a dog’s tolerance to allergens, in turn reducing allergy symptoms. 

You can also help your dog by removing allergens from their environment through frequent cleaning and vacuuming, and washing your dog’s bedding regularly. Bathing your dog with a moisturizing oatmeal shampoo can help soothe itchy skin and remove pollen, dust, and other problematic substances from their fur. If the allergies are caused by food, avoiding the problem ingredients should resolve your dog’s allergies. Keep in mind that some dogs may have multiple types of allergies, so management may be more complex in these scenarios.

Allergies can be uncomfortable for dogs, and management of allergies in dogs is usually lifelong. Identifying what’s causing your dog’s allergies is the key to relieving their discomfort, but you can rest assured that veterinarians are skilled at diagnosing allergies. 

“Allergy testing is not always necessary to diagnose allergies in dogs, as other methods can be used,” Dr. Caos says. “A veterinarian will determine the most appropriate diagnostic approach based on the dog’s symptoms, medical history, and potential exposure to allergens.”

The post What Are Dogs Allergic To? Common Allergens appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Luckily, cats are not typically allergic to humans, but we do share some common allergens. Cats can be allergic to environmental allergens like dust and pollen, certain types of food, and flea saliva. But how can you tell if your cat has an allergy, and how do you pinpoint what is causing the reaction? Here’s what you need to know.

Signs of Allergies in Cats

The most common signs of environmental and flea allergies in cats are seen in the skin and ears. “Skin and ears can become itchy. There could also be fur loss,” explains Emily Swiniarski, DVM, chief medical officer of PAWS Chicago in Chicago, Illinois. “However, cats are very secretive, so you might not see them scratching.”

Cats with allergies often get secondary skin infections or have red bumps, especially if fleas are involved. Cats can also get a rash-like skin condition called miliary dermatitis in response to allergens.

In addition to thinning fur behind the ears, allergy cats can have inflammation and hair loss on the face, neck, lower back/rump, belly, and thighs.

With food allergies in cats, the most common sign is itchy, irritated skin. That being said, there is the possibility that a food allergy could also cause gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea, vomiting, change in appetite, and weight loss.

It can be very difficult to diagnose allergies in cats. “Sometimes we joke that cats don’t read our textbooks, because there can be a wide variety of clinical presentations for different ailments, including allergies,” says Dr. Ekaterina Mendoza-Kuznetsova, V.V.Z., DECVD, assistant clinical professor in the Department of Clinical Sciences at Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine in North Grafton, Massachusetts. “On top of that, it can also be difficult to differentiate allergies from similar conditions.”

What Are Cats Allergic To? Common Allergens

As mentioned earlier, cats and people can be allergic to many of the same things. “Anything that could create allergies in a human can create allergies in a cat,” Dr. Swiniarski says. “They can be allergic to all sorts of grasses, pollen, and plants, as well as dust mites, fleas, and dogs or other pets.”

Allergies in cats can be broken down into a few general categories, including:

• Flea allergies (flea allergy dermatitis, caused by flea bites)
• Environmental allergies (e.g., pollen, grass, dust, mold)
• Food allergies
• Contact allergies (anything that comes in contact with the skin, such as shampoos, or fabrics like wool)
• Feline asthma (triggered by inhaled substances in the air like smoke or perfume)

Perhaps the most common allergen for cats is flea bites. “With a flea allergy, a single bite can cause a hypersensitive reaction that could potentially last for a couple of weeks,” Dr. Mendoza-Kuznetsova says. “And you might never see a flea. All it takes is one bite and for the flea to jump to a different host.”

What Plants Are Cats Allergic To?

In addition to common environmental allergens like dust and mold, pollen spread by plants can cause allergies in cats. Common culprits include tree pollens, grass pollens, weed pollens, and flower pollens.

If your cat is showing signs of an environmental allergy, your veterinarian may treat them without knowing exactly which allergen is to blame. “Cats can be allergic to a variety of grasses, trees, shrubs, and flowers, but it’s hard to figure out which one is causing the reaction,” Dr. Swiniarski says. There is also a lack of scientific research into which plants cats might be most allergic to. This may have to do with how difficult it is to diagnose allergies in cats.

What Foods are Cats Allergic To?

When it comes to food allergies, cats are most often allergic to proteins, such as meat and dairy. Common food allergens in cats include:

• Chicken
• Beef
• Turkey
• Egg
• Soy
• Milk

Food allergies can present suddenly, even if a cat has been eating the same food for years, Dr. Mendoza-Kuznetsova notes. “A cat may have been eating chicken for a decade without any problems. But suddenly—and no one knows why—this cat may develop an allergy to chicken. Onset is unpredictable.” 

Cats cannot be allergic to a food that they have never tried before, Dr. Mendoza-Kuznetsova adds. So, if a cat presents with a chicken allergy, a common solution is to transition that cat’s diet to a novel protein, such as lamb. 

How to Help Your Cat with Allergies

If your veterinarian determines that your cat is suffering from allergies, there are some steps you can take to help your feline companion.

For cats with flea bite allergies, the most important step is to get them on a good flea control product. “It may take a few months, but a flea control product will decrease the number of fleas around a cat, which will lead to less bites,” Dr. Mendoza-Kuznetsova says.

If your cat has a food allergy, an elimination diet is necessary to pinpoint the food that is causing the issue. “The only way to diagnose a food allergy is a diet trial, which is very strict and not easy for picky eaters like cats,” Dr. Mendoza-Kuznetsova explains. You will work with your veterinarian to systematically remove different foods from your cat’s diet until there is an improvement in symptoms. To confirm that a particular ingredient is the culprit, you add it back to the diet and see if clinical signs reappear. Any offending foods are then permanently removed from your cat’s diet. 

As for environmental allergies, there are intradermal skin tests available, but they are not generally used to make diagnoses. “They’re only used for identifying what a cat is likely allergic to once we determine that cat is suffering from an environmental allergy, and they’re only utilized after a clinical workup has been done by a veterinarian,” Dr. Mendoza-Kuznetsova says.

It’s impossible to keep your cat safe from all allergens, especially ones like pollen and dust that get into your home, no matter how clean you keep it. That means that pet parents who have cats with environmental allergies should focus on treating symptoms, rather than trying to prevent them from happening.

“Your vet may recommend an antihistamine like cetirizine—also known as Zyrtec—to help mitigate your cat’s symptoms,” Dr. Swiniarski says. “We also have medications that can help with itchiness that we prescribe relatively frequently.” Many cats with allergies usually need more than antihistamines alone—they might need cyclosporine (Atopica) or another immunomodulator. Allergy shots (allergen-specific immunotherapy/ASIT) are also used in cats to help improve their tolerance to allergens.

As with any medical issues, pet parents should work with their cat’s care team to develop a treatment plan and should not give any medication without consulting with their veterinarian first.

The post What Are Cats Allergic To? Common Allergens  appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Even though bladder cancer in cats is rare, you don’t have to face this diagnosis on your own. Here, we’ll explain the causes, symptoms, and treatment options you can expect if your feline family member is diagnosed with bladder cancer.

What Is Bladder Cancer?

Our pets can develop benign polyps in the bladder, and they can develop tumors in other parts of the urinary tract, such as the kidneys, ureters (tubes from kidneys to bladder), and urethra (tube from bladder to outside of body). When we refer to bladder cancer, we specifically mean malignant tumors of the bladder.

In both cats and dogs, the most common cancer of the urinary bladder is called transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). This tumor arises from the cells that line the bladder and part of the urethra. While this tumor is almost always found in the lower neck of the bladder in dogs, the site of a bladder tumor in cats is more variable. This means that we can’t assume a tumor isn’t a TCC just because it’s located somewhere else in the bladder.

Other types of cancer can affect the urinary bladder, such as rhabdomyosarcoma or lymphoma. While we’ll mainly focus on TCC in cats, other cancers of the bladder have similar signs and similar treatment methods (surgery vs chemotherapy vs NSAIDs).

Stages of Bladder Cancer in Cats

When a cat is diagnosed with bladder cancer, the veterinarian will want to perform staging. When staging, they will measure the primary tumor, determine if the cancer is in nearby lymph nodes, and check for spread (metastasis) to other organs. Additional areas that transitional cell carcinoma is known to spread to include the lungs, lymph nodes, abdominal wall, kidneys, pancreas, and liver, among others.

TCC in cats doesn’t currently have its own validated staging system. There is a form of staging from the World Health Organization called the TNM staging system, focused on the primary tumor (T), lymph nodes (N), and distant metastases (M). If desired, this can be used to set a specific stage for the tumor.

Staging usually involves imaging, such as X-rays of the abdomen and chest, abdominal ultrasound, and potentially a CT scan. Accessible lymph nodes may be aspirated with a needle to collect cells to study for evidence of spread, though aspiration of lymph nodes in the abdomen is not recommended when TCC is suspected.

It’s not currently known what percentage of cats have metastatic disease when they’re first diagnosed, though some estimates state approximately 20 percent of cats already have spread. 

Causes of Cat Bladder Cancer

The cause of bladder cancer in cats is not fully understood. Utilizing what we know about bladder cancer in dogs and humans, some of the potential contributing factors could include:

• Carcinogens excreted in the urine that cause changes to the cells in the bladder or urethra
• Exposure to older formulas of insecticides and pesticides for flea and ticks
• Use of a chemotherapy drug called cyclophosphamide
• Genetic predisposition
• Obesity
• Older age (median age at time of diagnosis is 15 years)

Symptoms of Bladder Cancer in Cats

The symptoms of bladder cancer in cats often mimic other more common conditions, such as a urinary tract infection, feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD), or bladder stones. It’s important not to immediately assume your cat has cancer if you note these signs, but if their clinical signs are not resolving despite treatment for infection and inflammation, bladder cancer is a potential diagnosis.

Symptoms include:

• Straining to urinate
• Blood in urine
• Frequent urination with small amounts of urine produced
• Straining while defecating
• Difficulty breathing and coughing
• Unkempt appearance
• Overgrooming of genitals or belly
• Urinating outside the litterbox
• Vocalizing, especially in the litterbox
• Abdominal pain
• Vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Lethargy
• Inability to urinate

The worst-case scenario is that the bladder tumor obstructs the urethra or a ureter. If the urethra is obstructed, your pet will be unable to urinate. This puts them at risk for bladder rupture and kidney failure. If the ureter is blocked, urine will be unable to flow from the kidney to the bladder, which would cause the kidney to enlarge and fail.

If your cat is vocalizing in the litter box but producing minimal to no urine, appears to have an enlarged abdomen, begins acting lethargic, loses their appetite, or is vomiting, this warrants a trip to an emergency veterinarian. Keep in mind that even with these symptoms, your cat is more likely to have a urinary blockage due to FLUTD than they are to have bladder cancer.

Diagnosing Bladder Cancer in Cats

Physical Exam

To diagnose bladder cancer in a cat, your veterinarian will start with a physical examination. They’ll want to perform testing to rule out the most common causes of urinary abnormalities. This could include a urinalysis with culture, blood work, abdominal radiographs, and abdominal ultrasound. If your pet appears to be blocked due to FLUTD (more common in males), your veterinarian is likely to attempt passing a urinary catheter to relieve obstruction.

If your pet has evidence of a urinary tract infection but no bladder stones, your veterinarian will typically start by treating the infection. If the signs do not improve or promptly recur, then bladder cancer should be considered as a rule-out.

Again, FLUTD in cats causes a lot of the same symptoms as both infection and a bladder tumor, but it’s more common than either of these conditions. If your veterinarian doesn’t find evidence of an infection but there is blood in the urine, your pet is much more likely to have FLUTD than they are to have bladder cancer, and they may recommend changing to a prescription urinary diet and reducing stressors in your cat’s environment.

Ultrasound

An ultrasound would be recommended to rule out the presence of a tumor or stones that were not detected on X-ray. Some veterinarians may do a special contrast study where a contrast dye that can be visualized on X-ray is injected into the bladder.

Biopsy

In cats, the most common way to get a biopsy of the tumor is through abdominal surgery. This is because they have a very small urethra, which may make cystoscopy (passing a camera through the urethra into the bladder) or the use of a catheter to collect a sample nearly impossible.

If your veterinarian sees a tumor on ultrasound, it may be tempting for them to stick a needle into the tumor to aspirate a few cells rather than doing surgery to collect a sample. For suspected transitional cell carcinomas, this isn’t recommended. TCC is known to travel along needle tracks, which may cause the tumor to “seed” to other areas of the body. This is a well-known occurrence in dogs, and there are reports of cats having their body wall affected via this presumed method as well.

Treatment for Cat Bladder Cancer

When we think of treatment for bladder cancer in cats, we typically focus on surgery, the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and chemotherapy.

Surgery

Surgery can be done if the tumor is small and confined to the body of the bladder. The ureters and urethra connect to the bladder in the neck area, often making surgery impossible if the tumor is in the neck of the bladder. Although most TCCs still recur after tumor removal, surgery currently has the most potential to extend life out of any known treatment.

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

The use of NSAIDs has been shown to prolong survival in cats with TCC. Reportedly, the use of oral piroxicam can increase survival up to 6 months. Treatment can be complicated by pre-existing conditions, especially chronic kidney disease in older cats, which may limit NSAIDs as an option for your pet.  

Chemotherapy

Multiple chemotherapy protocols exist and will typically require your cat see the oncologist for a treatment every couple of weeks for a set number of treatments. With chemotherapy, you can expect your pet to receive multiple rechecks of blood work to ensure their body is tolerating the treatment. Chemotherapy medications result in decreased white blood cell counts, which can affect your pet’s ability to fight infection, so your veterinarian will want to ensure the white blood cell counts are not falling too low before giving their next chemotherapy dose.

Importantly, chemotherapy in pets is aimed at improving quality of life for as long as possible rather than radically pursuing a cure. Because of this, our pets typically tolerate chemotherapy much better than humans. You should report any side effects to your veterinarian so that they can ensure your cat remains comfortable throughout the process. 

Radiation

Your veterinarian may recommend radiation therapy. While this can be a good option for some pets, radiation therapy requires travel to a location that performs the procedure – often a university with a veterinary medicine program – and anesthesia each time the procedure is performed. For some pet parents, it is cost-prohibitive due to the time, money, and travel required.

Radical Surgery

Radical surgeries, such as removal of the entire bladder, can theoretically be performed. With this surgery, the bladder is removed, and the ureters are attached to either the colon or vagina. Because there is no longer a bladder to store urine, the cat becomes incontinent. This altered anatomy also significantly increases the risk of infection. These pets will frequently require long-term antibiotics and frequent blood monitoring to ensure their kidneys are functioning well. Because the ureters are such small tubes, it’s not uncommon for them to become blocked by scarring, which would ultimately result in kidney failure. This surgery isn’t recommended by most veterinarians.

Stenting

The role of stenting isn’t well known but may have a place in the management of TCC in cats. In a 2020 study, 11.9 percent of cats with bladder cancer had involvement of their urethra, 11.9 percent had evidence of obstruction of a ureter, and 5.1 percent had evidence of both urethral and ureteral involvement. 

Stents in these areas could allow urine to continue passing through, preventing obstruction. The placement of stents is a highly specialized procedure, so travel would likely be required if you are able to find a veterinarian experienced in stent placement.

Home Care 

When your cat has a bladder tumor, they have a higher chance of developing a bladder infection. Your pet will require frequent monitoring of their urine to ensure they are not developing a UTI. If this occurs, your pet will need antibiotics to treat the infection.

When your pet is at home, ensure they have easy access to food, water, and litter boxes. Your pet may have increased urgency to urinate, so you can help prevent accidents by having multiple litter boxes in easily accessed locations. 

Prognosis for Cats with Bladder Cancer

Survival times for cats with bladder cancer are not as well defined as they are in dogs, but one study involving 20 cats with TCC found a median survival time of 261 days. This included cats who received no treatment, as well as cats who received a variety of treatment protocols. A 2020 study found a median survival time of 155 days.

Untreated, the estimate for survival is 1-3 months. Medical management (NSAIDS and/or chemotherapy) has an estimated survival time of 5-6 months. If tumor location allows for surgery to be performed, cats who receive both surgery and medical management have an estimated survival time of 9-10 months.

End stage bladder cancer in cats usually involves obstruction of either the urethra or a ureter, preventing the flow of urine from kidney to bladder to outside of the body. This results in kidney failure. At this point, many pet parents elect to help their feline family member pass on peacefully via humane euthanasia. 

Cost to Treat Bladder Cancer in Cats

The cost to treat feline bladder cancer depends on the selected treatment method, which can range from around $2,000 up to $10,000. More conservative management would include imaging to confirm the presence of a tumor, blood work and urinalysis, and the use of NSAIDs. In this scenario, you would be keeping your pet comfortable and then electing for euthanasia when quality of life becomes a concern.

Once you add in chemotherapy, the cost will start to increase. Each treatment with chemotherapy costs several hundred dollars, and lab work will need to be rechecked prior to each treatment.

If surgery is an option for your pet, you can expect this to add several thousand dollars to the total cost, particularly if the procedure is performed by a specialist. For a cat to receive surgery, NSAIDs, and chemotherapy, you are looking at the higher end of the estimate.

How to Prevent Bladder Cancer in Cats

Because we are still learning a lot about bladder cancer in cats, we don’t currently know how to prevent the disease. While we cannot guarantee that it will prevent TCC, a healthy lifestyle is always recommended. Keep your cat at a healthy weight, feed a healthy diet, and ensure they always have access to clean, fresh water.

The post Bladder Cancer in Cats: Symptoms and Treatment appeared first on Great Pet Care.

What Is Lymphoma?

Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system includes the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, lymph vessels, and bone marrow. The main functions of the lymphatic system are to aid the immune system and move fluid through the body.

In dogs, lymphoma typically begins in the lymph nodes, but it can arise from lymphoid tissues anywhere in the body. Lymphoma is sometimes seen in the skin, eyes, central nervous system, and lungs. 

When a dog develops lymphoma, they develop abnormal growth and replication of a specific type of white blood cell called a lymphocyte. This results in changes to the immune system’s ability to fight infection, changes to the movement of fluid throughout the body, and the development of metastatic tumors throughout the body. 

In most cases, dogs with lymphoma will develop flu-like symptoms and eventually pass away from their cancer.

Causes of Lymphoma in Dogs

Lymphoma most often occurs in middle-aged to older dogs, but it can be seen in dogs of any age. The veterinary community is not currently certain as to what causes lymphoma in dogs. Because specific breeds are more susceptible than others, genetics are suspected to play a role.

Breeds that are more likely to develop lymphoma include:

• Golden Retrievers
• Boxers
• Rottweilers
• Scottish Terriers
• Basset Hounds
• Cocker Spaniels
• German Shepherds
• Airedales
• Bulldogs
• Poodles

While these breeds have an increased risk, any dog can develop lymphoma. Additional links have been reported between lymphoma and specific herbicides, regular exposure to radiation, living in an industrial area, exposure to hazardous wastes, and secondhand smoke.

Types of Lymphoma in Dogs

The “type” of lymphoma in dogs refers to various subcategories of lymphoma: B-cell lymphoma vs. T-cell lymphoma, high-grade lymphoma vs. low-grade lymphoma, or lymphomas named for their location within the body. The symptoms of lymphoma in dogs depend on which part of the body is affected by lymphoma.

B-Cell vs. T-Cell Lymphoma

The most basic division of lymphoma type is B-cell vs. T-cell. Lymphocytes are either B-cells (the type of white blood cell that produces antibodies against pathogens) or T-cells (which help signal other cells of the immune system and kill abnormal cells in the body). 

B-cell lymphoma is more common and has a longer survival time than T-cell lymphoma in dogs.

High-Grade Lymphoma vs. Low-Grade Lymphoma

Lymphoma can be graded as high-grade (lymphoblastic) or low-grade (lymphocytic) based on the appearance of the cells. High-grade is more common and has a rapid onset and progression. Low-grade is more chronic and affects the dog more slowly.

Multicentric Lymphoma

Anatomically, the most common form of lymphoma is called multicentric lymphoma. Multicentric lymphoma in dogs presents with swelling of the lymph nodes. As the pet parent, you may notice these swollen lymph nodes under the jaw or in the neck, in front of the shoulders, the armpits, groin, or behind the knees. At the time of diagnosis, lymph node swelling is usually the only sign. However, some dogs will also experience weight loss, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, and excessive drinking.

Alimentary Lymphoma

In around 5-7 percent of cases, the dog has alimentary lymphoma. This is lymphoma originating in the gastrointestinal tract, most often the intestines. Clinical signs of this form of lymphoma include vomiting, diarrhea, appetite changes, and weight loss.

Mediastinal Lymphoma

Mediastinal lymphoma is a rare form of lymphoma. The mediastinum is the area between the lungs. This area includes the heart, large blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, and some lymph nodes. When cancer develops in this area, the tumor usually takes up space in the chest cavity, pressing on other structures in the chest. The pet parent may notice coughing, shortness of breath, and exercise intolerance.

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphoma is a catch-all term for lymphomas that develop elsewhere in the body. Examples can include lymphoma of the central nervous system (CNS lymphoma), lymphoma that develops in the skin (cutaneous lymphoma), and lymphoma that develops in the lungs (pulmonary lymphoma). 

Signs will differ based on where the lymphoma is. For example, dogs with CNS lymphoma may have seizures, abnormal mentation, circling, abnormal eye movements, and other neurologic irregularities. Cutaneous lymphoma in dogs may cause non-healing ulcers, papules, or red lesions on the skin.

Stages of Lymphoma in Dogs

Staging of lymphoma is based on the location of disease and how much it has spread throughout the body. Stages III through V are more common in dogs.

Stage I: Cancer is present in a single lymph node.

Stage II: Cancer is present in lymph nodes on only one side of the diaphragm (front of body or rear of body).

Stage III: Cancer is present in lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm.

Stage IV: Cancer is present in the liver or spleen.

Stage V: Cancer involves bone marrow, nervous system, or other unusual location.

Each of the stages of lymphoma in dogs is further subdivided into substage A and substage B. Substage A means the pet feels well, while substage B means the pet is feeling ill. Pets who are feeling well have a better prognosis than pets who act sick.

Diagnosing Lymphoma in Dogs

In most cases, your veterinarian will be able to diagnose lymphoma with a physical examination and cytology of an enlarged lymph node. To collect a cytology sample, they will stick a needle into the lymph node. This procedure is well-tolerated by most dogs without sedation. The veterinarian may read the sample in-house or may send the slides to a reference lab.

If the cytology is not conclusive or an aspirate cannot be collected based on the location of the tumor, the veterinarian will collect a biopsy (surgical sample), which will be interpreted by a reference laboratory.

Determining if your dog has B-cell or T-cell lymphoma requires sending microscopic slides and fluid from the lymph node to a reference laboratory. At the reference lab, they’ll perform a test called flow cytometry or immunophenotyping to determine if the cancer is B-cell or T-cell. This information is important for determining your dog’s prognosis.

Imaging will be recommended to determine spread of the disease. This commonly involves X-rays (radiographs) of the chest and abdomen, as well as abdominal ultrasonography. In cases where the cancer originates elsewhere in the body, like the nervous system, other imaging modalities like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans will be recommended. Your dog may need to be sedated for radiographs or ultrasound, and they will definitely be sedated for MRI or CT. In some cases, a bone marrow aspirate may be recommended to determine if cancer is affecting the bone marrow. Your dog will be anesthetized for this. The veterinarian will also want to perform blood work and urinalysis for overall health screening.

While the initial diagnosis and simple staging may be performed by your private veterinarian, they usually refer you to a veterinary oncologist for additional diagnostics and treatment. Most private practices do not have a CT or MRI scan and do not perform chemotherapy treatments.

Treating Lymphoma in Dogs

Treatment for lymphoma in dogs can vary,  depending on the stage, but chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for most cases.

Chemotherapy

While there are various protocols, combination chemotherapies (more than one drug) have better remission rates and duration of remission than single-agent chemotherapy. These protocols involve frequent visits to the oncologist for a predetermined number of chemotherapy injections. 

Common chemotherapy agents used in the initial round of chemotherapy include: 

• L-asparaginase
• Vincristine
• Cyclophosphamide
• Doxorubicin
• Prednisone 

The oncologist will want to check blood panels prior to each treatment to ensure the chemotherapy is being tolerated well.

Low grade lymphoma may be treated with oral chemotherapy, such as chlorambucil and prednisone.

While this can be overwhelming for you as the pet parent, rest assured that chemotherapy in dogs is aimed to preserve quality of life. Dogs tend to tolerate chemotherapy better than humans, and if your dog is having side effects, your veterinarian will alter the protocol or offer additional medications to ensure they’re still feeling well. 

Side effects that you should report to your veterinarian include vomiting, diarrhea, decreased appetite, and acting ill, but dogs do not usually lose much fur. Chemotherapy is easier to go through with your pet if you know what to expect.

Other Treatments

If you choose not to pursue chemotherapy, prednisone may be offered as palliative care. While this will not significantly improve the length of your dog’s life, it may help them to feel better.

Rarely are surgery or radiation therapy recommended for localized lymphoma. Radiation alone will not treat most cases of lymphoma, so chemotherapy will typically be recommended in addition to the localized therapy.

End-of-Life Care

Eventually, the dog will not respond to chemotherapy and treatment will focus on palliative care. End stage lymphoma in dogs often causes loss of appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea. Most dogs with lymphoma will be euthanized once the veterinarian and pet parent feel the pet no longer has a good quality of life.

Cost to Treat Lymphoma in Dogs 

Treating lymphoma can be expensive. You will have multiple options laid out before you by the oncologist, and there is no shame in choosing a more affordable palliative treatment over one that prolongs life. Your focus should be ensuring that your pet is comfortable.

For initial diagnosis and complete staging alone, you can expect to pay at least $500. If your dog will need a CT or MRI, this will increase the cost to over $1,000. If you elect for prednisone alone, treatment may be $20 to $30 per month. This is an affordable option for many pet parents. While prednisone may help your dog feel comfortable, the average lifespan with no treatment or prednisone alone is four to six weeks. 

If you pursue chemotherapy, you can expect the cost to differ depending on what protocol you elect. The price is likely to be over $5,000 and can often exceed $10,000. Most dogs who receive chemotherapy will have a remission that lasts eight to nine months, and their survival can be a year or more. Almost all dogs will relapse. Around half of dogs can get a second shorter remission that lasts two to four months. The chemotherapy protocol the second time around is often different from the first round of chemotherapy.

Prognosis for Dogs with Lymphoma

Dogs who are in stages I, II, and III tend to have longer survival times than dogs in stages IV or V. Dogs with low-grade lymphoma have longer survival times than dogs with high-grade lymphoma, and dogs with B-cell lymphoma have longer survival times than dogs with T-cell lymphoma. 

Dogs with T-cell lymphoma have a prognosis closer to six months, while dogs with B-cell lymphoma have a prognosis closer to one year if treated with chemotherapy. Dogs who have mediastinal lymphoma or lymphoma in the central nervous system have short survival times.

Note: All dogs are individuals, and prices vary by location. While survival times and costs are provided, your pet could live shorter or longer, and the amount you spend on treatment may be significantly different than the estimates we’ve provided.

How to Prevent Lymphoma in Dogs

It can be very hard on you as the pet parent to reckon with your dog’s lymphoma diagnosis, and many pet parents want to know why they’re facing this diagnosis. Was it something they did? 

There is currently no known way to prevent lymphoma in dogs, meaning you should not blame yourself for your dog’s cancer. Work with your private veterinarian and your veterinary oncologist to determine what course of action is best for your pet and your family. While this diagnosis is hard, treatment is often rewarding and usually improves your pet’s quality of life, allowing you to spend more quality time together.

The post Lymphoma in Dogs: Signs and Treatment Options appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Ticks are typically found in wooded areas, hiding in brush and tall grasses. They wait for a host to pass by, and when an opportunity presents itself, they will make a human or animal body their new home. Eventually, they attach themselves to a host’s skin and bury their heads under it in search of what’s called a “blood meal” (which is exactly what it sounds like). 

In the process of feasting, ticks with pathogens in their saliva can transmit them to their host. A tick needs to be attached for about 24 hours for a pathogen to transmit to a cat, says Dr. Diane Delmain, an associate professor at the Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine. 

In this article, we’ll go over everything you need to know about ticks on cats, including how to remove and prevent ticks, lessening the chance of disease transmission.

Can Cats Get Ticks?

Yes, cats can definitely get ticks. Research published in 2016 suggested that nearly 19 percent of free-roaming cats in the central U.S. that were examined had ticks, and the cats with tick infestations had an average of nearly three ticks each on their bodies. 

Of course, indoor-only cats will have a lower rate of incidence, but they’re not immune from ticks. Most commonly, a human or indoor-outdoor animal, like a dog, brings the tick in on their body, and the tick decides that the resident feline is a more desirable host.

Dr. Delmain says cats are also less likely than dogs to be affected by ticks because they are fastidious groomers. “Many cats will groom ticks off, but some can be hard to find or reach, like those in their armpits or thighs,” she says. “While we don’t know of any cats who are genetically predisposed to tick attraction or attachment, those who have a harder time grooming than others because of age or weight may have a harder time removing them.”

Dr. Bruce Kornreich, the director of the Cornell Feline Health Center at the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, adds that for similar reasons, long-haired cats may have a more difficult time removing ticks via grooming than their short-haired counterparts.

“We want all cat owners to be diligent, but it’s reasonable to recommend that people with cats with long hair should pay extra special attention and feel through all that fur and all the way down to the skin when checking for ticks,” he says.

Dangers of Ticks for Cats

A primary concern about ticks affecting cats is the increasing prevalence of these pests, due in large part to the effects of climate change. “Ticks are spreading across the country and are more prevalent in places that didn’t used to have them,” Dr. Delmain says. Tick season is also starting earlier and lasting longer, according to Dr. Kornreich.

But perhaps the most familiar tick-related danger – Lyme disease – is not something that impacts cats the way it does humans and dogs. “Cats seem to be pretty resistant to Lyme disease for reasons we don’t completely understand,” Dr. Kornreich says. “Generally speaking, they’re not nearly as susceptible as dogs and people.”

Instead, a disease called cytauxzoonosis (aka bobcat fever) is “the big, bad one” that most concerns veterinarians, according to Dr. Delmain. “Ten years ago, I would have said that all cats who get it die,” she notes. “Now, it’s closer to 60 percent, but it’s a lot of work to save the other 40 percent.”

Cytauxzoonosis affects the red and white blood cells. Cats with it can get really anemic, Dr. Delmain says, but early signs of bobcat fever are often really non-specific. “It’s more the things you see with a lot of other diseases, tick-borne or otherwise, including lethargy and not eating,” she says. The disease often progresses rapidly. Cytauxzoonosis can cause high fever, jaundice, labored breathing, shock, coma, and death.

What Does a Tick Look Like on a Cat?

Different species of ticks have a few unique physical characteristics, but they all tend to follow the same general pattern of flat, round body with six to eight legs protruding off it. How many legs a tick has depends on their life stage, with larval ticks having six legs and more mature ticks having eight legs.  After a blood meal, the tick’s flat body becomes engorged, and this makes it much easier to spot on a cat’s body, both by the eye and through touch, Dr. Kornreich says.

An engorged tick on a cat will be the size of a pea or slightly larger, Kornreich says. “It’s something most people would definitely recognize by feeling with their hands. People get freaked out, but ticks are much more difficult to identify before they’ve taken a blood meal.”

For this reason, brushing or petting your cat regularly will help you spot and remove ticks, and deal with any potential ill effects more quickly and easily. Plus, time may be of the essence in these situations because the earlier you remove the tick, the lower the risk of disease transmission.

Other Symptoms of Ticks on Cats

There aren’t necessarily any other inherent symptoms of a tick on a cat besides potential skin irritation that comes with attachment, but there are a host of symptoms that may accompany the variety of tick-borne illnesses cat parents should be aware of.

Outside of cytauxzoonosis, Dr. Kornreich cites tularemia as one of the more concerning tick-borne diseases. Also known as rabbit fever, tularemia is found everywhere in the United States outside of the southwest and Rocky Mountains, he notes. “Cats can also be infected, and this causes lethargy, abdominal pain, vomiting, and liver problems, among other symptoms.”

Two more diseases worth knowing, Dr. Kornreich says, are anaplasmosis and hemotropic mycoplasmosis (which used to be known as haemobartonella). Both may cause severe anemia in cats, while anaplasmosis also causes enlarged lymph nodes and stiff joints.

In addition to the familiar symptoms of lethargy and poor appetite, those infected with anaplasmosis may also limp or have trouble walking, as well as pass dark or bloody stools. Rapid weight loss, white or pale coloring of the gums, and jaundice may also accompany symptomatic cases of hemotropic mycoplasmosis.

How to Remove a Tick From a Cat 

Once you understand how to get rid of ticks on cats properly, it’s a pretty simple process. If a tick is attached, Dr. Delmain says, you can buy a “tick twister” if you don’t already have tweezers or forceps, which can also work for removal. Simply use one of these devices to grab the tick as close to its head as you can and pull it out with straight, steady traction. 

“If you don’t have any of those,” Dr. Delmain says, “some will detach with soap and water on a cotton ball.” Once you have the tick fully removed from your cat’s body, you can kill it by putting it in a jar of rubbing alcohol. Dr. Kornreich adds that it’s best to kill ticks without touching them. 

If you are concerned about removing a tick from your cat at home, your veterinarian or a veterinary technician can help with the procedure.

Monitoring Your Cat After a Tick Bite

Some tick-borne diseases will take time to develop, Dr. Kornreich says, so it’s important to monitor for common feline symptoms of illness, like lethargy, poor appetite, and weakness. Seek professional medical help for your cat right away if you see these. 

Otherwise, neither Dr. Kornreich nor Dr. Delmain says it’s necessarily essential that you take your cat into the vet if you find and detach a tick. It’s more about what symptoms or changes you observe.

“Any time you see a cat with clinical signs, bring them to the vet promptly,” Dr. Kornreich says. “And you should always bring them in once a year, and cats older than ten years of age should make that visit twice a year.”

How to Prevent Ticks on Cats

“We have an amazing generation of tick preventatives right now,” Dr. Delmain says. “They will kill ticks within a couple hours of them getting on the cat, and because the tick-borne diseases need attachment to last for about a day to transmit, if a cat is on these medications, the ticks can’t attach long enough to spread the disease.” 

These tick preventatives for cats are available as oral or topical medications. Dr. Delmain says there are also collars you can try that have similar positive effects as the other drugs, but it’s important to work with your veterinarian if you want to try any of these options. Your veterinarian can help you ensure that the tick collar is tight enough to be effective.

Dr. Kornreich adds that it’s also good to keep tick populations down on your property or anywhere you or your animals roam. “We recommend cats stay indoors, but if you allow them outside, there’s reason to expect that if a lawn is well-mowed, it’s less likely for ticks to be found there because they like places that are wooded and have tall grasses.”

The post Ticks on Cats: How to Spot and Remove Them appeared first on Great Pet Care.

A healthy heart allows a dog to run, play, and do everything else a dog does. So, understanding canine heart anatomy is essential to ensure your dog stays in good physical condition.

Where Is a Dog’s Heart Located in the Body?

A dog’s heart sits roughly in the middle of the chest between the lungs in an upright position. The position of a dog’s heart is roughly the same for most dogs, but there is some variation between breeds, says Dr. Joanne Harris, a veterinary cardiology specialist at HeartVets in Exeter, U.K.

“If you have a very barrel-chested breed like a French Bulldog, for example, or an English Bulldog, their heart will sit in a slightly different position because their chest is very round,” says Dr. Harris. “Whereas if you have a very narrow deep-chested breed like a Whippet, Doberman, or Boxer, then everything is more upright.”

Knowing the location of a dog heart might be helpful in the rare situation when you might need to give a dog CPR. 

“You can do external cardiac massage in dogs just as you can on people,” says Dr. Harris. “It’s easier in those narrow-chested breeds because you can go across the heart rather than having to put just downward pressure on it.”

However, Dr. Harris says she doesn’t actually recommend anyone without proper training to perform CPR on dogs. For one, she says that heart attacks are uncommon in dogs since they don’t get coronary artery disease as people do, so the situations in which CPR is required are rare. Secondly, she says it is easy to misjudge a situation where a dog needs CPR.

“I would say fainting is by far the most common reason that dogs may acutely collapse and not seem to have a heartbeat, and I think in that moment of panic, some dogs owners may struggle to feel a heartbeat,” says Dr. Harris, “but we wouldn’t recommend in that situation that they attempt any kind of CPR unless they have some training in this.” 

Dog Heart Anatomy: A Closer Look

The cardiovascular system of a dog consists of a four-chambered, oval-shaped heart and a network of blood vessels, including veins, arteries, and capillaries. The right side of a dog’s heart pumps blood to the lungs, while the left side pumps blood to the rest of the body. 

The size of a canine heart will vary depending on the dog’s size. “Obviously, a Chihuahua is going to have a smaller heart than a Great Dane,” says Dr. Gabrielle Fadl, Director of Primary Care at Bond Vet. “However, the size of the heart relative to the size of the dog is fairly consistent between breeds.”

All dogs have a circulating blood volume of about 80 milliliters per kilogram in body weight — but the amount of blood each dog circulates will, once again, differ depending on a dog’s size. “A Chihuahua may have around 400ml of blood, but a Great Dane would have around 6.5 liters,” says Dr. Harris.

What’s a normal heart rate for dogs? It is commonly believed that a dog’s body weight will affect heart rate, with smaller dogs having a faster heartbeat than younger dogs — but research has shown this may be untrue. For most dogs, the average heart rate is about 120 beats per minute (bpm), although young dogs under 12 months can have a slightly higher rate. Additionally, excited or nervous dogs may have a higher heart rate than calm dogs, experts say.

Dog Heart vs. Human Heart

Dogs and humans might be physically different in many ways, but the anatomy of our hearts is comparable.

“A dog heart and a human heart are actually very similar, having four chambers (left and right atria, and left and right ventricles) and a similar method of functioning,” says Dr. Fadl. “Some of the larger blood vessels coming directly from the heart even share the same names, including the aorta (the vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body) and the vena cava (the large vessel that returns blood to the heart).”

But when it comes to heart conditions, there are some key differences between humans and dogs, says Dr. Fadl. “Humans commonly get atherosclerosis or plaque buildup in their arteries, which can lead to a blockage and a heart attack,” says Dr. Fadl. “Dogs don’t really tend to have this type of issue. Instead, more common conditions for them include a leaky heart valve (usually with age, especially in small dogs) or problems with the heart muscles (more common in larger breeds).”

All heart murmurs in puppies should be monitored. Quiet heart murmurs in puppies are usually benign, but if a quiet murmur gets louder or does not go away by 6 months of age, then the puppy likely has a congenital heart abnormality. Loud heart murmurs are almost always associated with heart conditions in puppies. “So, if your puppy is diagnosed with a moderate or loud heart murmur at a young age, then it is best to seek cardiologist advice and find out if the puppy needs an echocardiogram,” says Dr. Harris. 

Other common heart issues dogs may face include congestive heart failure and heartworm disease in areas where it is endemic.

Heart Health for Dogs: What to Know

You can do many things to help keep your dog — and their heart — as healthy as possible.

“Maintaining a healthy weight is good to prevent excess strain on the heart, lungs, and joints,” says Dr. Fadl. “Take your dog to recommended checkups with your veterinarian, even if they seem healthy. It’s not unusual for vets to discover subtle signs of disease (like the abnormal heart sounds or rhythms mentioned above) in the early stages before symptoms develop. Earlier diagnosis often means treatment is more effective and less costly. Also, keep your dog on heartworm prevention as recommended, to protect their heart from these parasites.”

According to Dr. Harris, a lot of heart disease in dogs has a genetic component. For example, little dogs like Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Chihuahuas, Poodles, and Dachshunds have a higher likelihood of developing disease of the heart valves. If you want to buy a breed that is prone to heart disease, Dr. Harris says “…it’s best to do your research first and find out what screening programs are in place and buy puppies from breeders that are breeding dogs that have been screened and are listed as being clear of that disease.”

Dr. Harris also advises taking your dog to a cardiology specialist if a veterinarian detects a heart murmur or irregular heart rhythm. And, of course, seek medical advice if your dog faints or collapses or displays symptoms like shallow breathing or unusual tiredness after exercise.

Your quick action may save your dog’s life — and ensure that their heart keeps working in the healthiest way possible.

The post Where Is a Dog’s Heart? Understanding Canine Heart Anatomy appeared first on Great Pet Care.

According to Mark Cousins, DVM, DABVP (Feline Practice), of The Cat Practice Veterinary Hospital in New Orleans, Louisiana, it’s hard to know the true prevalence of heartworm disease in cats because most veterinarians do not routinely screen cats for heartworm. However, a 2020 study comparing heartworm prevalence for a random sample of 100 shelter dogs and 100 shelter cats from a heartworm-endemic region found that the rate of infection may be more similar between dogs and cats than previously thought (1).

“As a feline practitioner from New Orleans—where heartworm rates are known to be quite high in dogs—I can tell you that heartworm is also very common in cats,” says Dr. Cousins, who is on the board of directors for the American Heartworm Society. “Anyone with a cat who lives in an area known to have heartworm in dogs should also be concerned about protecting their cats.”

How Do Cats Get Heartworm?

Cats become infected with heartworms when they are bitten by a mosquito that carries heartworm larvae. The larvae develop into immature adults within the cat’s tissues and then enter the bloodstream. The immature adults become mature adult heartworms after reaching their ultimate destination—the heart and its associated vessels.

Unlike dogs, cats are not ideal hosts for heartworms, so although cats can become infected, heartworm disease is quite different in cats than dogs. “[Cats] can and do develop adult worms, but the majority of infections in cats are from immature worms that are eliminated before they reach the adult stage, thanks to the cat’s immune system,” Dr. Cousins says. “These immature worms are not harmless; they cause disease in the cat.”

According to Dr. Cousins, cats usually harbor less than six adult heartworms, and single-worm infections are common. Heartworm-infected dogs generally have a dozen or more adult heartworms, sometimes even carrying over 100 worms.

12 Heartworm Symptoms in Cats You Shouldn’t Ignore

Heartworm symptoms in cats range from very mild to severe. Because cat heartworm symptoms resemble those of other illnesses and diseases, they can sometimes be overlooked. According to the American Heartworm Society, some common signs of heartworm in cats include:

• Chronic coughing
• Asthma-like attacks
• Wheezing
• Vomiting
• Lack of appetite
• Weight loss
• Difficulty walking
• Fainting 
• Seizures
• Fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites)
• Collapse
• Sudden death

“Death from heartworm disease in cats typically occurs when an adult worm living inside the cat dies,” Dr. Cousins says. “This causes an acute respiratory disease syndrome. The death of just one adult worm inside a cat can cause a fatal reaction.”

Cat Heartworm Symptoms: Next Steps

If you’re worried that your cat might have heartworms, do not delay scheduling an appointment with your veterinarian. There are two simple blood tests veterinarians can use to screen cats for heartworm infection:

Antigen tests, which are used to screen dogs for heartworms, only detect the presence of adult female heartworms. Antigen tests are a useful tool to detect adult heartworms in cats, but only if a cat is harboring adult female worms. 

“A better screening test for cats is an antibody test, which tells the veterinarian that the cat has been infected with heartworms at some point in its past,” Dr. Cousins says. “This tells the veterinarian and owner that the cat has been exposed to and infected with heartworms and therefore is at risk.”

If a cat has a positive antibody test, the vet can perform an antigen test and/or heat-treated antigen test (which helps rule out potential false-negative test results) to see if adult worms are present. Chest X-rays and an ultrasound of the heart (echocardiogram) may also be recommended.

Dr. Cousins points out that most cats with adult heartworms can survive, especially if they receive good supportive care. “Anecdotal evidence suggests that anti-inflammatory medications like steroids, as well as a class of drugs called leukotrienes, can be helpful,” he says. 

Owners of cats that test positive for adult worms should talk to their veterinarian about spotting signs of acute respiratory disease, which can indicate that worm death is occurring. Supportive care at the veterinary clinic can help cats survive this critical time.

Do Cats Need Heartworm Prevention?

Pet parents might think that indoor cats don’t need to worry about heartworms, or that prevention is only needed in the summer months, but both of these assumptions are false. The American Heartworm Society recommends year-round heartworm prevention in all cats, including those that live primarily indoors. 

“Studies have shown that heartworm in cats is not limited to outdoor pets,” Dr. Cousins says. “Mosquitoes love to come indoors! And it only takes one feeding session by a mosquito to infect a cat. No one knows when the first and last mosquitoes of a so-called season will be present.” 

Mosquitoes can survive in colder climates due to elevated temperatures within urban “heat islands” (areas of warmth created by buildings and concrete). Mosquitoes can even live indoors, so it’s impossible to identify an entirely safe season when cats are not at risk of becoming infected with heartworms. 

“I also find that cat owners are better at adhering to heartworm prevention if they give a pill or apply a spot-on medication on a routine, year-round basis,” Dr. Cousins says.

Although effective treatment options are available for dogs with adult heartworms, there are no FDA-approved treatments for heartworms in cats. “This makes prevention especially important for cats, and there are safe and highly effective preventives out there for them,” Dr. Cousins says.

Every heartworm preventive for cats protects against multiple parasites. Depending on the product you choose, you can keep your cat safe from heartworms—as well as from harmful intestinal worms like roundworms and hookworms, and/or external parasites like fleas, ticks and mites—year-round.

The post 12 Heartworm Symptoms in Cats You Shouldn’t Ignore appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Aside from being cold, there are other potential reasons for teeth chattering in dogs, such as smelling something interesting or, in some cases, an underlying health problem. 

Let’s take a closer look at what causes dog teeth chattering—and what to do about this behavior.

What Is Dog Teeth Chattering?

So, what exactly is teeth chattering in dogs, and what does it look like? This depends on how you define teeth chattering, says Dr. Nicholas Dodman, a professor emeritus at Tufts University and the chief scientific officer at the Center for Canine Behavior Studies. 

To Dr. Dodman, teeth chattering is what happens when a dog smells something new and exciting, like urine from another dog. The movement of the dog’s jaw helps move chemical signals from the smell to the vomeronasal organ—also called the Jacobson’s organ—in the roof of their mouth, allowing them to supercharge their sense of smell. This is called a Flehmen response. 

“Chattering has something to do with tasting, smelling, appreciating certain foreign materials, notably other dogs’ excretions or other interesting smells like bits of dead animal or an old piece of rotten chicken on the side of the road,” Dr. Dodman says. 

Dr. Dodman says that when chattering is part of a Flehmen response, a dog might briefly quiver their jaw while sniffing or licking. They might even appear like they’re about to yawn. They probably won’t tap their teeth together. Most of these episodes only last about 30 seconds—sometimes too quick for you to see, he adds.

But dog teeth chattering can also be defined another way. Dr. Roxanne LeBrun, a veterinarian at Best Friends Animal Society, a leading U.S. animal welfare organization, describes it as “an involuntary movement caused by contractions in the muscles used for mastication,” which can happen in response to dental pain, neurologic issues, or even anxiety.

In these situations, you might literally hear your dog’s teeth tap together as their jaw shakes. “It is a pretty obvious motion of the mouth, and you can often hear the teeth tapping against each other,” says Dr. LeBrun.

Causes of Dog Teeth Chattering

Veterinary experts say several things can cause teeth chattering in dogs, including:

• Flehmen response
• Dental disease, which can affect the teeth, gums, and tissues
• Neurologic issues such as seizures
• A neurodegenerative disease that affects the nerves controlling the jaw muscle
• Anxiety or fright
• Cold temperatures

So how can you tell if your dog’s teeth chattering is a response to something stinky and interesting—or an underlying health problem? Dr. Pieter Vanacker, a veterinary surgeon at AniCura Veterinary Center Anthemis in Kapelle-op-den-Bos, Belgium, says you must assess the situation and the dog’s overall behavior. In other words, get the context.

“It’s very important at that moment to see what the dog is doing,” Dr. Vanacker says. “What are the circumstances in which he starts doing that? So, for example, when you go for a walk with the dog, he’s going to sniff the environment, and he’s starting to shiver his teeth, it’s possible he found something he likes. But if it happens around the moment he wants to eat, it’s possible that he has a tooth [issue] and eating hurts him a little.”

Dr. Vanacker says if you see your dog chattering their teeth more than usual, or if you notice anything unusual about his behavior, it might be worth taking your dog to the veterinary clinic.

Should You Worry About Teeth Chattering in Dogs?

In many cases, you don’t need to worry about dog teeth chattering, especially if your dog seems to do it while sniffing or licking something. 

However, one situation in which you should take teeth chattering very seriously is when a dog is suddenly not responding to you, says Dr. Vanacker. In these situations, your dog may be experiencing a focal seizure. If you notice your dog chattering their teeth or biting at the air for no apparent reason, contact a veterinarian to rule out focal seizures.

And of course, if you think your dog is suffering due to an issue like dental pain or anxiety, you should also contact your veterinarian.

What to Do About a Dog’s Chattering Teeth

In most cases, teeth chattering in dogs does not indicate a serious issue that requires a trip to the emergency clinic. But if you’re still concerned, carefully document what’s happening so you can discuss the behavior with your veterinarian.

“If you notice teeth chattering, it’s a good idea to make a mental note of the conditions it’s occurring in and the generalized demeanor of your dog,” says Dr. LeBrun. “Ask yourself questions like: Are they in an unfamiliar or scary environment? How is the ambient temperature? Do they respond to you speaking or petting them?

“Another very helpful thing you can do is try to capture the episode on video to share with your veterinarian,” she adds. “It may provide hard-to-describe details that help your veterinarian identify how concerned to be about the behavior and where to direct their physical exam.”

If your dog turns out to be suffering from dental issues, neurological problems, anxiety, or another condition, your vet will be able to provide advice on what to do. For instance, your veterinarian might advise a professional dental cleaning to address any oral health issues, or to consult a dog behavior expert for ways to ease your dog’s anxiety. If you tackle the root of the issue, a dog’s teeth chattering might completely disappear.

The post Dog Teeth Chattering: Causes and What It Means appeared first on Great Pet Care.

In this article, we’ll go over all things cat conjunctivitis, so you’ll be able to look out for the warning signs and know what to do if your cat is infected.

What Is Conjunctivitis?

The moist tissue that lines the eyelid and eye surface is called the conjunctiva. The part directly on the eye is called the bulbar conjunctiva, and the lining inside the eyelids is called the palpebral conjunctiva. When these mucous membranes become inflamed, it’s called conjunctivitis.

Most people are familiar with conjunctivitis in humans, but you may wonder how it compares to cat conjunctivitis. For example, what causes conjunctivitis in cats? And is conjunctivitis in cats contagious?

Conjunctivitis in cats is usually infectious, so yes, in those cases it is contagious and can be passed to other kitties. The risk to non-feline family members (both dogs and humans) is low. 

Now let’s go over what can cause cat conjunctivitis.

Causes of Conjunctivitis in Cats

The three most common infectious causes of conjunctivitis in cats are:

• Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1)
• Chlamydia felis, which is a bacteria
• Feline calicivirus (FCV)

Because these causes are infectious, your cat’s risk increases when they’re around a lot of other cats. If your cat is in a confined area with unfamiliar cats, their likelihood of contracting something from one of those cats becomes greater. Higher risk situations include animal shelters, boarding facilities, catteries, veterinary clinics, or outdoor cat colonies.

Another important factor for infectious conjunctivitis, particularly herpesvirus, is that it can recur in times of stress. When a person with herpesvirus-1 gets stressed, they get cold sores. When a cat with FHV-1 gets stressed, they basically get a cold, with conjunctivitis being one of the main symptoms. A stressed cat may have a recurrence of herpesviral conjunctivitis. Stressors could include a new animal or child in the home, moving to a new home, outdoor cats harassing them through the window, recent veterinary visits, and more.

Other less common causes of conjunctivitis can include:

• Trauma
• Chemical burns
• Environmental irritants
• Foreign bodies in the eye or under the eyelids
• Eye worms (Thelazia spp.)

You can also see inflammation of the conjunctiva secondary to other diseases of the eye, such as an ulcer on the cornea, rolled-in eyelids (entropion), or glaucoma.

Symptoms of Cat Conjunctivitis

Cat conjunctivitis can occur in one or both eyes. It may be the only sign you see, or you may notice upper respiratory signs, as well.

Some of the most common symptoms of conjunctivitis in cats include:

• Excessive blinking, winking, or squinting (blepharospasm)
• Ocular discharge, which can be clear, yellow, green, tan, or brown
• Redness of the eye
• Swelling around the eye, which can appear as excessive pink tissue around the eye
• Eyes crusted shut
• Ulcers on the cornea (surface of the eye)
• Pawing at the eyes
• Upper respiratory signs: sneezing, nasal discharge, poor appetite, lethargy, ulcers in the mouth, coughing

Diagnosing Feline Conjunctivitis

A physical examination is necessary to diagnose feline conjunctivitis. A full exam of the eye can include testing the eye’s tear production (Schirmer tear test), testing the eye for ulcers (fluorescein stain), testing the pressures of the eye (intraocular pressures), and examining the eye with a light source. Usually, your veterinarian will treat your cat for a presumed infectious cause based on their findings without additional testing.

If your cat’s symptoms are not resolving or recur frequently, your veterinarian may recommend additional testing to seek a definitive cause. Examples of additional testing could include polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or virus isolation. These tests involve sending samples to a reference laboratory, which will report back if specific infectious diseases are detected. Your cat may need to be sedated for sample collection.

How to Treat Conjunctivitis in Cats 

Treatment of conjunctivitis in cats depends on the underlying cause and severity. Most herpesvirus cases resolve on their own without treatment. If the disease is severe or isn’t improving, or if you have an immunocompromised cat – such as one with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) –  your veterinarian may recommend treatment. Supportive care, such as ensuring that your cat maintains adequate hydration and nutrition, is always important.

Keep in mind that two of the most common causes of conjunctivitis – herpesvirus and calicivirus – are viral. This means antibiotics aren’t going to make the virus go away. However, both viruses can easily cause secondary bacterial infections, in which case antibiotics may be beneficial. Your veterinarian may prescribe an oral antibiotic, usually doxycycline, or topical antibiotics that are placed directly within the eye. Topical antibiotics usually come in the form of either cat eye drops or eye ointment. If your veterinarian suspects herpesvirus, they may prescribe an oral antiviral like famciclovir or a topical antiviral like idoxuridine. Currently, antivirals are not routinely used for suspect calicivirus cases.

You can help your cat by gently wiping away excessive eye discharge. If your cat’s eyes are crusted shut, you can use a warm cloth compress to try to gently tease them open; however, this must be done with caution! The conjunctiva is a delicate tissue. With severe inflammation, the conjunctiva on the inside of the eyelids (palpebral conjunctiva) can become adhered to the surface of the eye (bulbar conjunctiva). This is called symblepharon. These changes can be permanent or may require a visit to an ophthalmologist, and pulling on the eyelids may cause the tissue to tear.  To help avoid this complication, use a warm compress to keep your cat’s eyes open and seek prompt veterinary attention.

How to Prevent Conjunctivitis in Cats 

Not all cases of conjunctivitis are preventable, but there are steps you can take to reduce the risk and severity of disease.

One of the key things you can do is keep your cat up to date on vaccinations. The FVRCP vaccine, which is a core vaccination for cats, protects the cat against both herpesvirus and calicivirus. While the FVRCP vaccine doesn’t prevent all cases of herpesvirus or calicivirus, it’s thought to reduce the severity of disease. The vaccine may also decrease shedding of herpesvirus, reducing the likelihood of transmission between cats.

Importantly, it’s likely that your cat has already had or currently has herpesvirus and/or calicivirus, as both viruses are very common. In fact, according to the Cornell Feline Health Center, up to 97% of cats are exposed to feline herpesvirus in their lifetime, and up to 80% of exposed cats have a lifelong infection. Of those cats, up to 45% will occasionally shed the virus, usually following times of stress. So statistically speaking, the cat in your home very likely already has herpesvirus. 

When it comes to calicivirus, the Cornell Feline Health Center states that 10% of cats housed in small groups are affected, while up to 90% of cats in more crowded situations, like shelters, are infected. Even Chlamydia felis is common! Around 20% of cats with upper respiratory signs and 3% of healthy-looking cats carry C. felis. 

Theoretically, you could reduce your cat’s risk by keeping them indoors and away from densely populated areas, but the truth is that it’s very likely they’ve already been exposed to at least one of the main three infectious causes of conjunctivitis.

As previously mentioned, herpes can recur in times of stress. Reducing your cat’s stress by providing them with a regular routine and plenty of enrichment may help to prevent recurrence of herpes signs. When changes do occur in your home, try to slowly introduce your cat to those changes, if possible.

If you notice that your cat has red eyes or other eye problems, make sure to contact your veterinarian for further advice.

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As many as 1 in 4 cats are carrying fleas. With this fact in mind, you’ll definitely want to know how to identify cat fleas. But what do cat fleas look like? And how can you tell if your cat has them? Luckily, we have your back.

Cat Flea Anatomy

Adult cat fleas are very small, and it’s not particularly easy to get a good look at their anatomy because of their size and tendency to jump around. So, what do cat fleas look like if we’re looking at them through a microscope?

Cat fleas are wingless insects with three pairs of legs attached to their thorax, which is the part of the body behind the head. Their third pair of legs is larger than the other two pairs and allows them to jump. Cat fleas have a large abdomen, which is the back segment of their body.

Often described as “laterally flattened,” cat fleas look like their sides have been squished towards each other. They’re covered with hard plates known as sclerites. Their flattened bodies and the presence of sclerites make them very hard to squash. These sclerites have tiny hairs or spines on them which are directed backwards, allowing them to move easily through the cat’s fur.

Another unique feature of Ctenocephalides fleas is that they have both a pronotal and genal comb. These “combs” are a series of spines, and their location around the mouth and head of a flea can be used to differentiate flea species. A genal comb is one that is located above the mouthparts while the pronotal comb is located near the start of the thorax.

Cat fleas have two small eyespots, one on each side of the head. While these eyes don’t form normal visual images, they are sensitive to light, producing visual cues that the flea can use to navigate its environment. Their mouthparts, which they use to collect a blood meal from their host, are found at the bottom of their head.

What Do Cat Fleas Look Like to the Human Eye? 

Adult cat fleas are very small, with females being around 2.5 mm in length and males being around 1 mm in length. Some people describe fleas on cats as looking like black specks or coffee grounds. Cat fleas are around the size of the tip of a ballpoint pen or smaller.

The easiest way to see adult fleas is to use a quick-acting insecticide to kill the fleas and then a flea comb to collect fleas. However, keep in mind that cats are fastidious groomers! This means that it can be very hard to actually catch a flea on your cat before they’ve groomed it off of themselves.

You’re more likely to see these small, dark, oval-shaped insects if you part the fur and look at the skin. Cat fleas can be fast little bugs, so you may see them weaving in and out of your pet’s fur as they move around. Cat fleas can also jump long distances, so you may see them catapult off your pet’s body. In this way, they sometimes seem to “disappear” when you see them.

Although fleas often feast around a cat’s flanks and rump, you may have an easier time finding them up around the neck of your cat. This is because your cat is much more likely to successfully groom off the cat fleas on the back half of their body. Given the medium to dark brown color of fleas, they are easier to find on cats with light fur.

What Do Flea Eggs Look Like to the Human Eye?

Adult female fleas shed eggs within two days of meeting male fleas on your cat. Impressively, one female flea can create 25-50 eggs in one day. These glistening, white flea eggs are only around 0.5 mm in length, making them very easy to miss. 

While it’s possible to find these eggs on your cat, most of the eggs fall off into the environment. If you’re going to find them on the cat, it will more likely be up around their head and neck where they may have a harder time grooming the flea eggs off. You may see these eggs in the cat’s bedding, and they’d be nearly impossible to see on a carpet.

What About Cat Flea Larvae? 

After around 3-4 days, these eggs hatch into larvae. Cat flea larvae are a bit larger than adult fleas, measuring up to 5 mm in length. The larvae appear like tiny white worms or maggots with small white hairs on their body. You may occasionally find larvae on your cat, but most of the larvae will develop in the environment. The cat flea larvae will feed on organic debris in the environment, including the droppings of adult fleas.

What Do Flea Pupae Look Like?  

After around two weeks, the larvae will develop into pupae, which finish their development in silk cocoons. These 5 mm cocoons are sticky and thus become covered with environmental debris, making them very hard to see. The pupal stage can be brief (around 8 days) but can last up to 30 weeks depending on environmental conditions. Adult fleas will hatch from the pupae. The adult fleas jump onto your cat and feed on blood, allowing them to continue their life cycle.

Other Signs Your Cat May Have Fleas

Because it’s so difficult to spot a flea on your cat, sometimes you must rely on other signs to help you determine that your cat has fleas.

One thing you might find is flea dirt, which is a nice way of saying flea poop. Flea dirt can look like black pepper flakes in your pet’s fur and is often noted on the skin along the base of their furs. You can find flea dirt anywhere on your cat but may have more luck locating it up along the neck where cats have more difficulty grooming.

If you were to take some of this flea dirt and place it on a damp paper towel, you would see a reddish ring around the flea dirt. This is because flea dirt is digested blood.

Other signs that could signify that your cat has fleas include:

• Itchy skin (pruritus), which makes your cat scratch at themselves and groom more than usual
• Redness or pink tinge to skin due to inflammation (erythema)
• Single, raised red or pink spots on the skin from flea bites on cat
• Symmetrical hair loss, usually affecting the sides, rump, tail-base, and thighs
• Vomiting hairballs from overgrooming
• Scratch marks from itching
• Tapeworms (your cat can get tapeworms from swallowing fleas)

Cats who are allergic to flea saliva can develop flea allergy dermatitis, which causes moderate to severe skin inflammation and crusts or small bumps (papules), often around the neck and lower back. These cats will be excessively itchy and uncomfortable and are more likely to develop a secondary skin infection.

Flea Prevention for Cats

Cat fleas have worldwide distribution. Anywhere there are fleas, your cat is at risk for developing an infestation. Luckily, many monthly preventative medications are available to protect your cats from fleas, most of which are spot-on treatments. Other options include chewable tablets, flea collars, and flea sprays.

Some flea and tick preventatives are available over-the-counter while some require a prescription from your veterinarian. Do not use products that contain permethrin, as this can cause vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, seizures, and death in cats. Any product you use must be labeled as safe for cats.

Examples of ingredients which are safe for most cats and can help kill and prevent fleas include fipronil, fluralaner, imidacloprid, selamectin, and more.

To prevent your cat from getting fleas, make sure you are also using prevention on the other pets in the home, too. Fleas can move between dogs and cats. Remember that most fleas on dogs are actually cat fleas. Keeping your cat indoors can also prevent a flea infestation.

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Overall, flea allergy dermatitis is the most common skin disease of dogs and cats in most countries of the world. In areas known to have fleas, flea allergy dermatitis is the first thing your veterinarian wants to rule out when you bring in your itchy cat. This can be very frustrating for you as the pet parent, who may not even know your pet has fleas. It can take just one flea bite to cause flea allergy dermatitis.

What Is Flea Allergy Dermatitis in Cats? 

Flea allergy dermatitis is more than the simple itchiness that your cat experiences from having fleas crawling around and biting them. Some cats are actually allergic to the flea’s saliva.

Not all cats are allergic to flea bites. In fact, most cats will experience only mild skin irritation as a response to fleas biting. Your typical cat may still have redness and hair loss from overgrooming, but it won’t be as severe as you’d see with flea allergy dermatitis. On the other hand, cats who are allergic to flea saliva can have a full-blown allergic response to just one flea bite! Around 2 percent of cats are allergic to flea saliva, with no specific breed predispositions known at this time.

Causes of Flea Allergies in Cats

Flea allergies in cats only happen from flea bites. The mere presence of a flea won’t cause a reaction, but it would be very rare for a flea to land on your cat and NOT try to take a bite. The warm environment of a cat’s fur is perfect for a flea to find their next meal. Fleas bite your cat to feed on blood, which is how your cat gets exposed to the flea’s saliva. 

When a flea bites them, the cat’s body has an overreaction to specific proteins in the flea’s saliva, and this exaggerated response manifests as flea allergy dermatitis. Repeated exposure to flea saliva causes the cat to develop a hypersensitivity reaction. In most cases, this hypersensitivity reaction manifests as flea allergy dermatitis.

Like how allergies can worsen in people with repeated exposure, your cat’s signs may worsen with each reinfestation.

Symptoms of Flea Allergy Dermatitis in Cats

Most signs of flea allergies in cats are related to the condition of your cat’s skin. Some pet parents may refer to this as a flea rash. The typical signs of flea allergy dermatitis in cats include:

• Itchy skin (pruritus), most notably on the rump, head, and neck
• Redness or pink tinge to skin due to inflammation (erythema)
• Symmetrical hair loss, usually affecting the sides, rump, tail-base, and thighs
• Crusts or small bumps (papules), often around the neck and lower back
• Vomiting hairballs from overgrooming
• Scratch marks from itching
• Tapeworms (your cat can get tapeworms from swallowing fleas)

While live fleas and flea dirt can certainly be present with a flea allergy in cats, keep in mind that cats are fastidious groomers. It’s common for cat parents not to even know that their flea-allergic cat has fleas!

In some cases, a condition known as eosinophilic granuloma complex (ECG) may also occur. With ECG, your cat may develop lip ulcers, raised plaques on the skin, or granulomas of the skin.

Diagnosing a Flea Allergy in Cats

In most cases, your veterinarian will be able to diagnose flea allergy dermatitis in your cat with a physical exam. If your pet has the characteristic skin allergy signs and the veterinarian finds a flea or flea dirt, a flea allergy will be their presumptive diagnosis. 

The veterinarian may use a flea comb to check for fleas or dirt. Flea dirt is the excrement of fleas, which turns red or a rusty color when wetted because it’s digested blood. If the veterinarian finds brown or black specks on your cat, they may wet the specks with a paper towel to see if they turn this characteristic rusty red color.

Typically, the veterinarian won’t need to run blood work. However, if your cat is very young or has a very high number of fleas on them, the fleas can actually feed on your cat enough to cause anemia. If the veterinarian suspects anemia based on their physical examination, the veterinarian may at least recommend checking to ensure your cat isn’t anemic from blood loss. Signs of anemia would include pale gums, weakness, and lethargy.  

In most cases, the veterinarian will recommend treating your pet intensively for flea allergy dermatitis for at least six weeks. If the fleas are gone after this time but the itchiness and red skin continues, then your veterinarian may recommend food elimination diets or skin testing for allergies. While flea allergies are the top cause of itchy skin conditions in areas with fleas, environmental allergies and food allergies can also cause skin inflammation in cats. 

Treating Flea Allergy Dermatitis in Cats

Luckily, there’s a solution to flea allergy dermatitis in cats—keep the fleas off your pet! The hard part about a flea infestation is that the environment must also be treated. While 5 percent of the fleas in an infestation are adult fleas which can jump onto your pet and bite them, the remaining 95 percent are still in earlier life stages within the environment—eggs, larvae, and pupae. You must disrupt the life cycle to halt the infestation. Most insecticides will kill fleas but preventing reinfestation is the ongoing challenge.

To treat the active infestation, your veterinarian may recommend an oral medication (nitenpyram) that can rapidly kill adult fleas on your pet within 6 hours. This medication does not have residual activity, so reinfestation is not prevented. This is why the veterinarian will also recommend a routine flea and tick preventative, such as imidacloprid, fipronil, fluralaner, or selamectin. These spot-on treatments have good efficacy, safety, and residual activity. Other prevention options can include chewable tablets, flea collars, and flea sprays. As a note, spot-on treatments must be applied directly to the skin, so make sure you’re parting the fur when you put the spot-on on your pet.

Permethrin is in many flea treatments for dogs, but this medication is very dangerous for cats. This ingredient can cause vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, seizures, and death in cats. Ensure the product you use is labeled for cats! Do not use any product that lists permethrin as an ingredient on your cat.

All that skin irritation and scratching can result in a secondary skin infection. If this is the case for your cat, your veterinarian will prescribe antibiotics to help treat the infection. If your pet’s skin allergy is moderate to severe, the veterinarian may also give a steroid injection or prescribe short-term steroids like prednisolone to give your pet more immediate relief. Steroids help reduce inflammation and can slow the immune system’s overreaction to the flea’s saliva.

Most cats continue treatment at home. Hospitalization is not typically necessary, but very young, sick, or anemic animals may need to stay in the hospital for monitoring or, rarely, a blood transfusion.

When it comes to managing the fleas in the environment, there are several steps you can take:

• Use products with residual activity (spot-on treatments) at the recommended intervals.
• Treat all in-contact animals with flea and tick prevention! This is a MUST.
• Wash your pet’s bedding, blankets, and soft toys on high heat. Repeat several times per week.
• Apply a spray that is designed to kill the flea (including younger life stages) to the surfaces in your home. You should apply the spray until the surface is damp to the touch.
• Vacuum the carpets and upholstery daily while managing the infestation. Throw out the contents of the vacuum bag or canister in a tightly sealed plastic bag after each vacuuming session. 
• Consider outdoor exposures. It’s very difficult to control exposure if your cat goes outside, so consider keeping severely allergic cats indoors. If you think your outdoor area needs treatment, consider consulting a pest specialist. 

If you can’t get in soon to see your veterinarian, it’s a good idea to bathe your cat if they’ll tolerate it. You can use a cat-friendly shampoo, but regular dish soap such as Dawn is safe in a pinch. Whether your cat allows the bath or not, you can use a flea comb to help remove more fleas. Some flea and tick preventatives are available without a prescription and can help you start getting the infestation under control. 

How to Prevent Flea Allergy Dermatitis in Cats

Remember that it can only take one flea bite to keep your flea-allergic cat itchy! While the task may seem daunting, prevention is key to keeping your pet healthy and happy. 

Keep your cat and any in-contact pets on monthly flea control year-round. Fleas can continue to live indoors during the winter months. While the warmer months of the year have typically been considered flea season (year-round in some southern and coastal areas, spring to fall in northern areas), flea season has been expanding to involve more months of the year. Year-round prevention is the best way to keep your pet from experiencing an allergic reaction. 

Wild animals, community cats, stray animals, and pets you share a fence-line with can all be flea reservoirs. Keeping your cat indoors reduces their potential exposure to new flea infestations.

Remember that a large part of a flea infestation occurs in the environment. Regular vacuuming can help catch fleas who may have hitched a ride on your dog during their afternoon walk.

If you are struggling to control a flea infestation, consider speaking with your veterinarian or a pest specialist. Once you get rid of a flea infestation, prevention of future infestations becomes easier. With patience, you can help your flea-allergic cat get back to their usual frisky self.

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But what happens if the blood bypasses the liver, and those toxins aren’t filtered? When your dog has a liver shunt, this is exactly what occurs. Here, we’ll explain what a liver shunt is, signs to watch for, and treatment options.

What Is a Liver Shunt?

The vessels that carry blood from the intestines, spleen, and pancreas to the liver make up the portal venous system. When a vein is connected abnormally in a way that allows blood to bypass the liver, it is called a portosystemic shunt. Blood is “shunted” from the portal venous system to another vessel, bypassing detoxification in the liver. These shunts can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later in life.

When a dog has a congenital venous shunt, around 75 percent of the time they have only one abnormal vessel. In the remaining 25 percent, they have multiple abnormal connections, resulting in multiple shunts. Shunts can occur outside of the liver (extrahepatic) or within the liver (intrahepatic).

Acquired shunts usually develop later in life as a response to other issues. With acquired shunts, your dog will typically develop multiple abnormal connections, meaning they have multiple shunts.

When the liver can’t detoxify blood, these toxins will go to the rest of the body, causing significant health concerns for your pup.

Causes of Liver Shunts in Dogs

Congenital liver shunts have different causes than acquired liver shunts. Let’s break down the origin of both. 

Causes of Congenital Liver Shunts

When your dog was a developing fetus inside their mother, they didn’t need their liver to detoxify blood from the intestinal tract because they weren’t eating anything. While in their mother’s uterus, puppies have a large shunt called the ductus venosus that allows blood to bypass the liver. This shunt is supposed to collapse after birth. 

If this vessel remains open after birth or your puppy develops another abnormal venous connection while growing within their mother, it is considered a congenital liver shunt.

Genetics play some role in the development of portosystemic shunts, with some breeds more likely to be affected than others. However, this condition is considered a complex trait that isn’t simply inherited from a dog’s parents.

Breeds that have a higher risk of developing congenital portosystemic liver shunts include:

• Yorkshire Terrier
• Old English Sheepdog
• Irish Wolfhound
• Cairn Terrier
• Maltese
• Labrador Retriever
• Miniature Schnauzer

Small and toy breeds tend to develop single extrahepatic shunts. Single intrahepatic shunts are more common in large breeds.

Causes of Acquired Liver Shunts

Acquired liver shunts occur later in life. If your dog develops significant liver disease, they can experience scarring (cirrhosis) of the liver. Because of the scarring, the blood vessels in the portal venous system may have high blood pressure (portal hypertension). Blood in the portal venous system will attempt to follow the path of least resistance, causing the dog to develop multiple abnormal connections that shunt blood around the liver. These shunts can occur in any breed or age of animal.

Symptoms of a Liver Shunt in Dogs

A dog with a large congenital liver shunt will develop symptoms earlier in life than a dog with a small, less severe shunt. Signs of a liver shunt in dogs can include:

• Stunted growth
• Poor muscle development
• Abnormal behaviors (appears disoriented, stares into space, walks in circles, presses head against walls), which sometimes develop after eating meals
• Seizures
• Drinking and/or urinating too much
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Prolonged recovery after anesthesia

The signs of acquired shunts are similar (minus stunted growth), but your dog may also have signs of the underlying disease that’s causing portal hypertension. For example, a dog with severe liver cirrhosis may also have jaundice (yellow gums, eyes). Symptoms of acquired shunts are most often seen in middle-aged or older canines.

Diagnosing Liver Shunts in Dogs

To diagnose this condition, the veterinarian will start with a physical exam and routine lab work.

The blood work may show that the puppy is mildly anemic, and the blood chemistry may have changes in values that suggest a liver shunt. Urinalysis can show diluted urine and spiky crystals called ammonium biurate crystals. Although routine lab work may suggest a shunt and rule out other conditions, it’s unlikely to give a definitive diagnosis of liver shunt.

As most dogs with liver shunts will have elevated bile acids, your veterinarian will almost certainly want to run a bile acids test, which helps determine if the liver is functioning appropriately. This test involves taking blood from a dog who has not eaten in at least 12 hours (preprandial sample), feeding them a meal, and then drawing a second blood sample two hours after eating (postprandial sample). In a normal dog, bile acids enter the intestine and remain there until food has been digested. The intestines will absorb the bile acids, which will move through the portal venous system back to the liver. If the dog has a shunt, their bile acids will bypass the liver, so the levels remain elevated.

Other testing may include:

• X-rays of the abdomen, which may show a small liver
• Ultrasound of the abdomen, especially if the ultrasound machine allows examination of blood vessels (Doppler flow analysis)
• CT scan with contrast that allows the study of vessels
• MRI
• Exploratory surgery to see if an abnormal vessel is present

Liver biopsy may also be recommended if the dog has acquired portosystemic shunts or during surgical correction of congenital portosystemic shunts. 

Treatment for a Dog Liver Shunt

Depending on the situation, there are a variety of treatment options for congenital liver shunts.

Medical Treatment

If your dog is having significant clinical signs from their congenital liver shunt, initial stabilization should be completed with special diets and medications. Your pet may also receive a rectal enema to remove intestinal toxins before they are absorbed. Intravenous fluids may be administered to stabilize blood sugar. If your dog is having seizures, they will also be started on an anti-seizure medication such as diazepam.

Diet changes will aim to reduce the amount of protein in the diet and ensure that proteins are high quality and highly digestible. High levels of protein typically worsen the signs of liver shunts.

Your pet may be given a medication called lactulose. This decreases the absorption of ammonia and other toxins from the intestines, making the environment of the intestines less favorable to bacteria that produce toxins. Your veterinarian may also recommend specific antibiotics that reduce populations of toxin-producing bacteria.  

Surgical Treatment

In most cases of congenital liver shunts, surgery will be recommended. Most surgeons now use a metal band with an inner ring of casein (milk protein) called an ameroid constrictor, which slowly closes the shunt over time. The inner ring of casein absorbs normal abdominal fluid and gradually swells, pressing on the shunt and encouraging it to scar shut. 

Survival with this surgery is over 95%, and most dogs are clinically normal within 4-8 weeks after placement. The shunt is typically closed within 3-4 weeks. In dogs whose shunt does not completely close, the remaining shunt is usually less severe and can often be managed with diet and medication. Dogs with a single shunt have an excellent prognosis after surgery, especially if the shunt is extrahepatic.

About 1/3 of dogs treated medically will live a long life, but these tend to be dogs who are diagnosed later in life, meaning their shunt is less severe. Over half of dogs treated medically will be euthanized within 10 months of diagnosis because they continue to have uncontrollable neurologic signs, changes to their behavior, or liver damage.

Surgery is not typically recommended for acquired liver shunts. Instead, these dogs must be managed with a protein-restricted diet and lactulose for the remainder of their life.

Liver Supplements 

Pet parents often question if liver supplements will help their pets. Generally, they may help and are unlikely to hurt. Examples of liver supplements to speak to your veterinarian about include milk thistle and SAM-e (S-adenosyl-L-methionine), and active ingredients in these supplements vary. 

Supplements alone will not be enough, however, and most of these pets will still benefit from surgery or medical management.

Cost to Treat Liver Shunts in Dogs

Treating your pet’s liver shunt can be very expensive, but the positive outcomes make it worth it for many pet parents. Cost varies by the size of your dog and the type of shunt. The workup for diagnosing liver shunts can be around $1,500 to $2,000, sometimes more. Surgery for an extrahepatic congenital shunt (usually a small breed dog) can range from $3,500 to $5,000.

Both diagnosis of and treatment for intrahepatic shunts, which are more common in large breed dogs, are usually more complicated. Cost can range from $4,500 to $7,500 for workup and open abdominal surgery, but it can reach $8,000 to $9,500 for more complex procedures, like using a coil within the shunt to close the abnormal venous connection.

Overall, the price ranges from $2,000 to up over $10,000 for the treatment of liver shunts in dogs. 

In cases where medical management is acceptable, the workup can still be costly but long-term management with a medication like lactulose is usually affordable.

How to Prevent Liver Shunts in Dogs 

While it’s recommended not to breed dogs with portosystemic shunts due to the role genetics play, there is nothing you as a pet parent can do to prevent your puppy from developing a congenital liver shunt. They usually have them before they’ve even entered your home!

Acquired liver shunts can be prevented in some cases by keeping your pet’s liver healthy. Long-term or inappropriate usage of some medications, such as paracetamol or phenobarbital, can damage the liver. Keep your dog vaccinated against diseases that can affect the liver, such as leptospirosis or adenovirus.

Other cases may occur due to conditions you cannot prevent, such as idiopathic hepatitis, which is inflammation of the liver that occurs without a known cause. Annual or biannual lab work may help you and your veterinarian detect liver diseases early, allowing treatment to slow progression and keep your pet healthier for longer.

The post Liver Shunts in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

While dog parks may be popular and appealing, they can also pose hidden dangers for the unsuspecting pet parent. By knowing what to watch out for, you can better protect your pup from common dog park risks. 

Are Dog Parks Good for Dogs?

Dog parks offer several benefits for pets. First and foremost, they give dogs an opportunity to socialize with other pets and people. Socialization from an early age is important, as it helps dogs acclimate to a variety of new sights, sounds, and situations. 

Another pro of dog parks is that they provide a space for dogs to exercise, which is vital to their overall well-being. Regular, appropriate exercise can help support joint health, strengthen muscles, and keep your dog at a healthy weight.

Lastly, dog parks can benefit dogs and humans on an emotional level, helping them forge a stronger bond as they spend quality time together. 

That being said, not all dogs enjoy going to the dog park, so always keep your pup’s preferences and comfort level in mind.

8 Dog Park Dangers to Know

While dog parks offer a lot of potential perks, they can also present several hazards for dogs. Below, we look at some of the top dog park dangers pet parents should be aware of. 

Untrained and Unsocialized Dogs

Dog parks bring together dogs with a wide range of personalities, temperaments, and behaviors. This means not all pups at the park will be the best-trained listeners. 

Dogs who won’t come when called, refuse to sit and stay, or don’t follow other basic training cues like drop it can put other dogs and themselves at risk of injury. If your dog isn’t well-trained, teach them the basics before spending time at the dog park. 

Dogs who did not socialize with other dogs at a young age may struggle to read the body language of other dogs. These dogs may fail to back down when warning signals are given. If they do not have good recall training, this can make the situation more dangerous.

Rule Breakers

Dog parks bring members of the community together in a shared space, with the expectation that everyone will follow a similar set of rules and guidelines designed to promote safety. 

But even if you follow all dog park rules to the letter, that doesn’t mean other pet parents will do the same. Pet parents who don’t clean up their pet’s waste or who are on their phones and not paying attention to their dog’s behavior can create hazards for others. Keep in mind that some visitors may bring small children with them, which may pose a risk if adults do not supervise their kids around dogs.

Infectious Diseases

Any communal space can pose the risk of spreading infectious diseases between animals, such as parvovirus and kennel cough. “Dogs not up to date on vaccines are at a greater risk for contracting diseases,” says Dr. Clarke Garthwaite, VMD at Horsham Veterinary Hospital in Pennsylvania. “Diseases at dog parks can spread from contact with other animals, as well as exposure to their urine and feces.”

Young puppies in particular may not be properly protected against disease risks. “Puppies that have not completed their vaccination series should avoid dog parks,” Dr. Garthwaite says. 

Parasites 

Before heading to the dog park, pet parents should also consider parasitic risks, such as fleas, ticks, worms, and Giardia. “Intestinal parasites are often transmitted through feces,” says Dr. Garthwaite. In a national study, nearly 50 percent of dog parks sampled had at least one dog infected with intestinal worms (1). 

“Making sure your dog is receiving monthly heartworm and flea/tick prevention helps reduce the risk of fleas, ticks, heartworm and intestinal parasites and makes for less risk at the dog park,” says Dr. Garthwaite. 

A broad-spectrum parasite control product, such as Interceptor Plus, can protect against multiple types of worms in dogs, including heartworm disease. To provide your pet with 360-degree protection, consider also using a flea and tick control product, such as Credelio.

Pet parents should speak with their veterinarian to identify appropriate parasite control products for their individual pet. (Editorial note: Dr. Clarke Garthwaite, who was interviewed, and Dr. Rhiannon Koehler, our veterinary reviewer, did not endorse or recommend any specific products for this article.) 

Too Much Activity

A new setting with lots of sights and sounds can potentially over-excite your pet. “Some dogs will play too hard and for too long at dog parks,” cautions Dr. Garthwaite. 

If your pet shows signs of overdoing it, such as a limp, be sure to monitor them and contact your veterinarian with any concerns.

“If your dog comes up lame after playing, you can rest them for 24 hours and schedule an appointment with your local veterinarian if you are concerned,” says Dr. Garthwaite. 

While too much exercise can put any dog at risk of joint damage, pet parents should be especially cautious about over-exercising puppies, since their bones and joints are still developing. 

In addition, the youthful energy and overall environment of a dog park may be too much for senior pets to handle.

“Senior pets can get tired more quickly, and play should be monitored closely and limited,” advises Dr. Garthwaite. “Many senior pets have other conditions, such as osteoarthritis, which may be exacerbated through rough play.” Low-impact exercises, such as walking or swimming, are more ideal for dogs with osteoarthritis.

Lastly, dogs who have flatter faces like Bulldogs or Pugs are prone to overheating when they exercise too much. If you notice your flat-faced canine is acting tired or breathing heavily at the dog park, it’s time to cut your visit short. Consider keeping your dog at home when it’s really hot outside. High temperatures and overexertion can lead to heat stroke in dogs, a life-threatening condition that requires immediate care.

Dehydration 

A pup who overdoes it at the dog park is also at risk of dehydration, especially on a hot summer day. 

“Make sure your dog has access to fresh, clean water throughout their time in the park, taking breaks if they need to,” Dr. Garthwaite says. It is best to provide your dog with their own water rather than using a shared water source, which could pose a risk of disease transmission.

Rough Play or Dog Fights

While pet parents may enter dog parks with the best of intentions and utopian vision, the reality is that not all pets will play together nicely…or at least not as nice as we’d hope. 

“It’s important to be mindful of behavior dynamics between different dogs,” says Dr. Garthwaite. “Not every dog will play well in a dog park.”

This, of course, can result in rough play or outright fights, which can prompt a trip to the veterinarian.

“In the event that there is a fight, check your pet for injuries and follow up with your veterinarian if needed,” advises Dr. Garthwaite. 

Pet parents who stay in tune with dog body language may be able to help prevent altercations from occurring. Keep in mind that dog parks don’t usually separate large dogs from small dogs, and a large dog can seriously harm a small dog, often unintentionally. 

Escape Risk

The ideal dog park is well-maintained, clean, safe, and secure. But not all parks are equally maintained. Loose, damaged, or worn-out gates and fences can create the risk of escape. A loose dog can be exposed to multiple dangers, such as getting hit by a car or becoming lost. Do a scan of the perimeter to make sure the fence is secure before letting your dog off-leash.

Dog Park Etiquette: Tips and Advice

While dog parks can present dangers, consider these tips to help mitigate risk and make your time more enjoyable:

Brush up on basic training. Regular training sessions can not only improve your bond with your pet but can also make trips to the dog park and interactions with other pets safer and less stressful.

Take preventive care measures. Keeping your pet up to date on vaccinations can protect them against serious diseases while also protecting other pets and people at the dog park. Regular flea and tick control and heartworm preventives can also protect pets against tick-borne diseases, heartworm disease, and intestinal parasites that they may be exposed to when spending time outdoors.

Be vigilant. Many dog parks are off-leash since they are fenced in, but that can sometimes give pet parents a false sense of security. While at the dog park, always keep a close eye on your pet and be mindful of other pets’ behaviors to prevent harmful encounters. 

The post 8 Dog Park Dangers You Need to Know appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Unfortunately, cats are prone to a number of painful and uncomfortable urinary tract issues. There are so many potential issues specifically related to urinary health that an umbrella term – known as both feline urinary syndrome (FUS) and feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) – was created to capture the breadth of problems facing cats in that area.

Among the causes of FUS are urinary tract infections (UTIs). These infections are fairly common conditions in humans, particularly adult women. “The infection is not demonstrably different in felines than it is in humans,” explains Dr. Byron de la Navarre, chief of staff at Animal House of Chicago, “though symptoms will naturally present differently.”

But how can you tell if a behavior or action is a symptom of a UTI in cats, a sign of another urinary problem, or something else entirely? Read on for more info about cat urinary tract infections, plus the 5 symptoms of cat UTIs to get checked right away.

Urinary Tract Infections in Cats: An Overview

A urinary tract infection is when bacteria that does not typically live in the bladder gets to the bladder, causing irritation and inflammation, says Dr. Victoria Guillen of Pleasant Care Pet Hospital and Cat Care Clinic in Cincinnati.

“Female cats are more likely to get an infection of their urinary tract than male cats due to their anatomy,” Dr. Guillen says. Additionally, she says older cats are at a higher risk of getting a UTI as they have a higher preponderance of kidney disease than their younger counterparts. This is because the acid content and concentration of urine helps prevent UTIs, and kidney disease can alter the acidity of urine and decrease urine concentration. When that happens, infection is more likely.

Feline UTIs are a relatively rare condition. According to a 2021 study in Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, UTIs are considerably more common in dogs than in cats, with 39.3 percent of analyzed dogs showing a urine culture that was positive for UTI-causing bacteria and just 24.7 percent of cats showing the same.

Cat UTI Symptoms to Get Checked

While it can sometimes be tough to tell when your cat is fighting a UTI, here are five symptoms that shouldn’t be ignored.

Urinating in Inappropriate Places

Cats’ instinctual attraction toward using the litter box is one of nature’s miracles, and when they don’t follow through, it can be very jarring. One of the most common symptoms of many feline diseases is improper elimination, or doing their business outside of the litter box.

“What’s difficult about not using the litter box is that it can be hard to isolate what’s causing the problem,” Dr. de la Navarre says. “It could be as simple as you moving something in the room, and the cat is showing you they’re not happy about it, so they pee inappropriately.”

He adds that if you moved the litter box, and the cat is peeing where it used to be, it’s fairly likely that the cat wants it put back in its original location. But if you’re seeing repeated incidents of inappropriate urination without explanation, it’s worth discussing with your veterinarian, as a UTI or other cause of FLUTD may be present.

Blood in Urine

If you see blood in your cat’s urine, it could be a sign of a urinary tract infection. Inflammation in a cat’s urinary tract or bladder can cause discolored urine or blood-tinged urine. Pay extra attention to your cat’s litter box for signs of bloody urine and seek veterinary care if you notice any. 

Increased Frequency in Urination

When UTI-causing bacteria are present in large enough numbers, a cat’s bladder can become irritated and inflamed, Dr. de la Navarre says. “It gets uncomfortable, so they tend to pee more frequently.”

If your cat is posturing to urinate more than usual but is producing minimal to no urine, prompt veterinary attention is recommended to determine if your cat has a UTI or something more serious like a blockage.

“A urinary blockage is a medical emergency and should be addressed promptly, as it can result in death if not treated,” Dr. Guillen says.

This can happen when the urethra gets severely inflamed or if a stone forms and doesn’t pass through, Dr. de la Navarre says. “They’re much more common in male cats than female cats, and recurrence is fairly common. In that case, surgery may be recommended to prevent future blockages.”

Increased Thirst

Also known as polydipsia, increased thirst can be a product of increased frequency of urination or a cause of it; in either case, it’s worth checking with your veterinarian. If a UTI is present, drinking more water than usual may be the cat’s way of trying to flush out the urinary tract and rid themself of the bacteria causing the infection.

Your veterinarian may also test for the possibility of diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, or hyperthyroidism, as polydipsia is a symptom of these three common conditions. 

Vocalizing or Straining While Urinating

Healthy cats usually go about their “business” without calling too much attention to themselves, but in the case of a UTI, Dr. de la Navarre says a cat may yowl or vocalize while attempting to urinate. Additionally, you may observe your cat physically straining to use the bathroom when they’re dealing with a UTI.

Another potential underlying cause for straining and/or vocalizing during urination is cystitis, which is an inflammatory condition of the bladder that can lead to the formation of stones. Dr. Guillen says stress can be a cause of cystitis, and a special diet may be recommended by your veterinarian to help rebalance the acidity in urine, which can break up any potential stones and flush out unwanted bacteria.

Vocalizing and straining while attempting to urinate can also signal that your cat could have a urinary blockage. A cat who is repeatedly straining in the litter box and yowling should be examined quickly to ensure they are able to pass urine. Blockage can result in kidney failure and bladder rupture, which can be fatal.

Unusually Lethargic, Restless, or Standoffish Behavior

Does your cat just seem “off,” exhibiting unusual behavior like restlessness or lethargy? Changes like this can be a symptom of dozens of diseases and conditions, including UTIs. 

Guillen says that because of cats’ sometimes subtle nature, behavior that’s abnormal for them – especially if it lasts for more than a day or so – is worth discussing with your veterinarian. “A full medical workup is always recommended before assuming it is a behavior issue,” she explains. 

Next Steps if You Suspect a Cat UTI

If you suspect a cat urinary tract infection, or any other urinary issue, call your veterinarian and discuss your observations.

If it seems like a blockage is possible (and especially if your cat is male), Dr. de la Navarre says you should make sure to seek out immediate care. “If nothing or very little is coming out, that can become toxic to the cat within hours,” he explains.

Dr. Guillen says cats who are eating and behaving otherwise normally can schedule an appointment. The vet will take a urine sample, which may be cultured at a lab to test for UTI-causing bacteria or examined under the microscope for evidence of infection. X-rays of the abdomen and/or blood work may also be ordered, she says, depending on the age, overall health, and symptom profile of the cat.

“If the cat has a true UTI, then antibiotics are typically prescribed,” she notes. “If there is a urinary stone in the bladder, a special prescription diet may be prescribed to dissolve it.” Some stones will not dissolve with a prescription diet and need to be surgically removed.

To prevent recurrence, Dr. Guillen recommends having plenty of clean water available to drink, especially from cat fountains. Some vets, she says, will want the cat to stay on a special urinary diet for an extended period, potentially lifelong. 

She also advises following the rule of “plus one” when it comes to litter boxes in the house: “One cat should have two, two cats should have three, etc.” Having options, and especially giving a cat its own box that no other cat in the house uses, makes them feel more comfortable and confident.

The post 6 Cat UTI Symptoms to Get Checked Right Away appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Proper dog paw care begins with an understanding of their anatomy and learning to identify signs of a problem. Here we cover what you need to know about dog paws, then follow up with vet-recommended care tips to help keep your pup’s feet healthy. 

If your dog is exhibiting any unusual symptoms like limping, swelling, or redness, have a talk with your veterinarian.

What Are Dog Paws Made Of?

Though there are some structural differences between dog paws and our own hands and feet, all are essentially made of the same components. The dog paw consists of skin, bone, tendons, ligaments, fat, blood vessels, and connective tissue, explains Dr. Jerry Klein, chief veterinary officer for the American Kennel Club, based in New York City.

The cushioned dog pads at the bottom of the paws are made of multiple layers of skin (plus collagen and elastic fibers) that house fat tissue. These pads help protect dog feet and insulate them from extreme temperatures. They’re not foolproof, however. “Dog paws and pads are tough but they are not impervious to pain, trauma, and disease,” says Dr. Klein.

Dog claws are comprised of two main components. The hard outer layer is made of keratin, a protein that is also the foundation of human nails and hair. The inner layer (called the quick), contains nerves and blood vessels that when cut, bleed and cause pain.

Anatomy of a Dog’s Paws

Each component of the dog paw plays an important role. These are the basic structures you should know about.

Digital Dog Paw Pads

Dogs typically have four toes – called digits – on each paw that they use to walk on. “Each digit has an oblong to circular semi-firm pad on the underside that helps protect the digit bones (AKA phalanges) of the foot,” says Dr. Nancy Haiko, an associate veterinarian with Heart + Paw at their Glen Mills, Pennsylvania location. Without the cushion and traction that these paw pads provide, a dog wouldn’t be able to walk, jump, or run.

The carpal dog pad is located on the front paws. It’s “further up the leg, usually [higher than] the dewclaw if present,” says Dr. Ashley Barnes, medical director at Louisville Family Animal Hospital in Louisville, Colorado. Its role, veterinarians say, is to cushion the carpal joint – it’s what enables your dog to bust into a zoomie or jump off the sofa without injuring herself.

Dog Metacarpal and Metatarsal Pads

The metacarpal dog pad is the heart-shaped cushion on the bottom of the front of the foot, says Dr. Haiko. It “helps protect the metacarpal bones and cushions the impact of walking and running for the joints of the limb.” On the rear paws is the metatarsal pad, which serves a similar function.

Dog Dewclaw

The dewclaw is essentially a fifth toe – complete with nail and paw pad – located on the side of the leg, says Dr. Haiko. “The dewclaw is similar to a human’s thumb, but it does not have the same utility in dogs.” Most dogs have dewclaws on their front paws, though, says Dr. Barnes, some breeds, like the Great Pyrenees, also have it on their hind legs. (Some dogs have two declaws on the rear paws.)

The dewclaw allows dogs to hold their treats, makes it easier to dig, and provides a good grip when lifting themselves over higher surfaces. In some dogs, dewclaws are not well-formed and essentially don’t serve any known purpose.

Dog Claws

Each toe, including the dewclaw, has a claw (or nail) that Dr. Haiko says extends from the third digit bone. They’re designed to “help dogs maintain their grip on the ground or surface.” They’re also used for digging.

Types of Dog Paws

Not all dog feet are alike. Depending on what a dog was bred for, the paw can take on one of three shapes.

Webbed Feet

Webbing is a skin-covered membrane situated between dog toes, says Dr. Klein. Though most dogs have some form of webbing, he says it’s more prominent in certain breeds (like the Labrador Retriever). “These are usually breeds that were bred to swim for their function or purpose. Webbing also aids in moving over snow.”

Hare Feet

Dogs with hare feet have two center toes that are longer than the others, giving them the appearance of a hare’s foot, says Dr. Klein. Dog breeds who are fast runners or sprinters – like Greyhounds and Whippets – have hare feet, says Dr. Haiko.  

Cat Feet

Cat feet are small, compact, and round, says Dr. Haiko. “This foot conformation is designed for stability, endurance, and can also support a significant amount of weight such as in Newfoundlands and Saint Bernard dog breeds.”

Healthy Dog Paws Vs. Unhealthy Paws

The condition of the paws speaks to your dog’s overall health and can signal a potential issue. 

Healthy Dog Paws

Healthy dog paw pads, says Dr. Klein, are smooth and have no cracks, calluses, burns, or blisters; and there’s no sign of inflammation, irritation, or bad smell. Additionally, the bottom of the paw should be free of mats and excessive fur, says Dr. Haiko.

Healthy paws also have strong, uncracked nails that are properly trimmed, “and the nails are not grown into the pad or surrounding skin,” adds Dr. Klein.

Unhealthy Dog Paws

Unhealthy paws might appear red and swollen, have matted fur between the toes, overgrown nails, and a foul smell, says Dr. Haiko. 

The pads may have cracks, cuts, callouses, or abrasions, says Dr. Barnes. A dog who’s started an intense exercise regimen, however, may get cuts or blisters on the paw pad, says Dr. Klein. “Over some time and use, pads become tougher and more resilient.”

Common Dog Paw Problems

Our pups can experience a range of dog paw injuries and diseases that affect their toes, paw pads, and nails. Speak to your veterinarian if you notice anything out of the ordinary. Some signs to watch for are swelling, redness, limping, bleeding, hair loss, and excessive chewing.

Pododermatitis

Pododermatitis, or inflammation of the skin on the paws, is considered a common malady in dogs. It’s caused by underlying issues like trauma, allergies, infections, and insect bites.

A dog with pododermatitis will commonly lick and chew her paws, and they’ll appear red and swollen. Pain and discomfort can cause a dog to limp.

Burned Dog Paws

Exposure to extreme heat or to chemicals (like battery acid) can destroy the paw pad – including the interior. Most dog paw burns occur during warmer months, when pups are more likely to walk on hot surfaces.

Self-Chewing of Dog Paws and Nails

Some chewing is usually considered normal, veterinarians say. Excessive gnawing, however, can mean a dog has allergies, parasites, or another underlying condition. Left unchecked, it can lead to issues like bleeding, swelling, redness, pain, sores, and infection.

Cracked Dog Paws

Cold weather, nutritional imbalances, and thickening of the outer layer of the skin are things that can cause dog paws to crack. Other signs include dryness, peeling, redness, swelling, limping, and bleeding.

Hyperkeratosis

Hyperkeratosis is the overgrowth of keratin on a dog’s skin, causing it to become thick, flaky, and cracked. It can also cause symptoms like loss of skin color, pain, secondary infections, and difficulty walking. Though hyperkeratosis is oftentimes harmless, it can also indicate an issue like canine distemper virus or zinc-responsive dermatosis, a skin condition caused by zinc deficiency. Given that Cocker Spaniels are predisposed, scientists think there may also be a genetic factor.

Paw Swelling

This is caused by things like bone fractures, arthritis, infections, bee stings, and even heart disease. Some common symptoms of paw swelling include pain, redness, bleeding, and limping. Affected dogs may also have low energy, loss of appetite, and fever.

Interdigital Cyst on Dogs

This is a bump or swelling between dog toes, usually on the front paws. It appears raised, reddish-purple, and swollen. Though interdigital cysts are often caused by a bacterial infection or allergies, they’re also linked to trauma – which can cause blood or pus to ooze – and excess body weight. Breeds at higher risk include the English Bulldog, Great Dane, and Labrador Retriever.

Dog Paw Parasites

Flea and tick bites can cause inflammation, redness, irritation, itchiness, and infection. These problems are exacerbated as the dog chews and scratches the paw to find relief.

Broken Nails

Dog nails can crack, break, or tear. If these breaks happen too close to the quick, their nails can bleed and cause dogs pain and discomfort. If left untreated, broken nails can also lead to an infection. 

Injured Dewclaw

When the dewclaw tears or breaks, the nail’s quick can become exposed, resulting in pain and bleeding. Dogs who are more active run a greater risk of snagging their dewclaws on objects.

How to Groom and Clean Your Dog’s Paws

Taking care of your dog’s paws is an essential part of good pet parenting. Here are a few vet-recommended guidelines to help you provide the best dog paw care.

Trim Hair to Prevent Mats

If your dog has a lot of fur between her toes, veterinarians say trimming them to prevent mats is a good idea. This isn’t as easy as it may seem, however, and it can be dangerous if you don’t know what you’re doing. “So it is recommended to learn from your veterinarian or groomer the proper way to clean and trim or have them do the job,” recommends Dr. Klein. Aside from mastering proper technique, using the correct grooming tools is also key.

Keep Those Nails Trimmed

Nails that are too long are at increased risk for splitting, which is not only painful for your dog, but may require a trip to your veterinarian. It can also create unequal pressure on dog toes and sore nail beds, causing your dog to slip and trip on certain surfaces.

Dog nails should be trimmed every 4 to 6 weeks to help prevent broken toenails, says Dr. Haiko. If you’re not comfortable doing this, ask your veterinarian or groomer for a demonstration. As with trimming excess paw hair, using a good pair of nail clippers is essential.

Wash and Wipe Your Dog’s Paws

Wiping your dog’s paws after being outside helps keep them clean and dry, says Dr. Haiko. “It also may reduce the amounts of allergens that can be absorbed through the skin. This can be an issue for dogs with seasonal allergies.”

While a washcloth and towel can do the trick, wipes and cleaners designed specifically for dog paws are useful in getting off heavy-duty grime.

How to Protect Your Dog’s Paws Year Round

Preventing problems before they become unmanageable is easier on your dog – and you. Aside from keeping your dog’s paws clean, trimming the nails and any matted hair, there are some other things you can do.

Perform Routine Dog Paw Checks

Though the veterinarian will check out your dog’s paws during wellness exams, this is something pet parents can also do at home. “Owners should make a routine of examining the paws, pads, and the interdigital spaces (between the toes) on a regular basis but especially if the dog shows any sign of lameness or licking the paws,” says Dr. Klein.

Check for Parasites on Your Dog’s Paws

Fleas are the size of a sesame seed and move stealthily, so it’s easier to search for signs of flea bites or flea dirt (they resemble coffee grounds) with a flea comb. If you do locate fleas, discuss a treatment plan with your veterinarian. 

Though ticks can be hard to distinguish from bumps, they’re generally brown and have hard, oval bodies with 8 legs. If you see one (you can use a flea comb to search), use gloves and tweezers or a tick removal tool to pluck it off your dog’s paws. Check with your veterinarian with concerns about Lyme disease or other tick-borne illnesses.

Take Extra Care with Winter Sidewalks

Cold surfaces can be brutal on dog paws. “In the winter months, consider having your dog wear protective dog boots. This can help prevent ice and snow from being packed in between the toes and on the underside of the paws,” says Dr. Haiko.  

Also watch for deicers used on streets and sidewalks, says Dr. Klein. “They are irritating to skin and pads and potentially toxic if ingested when a dog is licking their paws.” Aside from wearing booties for protection, he recommends soaking or wiping paws off after winter walks. 

Veterinarians also recommend using dog paw wax or balm to protect feet when it’s snowy and icy outside. Dog balms can help prevent damage to dog pads and can soothe, heal, and moisturize dog paws that are cracked and dry.

Avoid Hot Surfaces

If you’re unable to comfortably hold your hand against the pavement during warmer months, avoid taking your dog for a walk, recommends Dr. Barnes. Or you can fit your dog with boots.

Dog Paw FAQs

Why do dogs lick their paws?

The paws may be irritated, cut, itchy, burned, or have something lodged in them, says Dr. Klein. “Some dogs also lick their paws because of behavioral issues such as stress and/or boredom and may even start to self-mutilate themselves.”

Why do dog paws smell like Fritos?

This is due to the presence of yeast or bacteria. “The toes provide a place that is dark and moist to allow the microbes to thrive. This can be normal in small amounts, but too much smell may indicate infection,” explains Dr. Barnes.

Do dogs sweat through their paws?

Yes. Dogs have sweat glands on their paws, which scientists believe makes the paws sticky, thus providing better traction.

How many toes does a dog have?

Most dogs have 4 toes plus a dewclaw on the front paws, and 4 toes (minus a dewclaw) in the back. Some breeds have 1 or 2 dewclaws in the rear.

The post Dog Paws: Anatomy, Care, and Protection Tips appeared first on Great Pet Care.

While not super common in canines, Evans syndrome in dogs is a serious and life-threatening medical condition, and we want you to be prepared to help your dog should the symptoms arise. Here, we’ll explain what Evans syndrome is, symptoms to watch for, and treatment options.

What Is Evans Syndrome?

Evans syndrome is the name given to the condition that arises when the immune system is attacking and destroying both the dog’s red blood cells and platelets. 

When the body attacks only the red blood cells, which are important for carrying oxygen throughout the body, this is called immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA). When the body attacks only the platelets, which are essential for clotting, this is called immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMTP). With Evans syndrome, you have both IMHA and IMTP concurrently.

When Evans syndrome occurs, damaged cells are removed from the bloodstream by the liver and spleen. The destruction and removal of these cells leaves the dog at severe risk for significant anemia and spontaneous bleeding. 

This is absolutely a medical emergency! Your pet will need emergency care at a veterinary clinic, so don’t watch and wait if you’re concerned about Evans syndrome.

Causes of Evans Syndrome in Dogs

Your dog may have no known underlying cause of Evans syndrome, which is called primary or idiopathic Evans syndrome. When the syndrome has a known trigger, it’s considered secondary. 

Potential causes of secondary Evans syndrome include:

• Infection, often diseases transmitted by ticks
• Cancer
• Recent vaccination
• Starting a new medication

In these situations, the immune system has been stimulated and over-reacts, targeting the pet’s own red blood cells and platelets. 

In some cases, genetics may play a role. Dog breeds more likely to develop Evans syndrome include Cocker Spaniels and Old English Sheepdogs. Dogs whose relatives have had Evans syndrome may be at an increased risk. However, any breed of dog can develop Evans syndrome, including mixed breed pups and those with no family history of Evans syndrome.

Symptoms of Evans Syndrome

Dogs with Evans syndrome are usually critically ill. If you’re noticing symptoms of Evans syndrome, you need to get your pet to an emergency veterinarian as soon as possible.

Symptoms include:

• Pale mucous membranes (pale gums, conjunctiva around eyes, genitals)
• Lethargy and weakness
• Rapid breathing
• Bruises in the skin or mouth (can be pinpoint or larger)
• Bleeding from the nose or mouth
• Blood in the urine or feces
• Collapse

With Evans syndrome, we are seeing symptoms of both anemia (typical of IMHA) and bleeding or bruising (typical of IMTP).

Diagnosing Evans Syndrome in Dogs

The emergency veterinarian will perform a quick but thorough physical exam of your pet. Signs they may notice that suggest Evans syndrome include bruising, lethargy, pale mucous membranes, a high heart rate, a heart murmur, high respiratory rate, fever, and blood on rectal palpation. Your veterinarian will want to rule out exposure to anticoagulants (rat bait, human medications) and trauma (hit by a car).

Testing for Evans syndrome can include:

• Complete blood count (CBC) and blood chemistry
• Looking at blood under a microscope
• Urinalysis
• Coagulation testing
• Slide agglutination test
• Direct Coombs test
• Screening for tick-borne disease
• X-rays of the chest and abdomen
• Ultrasonographic exam of the abdomen

Your dog’s CBC would show low red blood cell numbers, low platelet numbers, and potentially high white blood cell numbers (as the immune system is overreacting). On review of a microscopic slide, your veterinarian may notice that there are very few platelets, that some red blood cells appear abnormally small (spherocytosis), and that young red blood cells are being released into circulation to replace dying red blood cells (reticulocytosis).  

Your pet’s lab work may also provide evidence of abnormal organ function, such as elevated liver enzymes. This is often due to the stress of anemia on the organs, which require oxygen and good blood flow to function appropriately.

A slide agglutination test can indicate whether your dog has IMHA but does not definitively diagnose Evans syndrome (both IMHA and IMTP). A drop of blood from an EDTA anticoagulant tube is placed on a slide with 1-2 drops of saline and gently rocked back and forth. With IMHA, the blood cells will clump together (agglutinate), forming a speckled appearance on the slide. The veterinarian will examine the slide under a microscope to confirm. While a positive slide agglutination test can be indicative of IMHA, a negative slide agglutination test does not rule out IMHA.

A direct Coombs test (also called a direct antiglobulin or DAT) identifies antibodies on the surface of red blood cells. If the CBC and chemistry results are suggestive of IMHA and your dog has a positive Coombs test, they will be diagnosed with IMHA. False negative tests do occur. Like the slide agglutination test, the direct Coombs test can’t tell you if the pet has concurrent IMTP, which is a component of Evans syndrome.

Ticks carry diseases that can cause Evans syndrome in dogs. Ruling out these diseases involves laboratory testing of blood and examining the blood cells under a microscope. You may have also heard of a 4Dx SNAP test. This test screens not just for heartworms but also for Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, and anaplasmosis, three diseases that are transmitted by ticks.

Your veterinarian may also want to perform X-rays of the chest and abdomen, as well as ultrasonographic examination of the abdomen. Imaging helps to rule out cancer, which can cause Evans syndrome. By using an ultrasound machine to look at the abdomen, your veterinarian can also rule out free blood in the abdomen. In some cases, a bone marrow sample may be recommended to rule out specific cancers.

Treatment for Dogs with Evans Syndrome

Treatment for Evans syndrome will involve hospitalization with fluids, supportive care, and blood transfusions. Steroids, such as dexamethasone injections, are used in addition to other medications that modulate the immune system to halt the body’s attacks on its own cells.

If your dog has an infection, specific antibiotics will be started. Even if testing for tick-borne diseases is negative, some veterinarians may start your pet on doxycycline to cover all their bases.

A single low dose of the chemotherapy agent vincristine given into a vein has been shown to accelerate the return of appropriate platelet levels. This dose is too low to cause the typical side effects seen with chemotherapy agents but can be beneficial if your dog’s platelet levels are low enough to cause spontaneous bleeding.

With Evans syndrome, your dog may experience bleeding in their stomach and intestines. To prevent this or reduce the effects if it’s occurring, your veterinarian will start medications to reduce ulceration and coat the stomach and esophagus, such as omeprazole and sucralfate.

Evans syndrome also increases the likelihood of developing blood clots (thromboembolism). Because of this, your pet may be started on a medication like clopidogrel to reduce the likelihood of dangerous clot formation.

If your dog’s Evans syndrome is caused by an underlying cancer, treatments aimed at the cancer itself could include chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, and other disease-directed treatments.

In the most severe cases, the veterinarian may recommend plasma exchange or plasmapheresis. Your pet’s blood is circulated through a filter to allow their plasma to be cleaned of destructive circulating immune chemicals while preserving red blood cells and platelets. Donor plasma will be returned to the pet.

Evans Syndrome in Dogs Survival Rate

Evans syndrome is life-threatening and certainly more serious than either IMHA or IMTP on their own.

Dogs who survive the first few days after hospitalization and are discharged from the hospital generally have a good long-term prognosis. 

Pets with secondary Evans syndrome have a variable prognosis depending on the underlying cause. For example, if the pet has cancer, their prognosis will depend specifically on that cancer, whereas a dog who developed Evans syndrome in response to a vaccination may have a better prognosis if they survive the initial illness and aren’t vaccinated in the future.

Some studies report that Evans syndrome has a mortality rate around 30 percent, while some hospitals report a less than 10 percent mortality rate. Around 40 percent of cases will experience recurrence or a relapse when medications are withdrawn, indicating the importance of long-term management of Evans syndrome in dogs. Survival depends heavily on treatability of the underlying cause and rapid initiation of treatment.

Long-Term Management of Evans Syndrome in Dogs

After your pet survives the onset of Evans syndrome, you’ll work with the veterinarian to determine a long-term management plan.

Many pets will need to be on immunosuppressants for life. The goal will be to reduce the medication to the lowest effective dose. It may take months and many follow-up appointments to achieve long-term control in severe and relapsing cases. Your veterinarian will likely plan a slow taper to find a good long-term dose. Tapering medications too soon or too rapidly can lead to relapse, which is often more severe than the initial onset of Evans syndrome.

Your veterinarian will likely advise against vaccinating your pet in the future, which may reduce your ability to do things like board your dog or see groomers. Your veterinarian may recommend titer testing to see if your pet continues to have protection against dangerous diseases that are typically prevented by vaccination.

Cost to Treat Evans Syndrome

Evans syndrome will require testing for diagnosis and multiple days of hospitalization on fluids, blood transfusions, and immunosuppressants. Although mild cases may be manageable for several thousand dollars, treating Evans syndrome can easily cost over $10,000. 

If you are unsure about your ability to afford treatment, you could consider online fundraising or applying for CareCredit to help you pay for your dog’s treatment. Proactively getting pet health insurance can also help you to be covered should Evans syndrome arise.

You can also expect $150-$300 per month to manage the condition long-term. In secondary Evans syndrome, cost of management will depend on the underlying cost. For example, pursuing treatment for cancer will raise the cost significantly.

How to Prevent Evans Syndrome in Dogs

Given that most cases of Evans syndrome have an unknown cause, you cannot always prevent your pet from developing this life-threatening condition. However, there are steps you can take to reduce the risk of secondary Evans syndrome.

Keep your pet on tick prevention to reduce risk of transmission of tick-borne diseases that can lead to Evans syndrome. Consider requesting that your pet get tested for tick-borne diseases at their annual visits. The 4Dx SNAP test is typically run in-house, takes under 15 minutes, and only requires three drops of blood.

Make sure to get your pet their regular wellness exams. Your veterinarian may detect conditions like cancer that can cause Evans syndrome before your pet is symptomatic.

What about vaccinations? Your pet has a higher risk of becoming seriously ill from an infectious disease if they are unvaccinated than they do of developing Evans syndrome from a vaccination. If your pet has no history of Evans syndrome or other autoimmune conditions, vaccination is almost always safe and effective. If your pet does have a history of autoimmune conditions, you may choose to forego vaccinations. In this case, work with your veterinarian to reduce risk to your pet of contracting infectious diseases.

Lastly, because of the familial association of Evans syndrome, breeders should not breed dogs who have developed this condition.

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With this organ being so important to your pet’s health, it can be very concerning to hear from the veterinarian that your dog has elevated liver enzymes. One of the challenges is determining if liver enzymes are elevated due to liver disease or a non-liver cause. Here, we’ll discuss what elevated liver enzymes mean, what may have caused this to happen, and next steps to take.

What Are Liver Enzymes in Dogs?

Liver enzymes are important proteins for specific chemical reactions within the body. Liver enzyme values are considered an important component of your dog’s routine health screening. When they’re elevated, it generally indicates inflammation or damage to the liver. 

Common liver enzymes to note on your pet’s blood work include:

• ALT (alanine aminotransferase)
• AST (aspartate aminotransferase)
• ALP (alkaline phosphate)
• GGT (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase). 

We can divide these liver enzymes into two groups: 

1. Enzymes that indicate hepatocellular damage, which is damage to the actual liver cells (ALT and AST)
2. Enzymes that indicate cholestasis, which is reduced or stopped bile flow (ALP and GGT)

Elevated Liver Enzymes in Dogs: What They Mean

Most routine blood work will include liver enzymes, allowing your veterinarian to screen for liver disease. Additionally, specific blood tests called liver panels, which also include liver enzymes, may be run in your dog if there is high concern for or history of liver disease. Elevated liver enzymes in dogs could indicate damage to the liver cells or issues with bile movement. 

Whether or not your veterinarian is concerned by elevated liver enzymes depends on several factors, such as:

• Degree of elevation
• Symptoms your dog might be showing
• Whether the enzyme levels are static or increasing over time
• How many enzymes are elevated
• Other blood work and urinalysis findings
• Patient age

If any of these enzymes are decreased on the lab work, it’s not considered a significant finding.

Causes of Elevated Dog Liver Enzymes

Liver enzymes can be elevated for several reasons. We’ll break this broadly into three categories:

Damage to the liver or bile flow issues

• Toxins could include xylitol, blue-green algae, Amanita mushrooms, aflatoxins, sago palms, and heavy metals
• Infectious causes such as leptospirosis, infectious canine hepatitis, or histoplasmosis
• Tumors of the liver, gallbladder, or biliary tract
• Liver inflammation (hepatitis)
• Cirrhosis
• Gallbladder inflammation (cholecystitis)
• Gallbladder distended with mucoid content (gallbladder mucocele)
• Breed-related disorders, such as copper storage hepatopathy

Non-liver diseases

• Cushing’s disease
• Diabetes
• Hypothyroidism
• Pancreatitis
• Intestinal disease
• Congestive heart failure
• Seizures
• Sepsis
• Muscle injury
• Congenital portosystemic shunt (blood bypasses liver so it isn’t detoxified)
• Conditions affecting the bones, such as osteosarcoma, osteomyelitis, or multiple myeloma
• Specific medications, such as steroids, phenobarbital, some chemotherapies, or carprofen

Normal factors

• It is normal for puppies to have an elevated ALP because this enzyme is also produced from growing bones, not just the liver cells

• Nodular hyperplasia, which is very common in older dogs, can cause increased liver enzymes

Ultimately, there are many potential causes for elevated liver enzymes, some of which may not be included here. If your veterinarian plans to determine the underlying cause, additional testing will need to be performed.

Next Steps for Dogs with Elevated Liver Enzymes

Your veterinarian will look at the whole picture when determining your pet’s next steps. Routine blood work has other values that can suggest if the liver is functioning appropriately or is damaged, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin, cholesterol, glucose, and total bilirubin. Changes in these values may be helpful in determining if your pet has reduced liver function or obstructed bile flow.

If your veterinarian is not concerned about your pet’s elevated liver enzymes, they may recommend rerunning labs in 1-3 months. In some cases, they may start your pet on medications to protect the liver and then recheck after your pet completes the medications. Two additional laboratory tests – bile acids and blood ammonia – may also be recommended.

Bile acid testing can detect whether the liver is functioning appropriately. With this test, your pet’s blood is drawn after a 12-hour fasting period. Your pet is then fed, and blood is drawn again two hours later. Significantly elevated bile acids after eating could indicate liver dysfunction.

Ammonia levels can also be a good indicator of liver function. In normal pets, small protein molecules called amino acids are broken down into ammonia in the intestines. The ammonia is absorbed into the blood and converted into urea by the liver. Increased ammonia levels in the blood is indicative of liver dysfunction, meaning that the liver is struggling to convert the ammonia. 

If your veterinarian is concerned about the liver enzyme elevation, they may recommend an abdominal ultrasound to visualize the liver. In some cases, liver biopsies may be recommended. While some veterinarians may feel comfortable collecting samples of the liver using a long needle and ultrasound machine, collecting liver biopsies is often a surgical procedure.

If your dog has symptoms of liver disease, such as poor appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, neurologic signs, fluid in the abdomen (ascites), or jaundice, your veterinarian will likely take a more aggressive approach to determine the cause of their symptoms. This could include imaging (abdominal ultrasound, CT scan), liver biopsies, and hospitalization while figuring out the cause of symptoms. Importantly, if your veterinarian suspects liver disease, they will likely want to test your pet’s ability to clot their blood prior to surgical intervention or liver biopsy.

How to Treat Elevated Liver Enzymes in Dogs

How to treat elevated liver enzymes in dogs depends on the underlying cause.

If your pet is not acting sick, your veterinarian may simply start your pet on a trial of antibiotics, antioxidants like Denamarin, and/or other prescription medications like Ursodiol and then recheck the liver enzymes after the medications. 

Typically, Denamarin is recommended for concerns regarding hepatocellular damage, while Ursodiol may be more beneficial if there are gallbladder concerns. Your pet may be placed on both of these medications or other medications with similar active compounds, and they can typically receive them at home.

Treatment can be more complicated if other causes are suspected. For example, a liver tumor is often treated surgically. Leptospirosis typically requires hospitalization on intravenous fluids and treatment with an antibiotic called doxycycline. Chronic hepatitis may require immunosuppressive drugs, such as steroids. With signs of liver failure or severe illness, your pet will likely need to be hospitalized for several days.Keep in mind that your dog’s liver enzymes may be elevated due to other conditions, such as Cushing’s disease or pancreatitis. In those cases, treatment would focus on the underlying cause for the elevated liver enzymes rather than on the liver itself.

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It’s understandable to have questions when it comes to the business of #2, partly because it’s one of the least pleasant aspects of pet parenthood (who likes cleaning up all those piles?) and also because your pup’s “deposits” are a major indicator of overall health. But how much is too much, and what can you do if you’re worried about a decrease in poop output?

How Often Do Puppies Poop?

The combination of a pup’s small size, developing digestive tract, frequent meals throughout the day, and nutrient-rich food means that puppies poop a lot. While there’s no across-the-board standard for how often puppies need to poop, most pups between the ages of 8 and 16 weeks have bowel movements an average of four to six times per day, and some have even more. The exact number of times a puppy poops each day varies based on factors that include your pup’s size (a bigger puppy + more food = more poop) and the quality of food they eat. A low-quality dog food might not be easily digestible, resulting in greater output, as well as loose, stinky, strangely-colored stool.  

As puppies grow and mature, the fast and frequent poop production phase will decrease. By the time your puppy hits a year of age, they should be having the more typical adult bowel movement frequency of one to two times per day.

How Long Can a Puppy Go Without Pooping?

Consistent elimination (pooping and peeing) is an indicator of good health, so a sudden change in your pup’s pooping habits could mean that there’s an underlying issue that needs to be addressed. If a puppy who has been “regular” stops pooping for 24 hours or longer, schedule an appointment with your veterinarian to rule out any underlying medical issues, especially if the change in bowel movements is accompanied by a decreased appetite or vomiting. That said, not every reason behind a decrease in poop production is cause for alarm.

Puppy Not Pooping: Common Causes

There’s no single reason why a puppy isn’t pooping, and the following list includes the most common factors why a puppy hasn’t pooped in 12 hours or longer:

Stress

Pups who are just settling into their new home will likely be nervous about the lifestyle changes, leading to infrequent or even nonexistent defecation during the first few days. This can be normal and usually doesn’t require a veterinary visit, but if your puppy isn’t eating, make sure to consult with a veterinarian.

Blockage

Since puppies explore the world with their mouths and are willing to try to eat anything they can grab, the biggest concern with a puppy not pooping is an intestinal blockage. In addition to not pooping, signs that your puppy might have a blockage include a loss of appetite, depression, vomiting, unproductive squatting, and abdominal pain. If you suspect your puppy has eaten something inedible, like a sock or toy that can’t be passed naturally, see your veterinarian immediately. In rare cases, a blockage can be caused by intestinal parasites, specifically roundworms. 

Rapid food switch

Changing a puppy’s food abruptly and without time to adjust to it might lead to a change in pooping habits, from a decrease in output to the opposite extreme, diarrhea. Similarly, switching from a low-quality food to a nutrient-dense food could lead to a decrease in output. If you’re changing your new puppy’s diet, make sure to do so slowly over 5 to 7 days to prevent stomach upset. Each day, add a little more of the new food and a little less of the old food until you’re feeding only the new diet. Whichever food you choose, make sure it’s appropriate for growing puppies!

Dehydration

A puppy who is not drinking enough water can end up constipated, which will lead to either dry, hard-to-pass poop, or no poop at all. Constipated puppies may strain to poop, have a decreased appetite, or throw up. Make sure your puppy always has access to fresh water. If your puppy isn’t drinking water, giving them canned food can increase their water intake due to the higher moisture content. On a hot day, you could make frozen snacks for your pet, which will help them take in more water and keep cool.

Medications

Some medications can impact a puppy’s elimination schedule, but since medications should only be given under a veterinarian’s supervision, your vet will advise about potential poop changes to watch out for. If you have any concerns about changes to your puppy’s poop habits after starting a medication, make sure to consult with your veterinarian before stopping any medications.

What To Do If Your Puppy Isn’t Pooping

A brief change in your puppy’s pooping habits isn’t a cause for concern, especially when coupled with new home stress or a change in food. However, an extended poop-free period coupled with any of the indicators of a blockage, like loss of appetite, abdominal pain, straining to eliminate or vomiting, requires immediate veterinary care. 

In some cases, transitioning to a bland diet of boiled chicken and rice might help settle your pup’s stomach and level out any puppy pooping issues. Adding an appropriate amount of plain canned pumpkin (1 to 2 teaspoons for small pups and 2 to 3 teaspoons for a larger pup) to your puppy’s meals can also help to improve digestive health because of its high water and fiber content. Consult with your veterinarian before using a bland diet for your puppy. It’s best to err on the side of caution when it comes to elimination issues to keep your puppy happy and healthy.

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Luckily, the treatment options for cancer are always evolving and improving. If you’re staring down a diagnosis of cancer in your dog, your veterinarian may discuss chemotherapy as a treatment option with you. Here, we’ll discuss types of chemotherapy for dogs and what you should expect if you pursue chemotherapy for your pet..

What Is Chemotherapy?

Simply put, the term “chemotherapy” refers to drugs used to kill cancers or slow cancer growth and spread. These drugs can be given as oral medications, as injections, or as intravenous infusions.

The medication or combination of medications that your veterinarian recommends will depend on what cancer your dog has and your dog’s individual health.

Chemo in dogs is different from chemo in humans. In humans, chemotherapy protocols are extremely aggressive and typically aimed at curing cancer. For dogs, we are focused on ensuring the pet has a good quality of life for as long as possible. The veterinarian will not tolerate adverse effects and will likely alter protocols if the pet is not tolerating chemotherapy well.

When Is Chemotherapy Recommended for Dogs?

Whether chemotherapy is recommended for a dog depends on the type of cancer the pet has, how aggressive the cancer is, and the pet’s overall health.

Chemotherapy is a common recommendation for many types of dog cancer, particularly if the cancer has already spread (metastasized) or is a type of cancer that frequently metastasizes, such as lymphoma or osteosarcoma. 

For example, with osteosarcoma, which typically affects one of the bones of a leg, most oncologists will recommend surgery to remove the limb with the primary tumor, as well as chemotherapy to address spread of the cancer. This is because most osteosarcomas have already metastasized on a microscopic level by the time they are discovered.

Your veterinarian may also recommend chemotherapy if the tumor is unable to be removed surgically. Sometimes, chemotherapy may be used to shrink large tumors prior to surgery or as a follow-up to surgery if microscopic cells are left behind. 

Access to radiation treatments is also very limited currently, with few specialty centers currently having the capability to perform radiation. As a result, pets who may have benefitted from radiation therapy may end up relying more on chemotherapy.

Dog Chemotherapy Medications

Veterinarians use a wide range of chemotherapy medications used to treat cancer in dogs. In the table below, we list some of the common chemotherapy medications used in dogs, examples of cancers they can be used for, and their method of administration.

Injectable medications are given in a veterinary clinic – most often at a specialty center. Oral medications are typically given at home, and dosing instructions vary by drug.

This list is not all-inclusive of chemotherapy medications for dogs. Your veterinarian may recommend other chemotherapy medications or choose a specific chemotherapeutic agent for a different use than we’ve listed. Some medications may have other names that are not included on this chart. 

If your veterinarian’s recommendations differ from the information included above, you absolutely should follow the recommendations from your pet’s doctor.

What to Expect During Treatment

How many doses your dog will get and over what length of time varies a lot based on the type of cancer, the stage, the drugs used, and your dog’s health. It’s possible that your pet may be receiving chemotherapy for the rest of their life. It’s also possible that your pet may stop treatment if the cancer goes into remission.

The oncologist or veterinary professional will determine which medications your dog receives, how often they receive the medication, and for how long they undergo chemotherapy. 

Appointments last anywhere from under an hour to most of the day. Some treatments, such as cytosine arabinoside infusion, may require overnight hospitalization. Most injectable chemotherapy protocols involve a set number of treatments that are spaced out every 1-3 weeks. Chemotherapy treatments can last several months to over a year.

Prior to administering the next dose of chemotherapy, the veterinarian will run blood work to ensure your pet still has an adequate number of white blood cells and is tolerating the protocol well. If your pet is receiving injectable chemotherapy, your pet will likely have a shaved area on their leg where the veterinarian placed the catheter.

It’s very important that intravenous injections make it into the vein and do not leak into surrounding tissues. This means the placement of the catheter will require a clean needle stick. Although most dogs don’t have to be sedated for treatment and will rest comfortably during the infusion, sedation is sometimes necessary to make the treatment safe for the dog and the veterinary team.

Cost of Chemotherapy for Dogs

The cost of chemotherapy for dogs varies depending on the specific protocol recommended, how well your pet is tolerating and responding to their protocol, and whether other treatments are recommended. Prices differ between private practices that do chemotherapy, specialty clinics, and universities. Prices can range anywhere from $3,500 to well over $10,000.

Keep in mind that even if you cannot afford the “gold standard” chemotherapy protocol, there may be other options that will still improve your pet’s quality of life. If you do wish to pursue treatment but are struggling to afford it, other suggestions could include:

• Asking the veterinarian about alternative protocols that may be more affordable
• Running a fundraiser for your pet
• Looking for clinical trials that your pet could join
• Applying for CareCredit to help you pay for treatment in affordable monthly installments

If you already have pet insurance, some companies will cover the cost of cancer treatment. This may be a good reason to consider purchasing pet insurance while your pets are young and healthy. 

Chemotherapy Side Effects for Dogs

Most dogs have minimal to no side effects from chemotherapy treatments. As a reminder, negative side effects are generally not tolerated by the veterinary profession. If your pet is showing negative effects of chemotherapy, you need to follow up with their doctor. 

Your dog may be more likely to experience negative side effects if they have pre-existing gastrointestinal, kidney, or liver disease. Underlying conditions may affect which drugs can be given and how often. Make sure to discuss your pet’s health history with the veterinarian prior to beginning a chemotherapy protocol to reduce risk.

When side effects do occur, they’re commonly related to the gastrointestinal tract or bone marrow. Common GI tract side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, and loss of appetite. Decreased production of white blood cells in the bone marrow can result in immunosuppression, making your dog prone to secondary infections. In most cases, the white blood cell count will be at its lowest 7-10 days after treatment. If your pet’s white blood cell count is too low, they may be placed on antibiotics to prevent infection. This can also impact their ability to receive their next injection as scheduled.

Some medications, such as doxorubicin, can cause tissue sloughing if they escape the vein and leak into surrounding tissues (extravasation). Other chemotherapeutic agents, such as carboplatin, can be locally irritating. The veterinarian will monitor for extravasation and manage accordingly if this occurs.

Other side effects can be related to the specific drug. For example, doxorubicin results in heart toxicity over time and cyclophosphamide can cause bloody urine (sterile hemorrhagic cystitis). Your veterinarian will be aware of these drug-specific side effects and will alter their plans based on how your pet is handling their medications.

Prednisone commonly causes increased drinking, urination, and appetite. You may also see muscle wasting if your pet is on this medication for a long-time.

Most dogs will not lose their fur during chemotherapy, though you may see fur loss in curly-coated and wire-haired breeds. It’s also possible to see the loss of whiskers and eyelashes.

Make sure to contact your veterinarian if you are noticing any side effects in your dog.

Chemotherapy Alternatives for Dogs

Other treatment recommendations could include surgery, radiation, and immunotherapy. Surgery is typically performed if there’s an isolated tumor, such as a mast cell tumor, that can be removed. For some cancers, like lymphoma, surgery is not typically recommended.

Radiation therapy is generally recommended for tumors that cannot be completely removed surgically or are not surgically accessible. Importantly, radiation treatments require full sedation for each treatment. Limited practices currently offer radiation, and the travel in addition to the treatments can be costly

Immunotherapy is a developing cancer treatment option. Immunotherapy uses the dog’s own immune system to destroy cancer cells. An example of this is Oncept, which is a vaccination for melanoma in dogs. Research is ongoing into the use of immunotherapy for other cancers, such as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, and transitional cell carcinoma.

Things to Consider Before Chemotherapy for Dogs

Before considering chemotherapy for your dog, it’s best to have a candid conversation with your veterinarian about the process, risks, and benefits. Consider asking for a referral to a veterinary oncologist, which is a veterinarian who specializes in cancer treatment, for at least a consultation.

Remember that many factors can play into your pet’s response to chemotherapy, such as their underlying health, the specific cancer they have, and how aggressive their cancer is.

Questions you can discuss with your veterinarian and the oncologist prior to moving forward with treatment could include:

• Does my dog have other underlying conditions that may complicate cancer treatment?
• Does the veterinarian expect my dog to have a good response to chemotherapy?
• How long does the veterinarian expect chemotherapy to extend my dog’s life?
• Is chemotherapy potentially going to cure my dog, or do we expect relapse?
• What will chemotherapy cost, and can I afford this without negatively impacting the bond I have with my pet?

There are other considerations to keep in mind, as well. Not all dogs respond to chemotherapy the same. While your veterinarian can tell you what they expect, your dog may do better or worse than the average pet. If you pursue chemotherapy, this is a risk you must accept.

Additionally, consider how your pet is behaviorally. If you have a highly anxious or stressed dog, a dog prone to aggression in the veterinary office, or a dog who can’t have their blood drawn or an injection administered without sedation, the process of chemotherapy will likely be very stress-inducing for your pet. Additional sedatives or anti-anxiety medications may increase the cost.

Receiving a diagnosis of cancer can bring up a lot of painful feelings, as well. It’s emotionally taxing not only to receive the diagnosis but also to go through chemotherapy with your pet. This is totally normal, and your veterinarian will understand that this isn’t an easy decision to make. Consider finding support groups, pet grief counselors, or a therapist to help you throughout the process.

Is Chemotherapy for Dogs Worth It?

Whether chemotherapy is a good option for your canine family member depends on your individual dog, the type of cancer your dog has, and your personal finances. 

In some cases, chemotherapy can extend a pet’s life by well over a year. In other cases, chemo may only buy you a couple extra weeks or months. In both situations, it’s likely to be quite costly. 

If your family is unable to afford chemotherapy or can’t accommodate the many rechecks and treatment appointments, it’s okay to discuss other options with your veterinarian. In most cases, veterinarians just want to find an option that works for your family and preserves the bond you have with your dog.

Importantly, remember that chemotherapy is generally tolerated better by our canine companions because the goal of chemo in dogs is to preserve quality of life for as long as possible. Rest assured that if you are pursuing chemotherapy, your veterinary oncologist and primary veterinarian will work together to ensure your pet continues to feel great for as long as possible.

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So if you have a pup that’s begging you for a piece, you may be wondering: can dogs have watermelon? And is watermelon good for dogs? Before you feed them a slice, keep reading to learn all about dogs and watermelon.

Can Dogs Eat Watermelon?

Yes, your pup can enjoy a bit of watermelon.

“It is perfectly fine for dogs to eat small amounts of watermelon as a low calorie treat,” says Dr. Joseph J. Wakshlag, professor of clinical nutrition and sports medicine & rehabilitation at the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. “Let’s remember that dogs should get less than 10 percent of their overall calories from any treat in general so as to not lead to imbalances in their diets.” 

Can Dogs Have Watermelon With Seeds?

Seedless watermelon is probably your best bet, but if you choose a watermelon that’s packed with seeds, it’s usually okay to still feed it to your pup. It all depends on the type of seeds in the watermelon and how many seeds there are.

“It’s best to remove seeds, as they are hard to digest and can cause stomach upset,” says Dr. Gabrielle Fadl, director of primary care at Bond Vet. “If a large amount of seeds is ingested, they could even cause an intestinal obstruction. This applies more to the hard, black seeds rather than immature (soft, white) seeds, although either can potentially cause an issue if too many are ingested.”

However, if you have a larger dog, obstructions are less likely to occur from seeds.

“Obstructions from seeds are unlikely to ever occur in larger dogs over 20 pounds. But if you can, I would avoid them so as to not cause GI upset,” adds Dr. Wakshlag.

Can Dogs Have Watermelon Rind?

While the flesh of watermelon is okay to give to your dog, do not give them rinds.

“The biggest issue is the rind – we have seen more than one dog who has gotten into the rind and eaten chunks of it develop obstructions or vomit up the chunks since they are very hard to digest,” explains Dr. Wakshlag. “This is a summer picnic hazard for sure – keep the rinds in the compost bin and away from your dog, in general.”

Dr. Fadl adds that in addition to GI issues, watermelon rinds can also be a choking hazard for your pup. 

Can Puppies Eat Watermelon?

Your puppy can also enjoy watermelon, but just pay attention to the seeds and the overall amount of watermelon you’re feeding them 

“In general, puppies can have a small amount of treats (less than 10 percent of their daily calorie intake), which could include dog-safe fruits or veggies,” says Dr. Fadl. “However, puppies are smaller than adults and their bodies (including their digestive systems) are still developing. It might be best to stick with very small amounts, so they don’t fill up on watermelon and then skip their nutritionally balanced puppy food, and to avoid offering a lot of new foods in a short time frame as that could cause stomach upset.”

Dr. Wakshlag also notes that puppies may have a harder time than larger dogs digesting seeds, so it’s best to take them out.

Benefits of Watermelon for Dogs

Feeding your pup watermelon does have some added health benefits, like extra hydration in warm summer months.

“The high water content can certainly contribute to hydration, especially in the summer or when a dog is being active,” says Dr. Fadl. “Watermelon also contains a lot of nutrients, but is low in calories. All of this can potentially make it a great treat – but again, in moderation.” 

Precautions When Giving Dogs Watermelon

To reiterate, you should always avoid feeding your pup watermelon rinds, and be sure to keep the seeds to a minimum.

“Remove the rind prior to giving watermelon to your dog. Also remove as many seeds as possible (especially the mature black seeds),” says Dr. Fadl.

And if you are thinking of feeding your pup anything watermelon flavored (not the fruit itself), take extra caution.

“Watermelon flavorings can be totally different from the actual fruit and might contain toxic ingredients like xylitol,” says Dr. Fadl. “The information here about feeding watermelon to your dog applies solely to the actual fruit.”

If you have any concerns about feeding your dog watermelon, be sure to get advice from your veterinarian. “When in doubt, check with your vet. Although watermelon is safe for most dogs, there are always individuals who might not tolerate it,” says Dr. Fadl. “The fruit’s sugar content could make it less than ideal for diabetic dogs. And dogs with food allergies or sensitive stomachs should have a systematic method for introducing new foods, so a pet owner can know what does and doesn’t cause their symptoms to flare up.”

How to Give Dogs Watermelon

Planning to serve your pup some watermelon at your next summer shindig? Check out these simple tips.

Size accordingly. Dr. Fadl suggests that you cut the watermelon into chunks in a size that’s easy and safe for your dog to chew (based on their body/mouth size) while also removing the rind and as many seeds as possible.

Freeze it up. “It’s also possible to freeze chunks of watermelon, or to puree it and freeze it into ‘pupsicles’,” says Dr. Fadl. “There might be additional fun, dog-friendly recipes online – just be sure to double check that all ingredients are safe for dogs.”

Dogs and Watermelon: The Verdict

As long as you’re taking the correct precautions, your pup can safely enjoy a piece of watermelon every now and then, according to Dr. Fadl. “For most dogs, a bit of watermelon as a treat from time to time is perfectly fine.”

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But, you might be wondering, what about other nut butters besides peanut butter? Can dogs have almond butter? If you’ve replaced peanut butter with almond butter in your pantry and are wondering if it’s okay to give to your pup, you’ve come to the right place. 

Almond butter has started gaining popularity in recent years, as it provides a safer alternative to those with peanut allergies. This tasty, creamy butter is slightly healthier than peanut butter, as it has more minerals, fiber, and vitamins, but it’s similar in calories and sugar. 

Read on to find out whether or not almond butter is safe for your pet and what to consider when giving it to your dog.  

Can Dogs Eat Almond Butter?

First things first: is almond butter safe for dogs? Yes, it’s safe to feed your dog a small amount of almond butter as a treat occasionally. However, like peanut butter, it’s important to keep a few things in mind before reaching for this yummy butter for your pup.  

Almond butter is made from ground-up raw or roasted almonds, which offer several health benefits but are best consumed in moderation. Almonds are a source of vitamin E, fiber, and minerals such as calcium and magnesium. Vitamin E is an antioxidant that boosts your dog’s immune system and helps keep skin healthy. However, almonds are also high in fat and calories. An ounce (around 23 almonds) has 165 calories. 

According to Dr. Jo Myers, practicing veterinarian at Vetster telehealth company, almond butter “doesn’t have any nutritional benefit” who are already eating a well-balanced diet. It presents a risk of weight gain and obesity, upset stomach (gastroenteritis), and pancreatitis, which is why it’s important to keep the quantity of almond butter small. “As the amount of almond butter goes up, so do the risks for problems,” Dr. Myers explains.

Additionally, Dr. Myers suggests that you should always check for any potentially toxic additives such as the sugar-free sweetener xylitol before giving almond butter to your pet. Xylitol is a natural substance derived from plants and is often used as a sugar alternative in candy, gum, and nut butters. It is extremely dangerous for dogs, causing low blood sugar and serious liver problems. 

Almond Butter Vs. Peanut Butter for Dogs

As we mentioned, almond butter is a little bit healthier than peanut butter, but honestly, the two nut butters are pretty similar when it comes to feeding them to your dog. Two tablespoons of peanut butter is around 200 calories, and the same applies to almond butter. 

In terms of canine nutrition, both nut butters are essentially equivalent, says Dr. Myers. She adds that either of these butters can interchangeably be given to your dog in small quantities every now and again. “Almond butter can be put in a stuffable toy, on a lick mat, in recipes for dog treats, or to hide a pill – essentially the same as how peanut butter is traditionally used,” she explains. 

One thing to keep in mind is that almond butter tends to cost more money than peanut butter, making it a more expensive treat alternative. 

Precautions When Giving Dogs Almond Butter

Because of the high caloric value, almond butter needs to be given to your dog in small quantities and only occasionally to prevent upset stomach or weight gain. Check the label to make sure it doesn’t have xylitol or other ingredients that may be harmful to your pup. 

Natural almond butter, without any additional ingredients, is a safer option. The only listed ingredients should be almonds, and in some cases, a bit of salt. Even better, look for almond butter that has been made from organic almonds. 

Expiration dates are helpful, but it’s crucial to check the food item itself to ensure it’s still safe to consume. “Food can be dangerously contaminated but still be in date, and food can remain safe to eat for months after the expiration date,” says Myers. “It’s more important to make sure it looks and tastes good, like something you would eat, and hasn’t spoiled.” 

Additionally, before giving almond butter to your canine, stir the contents thoroughly because the oil will usually separate and rise to the top. 

Although it’s uncommon, some dogs can be allergic to peanuts. In this case, before giving your pet any other nut butter, test them for allergies at the vet. 

How to Give Dogs Almond Butter

If you’re looking to swap in almond butter for peanut butter every now and then, here are some fun ways you can incorporate it into your dog’s diet: 

Dog Treats: Almond butter can be used to make dog biscuits or cookies. Combine one cup of almond butter with an egg, two cups of whole wheat flour, and a tablespoon of baking powder to make a mixture. Place small chunks of the dough (or cut out fun shapes using cookie cutters) on a baking sheet and bake them at 350°F for 20 minutes. You may also substitute wheat flour with oat flour. Sweet potatoes, pureed pumpkin, or bananas can be added for extra flavor and taste, depending on your pet’s preferences.  

Food Toys: Dogs need mental stimulation to keep boredom at bay, and a food-dispensing toy is a perfect solution. Scoop a bit of almond butter inside, or better yet, stuff the toy with a little yogurt or kibble, line it with almond butter, and freeze it. Voila! A refreshing (and time-consuming) snack for your pup.

Lick Mat: Licking peanut butter or almond butter off a rubber or silicone lick mat is useful to your dog in a number of ways. First, the act of licking this high-value food from the textured mat’s grooves and brittles helps relieve your dog’s boredom and/or stress. Secondly, it will help them stay occupied during activities such as bathing (just put one up on the wall and you’ve got yourself a preoccupied dog) and grooming/trimming nails. It also helps create positive associations with these activities, which are not always high on a dog’s list of favorite pastimes. Lastly, if you’ve got a puppy at home, using a lick mat can help them stay busy and burn off excess energy.

Pilling: Similar to using peanut butter to hide a pill, you can choose almond butter as a high-value treat to entice your dog to take medication. Place a dab of almond butter on your finger or a teaspoon, or use your fingers to roll it into a ball. Hide the pill inside and let your dog enjoy the tasty goodness.

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Heartworms are one of the more dangerous parasites in cats, so it’s important for you to understand what these parasites are, how they affect cats, and what you can do to keep your cats safe.

Can Cats Get Heartworm? 

The simple answer is that yes, cats can get heartworms. However, heartworm disease in cats isn’t the same as it is in dogs. Before we get to the differences between heartworms in dogs and heartworms in cats, let’s go over what heartworms actually are.

Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm) is a parasite that is spread to dogs and cats by mosquitoes. The name “heartworm” gives you two important pieces of information about these parasites. One, they are worms, and two, they affect the heart. An adult heartworm looks like a thin, cooked spaghetti noodle, with adult worms ranging from 4 inches to over a foot in length. The adults typically live in the pulmonary artery (which carries blood to the lungs from the heart) and right ventricle of the heart. As a result, heartworms mostly impact the heart and lungs. 

While the heartworms themselves aren’t thought to cause pain, the secondary conditions that result from the worms can cause severe distress and death. Cats are considered an atypical host for heartworms while dogs are the preferred host. As a result, dogs can have 30 to over 100 adult worms in their heart and lungs while cats who have adult heartworms typically only have one to three. This doesn’t mean that heartworms are any less severe in cats, with heartworms more likely to cause severe respiratory disease or sudden death in cats than in dogs.  

How Common Is Heartworm in Cats?

A 2020 study in Florida found that the prevalence of adult heartworms in shelter cats was 4 percent compared to 28 percent in shelter dogs, meaning for every seven dogs with adult heartworms there was one cat with adult heartworms (1). Overall, the prevalence of heartworm disease in cats is suspected to be about 5 percent to 15 percent of the prevalence in dogs in any given area (2).

What Causes Heartworm in Cats?

Cats get heartworms through mosquito bites. Currently, mosquitoes are the only known vector of heartworms. When the mosquito pierces the cat’s skin while biting, heartworm larvae that were picked up from another animal (usually a dog) can enter the cat. Most heartworms that are passed to a cat will not make it to adulthood, but those that survive will migrate into the pulmonary artery and right ventricle of the heart, developing into adult worms over six to eight months. Adult worms live in cats for around two to four years. While this is the overall gist of a heartworm’s life cycle, more specifics about the lifecycle can help us understand their effects on cats. 

Because dogs are the preferred host of heartworms, adult male and female heartworms will mate while parasitizing a dog, producing microfilariae (baby heartworms). Microfilariae are microscopic and move throughout the bloodstream. These microfilariae are ingested by mosquitoes when they bite the dog. Within a few weeks, the microfilariae will develop into stage three larvae within the mosquito. This stage is the infective stage that can be passed on to cats or other dogs when the mosquito feeds. 

Over two months, the larvae that pass into the cat will develop into immature worms in the animal’s subcutaneous tissue, fat, or muscle. Immature adult heartworms will enter the bloodstream, which will allow them to move into the heart and pulmonary artery which they call home. Once these immature worms reach the heart and lungs, you may begin to see signs of heartworm disease in cats. These immature worms can cause a severe inflammatory response that affects the arteries, small airways (bronchioles), and air sacs of the lungs (alveoli). 

If the cat survives the initial migration of the worms into the heart and lungs, the worms will mature into adult heartworms over three to five months. While adult heartworms live for up to five years in dogs, they typically have a shorter lifespan (two to four years) in cats. Because the cat is an atypical host, these worms don’t usually reproduce within the cat, meaning the cat usually doesn’t have circulating microfilariae and isn’t infectious to other animals. When adult worms die, some cats have an extreme inflammatory response that can manifest as respiratory distress, shock, or sudden death of the cat. 

Can People Get Heartworms from Cats?

This all sounds very scary for your cat, and honestly, it is! A natural worry you might develop is if you or your family members can get heartworms from your cat. Humans can get heartworms, but this isn’t common. Because heartworms do not produce microfilariae in cats, human infections are usually carried by mosquitoes from dogs or wild canids. Your heartworm-positive cat is almost never at risk of transmitting heartworms to you. Humans are accidental hosts and aren’t suitable for the worms to thrive in. Heartworms that die in the pulmonary vessels result in nodule formation in the lungs, which can be hard to distinguish from lung cancer nodules and result in the need for a biopsy. Most of the time, humans don’t have any clinical signs of heartworm infection. In the United States, 116 cases of heartworms affecting humans have been reported (3).

Heartworm Symptoms in Cats

One of the most alarming characteristics of heartworm infection in cats is that you often don’t know your cat has heartworms until it’s too late. Unlike parasites that affect the stomach and intestines, you’re not going to find heartworms or their eggs in your cat’s feces, so you’re probably not going to know your cat has heartworms unless they develop signs or you’re routinely getting them tested by a veterinarian. 

Common clinical signs of heartworms in cats include:

• Intermittent vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Rapid and labored breathing
• Coughing, gagging, and wheezing
• Loss of appetite
• Lethargy
• Weight loss

In some cats, these signs will appear around two months after the initial infection when the immature adult worms are migrating into the heart and lungs. If you’re noticing these symptoms in your cat, it’s important to have your cat examined. These clinical signs, especially the respiratory symptoms, are often mistaken for feline asthma. This severe inflammatory response is called heartworm-associated respiratory disease (HARD).

So, is heartworm in cats fatal? Unfortunately, the answer is often yes. For around 10 percent to 20 percent of cats (4, 5), the first sign of heartworm infection is sudden death, which can occur at around two months when the worms migrate to the heart and lungs or later on when an adult worm dies (sometimes two to four years after infection). Sudden death usually occurs due to severe inflammation in the lungs, which is not responsive to medications like steroids. 

Stages of Heartworm Disease in Cats

Although there are more stages of heartworm disease in dogs, the American Heartworm Society (6) divides feline heartworm infection into two stages:

Stage 1 occurs when the immature worms arrive in the pulmonary arteries, at which point many of them die. This is the point at which cats can develop HARD. Some cats may die or be euthanized at this stage due to the severity of their illness.

Stage 2 occurs when adult worms die, resulting in an extreme inflammatory, anaphylactic response that is very often fatal. Dying adult heartworms can form a clot (embolism). Cats who do survive often have permanent lung damage and long-term respiratory disease. Adult worms can die at any point, but in cats they may live for two to four years. This stage can occur anywhere from around six to eight months after the initial mosquito bite up to around four years later. Again, many cats who experience this stage will be euthanized due to the severity of illness. 

Diagnosing Heartworm in Cats

Diagnosing heartworms in cats is a bit tricky. After performing a physical exam and collecting your pet’s history, additional testing your veterinarian may do to determine if your cat has heartworms include:

Heartworm antigen test: The usual SNAP test that your veterinarian runs for your dog at the clinic specifically detects an antigen that is associated with adult female heartworms. This means the heartworms need to be at least 6 months old and that there needs to be adult female heartworms for the test to be positive. Recall that dogs can have well over 100 worms. The chances that at least one of those is a female worm is very high. But cats often have only one to three worms. If all their adult worms are male, they will test negative on this SNAP test. Furthermore, cats that are having HARD symptoms at two months after infection will still test negative. So, veterinarians often must rely on other testing to confirm a diagnosis of heartworms in cats.

Heartworm antibody test: The preferred method for screening cats is to run both an antigen and antibody test. While the antigen test detects adult female heartworms, the antibody test detects exposure to heartworm larvae. The antibody test can be positive as early as two months after initial infection. One issue with the antibody test is that antibodies can persist for years, so a cat who was exposed but cleared the infection on their own may test positive. However, if your cat’s physical exam and history are suggestive of heartworms and either the antigen or antibody test is positive, your veterinarian is likely to move forward with management of heartworm symptoms.

Chest X-rays (thoracic radiography): Your veterinarian is also likely to perform radiographs of the chest to look for changes to the heart and lungs that may be suggestive of heartworms.

Ultrasound of heart (echocardiogram): In some cases, an echocardiogram may be beneficial. Worms can sometimes be visualized within the right ventricle or pulmonary artery with an echocardiogram. Not all clinics have the capability to perform an echocardiogram.

Heartworm in Cats Treatment

There is no approved medical treatment for heartworms in cats. The injectable medication (melarsomine) used in dogs is toxic to cats at low doses, and the sudden death of the worms from the injection may also result in the sudden death of the cat itself. The only way a cat will be cured of heartworms is if they clear the infection and survive on their own, which occurs in around 80 percent of cases (5). Instead of treating heartworms, the goal is to manage the symptoms.

In cats who are experiencing respiratory distress or shock, they will need emergency treatment. If your pet is having difficulty breathing or collapses, you need to take them to the emergency veterinarian immediately. Treatment may include steroids, intravenous fluids, bronchodilators, and oxygen administration. 

Long-term management of symptomatic cats may include slowly tapering doses of steroids such as prednisone to reduce inflammation in the lungs, as well as bronchodilators. A bacteria called Wolbachia lives within the heartworms, so your cat may be prescribed doxycycline to kill these bacteria and weaken the heartworms. No home remedies are shown to be effective, but it’s recommended to reduce stress in the home, as this could contribute to development of symptoms. 

The disease can be monitored with repeat antibody and antigen tests. Your veterinarian may recommend this testing on an annual basis in asymptomatic cats but may want to test more often in cats with symptoms. In cats who have heart or lung changes identified on X-rays or an echocardiogram, repeat imaging may be recommended every six months. 

Heartworm Surgery for Cats

In cats with severe symptoms, especially those rare cases with high worm burdens causing obstruction in the heart (caval syndrome), surgical removal of the heartworms may be recommended. This is a very rare procedure and usually reserved for severe cases due to the high risk associated with the surgery. Typically, instruments are introduced through the right jugular vein into the right side of the heart to remove worms (7).

Cost of Treating Heartworms in Cats

Cost will vary depending on what treatments you pursue. If your cat is in respiratory distress or shock and you elect to attempt treatment, emergency services can cost several thousand dollars. However, if your cat’s case is mild, management with steroids is usually very affordable and may be under $10 to $20 for the prescription itself after the initial testing. Initial diagnostics will usually cost under $500 for exam, antibody test, and antigen test but may increase to over $1,000 depending on if advanced imaging (echocardiogram) is performed. Chest X-rays are usually around $200. Surgical removal of heartworms is an extremely specialized procedure, which may cost over $6,000 and is not guaranteed to be successful. 

Heartworm Prevention in Cats

Luckily, pet parents have multiple options for preventing heartworms in their cats. 

Although indoor cats can definitely still get infected with heartworms (it only takes one mosquito bite!), they’re less likely to be affected than cats who live or venture outside. Keeping your cats indoors is one way to reduce exposure to mosquitoes. That being said, one study at North Carolina State University did find that about a third of heartworm-positive cats were housed exclusively indoors (4), so you’ll definitely want to keep your indoor cats on prevention.

The best way to protect your cat, whether indoor or outdoor, is to keep them on year-round heartworm prevention. As the climate changes, mosquito ranges are expanding, and mosquito season is beginning to include more time of the year. Current options include either topical solutions that are applied to the skin between the shoulder blades or oral medications. This medication is typically given to your cat once monthly for life. The long-term injectable preventative is currently only used in dogs. A prescription is needed for heartworm preventatives, and these medications are sometimes combined with prevention of fleas and internal parasites. 

Examples of preventative medications that work against heartworms include:

• Selamectin
• Moxidectin
• Ivermectin
• Eprinomectin
• Milbemycin

Related Conditions 

• Heartworm-associated respiratory disease (HARD)
• Acute death syndrome
• Heartworm disease in dogs
• Caval syndrome
• Feline asthma

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Do male cats have nipples? 

Dr. Mahmoud Mansour, a professor of veterinary anatomy at Auburn University, says nipples on male mammals are somewhat of an “evolutionary quirk”— and one with little to no real function. This article will explain whether male cats have nipples, where to find them, and how to spot if something is amiss.

Cat Nipple Anatomy: Understanding the Basics

Almost all mammals have nipples, and cats are no exception. The nipple itself is a tubular structure of thick skin and special ducts (which are collapsed in male and young female cats). Below the exposed nipple are the mammary glands, which you probably won’t notice unless your healthy cat is pregnant or nursing.

According to Dr. Rafael Senos, professor of Veterinary Anatomy at Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts, this basic structure “is similar across the species and sexes.”

The mammary glands of cats, and therefore their nipples, are typically found in two parallel rows. They run along a cat’s underside, starting at the chest (thoracic region) to the belly (abdomen region) and ending near the groin (inguinal region). 

Do Male Cats Have Nipples?

Yes, male cats have nipples. Most cats, male or female, have anywhere from four to ten nipples. However, on male cats, they can be difficult to see, Dr. Mansour says. 

In fact, when female cats are spayed at a young age, their nipples won’t fully develop like the nipples of a queen (sexually mature intact female cat) would. So, a boy cat’s nipples might look a lot like the nipples of a spayed female — small and difficult to find.

But there are some big differences between male and female nipples in cats. Namely, healthy male cats cannot produce milk (more on this later). “The nipples and mammary glands remain rudimentary throughout the life of a male cat,” Dr. Senos says. 

In other words, the nipples and mammary glands of male cats aren’t fully developed. They stop developing because male cats don’t produce prolactin, the female hormone required to mature the mammary glands and produce milk.  

Cats can have two pairs (four nipples) in the thoracic region, two pairs (four nipples) in the abdominal region, and one pair (two nipples) in the inguinal region, totaling ten nipples. However, the average for cats – both male and female – is six to eight nipples. Some male cats may have fewer nipples than females.

Although most cats have an even number of nipples, it’s not uncommon for them to have an odd number. In this case, the nipples in each parallel row aren’t symmetrical with each other.

Why Do Male Cats Have Nipples?

According to Dr. Mansour, the nipples of a cat develop before anatomical sex is determined.

Specifically, adds Dr. Senos, “the fetus develops a mammary ridge by the 25th day of gestation and five days later, the ridge differentiates into four or five pairs of nipples.” 

After this, sex-determining genes kick in and your fuzzy furball continues to develop as a boy or a girl. The nipples just happen to be there, whether the now-gendered cat needs them or not.

The bottom line is that, like our appendix, the nipples of male cats serve no known biological function.

Can Male Cats Produce Milk?

A healthy male cat shouldn’t produce milk. But in rare cases, male cats can produce milk. The condition is called galactorrhea, and it’s so rare in cats, records of the condition are sparse. But, it is documented in a 2017 study titled “A Rare Case of Galactorrhoea in a Domestic Tom Cat” [1].

According to the study, “milk secretion in male mammals is induced by a surge in prolactin and can occur spontaneously.” As for the tomcat in the study, excessively grooming his underside caused overstimulation of his nipples, which in turn, resulted in a surge of hormones. He was treated with oral medication and by day five, most of his symptoms cleared with full recovery by day 14.

Some male cats are purposely treated with female hormones to reduce behavioral issues, like urine marking. While lactation isn’t mentioned as a side effect of these drugs, they are linked to other nipple problems in male cats [2] [3].

Possible Nipple Problems for Male Cats

If you haven’t already, it’s a good idea to gently feel around for your cat’s nipples. Recognizing what’s normal means having the ability to quickly act when something doesn’t look or feel quite right.

Here’s a brief description of conditions that can affect a cat’s nipples and mammary glands, according to Dr. Douglas Mader, a triple board-certified veterinarian and author volunteering his services throughout Florida:

Mammary Gland Cancer 

“Mammary tumors are rare in male cats,” Dr. Mader says. “But both intact and neutered [male cats], have been identified with malignant mammary gland tumors.”

Because of its high occurrence in female cats, mammary gland cancer remains the third most common cancer type in cats.

It’s most prevalent in domestic shorthair, Persian, and Siamese cats.  And in males, one-third of the cats diagnosed with mammary gland cancer were treated with female hormones at some point in their lives.

“Sadly, the course of disease progression in affected males is similar to that seen in female cats, with the prognosis usually less than one year after diagnosis,” Dr. Mader shares. 

Feline Mammary Hyperplasia

Also called mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia or MFH for short, this is a non-cancerous growth of the mammary glands typically caused by hormonal stimulation [4]. Although a 2018 described an occurrence of MFH in a male cat, this condition overwhelmingly occurs in female cats.

“It can be uncomfortable for the cat,” Dr. Mader says. Plus, the enlarged mammary glands might be accompanied by discharge from the nipples, such as milk, serum, blood, or pus — although milk secretions are rare.

Without treatment, secondary underlying infections could set in, and surgery of the mammary glands may be required. But, Dr. Mader adds, when treated promptly (sometimes with a spay, neuter, or discontinuing female hormone-based therapy), the condition typically reverses without the need for invasive surgery.

Mastitis

Mastitis is inflammation of a mammary gland, often due to ascending infection or excessive milk accumulation.  “One or more glands become inflamed due to bacteria residing inside the gland,” Dr. Mader explains. The underside of your cat might be swollen, sore, and there may be secretions [5]. “When caught early and identified, mastitis can be treated,” he adds. Most cases of mastitis occur in postpartum female cats if their kittens are weaned suddenly.

Of course, your veterinarian is the only one who can give a proper diagnosis. So, “if you see anything abnormal about your cat’s nipples – male or female – such as thickening, discharge, lumps and bumps, or bleeding, take your cat to the veterinarian immediately for diagnosis and treatment,” Dr. Mader says.

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This household product is easily accessible and cheap, but is Dawn dish soap for fleas an effective remedy for pet parents? 

Keep reading to learn about whether Dawn dish soap actually works for killing fleas and what pet parents should know before raiding the grocery store aisles. 

Does Dawn Kill Fleas?

The simple answer is yes, Dawn does kill adult fleas. However, it’s not recommended for pet flea prevention and treatment. In a pinch, it’s fine to use initially on a flea-infested animal to help remove fleas and wash off flea dirt, but it’s not an ideal long-term flea treatment because it doesn’t kill flea offspring or repel fleas.

Fleas are flat-bodied, six-legged wingless parasites that are about an eighth of an inch in size and reddish-brown or black in color. The most common signs of a flea infestation are scratching, biting, skin wounds or hair/fur loss, and small red bumps or flaking skin (if infection occurs). 

Fleas are visible to the naked eye and get around by jumping, reaching as high as 48 centimeters. This is important to keep in mind because when you use Dawn dish soap (or any other similar dish soap), it only physically removes the adult fleas on the pet. It does not address the underlying problem of fleas in the pet’s environment, including flea eggs and larvae, which allows for prompt reinfestation of your pet.

“It lifts grease from the skin, helping sweep up the fleas, wash them off, and drown them,” says Dr. Julie Sanders, director of operations at Heart + Paw. However, it doesn’t get rid of fleas entirely because, as soon as your pet is out of the sink/tub, “new fleas can jump on and survive.” 

Will Any Dish Soap Kill Fleas?

“Dawn has no special properties to kill fleas. Any shampoo or detergent acts about the same in physical removal [of fleas],” says Dr. Sanders. However, she stresses that there are “gentler shampoos that would be just as effective in temporary removal of adult fleas.” 

Consult with your veterinarian about the safest and most effective method of flea control for your pet, depending on their age and health status. 

If you are going to use Dawn, Dr. Sanders recommends sticking to the original formula and avoiding versions with heavy scents and “oxy” additives. “Irritation from detergents tends to be greater from the “oxy” formulas that contain forms of peroxide,” she adds. “The additional oxidizing action of peroxide can cause additional irritation and be especially harsh on the skin.” 

Diluted Dawn soap (mixed with water), may be used to kill fleas on very young puppies or kittens who are not old enough for vet-recommended flea preventatives. However, there are more skin-friendly options available on the market that are specifically made for companion animals. 

Is Dawn Dish Soap Safe for Dogs and Cats?

According to Brian Taylor, professional groomer of DogFatherofHarlem and owner of Harlem Doggie Day Spa in New York City, if a pet is infested with fleas, the skin is already irritated. Although Dawn dish soap isn’t toxic, the chemicals in it can “cause further damage such as drying of the skin, dulling the coat, and literally stripping the natural oils that a pet needs”.

“I personally advise against using Dawn detergent or any soap not intended for a pet when possible,” adds Taylor. 

Liquid soap can get into places such as eyes and nasal passages and can also be inhaled or ingested, which can cause problems, ranging from mild irritation to pneumonia, says Dr. Sanders. “Ingestion can cause nausea and vomiting. Accidental inhalation (which can happen when bathing a wiggly pet) can destroy the sensitive lining of the lungs and predispose pets to pneumonia.” 

How to Use Dawn to Kill Fleas

If you are looking for a one-time or fast-acting solution to kill adult fleas that are on your dog or cat, Taylor recommends the following steps: 

• Combine 1 quart water, 1 cup white vinegar/apple vinegar and 1 cup baby shampoo or Dawn/other liquid soap. 
• Use this mixture to bathe your dog or cat in the tub, but do not pour soap directly into a bathtub filled with water. Soap can irritate your pet’s eyes. 
• Do not use this mixture anywhere near the pet’s head or eyes. 

Why You Shouldn’t Rely on Dawn for Flea Infestations

To eliminate fleas successfully, treatment needs to focus on breaking their life cycle. “Adult fleas are only 5 percent of an active flea infestation,” explains Dr. Sanders. “ 95 percent of a flea infestation is in the juvenile stages in the environment.” 

According to Dr. Sanders, this means that for every single adult flea you see being drowned through shampooing, there are around 95 eggs, pupae, and/or larvae in the environment, including in the carpet, dog beds, grass, tile cracks, or hardwood floors. For every female flea, expect at least 40 eggs per day that are on the animal’s skin, which then fall off into the surroundings. These juveniles will quickly develop and can jump onto your pet and re-infect them.

Dawn dish soap doesn’t clean the surroundings or repel fleas. “By the time we notice a single flea on a dog, the infestation has been there for about two weeks. Since cats are fastidious groomers, they can hide the infestation for even longer,” says Dr. Sanders. 

Best Methods for Killing and Preventing Fleas

When you notice fleas on your pet or suspect that they exist in your house, here are some methods to prevent an infestation. 

Grooming

Your pet’s coat provides the perfect warm habitat for external parasites like fleas to thrive. “They like to hangout underneath tangled and matted hair/fur making it very uncomfortable for the pet because they are being bitten by these parasites nesting and traveling along the skin,” says Taylor. 

He recommends regular grooming to prevent matted or tangled fur and more importantly to locate fleas or ticks. 

Brushing

In between grooming sessions, brush your pet regularly and thoroughly, by working your way to the scalp and detangling from there, recommends Taylor. “If there is knotting, a comb can assist with the knots and a gentle detangling spray can help soften the hair/fur. If there is serious knotting, you will need a groomer because this can be a painful process.” Add using a flea comb (a finely-spaced comb), to the routine to get fleas, flea dirt, and even eggs off your pets. 

Flea and Tick Preventatives

Preventing flea infestations is much easier and more cost-effective than having to treat an infestation once it happens. There are several flea preventatives on the market (for dogs and cats) that are oral and topical. A more cost-effective preventative is the flea collar, which can be fitted around your pet’s neck, though the oral and topical medications may work better for many cats. There are also oral medications (nitenpyram) that can be given to kill the adult fleas, but these should be used in conjunction with preventatives and environmental management. Keep in mind that you will need to treat all in-contact pets in the home. 

Deep Cleaning

Keep your pet’s surroundings and yard clean to prevent flea growth. Vacuum regularly with a machine with good suction to remove fleas of all stages from the environment. Wash rugs, bed covers, and upholstery covers. Clean dog blankets using the hottest setting in the washing machine.

When in doubt, you can always enlist the help of your veterinarian and pet groomer to help you combat these pesky insects.

Editorial credit: jadimages / Shutterstock.com

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Cat Skin Cancer: Prevalence and Types

Cancer in cats is significantly less common than in dogs, with dogs diagnosed with cancer six times more often. That doesn’t mean it’s super rare, though! Unfortunately, 1 in 5 cats will develop cancer in their lifetime. 

While lymphoma is the most common type of cancer in our feline friends, skin is the second most common site for tumor development. 20 percent of all tumors in cats occur in the skin.

Although skin tumors are less common in cats than in dogs, a tumor in a cat’s skin is more likely to be malignant than one on a dog. When we say “skin cancer,” we are specifically referring to malignant tumors of the skin. Unfortunately, it can be difficult to differentiate between benign and malignant skin tumors in cats, so any change to a cat’s skin warrants a check-up. 

The most common types of skin tumors in cats include:

• Basal cell tumors (around 10 percent are malignant)
• Squamous cell carcinoma (malignant)
• Mast cell tumors (malignant)
• Fibrosarcomas (malignant, including injection-site sarcomas)

When we think of skin cancer, a lot of us imagine melanoma as the big bad one. Melanoma is not a common skin cancer in cats, making up less than 3 percent of all skin tumors. Around 42-65 percent of melanomas in cats are malignant.

In most cases, cats are diagnosed with skin cancer when they’re older, with the median age at diagnosis being 12 years old. 

The breeds with the highest incidence of skin cancer are Siamese and Persian cats. Cancers that can be caused by sun exposure, such as squamous cell carcinoma, are more common in lightly pigmented cats and less common in Siamese cats.

Stages of Skin Cancer in Cats

Various staging systems for cancers exist in cats. For skin cancers, such as squamous cell carcinoma, we can use a staging system known as the World Health Organization TNM classification system for feline tumors of epidermal (outer layer of skin) origin [1]. You will typically hear reference to the specific T stages, which are as follows:

• T₀ = No evidence of tumor
• T_is = Tumor in situ, meaning abnormal cells are present but have not spread. These lesions are sometimes called pre-cancerous.
• T₁ = Tumor <2 cm diameter
• T₂ = Tumor 2-5 cm or minimally invasive
• T₃ = Tumor >5 cm or with invasion of subcutis (the bottom layer of skin tissue)
• T₄ = Tumor invading other structures such as fascia, muscle, or bone

The N stage is related to whether there is metastasis to lymph nodes while the M stage refers to whether there are distant metastases. Because a lot of skin cancers are locally invasive and don’t metastasize, for a lot of tumors, we refer primarily to the T stage.

Causes of Cat Skin Cancer

Skin cancer in cats is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. 

Genetics: When specific breeds are prone to developing cancer, such as Siamese and Persian cats for skin tumors, we can assume that genetics play a role. 

Sun Exposure: Sun exposure can also lead to the development of skin tumors, particularly basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. These tumors are more common in lightly colored or hairless breeds because they have increased sun exposure. These tumors are also more common in cats who are outdoor only or indoor/outdoor in comparison to indoor only cats. Cats who spend a lot of time lying in windows and cats who live at higher altitudes may also be more likely to develop cancers related to sun exposure, as well as cats who live in countries with lower ozone coverage (such as New Zealand).

Mutations: The majority of mast cell tumors in cats show mutations that affect the replication and division of cells. In particular, one mutation in a specific proto-oncogene (a gene involved in normal cell growth) is observed in cats. However, not all mast cell tumors have this mutation, so we cannot assume this is the sole cause of mast cell tumor development in cats.

Vaccines: The relationship between vaccination and injection-site sarcomas (a type of fibrosarcoma) isn’t well-established. Currently, the theory is that genetically susceptible cats may develop this tumor in the site of a previous vaccination. In this scenario, it’s believed that the vaccination causes local inflammation, which results in cell proliferation, eventually causing tumor development. 

However, reports exist of these tumors developing at the sites of other injections, including medications, subcutaneous fluids, and possibly microchips. 

It’s not uncommon for cats to develop a small, firm lump where they received a vaccine in the weeks after getting their shots. This lump shouldn’t be getting larger 3-4 weeks after vaccination and should be gone within 3 months. An actual vaccine-associated sarcoma is rare, with an incidence somewhere between 1/1,000 and 1/10,000. 

Because infectious diseases pose a great risk to our cats while injection-site sarcomas are rare, the American Veterinary Medical Association emphasizes that this risk is not a reason to forego vaccination [2].

Skin Cancer Symptoms in Cats

Skin cancer in cats has a wide range of signs, so it’s important to get any change to your cat’s skin examined. 

Symptoms of skin cancer in cats may include:

• Solitary lumps in the skin, which can feel soft or firm
• Multiple nodules in the skin
• Loss of hair in the region of the tumor
• Sores that are crusty or scabby
• Wounds or ulcerated areas that may ooze clear fluid or blood
• Skin lesions with irregular borders
• Changes to skin pigmentation
• Red, bluish, or blackish plaques or nodules

Although a tumor can develop anywhere on a cat, these tumors do often have more common areas where they’re found.

• Basal cell carcinoma is often on the head, neck, shoulders, or chest.
• Squamous cell carcinoma commonly forms around the lips, nose, eyelids, and ear tips.
• Mast cell tumors commonly form on the head and neck but can be anywhere.
• Fibrosarcoma, especially injection-site sarcomas, are often on the limbs, tail, or between the shoulder blades in the areas of previous injections.

Sores, ulcerations, wounds, and hair loss in cats can have a wide range of causes which are more common than skin cancer, such as allergies, eosinophilic granuloma complex, bites from another animal, or ringworm. Most of these conditions will still require veterinary care, and some may be contagious to humans. Always get cat skin changes examined by a veterinarian.

Cat Skin Cancer Diagnosis

A cat skin cancer diagnosis will begin with a thorough examination. For most skin cancers, it will be impossible to differentiate a benign skin tumor from a malignant tumor without a biopsy. 

If there is a lump present, your veterinarian may stick a needle into the tumor to collect cells that can be examined under a microscope. This is called a fine needle aspirate or FNA. In some cases, such as a mast cell tumor, this can give a definitive diagnosis. In other cases, FNA can confirm the presence of a tumor but may not indicate if the tumor is cancerous (malignant) or benign or how aggressive the tumor is. 

In this scenario, or in cases where the lesion is more of a plaque or wound that cannot be aspirated, your veterinarian will recommend a biopsy. Biopsies must occur under sedation or anesthesia, depending on how extensive the procedure will be.

Staging may occur once a diagnosis is achieved. Your veterinarian will palpate the lymph nodes and may collect a sample from the lymph node with a needle. Staging can also involve X-rays of the chest or the area of the tumor, as well as abdominal ultrasonography. Advanced diagnostics, such as a CT scan or MRI, may be recommended to fully evaluate the extent of the tumor prior to treatment planning.

Cat Skin Cancer Treatment

For most cancers of the skin, the preferred treatment is radical excision of the tumor, meaning the tumor is removed surgically, along with a margin of normal skin around the tumor, and normal tissue deep to the tumor. 

In some cases where the cancer is located on your cat’s limb, amputation of the limb may be the best course of treatment. Luckily for our pets, they do very well as tripods! 

If the tumor is incompletely removed or has spread to other areas of the body, radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be recommended. Chemotherapy can be performed by the oncologist at a specialty center, but radiation therapy may require more extensive travel, such as to a university. Chemotherapy may include intravenous injections or direct injection into the tumor. 

Some veterinarians recommend cryotherapy for small lesions, in which the lesion is destroyed by freezing it. It should be noted that with this treatment, you will not know if the microscopic areas of the tumor have been successfully destroyed. Photodynamic therapy, in which the tumor is sensitized to light, is another treatment that may be performed at some specialty centers. 

The treatment options will depend on the type of tumor present and the extent of tumor invasion and spread.

In any case of cat skin cancer, long-term monitoring is recommended. For some tumors, such as fibrosarcomas, recurrence is common even with complete excision.

Cost to Treat Skin Cancer in Cats

Initial diagnostics and surgical removal of a tumor will likely add up to around $1,000-$2,000 for skin cancer in an easily excisable area if procedures are performed by your family veterinarian. 

However, this estimate rises significantly if the surgery is performed at a specialty center, if surgery is extensive or requires open wound management, and if chemotherapy or radiation therapy is needed. In this scenario, you’re looking at $5,000-$10,000.

If you are concerned about the cost of your cat’s cancer treatment, talk to your veterinarian or veterinary oncologist about payment plans or special financial assistance programs that may be available. Pet insurance can also help cover unexpected cancer-related costs. 

Cat Skin Cancer Prognosis

Prognosis for skin cancer will depend on the type of tumor, how large it is, whether it has spread, and the location on the body. 

For basal cell carcinomas and mast cell tumors, surgical excision is very often curative. Fibrosarcomas have a more guarded prognosis, with high risk of recurrence. If the fibrosarcoma develops in an area not amenable to surgery, such as between the shoulder blades, prognosis is poor. 

Location has a strong impact on the prognosis for squamous cell carcinoma, with ear tip squamous cell carcinoma being much easier to remove than carcinoma of the nose or eyelid. Some squamous cell carcinomas of the lip may be removable, but the tumor does often extend into the oral cavity. 

Generally, cats with skin cancer have a better prognosis if the tumor is caught early while it is small and more easily removed.

How to Prevent Skin Cancer in Cats

Not all cases of skin cancer in cats are preventable, but there are some steps you can take to reduce your cat’s risk.

If your pet is light-haired or hairless, consider limiting their sun exposure. This may include keeping them indoors or using clothing to prevent direct sunlight. 

It’s recommended to avoid smoking around your pet, as secondhand smoke may be linked to the development of cancers. 

When you take your pet in for vaccination, ask if your veterinarian can vaccinate low on the limb or on the tail. These areas allow for amputation in the rare event that a vaccine-associated sarcoma develops.

The post Cat Skin Cancer: Types, Signs, and Treatment appeared first on Great Pet Care.

If you’re facing a diagnosis of bladder cancer in your dog, we’re here to help you understand more about this condition and what you can expect.

Dog Bladder Cancer: Prevalence and Stages

When we say “bladder cancer in dogs,” we are typically referring to a specific cancer called transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), also known as urothelial carcinoma. TCC is a malignant cancer of the cells that line the bladder and part of the urethra, which carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. These cells are known as transitional epithelial cells. 

The tumor usually develops in the neck of the bladder, near where the ureters (tubes that move urine from kidneys to bladder) and urethra connect to the bladder, making surgery nearly impossible in most cases. In over half of canine patients, the urethra is also affected.

TCC is by far the most common type of bladder cancer in dogs, comprising 70-80 percent of cases. Other less common causes of bladder cancer in dogs include rhabdomyosarcoma and leiomyosarcoma. Leiomyosarcoma (malignant) and leiomyomas (benign) are approximately 12 percent of primary bladder tumors. Rhabdomyosarcomas (malignant) are very rare, but suspicion would be increased if the bladder tumor was noted in a young dog.

Overall, bladder cancer in dogs is uncommon, making up less than 2 percent of cancer cases. Most often, we see TCC in middle-aged to older, small breed dogs like Scottish Terriers, West Highland White Terriers, Beagles, and Shetland Sheepdogs. Specifically, Scottish Terriers are 18-20 times more likely to develop TCC than other breeds. The average age at diagnosis is 11 years old.

While veterinarians don’t typically assign specific stages to bladder cancer in dogs, this tumor is invasive and has the potential to spread to other areas of the body, such as the lymph nodes, lungs, and bone. For this reason, you may hear the veterinarian refer to “staging” the cancer, which means they want to investigate the extent of cancer spread. 

Causes of Dog Bladder Cancer in Dogs

Oftentimes, no cause is determined for bladder cancer. Because specific breeds, especially Scottish Terriers, are prone to TCC, genetics are an important factor. 

Female dogs get TCC more often than males. Current thinking is that females, who are less likely to urine mark, store their urine for longer periods than males. If carcinogens are present in the urine which contribute to TCC, this could explain the increased incidence in female dogs.

Rarely, cases have been linked to the use of cyclophosphamide, a chemotherapy drug. A 2004 study also showed that exposure to phenoxy herbicide treated lawns increased the risk of developing TCC in the Scottish Terrier [1]. Chronic exposure to hydrocarbons, present in cigarette smoke, may also play a role in the development of TCC.

Bladder leiomyosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma are typically considered idiopathic, meaning the underlying cause is unknown.

Bladder Cancer Symptoms in Dogs

As mentioned, bladder cancer can mimic more common conditions such as UTIs or urinary bladder stones. 

The three most common symptoms of bladder cancer in dogs include:

• Passing small amounts of urine more frequently than usual (pollakiuria)
• Blood in the urine (hematuria)
• Straining to urinate (stranguria)

Signs that may be seen occasionally include:

• Straining to defecate (tenesmus)
• Painful abdomen
• Distended abdomen

Rarely, your dog may develop hypertrophic osteopathy, which is an interesting syndrome in which there is bony proliferation on the leg bones in response to the presence of a mass in the chest or abdomen. This causes thickening of the leg bones and limping. Treatment usually involves pain control and tumor management.

If you notice symptoms in your dog, it’s important not to panic! Remember that bladder cancer is not the most common cause of frequent urination, bloody urine, or straining to urinate. These symptoms are also the typical signs of both UTIs and bladder stones, which are significantly more common than bladder cancer. However, dogs with bladder cancer may develop secondary UTIs, so it’s important to rule out a tumor if signs do not resolve or promptly recur after treatment with appropriate antibiotics.

Straining to defecate can also have many causes, such as diarrhea, constipation, anal sac infection, and more. Abdominal distention and tenderness are also signs of more common conditions affecting the abdomen, such as a mass of the spleen, constipation, bowel obstruction, and more.

If you note any symptoms of bladder cancer, you should have your dog examined by a veterinarian. Although other causes are more likely, these symptoms still require prompt veterinary attention.

Dog Bladder Cancer Diagnosis

Most bladder cancers will require advanced diagnostics beyond a simple physical examination.

If your pet is frequently urinating small amounts, straining to urinate, or has blood in their urine, your veterinarian will likely recommend a urinalysis with culture and radiographs (X-rays). The urinalysis with culture determines if there is a urinary tract infection and what antibiotics should be used. Occasionally, the urinalysis may be suggestive of TCC, with about 30 percent of TCCs shedding tumor cells into the urine that can be seen under the microscope.

Most bladder tumors are not visible on X-rays, so this test is used for ruling out other causes of the symptoms rather than confirming a bladder tumor. Some bladder stones are also not visible on X-rays.

If your veterinarian does not see stones on X-rays and the urinalysis is suggestive of a urinary tract infection, they will likely begin by treating the UTI. If the UTI does not completely resolve or quickly recurs, this warrants further investigation to rule out a bladder tumor.

Ultrasonographic examination of the abdomen is very effective for detecting a bladder tumor and ruling out bladder stones. Although some stones don’t show up on radiographs, all stone types can be seen on ultrasound. An ultrasound exam can significantly raise the suspicion for bladder cancer but does not confirm the type of tumor present. If your veterinarian has access to ultrasound, you may consider requesting this rather than X-rays. If your dog has a confirmed bladder tumor, abdominal ultrasound can also be used to monitor for spread of the cancer. To examine the lungs for spread, your veterinarian may do chest X-rays.

If your dog has the signs of bladder cancer, is older, and has a mass visualized in the neck of the bladder on ultrasound, this may be enough to presumptively diagnose TCC. Definitive diagnosis requires a biopsy or collection of cells. If your dog has ever had a skin mass, you may have seen your veterinarian place a needle into the tumor to collect a sample of cells. This is called a fine needle aspirate (FNA). FNA is typically not recommended for suspected TCC. This specific tumor is well-known for seeding to other organs via needle track, so performing FNA of a TCC increases the risk of spread.

Even without FNA, veterinarians can still collect a sample. Your family veterinarian may do a cystotomy surgery, meaning they enter through the abdomen, cut the bladder open, and take a sample of the tissue. This is the most invasive method. Instead, they may attempt traumatic catheterization, which is when a urinary catheter is inserted with the goal of agitating the tumor and releasing cells into the urine for collection.

Specialty or referral veterinary hospitals may have access to advanced techniques, such as cystoscopy. Cystoscopy is the use of a small camera inserted through the urethra to examine the inside of the bladder. A biopsy may be taken via cystoscopy for confirmatory testing. Importantly, the urethra must be large enough for the camera, so this technology is limited in very small animals.

Urine can also be collected for a BRAF or BRAF PLUS test, which detects cells that have the genetic mutation present in TCC cancer cells. The BRAF mutation test can sometimes detect the tumor before it is visible on imaging. Pet parents may consider using this test to screen their apparently normal dogs who belong to at-risk breeds. If the BRAF mutation test is negative but the veterinarian still suspects TCC, they may recommend a BRAF-PLUS test, which also uses urine. Together, BRAF and BRAF-PLUS can detect 95 percent of dogs with TCC. This test is not the same as the BLAT (bladder tumor antigen test), which wasn’t accurate in bloody urine, a common clinical sign of TCC.

Dog Bladder Cancer Treatment

Because of the unfortunate location that TCC tends to develop in, as well as the highly invasive nature of this tumor, bladder cancer treatment is rarely curative and is instead aimed at controlling the clinical signs and promoting a good quality of life.

For most dogs, surgery isn’t an option. Surgery in the neck of the bladder risks damage to the urethra and ureters and is likely to cause incontinence without successfully removing the entirety of the tumor. Surgery may be attempted if the tumor develops in a different part of the bladder. With these surgeries, a significant portion of the bladder is removed. The pet would have reduced storage capacity in the remaining bladder, and 80 percent of surgeries result in recurrence.

Medical treatment is the most common method for treating bladder cancer. Up to 40 percent of dogs have a response to medical therapy, though they typically don’t achieve complete remission. Successful treatment in this scenario means either the tumor shrinks or the tumor growth slows.

Medical treatment frequently involves the use of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-cancer activities, such as piroxicam, deracoxib, or firocoxib, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy agents. Chemotherapy protocols may vary between oncologists, but examples of chemotherapy agents that may be used include mitoxantrone, carboplatin, vinblastine, and cisplatin. Typically, a chemotherapy agent is given every couple weeks for a predetermined number of treatments as long as it’s well-tolerated by the dog. 

Importantly, dogs typically handle chemotherapy better than humans do. With cancer treatment in pets, we aim for maintaining quality of life rather than quantity of years. Veterinarians won’t tolerate your dog feeling poorly and will ensure chemotherapy isn’t negatively impacting their quality of life. Your dog is unlikely to experience the vomiting and nausea, lethargy, or hair loss that is seen in people.

In the past, radiation wasn’t considered a good option for pets because of damage to structures around the bladder, such as the colon. However, radiation therapy has become more precise and is now considered a better option for TCCs, although access to radiation treatment is limited. If you are interested in radiation as an option, this will likely require travel.

You may find information about removal of the entire bladder in cases of TCC. With this surgery, the ureters are attached to the colon so the pet passes urine with stool or to the vagina in female animals. There is a high risk of complications, including ascending bacterial infection and scarring of the ureters leading to obstruction, both of which could lead to kidney infection. Patients require long-term use of antibiotics, frequent blood monitoring for evidence of kidney injury, and free access to an area for urination due to incontinence. You’re unlikely to find a veterinarian who recommends or is willing to perform this surgery, as the pet’s quality of life can be significantly impacted. Keep in mind that TCCs are likely to metastasize, and removal of the bladder does not address spread of the cancer.

If the tumor is obstructing the urethra, an option would be to have a urethral stent placed using fluoroscopy at a specialty veterinary clinic so that the pet can urinate. This procedure carries the risks of recurrent urinary tract infections and incontinence but can restore comfort for your dog. Not all specialty centers perform this procedure. If your veterinarian is recommending it, they should direct you to a facility that can assist you.

Another option is a permanent urinary catheter. A permanent urinary catheter significantly increases the risk of bladder infections, so frequent urine cultures are needed. Pet parents will need to empty the bladder with a drainage tube multiple times per day, and the catheter must be kept clean. If the tube becomes dislodged, this can have serious consequences for the pet. Maintenance of a permanent urinary catheter can be very taxing on pet parents, affecting their pet’s quality of life and the human-animal bond.

Regardless of the treatment pursued, expect frequent follow-ups, urinalyses, urine cultures, bloodwork, and repeat imaging to monitor treatment success, tumor size, cancer spread, and systemic health.

Cost to Treat Bladder Cancer in Dogs

The cost to treat bladder cancer varies widely depending on the treatment. Conservative treatment with piroxicam may be around $2,000. 

If you pursue advanced diagnostics and treatment at a referral center (chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stents, etc.), treatment can come to well over $10,000. 

Don’t forget to check out clinical trials at universities, which can increase the affordability of treatment while advancing cancer treatment for future canine family members. 

Dog Bladder Cancer Prognosis

Ultimately, most dogs diagnosed with TCC will pass due to the cancer.  Bladder cancer is locally aggressive and has a high potential to metastasize (spread) to other areas of the body. In the final stages of bladder cancer in dogs, the tumor can grow large enough that it obstructs the urethra or ureters, resulting in kidney failure due to the inability to pass urine.

With NSAID treatment alone, the expected survival time is approximately 6 months. Adding chemotherapy to the NSAID can increase survival time to 9-11 months. Survival time varies depending on patient age, extent of local tumor invasion, and presence of metastases. 

Your veterinarian will work with you to ensure your pet has a good quality of life throughout the treatment protocol.

How to Prevent Bladder Cancer in Dogs

Keeping in mind that many cases of TCC don’t have a known underlying cause, there is no guarantee that you can prevent bladder cancer in your dog. 

However, based on the known risk factors for developing TCC, there are steps you can take to reduce the likelihood of developing this tumor, especially in at-risk breeds. Recommendations for prevention include:

• Feeding yellow/orange or green leafy vegetables at least three times per week [2]
• Avoiding older generation flea control products like flea dips
• Avoiding lawns treated with herbicides and pesticides
• Limiting exposure to secondhand smoke
• Preventing obesity in your pet

In at-risk breeds, you could consider BRAF testing at regular intervals, potentially detecting the tumor before your pet has clinical signs.

It’s never easy to face a diagnosis of cancer in your pet, and a diagnosis of a less common cancer like bladder cancer can make you feel alone and afraid. Your veterinary team can help support you and your pet during this time and may have recommendations for support groups or grief counselors if needed.

The post Bladder Cancer in Dogs: Symptoms and Treatment appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Samantha Bell, a cat expert at Best Friends Animal Society, a leading animal welfare organization in the U.S., says the flehmen response in cats is like “smelling in super hi-res.”

That’s because this behavior activates numerous receptors in cats’ mouths that put their sense of smell into overdrive.

So how do flehmen responses in cats work? And why do cats make these funny, sneering faces in the first place?

What Is the Flehmen Response?

Dr. Gabrielle Fadl, director of primary care of Bond Vet, says that ​​cats use flehmen response to gather information.

“Cats learn a lot about the world around them by scent, and the flehmen response helps them ‘read’ even more scents and pheromones,” she says.

Bell says that cats acquire this scent-derived information by “opening two tiny ducts on the roof of their mouth behind their front teeth.”

“Those ducts go through the roof of their mouth and connect to the Jacobson’s organ,” says Bell.

The Jacobson’s organ, also known as the vomeronasal organ, is located between a cat’s hard palate and nasal septum, with tubes that run to the nasal passages and mouth.

In his book Cat Sense, cat expert John Bradshaw says the vomeronasal organ is packed with chemical receptors that allow cats to process scent differently than if they smelled through their nose. 

Humans do not have this same ability, but Bradshaw says the vomeronasal organ’s function “lies somewhere between our senses of smell and taste.”

“Appreciating how cats make use of this faculty requires a leap of imagination,” he writes in his book.

Bradshaw adds that cats likely process a wide range of smells since their vomeronasal organ contains at least 30 different receptors. Dogs, on the other hand, only have nine.

While humans cannot generate a flehmen response, other animals besides domestic cats can. 

“This flehmen response is very common in the animal world,” says Bell. “It’s most often seen in domestic cats and horses. But giraffes, goats, llamas, hedgehogs, rhinos, pandas, big cats like lions and tigers, and many other animals do it, too!”

Cat Flehmen Response: What Does It Look Like?

Cat flehmen response is frequently called cat sneering. Yet Bell says it looks more like a grimace than a sneer.

“A sneer usually has one side of the lip raised, and this face has the whole lip up,” she says. “I know a lot of people call it ‘stink face.’”

Specific body language often accompanies a flehmen response in cats. For instance, Bell says it usually happens when cats raise their heads after looking down to sniff something. 

“The cat’s head goes from down (while sniffing) to up, sometimes held high, while exhibiting the flehmen response,” she says. “They also look like they’re in a daze for a couple of seconds while their body works to investigate the scent.”

Dr. Fadl describes the flehmen response in cats another way—“as if they’ve just smelled something stinky.”

However, she adds that cats are not “expressing an opinion on what they’ve just smelled,” but making that funny face to “boost their detection of scents and pheromones.”

Most people find cat flehmen responses quite amusing, too. “I laugh every time I see it!” says Bell.

What Does the Cat Flehmen Response Mean?

In Cat Sense, Bradshaw says that cats use their vomeronasal organ to “detect the smells of other cats.”

“Male cats perform it after sniffing urine marks left by females, including during courtship, and female cats will do the same toward urine marks left by tomcats, although only if the tom is not present,” he writes.

Bell says that male cats display this behavior more often than females, likely because they’re sniffing out chemical substances called pheromones that give information about mating. She says that even neutered males are known to show the flehmen response. 

Based on her experience, Bell also says that some cats seem to display the flehmen response more than others, but she isn’t aware of any scientific research to explain this.

“One of my cats does it daily (usually after sniffing his brother’s butt), and I’ve never seen the other one do it,” she says.

Dr. Fadl says that a cat may exhibit the flehmen response more regularly due to anxiety about a potential threat in their environment. Or, she says it could be a “signal of concern for a different cat in the household.”

“For example, maybe another cat in the home suddenly starts urinating inappropriately, which might be due to a urinary, kidney, or other health problem,” she says. “The cat that smells their housemate’s urine might exhibit flehmen as a response.”

What to Do About the Cat Flehmen Response

Is a flehmen response a cause for concern? Bell says it isn’t.

“It’s a perfectly normal part of being a cat and just means they’re quite curious about the world around them,” she says. 

However, consult your veterinarian if you notice your cat breathing with an open mouth and you’re doubtful whether it’s a flehmen response. In some cases, this behavior could be a sign of upper respiratory distress, says Bell.

Dr. Fadl agrees that while flehmen response isn’t usually a cause for concern, you should consult your veterinarian if you notice any unusual or sudden behavior change in your cat.

“It’s important to ensure it actually is a flehmen response and not a symptom of illness that might look similar,” she says. “For example, a cat with nasal irritation or a respiratory infection might draw their face up in a similar way, especially right before sneezing. Any additional symptoms besides just flehmen (for example, inappetence, changes to body weight or bathroom habits, sneezing or coughing, etc.) should prompt a veterinary visit, too.”

But if your cat is indeed displaying a flehmen response, take a moment to be amazed. Your feline companion is experiencing smell in a way you never would be able to. 

And let’s admit it—it’s also quite funny to see your cat curl her lip and display that good ‘ole stink face.

The post Flehmen Response in Cats: All About Cat Sneering appeared first on Great Pet Care.

“My one cat would sit on the side of the bathtub and turn her head to the side and crunch, crunch like she was hole punching the shower curtain with her teeth,” says Johnson of Fundamentally Feline, a cat behavior consultation company. “She didn’t even rip it—there are just little holes. For her, it was a sensation thing.”

It might seem strange for a cat to like chomping on plastic, but Johnson says this behavior is surprisingly common. When cats chew on or lick plastic, she says it’s often harmless. But if your cat eats plastic, you have a reason to be concerned. 

But what is it about plastic that attracts cats? And is it dangerous for cats to clamp their canines on this stuff?

Why Do Cats Eat Plastic?

Here are a few potential reasons why your cat may be eating, chewing, or licking plastic.

It reminds them of hunting prey

Johnson says cats are mainly drawn to plastic because it appeals to their hunting instincts.

“They like the texture, they like the crunch,” Johnson says. “I think the sensation and the tactile feel on the mouth mimics some of what they’re lacking in the inability to kill prey. You know, like crunching through small bones, flesh, and feathers.”

For this reason, she says cats often seek out plastic with crunch appeal: crinkly plastic bags, cat kibble packaging, and even glossy photos.

Dr. Stephanie Sheen, a veterinarian at Fuzzy Pet Health, says cats may also be interested in plastic cords because they look like mouse tails. Or they might like plastic bags because of the way they move with the wind, resembling prey. 

They’re curious—or just plain bored

But there are many other reasons why cats chew, play with, or eat plastic, says Dr. Sheen. Cats of any age might turn to plastic out of curiosity or boredom.

“When a cat does not receive enough mental stimulation through toy play, access to the outdoors, or other environmental enrichment, they can search for ways to interact with their environment to keep themselves entertained,” says Dr. Sheen. “If it continues habitually, chewing plastic can become a compulsive behavior and self-rewarding, a condition called pica.”

They mistake it for food…maybe

Another hypothesis as to why plastic entices cats is because of what it’s made of. Some shopping bags and other plastic products contain animal-derived ingredients, which might make them smell like food, says Johnson.

“This is all speculation,” she says, “but one of the theories is…that cats can still smell and taste some degree of the animal fat or protein in the product, so they’re actually attracted to it for both taste and scent.” 

Your cat is a particular breed 

Dr. Sheen says some cat breeds might be more predisposed to eating things they shouldn’t, including plastic.

“Oriental breeds, such as Burmese and Siamese cats, are among those, suggesting some genetic component to the behavior,” she says. “However, these breeds tend to prefer cloth items, such as wool, with plastic being less commonly ingested.”

A medical issue may be to blame

According to Dr. Sheen, some medical issues might also make cats more interested in plastic.

“Certain medical conditions that significantly increase appetite, such as diabetes and thyroid disease, can cause cats to eat non-food items like plastic,” she says. “Chronic intestinal disorders that interfere with the absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract, such as inflammatory bowel disease or intestinal parasites, may also increase the likelihood of a cat ingesting plastic. Some cats with dental problems may chew plastic—as well as curious kittens, especially if teething.”

Dangers of Cats Eating Plastic

So your cat likes to bite plastic. Is this behavior harmless? Or dangerous? It depends, says Johnson.

“If you know that your cat does not eat plastic and they just chew on it, and they have a history of being trusted, then I’ve allowed it,” she says. “But I’ve allowed it to happen based on the item. The grocery bags are too risky for me. Larger things like chewing on a bag of pet food or the shower curtain don’t bother me.”

But if a cat does eat plastic—either intentionally or accidentally—it can be a problem, says Johnson. She says shopping bags are one of the most dangerous types of plastic, because they can easily shred and end up down your cat’s throat.

“Usually, it makes its way into the stomach,” says Johnson. “The problem becomes when it gets stuck in the stomach or the intestine, and then they cannot eat and pass stool because they have a foreign body in their GI tract that is affecting digestion and the ability for things to move through.”

Dr. Sheen says it’s also dangerous for cats to ingest pieces of hard plastic with sharp edges, which can puncture the soft tissues of your cat’s stomach or intestines. In some cases, this can lead to a severe infection in the abdomen called septic peritonitis.

“Swallowing plastic, especially if it has sharp edges, can cause punctures or blockages in the stomach or intestinal tract, which can require surgery,” says Dr. Sheen. “Even if a piece of small plastic is able to be eliminated, it can cause quite a bit of irritation as it passes, resulting in diarrhea or bloody stools.”

Besides gastrointestinal issues and infections, plastic ingestion could harm your cat’s health through chemical toxicity. Plastic is manufactured with all kinds of harmful chemicals—including endocrine disruptors like BPA—and these substances are known to cause health issues in humans and animals. According to a study conducted by the Environmental Working Group (EWG), dogs and cats contain high levels of chemicals found in plastics, food packaging, and other products. While the health risks of these chemicals have largely not been studied for our pets, we cannot assume they are completely harmless.

But it’s not just ingesting plastic that can harm your cat. According to Dr. Sheen, rigid plastic can damage cats’ teeth or gums; plugged in electric cords can cause severe mouth burns or lung injuries through electrocution; and plastic bags can suffocate your cat if they crawl entirely into them.

What to Do If Your Cat Eats Plastic

If you notice your cat eating plastic, it’s best to take him or her to a veterinary clinic for an in-person appointment, or to get advice through a veterinary telemedicine service, says Dr. Sheen.

“It’s helpful to know the type and size of the piece that has been eaten and the approximate time it was ingested,” she says.

In many cases, you won’t see your cat eating plastic, but you might see signs that plastic ingestion has occurred. These include:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Reduced appetite
• Low energy

Johnson says you might also find some bits of plastic in your cat’s stool. “That would be a red flag that there might be more in there,” she says.

After seeking medical advice and care for your cat, you should talk to your veterinarian or a cat behaviorist to learn how to protect your cat from plastic in the future.

How to Prevent Cats from Eating Plastic

Johnson says an easy way to get your cat to stop eating plastic is to provide dry kibble, especially dental kibble that requires your cat to crunch.

“If cats don’t have anything to crunch, they are going to find it,” Johnson says. “So I think it’s important for cats to have some degree of dry food to mimic the feathers, flesh, and bone of what they would be crunching through in the wild. That’s why I actually personally like dental kibble or any kind of oral care type diets that are big kibbles designed to make them crunch and help mimic that sensation and satiate that need.” 

Keep in mind that some dental diseases or a recent dental procedure may prevent your cat from being able to chew hard food. If this is the case, always follow your veterinarian’s recommendations.

Johnson also suggests giving cats silver vine sticks, which creates a euphoric effect similar to catnip, but also allows them to chew and crunch.

“That’s a very appropriate and great option for cats that might be otherwise chewing on something inappropriate to give them a good outlet,” says Johnson.

While rawhides can be dangerous for your cat to chew on, especially if they swallow large pieces, you may try products like no-hide chews, some of which are made specifically for felines.

Dr. Sheen says it’s also essential to ensure that your cat doesn’t have access to plastic that could harm their health if they are inclined to chew or eat it.

“You should keep plastic bags in cupboards and place gates or wraps around cords they have shown interest in,” she says. “Promptly throw away any used plastic cutlery or plastic bottles and bottle caps. If removal or access restriction is not possible, products such as bitter apple spray (which can be found at your local pet store) sprayed on the items can be a deterrent but are not 100 percent effective.” While bitter apple spray may be an option for many plastics, it should not be sprayed on electric cords.

You should also look at improving your cat’s environment, especially if your cat only lives indoors. Dr. Sheen suggests varying your cat’s toys every few days to encourage interaction, providing different kinds of scratching posts, using food dispensing toys, and ensuring they have perches that allow them to look outside.

“Try to incorporate 15-minute play sessions daily with interactive toys to strengthen your bond and provide variety,” says Dr. Sheen. “Keeping your cat’s mind occupied will make them less likely to search out destructive opportunities—and makes them happier cats in general!”

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Here’s a list of eight common cat food mistakes and how to fix them.

Mistake #1: Free Feeding

Leaving a bowl of dry food out for your cat to eat whenever he wants might be convenient – and it might be necessary at times, such as when you won’t be home for a while.

However, according to Dr. Jessie Markovich of NorthStar VETS in New Jersey, free feeding all the time isn’t a good idea. “Free-choice feeding your cats is the most common mistake that I see, which often leads to overweight cats,” she says. Overweight cats have a higher risk of developing chronic health conditions, such as diabetes or arthritis, and live shorter lives on average than their lean counterparts.

An unhealthy weight isn’t the only risk of free feeding your cat. “The other mistake that I often see is owners who, due to free-choice feeding, try to have all cats in the household eat the same diet irrespective of their age or disease states,” Dr. Markovich adds. “It would be better to train your cats early to eat two or more times per day, which will allow you to feed them the correct amount per day and monitor the amount that each cat is eating.”

Dr. Karolina Holda, an expert in canine and feline nutrition whose work includes writing, lecturing, and offering online courses, agrees. She says food that’s left out might spoil, and cats might eat out of boredom and gain weight. Instead of free feeding, she recommends portion feeding.  

Mistake #2: Not Feeding a Complete and Balanced Diet

When selecting your cat’s food, make sure it’s complete and balanced to ensure your pet is getting the right number of calories and nutrients. Dr. Markovich says a food label should feature an AAFCO statement “defining whether a diet is complete and balanced or to be used as a supplemental diet.” Treats should not be used as your cat’s main source of calories and nutrients.  

You can contact manufacturers directly to ask them about the quality of their foods. Also, Dr. Markovich and Dr. Holda recommend reading the WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee: Guidelines on Selecting Pet Foods.

Mistake #3: Not Feeding for the Correct Life Stage

It’s wise to consider your cat’s age when selecting a food because a pet’s nutritional needs change over time. AAFCO statements will indicate if a diet is nutritionally balanced for growth and reproduction or for adult maintenance. Some diets are approved for all life stages.   

Dr. Holda explains that an active and growing kitten will require kitten food with more calories per cup or can compared to an adult cat’s food. Therefore, an adult who continues to eat kitten food might gain too much weight. Also, senior cats might have specific dietary needs, especially if they develop health problems. Your senior cat may benefit from a prescription diet in some cases, such as if they have hyperthyroidism or chronic kidney disease.

Mistake #4: Switching Up Cat Food Too Often or Too Quickly

Sure, there may be times when you need to change your cat’s food. For instance, if a food is discontinued or your cat stops eating it, you’ll have to find a new diet that meets your pet’s preferences and needs. Also, you might have to switch foods if your cat has been diagnosed with a health concern or food allergy.

However, if you just want to give your kitty some variety with different flavors and brands, don’t overdo it. “I would actually recommend limiting your rotation and brand switching as much as possible because it promotes pickiness (now your kids know about all of the flavors!), which makes things difficult when they become ill and we need to change the diet, or if we need to be able to tempt them with something different,” advises Dr. Markovich. 

When transitioning to a new food, introduce it gradually over days or weeks. Making the mistake of switching too fast may lead to digestive upset.

Mistake #5: Too Many Treats or Table Scraps

When it comes to treats, Dr. Markovich recommends limiting them to 10 percent of the total daily calories. This can reduce the risk of unbalancing your pet’s complete and balanced primary food. Feeding too many treats or table scraps also increases the likelihood of obesity. If you aren’t sure, you can ask your veterinarian for calorie recommendations.   

Dr. Holda warns that many human foods are toxic to cats. Examples include grapes, raisins, and chocolate. So, if you’re going to give your kitty some of your food, make sure it’s totally safe.

Mistake #6: Not Providing Enough Moisture

Dr. Holda explains that cats are desert animals who drink small amounts of water because they get much of the hydration they need from prey. Therefore, only feeding your cat dry food might result in your kitty not getting enough moisture, especially if he isn’t drinking enough water. Plus, wet cat food may better satisfy a cat’s appetite, while also helping to support urinary health.   

“Canned foods contain a higher moisture percentage (78 to 82 percent water) as compared to dry diets (10 to 12 percent water), which can be helpful to manage certain disease conditions, such as kidney disease or lower urinary disease,” says Dr. Markovich. 

No matter what, make sure your cat always has access to fresh, clean water. “If you feel your cat is not drinking enough water, consider changing to wet food or mix wet and dry,” says Dr. Holda. You can also encourage your cat to drink more water by having multiple water dishes or small automatic water fountains throughout the home.        

Mistake #7: Making Food at Home Without Veterinary Support

Some pet parents want to gain more control over the quality of their cat’s food by preparing recipes at home. If you want to take this route, work closely with a veterinarian or board-certified veterinary nutritionist to ensure the diet will be properly balanced.

What about all those recipes that you can easily find in books and online? They may not give your cat exactly what he needs to thrive. “The majority of recipes found online or in books are not complete and balanced,” says Dr. Markovich.  

“There are many recipes on the internet or in books, but one should always be careful about the quality of these sources,” adds Dr. Holda. “The food should not only be palatable but also balanced and complete. Lack of, or even excess of, nutrients can cause various health problems.”

Mistake #8: Feeding Incorrect Amounts of Food

Feeding your cat the right amount of food every day is important. If you aren’t sure how much your cat should be eating, consult with a veterinarian.

“If you find that you are feeding less than 80 percent of the volume that your pet food bag recommends, then you are likely restricting nutrients (vitamins and minerals) in addition to restricting calories,” says Dr. Markovich.  

You can use the information on a pet food label as a guide, but Dr. Holda states that a cat might need more or less food based on his unique needs. She also recommends dividing the daily dose of food across multiple small meals per day.  A cat’s energy level spikes around the time they are expecting a meal, so feeding your pet multiple times per day also encourages your pet to be more active.     

Final Tips

Read pet food labels closely.  Keep the pet food fresh by following the label’s directions on proper storage. It’s often recommended that the food remain in its original packaging and that it’s sealed between uses.

Save pet food bags. Consider saving food bags and labels for potential pet food recalls. In the event of a recall or other concern, you’ll have the information you need.

Reevaluate your cat’s diet regularly. Pay attention to your cat’s changing needs and discuss your cat’s nutrition with your veterinarian. Regularly reevaluating your cat’s diet will help ensure he’s getting the highest quality food that meets his needs for overall wellness and a healthy weight.

The post 8 Cat Food Mistakes You Might Be Making appeared first on Great Pet Care.

There are cats with short tails, cats with long tails and cats with no tails. But why do cats have tails? 

Regardless of the length of the tail, the appendage is pretty amazing and serves a number of functions, ranging from communication to balance. Let’s take a deep dive into learning more about your cat’s tail. 

Cat Tail Anatomy

Cat tails are complex structures made up of vertebrae, muscles, tendons, blood vessels, and nerves, according to Dr. S. Ellen Everett, clinical assistant professor of community practice at the University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine.

“Cat tails are an extension of their spines,” Dr. Everett explains.

Cats have 18 to 23 vertebrae in their tails. The vertebrae are largest at the base of the tail and get progressively smaller toward the tip of the tail. The vertebrae allow cats to move different portions of their tails.

Cats also have six muscles on each side of the tail. The muscles help with flexion and extension, allowing cats to hold their tails up high or tuck them underneath their bodies. These muscles also allow your cat to move their tail side-to-side, so know that these muscles are working when your cat swishes their sassy tail around. [1]

Why Do Cats Have Tails?

A feline’s tails is used to help with balance, communication, and marking.

Communication

Cats hold their tails in different positions to communicate their feelings. A confident, content cat holds their tail high while a cat that holds their tail low could be feeling stressed or agitated. A puffed-up tail is a sign to back off. When your cat thrashes their tail or thumps it on the ground, they are feeling irritated.

“You can see changes in their tails that go along with changes in their body language,” Dr. Everett says.

Learning cat tail language can help you better understand a cat’s mood and give you cues about whether to approach cats or give them some space.

Balance

Cats depend on their tails to help them balance when running along the back of the couch or climbing on top of the refrigerator. In fact, research shows that the neurons in the brain that respond to vertical, lateral, and angular movements also influence tail movements [2].

“There are some cats who are quite athletic that don’t have tails [because of genetics or injuries] and have learned to balance without it,” says Dr. Everett. “Their balance is better when they do have tails.”

During falls, cats appear to rotate their tails in a direction opposite the rest of their bodies to help maintain their equilibrium.

Dr. Everett notes that our feline friends use their tails like we stick out our arms for added balance, adding, “It helps with their kitty gymnastics.”

Scent Marking

Cats mark with urine and feces but also use gland secretions from their facial and tail areas as a means of marking [3]. Males are more apt to rub up against objects to leave their scents, but females do it, too.

Why Do Some Cats Not Have Tails?

Some cats have short tails, and some cats have no tails at all. Five modern cat breeds – Japanese Bobtail, Manx, American Bobtail, Pixie-Bob and the Kurilian Bobtail – are all born with “abnormal” tail lengths.

If you’ve ever wondered, “why does my cat have a short tail?” the answer could be a genetic mutation. There are 144 genes linked to short or kinked tails in cats. Cats with the genetic mutation often have short or bobbed tails.

“Depending on how many vertebrae are missing, cats [without tails] can have problems,” Dr. Everett says. “It affects the nerve that goes to their anal sphincter and bladder and can cause urinary or fecal incontinence or trouble using their back legs.”

Sometimes, injuries require amputation. Dr. Everett admits that losing a tail might impact communication, balance, and scent marking, but that “most cats adapt well.”

Cat Tail FAQs

Can cats control their tails?

The cat has conscious control of the muscles in their tail, allowing cats to control their tail movements just as they control the movements of other parts of their bodies. . The muscles on each side of the tail and the progressively smaller vertebrae allow the cat to move their tail in many directions. Dr. Everett notes that cats might be so used to controlling their tails (to keep them from getting slammed in doors) that some cats don’t like to have their tails touched.

Do cats wag their tails?

Cats can wag their tails. Unlike dogs, who typically wag when content or excited, cats tend to use small flicks of their tail to signal indecision or excitement and broader, swishing movements as a sign of potential aggression or predatory behavior. Thrashing tail movements often signal irritation.

Why do cats chase their tails?

It’s not just dogs who chase their tails. Tail chasing is a popular pastime for cats, too. The behavior starts with kittens who might be chasing their tails as a means of practicing their hunting and pouncing skills. Adult cats often outgrow the behavior but it’s still possible to see mature cats engaged in games of tail chasing for entertainment [4]. 

Do cats have bones in their tails?

Cat tails are made up of a combination of bones, muscles, tendons, blood vessels, and nerves. Most cats have 18 to 23 vertebrae (small bones) that are larger at the base and smaller at the tip.

Can a cat break its tail?

Just as other bones can break, the bones in a cat’s tail can break, too. The vertebrae in the tail are small, making them more fragile but Dr. Everett notes that it takes “pretty good force” to break a cat’s tail.

“More often, when a cat gets their tail caught in something, it ends up being fine,” she says. “If there’s enough force, the tail can break.”

Cats have feeling in their tails and a broken tail will be painful – but amputation is rare unless the vertebrae are crushed or the skin is too damaged to grow back to cover the bone. Your veterinarian may just recommend pain management and monitoring.

In cases where amputation is necessary, the end of the tail may lose feeling and the skin from the injury to the end of the tail may dry up. Amputation may also be recommended if your cat cannot feel the end of their tail after an injury, as they may not know if they catch their tail in a door, sit their tail on a stovetop burner, or run their tail through a candle.

Cats with kinks in their tails often had some sort of trauma, like a broken bone, which has healed out of alignment. Typically, these felines do just fine despite their bent tails!

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To cut through the confusion, we’ve outlined the best veterinarian-recommended cat sedatives that are available by prescription, as well as over-the-counter. 

Keep in mind that cats are individuals, so some sedatives may not be a good fit for your best friend. Work closely with your veterinarian to find the best solution, and always check first before giving your cat new supplements.

Our Top Picks

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author. However, Great Pet Care may make a small affiliate commission if you click through and make a purchase.

• Best Prescription Sedative for Travel: Gabapentin
• Best Prescription Anxiety Tablet for Travel: Trazodone

What Are Cat Sedatives?

Cat sedatives typically refer to prescription medications that help our feline friends feel calmer. They fall into two primary categories: Anxiety reducers (referred to as anxiolytics) and sedatives, which induce sleepiness, says Dr. Gabrielle Fadl, medical director at Bond Vet, based in New York City.

“Some medications have a combination of both effects, while some only cause one or the other,” she says. “For severe anxiety, veterinarians will typically choose a medication that has anxiety-relieving effects (or both effects) rather than just something that makes a cat sleepy without relieving anxiety.”  

Prescription cat sedatives are typically available as tablets; or as capsules that can often be opened and sprinkled on food or water. Some pharmacies can compound pills into chews or liquid form for easier administration.   

Non-prescription options like supplements, calming treats, herbal remedies, and pheromone diffusers are also available (and we’ll outline a few below). However, over-the-counter products can vary in effectiveness and quality control.

Why You Might Need a Cat Sedative for Travel

Sedatives can benefit cats in a number of travel situations including trips to the veterinarian, car rides, airplane trips, and during hotel stays. Cat sedatives for travel might be a good option if your feline has previously displayed signs of anxiety during car rides, veterinary visits, or other stressful events.

Signs of anxiety can include extreme vocalization, shaking, urinating in the carrier, vomiting, diarrhea, and aggression, says Dr. Katie Pagán, a partner veterinarian with Heart + Paw in Fells Point, Maryland. “If your cat is exhibiting any of these signs you could consider a sedative,” she explains. “Sedatives are designed to calm them down and make them sleepy enough where they do not mind traveling.”

Other signs that you may want to consider a cat sedative for travel include restlessness, a decrease in appetite, or mood changes, says Dr. Fadl. “Severe anxiety might include attempts to escape or open-mouthed breathing, although the latter can also be associated with underlying heart or lung conditions,” she adds.

Vet-Approved Cat Sedatives for Travel

The type of cat sedative for travel your veterinarian prescribes will vary. “Specific recommendations depend on the individual cat (their level of anxiety, their age, overall health, and other factors) and what the length and condition of the trip will be like,” says Fadl.

If opting for a non-prescription remedy, check with your veterinarian first, since some products can interfere with medications and health conditions.

Best Prescription Sedative for Travel

Our Pick: Gabapentin

Gabapentin is the generic name for one of the most commonly prescribed cat meds for anxiety. It’s also used to treat chronic pain and seizures in cats. Though scientists are not completely sure how gabapentin works, studies have shown it to be an effective anxiety reducer in cats-including in community cats who need to be trapped, neutered, and released; as well as cats who experience stress during veterinary examinations.

“This medication will make cats sleepy, but also has some anti-anxiety effects that make cats calmer,” says Dr. Susan Jeffrey, an associate veterinarian at Odyssey Veterinary Care in Fitchburg, Wisconsin.

Gabapentin is available in tablet or capsule form, though your pharmacist may be able to compound it into a chew or liquid.

Pros

• Gabapentin is one of the most commonly prescribed cat sedatives for travel
• It has both sedative and anti-anxiety properties
• Veterinarians say gabapentin is generally well tolerated in cats

Cons

• Gabapentin is available only with a prescription from your veterinarian
• Side effects that may occur include excessive sedation, temporary incoordination (ataxia), vomiting, hypersalivation, diarrhea, and decreased appetite 

Best Prescription Anxiety Tablet for Travel

Our Pick: Trazodone

Trazodone is another medication veterinarians commonly prescribe to sedate a cat for travel. “These drugs can help with anxiety and provide some level of sedation, and they tend to have less side effects than stronger sedatives,” says Dr. Fadl.

Trazodone is an antidepressant that reduces anxiety in cats by regulating their level of serotonin – the neurotransmitter that promotes a sense of well-being – in the brain. In one study of 10 cats with a history of displaying anxiety during veterinary examinations, those who received a single dose of trazodone exhibited fewer signs of stress than cats in the placebo group. It comes as a tablet or capsule, but your pharmacy may be able to compound it into a more palatable form.

Pros

• Trazodone works as both a sedative and anti-anxiety agent
• It’s a commonly prescribed cat sedative for traveling with a cat
• Veterinarians say it’s generally considered safe and is tolerated well in cats

Cons

• It’s available only with a prescription
• Trazodone is not a good option if your cat has heart, liver, or kidney failure
• In some cases, trazodone may cause increased agitation
• Other side effects may include vomiting or diarrhea

How to Give Your Cat a Sedative

How to administer a sedative to your cat depends on the sedative. Gabapentin, for example, most commonly comes in capsule form, says Dr. Pagán. “Some cats will take it wrapped up in a pill pocket or owners can also break it open and sprinkle it into wet food. Compounding pharmacies are great as well – they can make it into any formulation such as liquid, quick dissolve tablet, or a flavored treat.” 

If pill pockets don’t work, consider a cat piller, offers Dr. Fadl. It’s a “small plastic stick designed to hold and administer a pill to a cat without you having to put your fingers in their mouth.” If you’re unsure of how to administer liquid medication to your cat, our guide has you covered.

When to Administer Travel Sedation for Cats

It varies, but “most are required before you start traveling because it’s more effective to prevent anxiety rather than trying to calm a cat after they are already stressed,” says Dr. Fadl. “Some are given a couple of hours or so before you travel, and some have the biggest benefit if started the night before.”

Non-prescription cat sedatives for travel usually require more time to take effect.

Test the sedative at least a few days before your trip to ensure it’s effective, says Dr. Fadl. “Don’t wait until the last minute.”

And if you’re having difficulty administering a pill to your cat, Dr. Fadl recommends asking your veterinarian to prescribe a medication that works for a longer duration so you don’t have to give it as often.

Should You Give Cats Sedatives for Plane Travel?

Sedatives are not recommended for plane travel, Dr. Fadl says, “Especially if a pet can’t be directly monitored, since some medications affect the pet’s ability to regulate their body temperature.”

​​If you are familiar with how your pet responds to a specific medication and can carry your cat onto the flight with you, you may discuss with your veterinarian if you can use the medication for plane travel.

Tips to Calm a Cat During Car Travel

Cats are creatures of habit, so leaving a familiar home can cause anxiety. Yet, many cats do well by car once the journey has begun, says Dr. Fadl. “They might vocalize (meow) for a while, but then settle down and sleep.”

Dr. Fadl says allowing a cat to gradually become accustomed to the car and carrier can reduce anxiety.

“Start by placing the carrier out in the home a few weeks early. If your cat explores, sleeps, or plays in the carrier, offer them attention and treats. Use Feliway products in the carrier to help your cat understand it’s a safe place. Once your cat starts to get used to the carrier, gradually add additional steps, such as closing the carrier door for a minute, then carrying your cat to the car and back, then turning on the car engine, then driving around the block with your cat.”

Cat Sedatives FAQs

Are cat sedatives safe?

Provided they’re given as directed, prescription sedatives are generally considered safe for cats, says Dr. Fadl. “However, there are potential risks with any drugs and some situations in which sedation might not be recommended. For example, cats with underlying health conditions may process medications differently than a healthy cat and experience more side effects.” Plane travel is generally not advised unless you can monitor your cat. Ask your veterinarian for guidance.

Since non-prescription remedies vary in effectiveness and quality and can interact with other medications or conditions, discuss them first with your veterinarian.

Are there any side effects to cat sedatives?

Side effects are possible with any drug, says Dr. Fadl. “The most common side effects seen with sedatives are probably excessive sedation and (much less commonly) an abnormal response in which a cat becomes agitated rather than relaxed.”

Make sure to test any sedative prior to traveling to ensure there are no adverse side effects. 

Does pet health insurance cover the cost of sedatives for cats?

Pet insurance coverage varies by provider, but most companies allow pet parents to customize a plan to meet their budget and needs. For example, Spot Pet Insurance offers plans that cover medications prescribed by a licensed veterinarian to treat covered conditions.

Can kittens have sedatives?

Veterinarians rarely prescribe sedatives for kittens. “It’s best to avoid this if possible, especially since kittenhood is a good time to train your pet to get used to their carrier and car rides and potentially prevent a lifetime of travel anxiety,” says Dr. Fadl. However, if needed, your vet can discuss the pros and cons of sedating very young cats with you.

The post Best Vet-Approved Cat Sedatives for Travel appeared first on Great Pet Care.

What Is Pneumonia in Dogs?

When we think of a person with pneumonia, we imagine deep coughing and difficulty breathing. While that might be what pneumonia looks like, what does the word “pneumonia” mean? The general term for inflammation of the lungs is pneumonitis. Pneumonia is a type of pneumonitis that occurs due to an infection. Although any dog can get pneumonia, it is most common in very young, old, immunosuppressed, or debilitated dogs. 

Types of Pneumonia in Dogs

There are three main types of pneumonia in dogs:

• Viral or bacterial pneumonia: Also known as infectious pneumonia, this form develops due to a virus or bacteria within the respiratory tract. 
• Aspiration pneumonia: Aspiration pneumonia refers to secondary bacterial infection after inhalation of foreign material. 
• Fungal pneumonia: Fungal pneumonia develops due to inhalation of fungal spores.

Lung inflammation without infection can occur with inhalation of smoke or chemicals, autoimmune conditions, or allergic reactions. In these situations, your pet is experiencing pneumonitis rather than true pneumonia.

Causes of Pneumonia in Dogs

In most cases of infectious pneumonia, a virus damages the respiratory tract, predisposing the dog to a secondary bacterial infection. Examples of viruses that cause pneumonia in dogs include the canine distemper, canine parainfluenza, and canine influenza viruses. The bacteria Bordetella bronchiseptica can cause infectious pneumonia in the absence of a virus. Other bacterial species involved in pneumonia typically work alongside a virus. Infectious pneumonia is contagious and affected dogs should be kept away from other dogs. Rarely, a highly fatal pneumonia caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus can occur in dense housing situations, such as crowded breeding facilities or shelters. This highly contagious disease isn’t common in your typical pet but should be considered in a very sick dog with bloody nasal discharge and difficulty breathing. 

Aspiration pneumonia occurs when a dog inhales a foreign substance and develops a secondary infection. Inhalation of oral medications can cause aspiration pneumonia, so consider asking your veterinarian to demonstrate safe medication administration. Another frequent cause of aspiration pneumonia is inhalation of regurgitated or vomited material. Regurgitation sometimes occurs during surgery because the normal swallow reflex is inhibited under anesthesia. This is one of the reasons your veterinarian places a tube in your pet’s trachea (windpipe) during surgery. The tube can protect their airway if they regurgitate. Some underlying conditions can also predispose to aspiration pneumonia, such as laryngeal paralysis, megaesophagus, or seizures. Aspiration pneumonia is not contagious between dogs.

Fungal pneumonia in dogs occurs due to inhalation of fungal spores, typically from contaminated soil. Young, medium-to-large, male sporting dogs, particularly hunting dogs, may have an increased exposure risk. Fungal pneumonia is generally not considered contagious between dogs. Blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, and coccidioidomycosis are three examples of fungal pneumonias. 

• Blastomycosis, which is caused by the fungal organism Blastomyces dermatitidis, is most common across the midwestern river valleys, mid-Atlantic states, and Pacific Northwest.
• Histoplasmosis, which is caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, is most common in the midwestern river valleys.
• Coccidioidomycosis, which is caused by Coccidioides immitis, is most common in the southwestern United States.

Symptoms of Pneumonia in Dogs

Bacterial, viral, and aspiration pneumonia have a rapid onset, while fungal pneumonia usually develops slowly.

If you note the following pneumonia symptoms, contact your veterinarian:

• Coughing
• Fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Nasal discharge

The following symptoms are more severe. If you note these symptoms, it is best to go to an emergency veterinary clinic:

• Labored or rapid breathing
• Pale or bluish gums, lips, and tongue
• Disorientation, difficulty rising, exercise intolerance

Some dogs have areas of pigment on their gums, lips, and tongue. When checking their color, you should be looking at non-pigmented areas.

Fungal infections can affect other body systems outside of the lungs. Aside from symptoms of pneumonia, other signs that your dog may have a fungal infection include:

• Weight loss
• Enlarged lymph nodes
• Changes to their eyes (cloudiness, discoloration, vision changes)
• Skin abscesses or draining tracts 
• Limping or gait changes 
• Weakness, stumbling
• Unusual behavior
• Diarrhea or poor appetite

Diagnosing Pneumonia in Dogs

Luckily, veterinarians have many tools for diagnosing pneumonia. Basic steps for diagnosis include discussion of your pet’s history, a physical examination, and chest X-rays. The veterinarian will listen to your dog’s lungs and will note if your pet is using more effort to breathe than normal.

If the veterinarian is concerned about your pet’s oxygen levels, they may use a pulse oximeter to measure blood oxygen levels. While physicians typically place the pulse oximeter on your finger, veterinarians often use the lips or ear flap in an awake dog. If your pet is hospitalized, your veterinarian may measure oxygenation levels using a blood sample. A dog with severe pneumonia will have decreased oxygen levels.

Bacterial culture determines the type of bacteria present and what antibiotics should work to treat your pet’s pneumonia. Most veterinarians will begin treatment without culture, especially if the pet parent is financially restricted. However, a sedated procedure called a bronchoalveolar lavage can be performed to “wash” the lower airways, allowing for culture of the fluid. If your veterinarian does take a culture, they may change your dog’s treatment plan once they have the results.

Diagnosis of fungal infection may require additional testing, such as cytology of lymph nodes or skin lesions. A urine test may be sent to a reference laboratory for some fungal organisms. If your veterinarian suspects that your pet has fungal pneumonia, they may start your pet on antifungal medication while awaiting results.

Pneumonia Treatment in Dogs: At-Home Care

Pneumonia can be treated at home when the case is mild, which is more likely if your pet’s illness is caught early. Almost all cases of viral or bacterial pneumonia and aspiration pneumonia will go home with prescription antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Give your pet these medications as prescribed by your veterinarian to reduce development of resistant bacteria.

Rest and recuperate! You should not vigorously exercise with your pet while they are recovering from pneumonia. Your dog can still move around, walk to their water and food bowls, and go outside to eliminate. When in doubt, follow your veterinarian’s recommendations regarding activity level. Ensure your pet has constant access to water so they’re well-hydrated.

Your veterinarian may recommend nebulization, which delivers fine mist to the lungs to loosen up secretions. Some veterinarians may send a nebulizer home. If you don’t have access to a nebulizer, you can still create steam for your pet to inhale. An easy method is to take your dog into the bathroom, close the door, turn off the fans, and run a hot shower for 10-15 minutes. Nebulization or steaming is typically followed by coupage. Coupage involves using cupped hands to pat your dog’s chest with a firm but non-painful impact, usually moving from the back of the chest to the front on both sides. If your veterinarian requests that you perform coupage at home, have them demonstrate proper technique before attempting on your own.

For fungal infections, your veterinarian will prescribe antifungal medications such as itraconazole. Fungal pneumonia requires a much longer treatment duration than bacterial pneumonia. Even if your pet starts their treatment hospitalized, you will administer antifungals at home for at least 2-6 months.

You want your pet to cough up the secretions that are building in their airways, so cough suppressants should be avoided. Never give over-the-counter human medications unless instructed to do so by your veterinarian. Some of these medications, such as ibuprofen, can be dangerous for dogs.

Pneumonia Treatment in Dogs: Hospitalization

Moderate-to-severe cases of pneumonia in dogs typically require hospitalization for several days. Common treatments administered in the hospital include:

• Oxygen supplementation: If your pet’s oxygen levels are less than 94 percent on pulse oximetry, they likely need supplemental oxygen. Oxygen can be delivered to your pet in an oxygen cage or through prongs that go in the nostrils.  
• Fluid therapy: Fluid therapy is important for preventing dehydration and is administered via intravenous catheter. 
• Antibiotics or antifungals: Your dog may receive intravenous antibiotics or antifungals through their fluid line until they can transition to oral medications.
• Nebulization with coupage: Your pet will likely get saline nebulization with coupage several times daily. 
• Nutritional support: Dogs without an appetite may receive appetite stimulants or assisted feeding.

Critical cases of pneumonia may require a ventilator, which is cost-prohibitive for most pet parents and carries a worse prognosis. Rarely, pneumonia is recurrent in a specific lung lobe, and surgical removal of the lobe (lobectomy) may be recommended. In surgical cases, there is typically an underlying cause, such as a foreign object stuck in the lung lobe. 

Recovery Time for Pneumonia in Dogs

Most dogs with infectious or aspiration pneumonia who receive appropriate treatment will show improvement within three days. Treatment lasts approximately two weeks but may be extended if needed. If there is an underlying cause for the pneumonia, such as a neurologic condition increasing risk of aspiration, your pet’s recovery will depend on management of the risk factor.

Recovery from fungal pneumonia is more uncertain. The mortality rate for blastomycosis is around 20 percent, and 20-25 percent of dogs who are treated may experience recurrence. Histoplasmosis that is restricted to the lungs has a more favorable prognosis than histoplasmosis affecting the gastrointestinal tract or other areas. Like blastomycosis, histoplasmosis has the risk of relapse. Recovery time for fungal pneumonias can last several months.

Untreated pneumonia in dogs can be fatal. If your pet is diagnosed with pneumonia, you should work with your veterinarian to find a feasible treatment plan. 

Cost to Treat Pneumonia in Dogs

The cost to treat pneumonia varies according to severity, type of pneumonia, and geographic location. Simple infectious or aspiration pneumonias that require an exam, X-rays, and antibiotics may be treatable for approximately $200-$300. Cases that require hospitalization are likely to cost $1,500 or more. In critical cases, ventilator use can add approximately $1,000 per day on top of other treatments. Initial testing for fungal pneumonias may cost several hundred dollars, with initial stabilization potentially reaching $1,500 or more. The medication and monitoring of your pet can cost approximately $300-$500 per month.  

How to Prevent Pneumonia in Dogs

To protect your dog from viruses that cause pneumonia, follow your veterinarian’s DHPP and Bordetella vaccination recommendations. Your veterinarian will determine your pet’s individual risk and develop an appropriate vaccination schedule. 

If your pet has a condition that predisposes them to aspiration, such as laryngeal paralysis or megaesophagus, lifestyle modification can decrease risk. For example, a dog with megaesophagus should be fed upright to prevent aspiration. Your veterinarian will have the best advice for your individual situation. 

Unfortunately, fungal pneumonia cannot necessarily be prevented. Awareness of fungal pneumonia can help you recognize the signs earlier, which increases your pet’s likelihood of successful treatment.

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A pet medical emergency happens every 2.5 seconds in the U.S. (1). In fact, every household pet has a 1 in 3 chance of needing emergency veterinary care each year (2). Medical costs from these events can often balloon past the $10,000 mark. The good news is that many veterinary emergencies are preventable and easily managed with canine first aid. In cases that need CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation), survival chances are low, but knowing how to perform CPR may help you beat the odds.

The most important factor for an emergency event with your dog is preparation. Remaining calm, using a quiet, even-toned voice, and steady hands are all helpful steps when dealing with your pup’s emergency. Here are three important things you can do to prevent and prepare for an emergency event:

• Have an emergency medical kit for your dog in your house and car.
• Manage your environment (don’t leave out harmful chemicals or choking hazards, etc.).
• Know how and when to respond with CPR.

Can You Give a Dog CPR?

Yes, the process for giving a dog CPR is very similar to giving CPR to humans. CPR is usually given to a dog when they are not breathing and don’t have a pulse. CPR scenarios have a low survival in dogs, even with veterinary intervention. While dogs who need CPR due to anesthetic complications have a significantly higher survival rate closer to almost 50 percent, only around 6 percent of dogs who experience cardiac arrest due to a critical condition will survive CPR and the recovery period afterward (3). In most cases, your dog has a better chance of survival if you’re able to rush them to an emergency veterinarian for advanced CPR. Ideally, you would perform CPR while someone else drives you and your pet to the veterinarian. 

 If you are in a situation where you may need to perform CPR yourself, knowing how to determine if your pet needs CPR is key.

How to Tell if Your Dog Needs CPR

When conducting a quick assessment of a dog to determine if they need CPR, be sure to remember your ABCs:

Airway: Is their airway (mouth and throat) clean and open? Open their mouth, pull out the tongue, and make sure there isn’t an obvious obstruction, like a tennis ball, in the throat. 

Breathing: Is their chest moving up and down?

Circulation: Is a pulse present? Most pet owners don’t have a stethoscope and don’t know how to quickly feel for a pulse in dogs. If your dog is not breathing and their mucous membranes (gums, pink tissue around eyes, genitals) appear pale, muddied, or bluish/purplish, it would be better to assume your pet’s heart has stopped beating as opposed to feeling or listening for a pulse.  

If you find your dog unresponsive and not responding to your calls or touch, conduct your ABCs quickly and then be ready to move on to CPR. Every second is critical in saving your dog’s life, and you will want to begin CPR as quickly as possible. 

How to Give a Dog CPR in 5 Steps

Once you’ve determined that your dog needs CPR, here are five steps to follow:

Step 1: Get your dog in the proper position for CPR. The ideal position for your dog is dependent on their body type. Most dogs should be lying on their right side. However, a barrel-chested dog like a bulldog or pug should be lying on their back.

Step 2: Determine the appropriate location on the dog’s body for chest compressions. In large dogs with a typical build, you’ll want to do compressions at the widest point of the chest. This should be the area that is highest when they are lying on their side. In keel-chested dogs like Greyhounds or Doberman Pinschers, and in small dogs like Chihuahuas or Maltese, you’ll want to do compressions directly over the heart, which is just behind the left elbow. In barrel-chested dogs that should be on their back, you’ll do compressions over their breastbone between their front limbs. 

Step 3: Begin chest compressions with your fingers interlocked and one hand over the other. Lock your elbows and use your body weight to compress the ribs 1/3 to 1/2 the total width of the dog’s chest. Allow the chest to fully recoil between compressions. While it may be frightening to compress your dog’s chest this hard, keep in mind that you’re doing this to save their life!

In very small dogs like Yorkshire Terriers or puppies, you can use one hand to perform chest compressions. To do this, you wrap your hand around the breastbone behind where the dog’s elbow lies. Your thumb will be on one side of the chest, and your fingers on the other side of the chest. In this hand position, you squeeze the chest to do compressions.

Compressions should be performed at 100-120 compressions per minute (about 2 compressions per second). If you are alone, one cycle of compressions is 30 compressions, followed by 2 breaths (see Step 4). If you have someone who can help you, continue compressions for two-minute cycles, trading off who is doing the compressions with minimal pause between each person. It’s best to have the next person lined up and in position when you swap who is doing compressions to eliminate a pause in compressions. Compressions are the most important part of CPR, so if you have another person who can help you perform CPR, this is ideal! Trading off every two minutes helps to prevent fatigue.

Remember! Keep your elbows locked and use your abdominal muscles and body weight to do compressions. You’ll get more strength this way. You should not be bending at the elbow during chest compressions.

Step 4: If you are alone, give 2 deep breaths every 30 compressions. To give a breath, hold the dog’s mouth securely closed and form a tight seal over the nostrils with your mouth. Blow firmly into the nostrils until the chest rises.  If you have someone who can help you, one person can breathe in the nose while the other is doing compressions. 

Step 5: Repeat CPR cycles until your dog recovers consciousness or until you arrive at the emergency veterinary clinic. Do not check for a pulse each cycle, as this is time wasted.  If they recover consciousness or continue breathing on their own, transport them immediately to veterinary care while monitoring them.

Dog CPR: Tips and Advice

Every scenario is different, and investing in the training for these lifesaving skills is important so that you can conduct them properly and safely. 

Remember: Never perform CPR on an alert dog! Instead, grab a pillow or stuffed animal to practice your technique. 

Keep in mind that dogs can vary greatly in size and conformation based on their breed. While the CPR process is the same, the technique depends on the individual dog. Make sure your pet is in the proper position and you are doing your compressions in the proper location. Research your specific dog’s anatomy in conjunction with your vet to be prepared before an event occurs.

Giving CPR is physically demanding, so practice is a vital piece of future success. You will be surprised by how exhausting 2 minutes of chest compressions can be when performed appropriately. Staying physically fit can help you to be more prepared to perform CPR on your pet. Remember – lock those elbows and use your abs!

Dog CPR Class and General Preparedness

It is important to have the right mindset when facing the reality of a situation where you need to give CPR to a pet. If your dog is unresponsive and stops breathing, CPR is the best chance at saving their life until you can get them to a veterinarian. 

Finding a reputable training class is a key element to learning and practicing the techniques needed for those situations. With online training options, you can learn canine first aid and CPR at your own pace from the comfort of your home.

The most important thing to remember is that CPR and first aid are perishable skills. This means that you need to frequently brush up on your skills, stay current on new techniques, and regularly check the status of all canine first aid kits to remain prepared to save your dog’s life.

The post Dog CPR: 5 Life Saving Steps appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Monitoring your dog’s stool is one of the best things you can do to monitor their wellness. Changes to dog poop—whether it’s the color, consistency, coating, or contents—may indicate a change in your dog’s health.

Why is your dog’s poop yellow? We’ll help you make sense of what it means and what you should do.

What Color Should Dog Poop Be?

First things first—dog poop should be brown. The exact shade depends on what your dog eats. For example, dyes in your dog’s food can stain their feces a variation of that color. 

Feces is brown because of the breakdown of a substance called bile, which is an important part of digestion. Bile is made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and secreted into the intestines just as food exits the stomach and starts its way through the intestines. Most bile is reabsorbed as the food material is digested, but some gets trapped. It then undergoes changes as the food material is further digested into feces which cause the originally green material to turn yellow and then brown. 

Digestion of food into feces is a complex process. In addition to color, the consistency, coating, and contents are all important features of poop to consider when evaluating your pet’s health. Consistency refers to whether it’s firm, formed, soft, or liquid. Coating refers to whether there is mucus, blood, or both on the surface of the feces. The contents of feces should be fairly uniform. For example, finding blades of grass or pieces of a toy is abnormal. 

Why Is My Dog’s Poop Yellow?

Of all the colors poop can be besides the normal brown, yellow is usually one of the least concerning. 

Red or black dog poop is an emergency, while yellow poop is more like a warning sign. Here are some of the more common causes of yellow dog poop.

New Food

What your dog eats impacts the color of their feces. Some formulations of dog food have ingredients that make feces more yellow or a lighter shade of brown. Similarly, some types of food processing can alter the hue of feces. Switching between canned or moist food and dry kibble can also make feces look more or less yellow.

Incomplete Digestion

An upset stomach—from changing dog food or a dog eating something he doesn’t normally eat—can cause irritation in both the stomach and intestines. One of the ways the body handles this is to push the material out faster. Veterinarians refer to this as decreased transit time, the time it takes from eating a food to passing it as feces. 

Decreased transit time leads to softer feces that is yellow. The bile that is normally brown in feces hasn’t reached that stage yet and is still yellow (mustard-yellow to yellow-green). Similarly, this is why loose stool or diarrhea may be more yellow than usual.

Foreign Material

If your dog eats something yellow that isn’t food, it will end up in their feces (unless it causes an intestinal blockage, which is a greater cause for concern). For example, dogs cannot digest the yellow fuzz from a tennis ball and will pass it through the feces looking the same color as it went in.

Yellow Mucus

A slimy coating of yellow mucus on dog poop is due to intestinal inflammation. In healthy intestines there is a protective mucus layer between the food material and the intestinal lining. When there is inflammation or damage to the intestines, this mucus layer can be shed onto the food material and eventually the feces. 

In this case the yellow color comes from the bile involved in digestion. Intestinal inflammation can result from parasites, bacterial infection, food intolerance, or sharp objects such as sticks, rocks, and bones that your dog ate. If the intestinal damage is more severe, the mucus may have streaks of red blood or look an orange-yellow color. 

Yellow Specks or Strings

Yellow specks or dots are most often caused by one of two things: partially digested food like corn, or tapeworm eggs. Usually, these eggs look like grains of white rice but they may also have a yellow color. Yellow or white strings could be intestinal worms. If you see something that you think is abnormal in your dog’s feces, take a picture or bring a stool sample to your veterinarian. 

What to Do if Your Dog’s Poop Is Yellow

If you notice your dog’s poop is slightly yellow after recently changing their food, but they are otherwise eating and drinking and acting like themselves, monitoring them at home is okay.

On the other hand, if yellow poop is accompanied by other symptoms such as vomiting, not eating or eating less, reduced energy, or abnormal behavior, then you should have your dog evaluated by a veterinarian. Likewise, if yellow poop turns into watery diarrhea, it’s time for your dog to be examined by a professional.

Yellow dog poop that starts to turn orange or red is also a signal your dog needs to see the veterinarian immediately. 

Dogs with liver disease or other serious underlying diseases who have yellow feces need to see a veterinarian, as it could indicate worsening disease. 

If your dog needs to be seen by a veterinarian for their yellow poop, having a pet health insurance policy such as those offered by Lemonade could significantly ease the financial burden. With luck, your dog’s yellow poop may turn out to be no big deal. But if you need extensive testing or expensive treatments, that can add up. Lemonade offers plans you can customize to meet your dog’s health needs and your budget.

By monitoring your dog’s poop (color, consistency, contents, and coating), you can take a proactive approach to their health. Feces is one of the first signs of disease in many of the most common ailments of dogs. 

So, the next time you think picking up after your dog is a chore, think of it instead as an important part of being a proactive pet parent looking out for your dog’s health.

Dog Poop Color Chart

The post Yellow Dog Poop: What It Means appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Even more exasperating is that these symptoms in cats can linger for months and come back when kitty is stressed. For many years, L-lysine has been offered as a long-term solution to preventing these symptoms—often due to feline herpesvirus—and supporting the immune system. 

But is it really the effective remedy we’ve been looking for? Even if it is not known to be really effective, will it harm your kitty if you try it?

What Is L-lysine?

L-lysine is an amino acid nutritional supplement. Amino acids are an essential part of life as the building blocks for all the proteins in the body. Different animals require different types and amounts of amino acids.

Nutritional supplements are meant to increase intake of particular amino acids, vitamins, minerals, or other substances that support health that are not readily available in the diet. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate nutritional supplements. This means the products are not evaluated for safety or efficacy (i.e. how effective they are). 

Because of this, asking your veterinarian for suggestions as to which products to buy is very important. Veterinarians will know the highest quality brands to purchase and be able to determine if certain nutritional supplements are not recommended for your cat.

L-lysine can be purchased online, in pet stores, and at veterinary clinics throughout the United States. It does not require a prescription or specialist. Many companies make the supplement for both humans and cats, and it is available through compounding pharmacies as well.

What Does L-lysine Look Like?

The veterinary forms of L-lysine for cats come in many forms including:

• Chews
• Powders
• Gels and pastes
• Liquids
• Tablets 

Chews are a popular option and are typically small, brown, and more firm than soft treats. 

Powder is white to off-white and typically comes with a small scoop for ease of dosing. 

Gel or paste is offered, typically brown in color, that cats can lick or eat as a treat. 

Powder, gel or pastes can be easily mixed into a small amount of food that your kitty likes to eat. 

Some companies put L-lysine into a liquid, although this is usually accompanied by additional supplements as well. 

Tablets are available from human pharmaceuticals and are typically large oval-shaped tablets of white to off-white color.

How Does L-lysine for Cats Work?

Arginine, an amino acid found naturally in the body, is essential to some viruses when replicating (i.e. creating more virus) including herpesviruses. L-lysine is supposed to stimulate an enzyme in the liver that breaks down arginine. 

The theory is that when high levels of L-lysine are consumed, the body secretes the enzyme that breaks down arginine. With less arginine, feline herpesvirus should not be able to make as much virus and your cat should feel better. The full effect of L-lysine supplementation takes a few weeks before pet parents can expect results.

What Is L-lysine Used for in Cats?

Typically, veterinarians recommend L-lysine for cats with symptoms of upper respiratory infections. Symptoms of upper respiratory infections include:

• Sneezing
• Nasal congestion (stuffiness, so that you can hear your cat breathing)
• Runny eyes or nose (can be watery or yellow-green discharge)
• Red, puffy eyes

Most cats with upper respiratory symptoms have feline herpesvirus. This particular virus causes symptoms off and on for life, waxing and waning during times of stress such as moving, vacations, or after other illnesses or procedures such as surgery. 

The goal of L-lysine is to decrease symptoms and prevent flare-ups over time, not as a short-term treatment.

L-lysine for Cats: What Does Research Show?

A lot of research has been done involving L-lysine and has mostly shown L-lysine to have no effect on the health and wellbeing of cats. Veterinarians are now more reluctant to recommend this supplement, although generally L-lysine is not harmful to most cats. 

Multiple studies have demonstrated that when given in food, lysine was found to be ineffective in preventing disease [1] [2]. In one such study, the cats receiving lysine experienced worse symptoms and higher levels of feline herpesvirus when tested [1].

A review of multiple studies performed both in cats and in humans concluded that lysine is not effective against herpesviruses in general [3]. The theory that lysine decreases arginine is shown to be false in several studies. There is no evidence that low levels of arginine in the body stop herpesvirus from producing more virus or that increased L-lysine supplementation decreases herpesvirus. After decades of research, it would appear lysine is not an effective treatment for feline herpesvirus after all.

L-lysine Side Effects in Cats

Side effects are uncommon with L-lysine. Cats that eat too much L-lysine may experience gastrointestinal side effects including:

• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Vomiting

If your cat starts taking an L-lysine supplement and begins experiencing these symptoms, call your veterinarian and double check the recommended dosing on the label. If your cat eats more L-lysine than should be given in one dose at any time, call your veterinarian or a poison control hotline right away.

For very large doses of L-lysine, cats with severe kidney or liver disease may have trouble breaking down the end-products of L-lysine (substances created after breaking down L-lysine). L-lysine increases the absorption of calcium which can be an issue in some cats with metabolic disease. 

None of these issues are a concern, however, if L-lysine is given at the dose generally recommended in cats.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

L-lysine is not known to react with any other drugs or medications. In animals receiving doses of L-lysine much higher (i.e. 10 times) than the recommended dosing, aminoglycoside medications can be more toxic when given with L-lysine. 

Examples of aminoglycoside medication include gentamicin or amikacin.

L-lysine Dosages for Cats

Dosing of L-lysine for cats is generally 250 mg to 500 mg once or twice per day. Kittens and smaller adult cats should tend towards the lower dose, while larger adult cats are usually fine receiving the higher dose. There is no specific dose based on weight. 

Speak with your veterinarian for dosing guidance, and always follow the instructions on the supplement’s container unless your veterinarian advises otherwise.

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of L-lysine?

If your cat misses a dose of L-lysine, give the dose as soon as you remember. If you remember the missed dose within a few hours of the next dose, it is fine to skip the dose you missed and give the next dose at the regular time.

Cost of L-lysine for Cats

Per month, L-lysine for cats generally costs $5 to $20. Powder tends to be the cheapest form, while chews and some pastes are more expensive.

L-lysine Storage Instructions

 L-lysine should be stored tightly sealed in its original container at room temperature.

The post L-Lysine for Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Read on to learn more about diarrhea in dogs, what causes it, and how to treat it effectively.

Dog Diarrhea: An Overview

Diarrhea in dogs can range from a mild inconvenience to a serious, life-threatening condition. It’s not uncommon for dogs to have a bit of soft stool after eating a new food or a new treat; this is not usually a cause for concern. However, in some cases, severe diarrhea can lead to life-threatening dehydration. 

Diarrhea can be either an acute problem or a chronic issue. Acute diarrhea is defined as diarrhea that lasts for less than two weeks. In many cases, acute diarrhea is self-limiting; it may last only a day or two and then resolve without treatment. Chronic diarrhea, on the other hand, persists for longer than two weeks. Chronic diarrhea typically indicates the presence of an underlying medical condition. Dogs with chronic diarrhea often do not respond well to simple symptomatic treatment. Instead, these dogs need diagnostic testing to determine the underlying cause of their diarrhea, so that a targeted treatment plan can be developed.

Types of Diarrhea in Dogs

There are many different types of diarrhea in dogs. The appearance of diarrhea can sometimes give some clues as to what could be causing the problem. Common diarrhea types include: 

• Bloody diarrhea in dogs: If your dog’s diarrhea contains unmistakable signs of red blood, this may indicate a problem in the colon. While bloody diarrhea is relatively common in dogs, it does require prompt medical evaluation.
• Dog diarrhea with mucus: The presence of mucus in the diarrhea is also associated with an issue in the colon. It is not uncommon to see both blood and mucus in your dog’s diarrhea at the same time.  
• Dog diarrhea with worms: Although most dogs with intestinal worms will not pass visible worms in the stool, white specks in your dog’s diarrhea or a grainy appearance could indicate the presence of parasites.  
• Watery diarrhea in dogs: Watery diarrhea can have many potential causes. Dogs with watery diarrhea should see a veterinarian as soon as possible, to prevent dehydration. 
• Dark diarrhea in dogs (tarry): Dark, tarry stools may indicate the presence of digested blood in the stool. This is a serious condition that requires urgent treatment. 

If your dog has diarrhea, pay attention to the appearance of the diarrhea. Being able to describe it for your veterinarian can aid in your dog’s diagnosis and treatment.  

Causes of Diarrhea in Dogs

The most common cause of diarrhea in dogs is dietary indiscretion. Many dogs have a sensitive stomach, so a change in food, a new brand of treat, getting into the trash can, or eating something gross in the backyard can all cause a brief period of diarrhea. 

Some dogs may also develop diarrhea secondary to stress or a change in their routine. This may occur if your dog is boarded at a kennel, goes on a road trip with you, or if you add a new human or animal family member to your home. These cases of diarrhea usually resolve quickly, with simple treatments or even without treatment. 

Infectious diseases can also cause diarrhea in dogs. Intestinal worms, such as hookworms and roundworms, are a common cause of puppy diarrhea. Whipworms are less common in puppies, but they can cause diarrhea in adult dogs. Protozoal parasites, such as giardia and coccidia, can cause diarrhea in dogs of all ages. Parvovirus, a serious viral infection, is preventable with appropriate vaccinations, but it can cause life-threatening diarrhea in unvaccinated dogs. 

Less commonly, dogs may develop chronic diarrhea due to an underlying chronic disease. Conditions such as food intolerance, inflammatory bowel disease, lymphangiectasia (a disorder of the lymphatic vessels), exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, and even intestinal cancer can all cause chronic diarrhea in dogs. 

Symptoms of Diarrhea in Dogs

Diarrhea refers to an increase in the fluidity, frequency, or volume of stool that a dog passes. Dogs with diarrhea could have stools that range from slightly softer than usual to completely watery. If your dog has diarrhea, they might have accidents in the home or ask to go out more often, yet some still strain to defecate. In some cases, diarrhea may be accompanied by other signs, such as lethargy, abdominal discomfort, decreased appetite, and/or vomiting. 

Here’s a checklist of behavioral and health changes to help you recognize when your dog may be dealing with a case of diarrhea. Signs of diarrhea in dogs include:

• Soft stool (ranging from slightly soft to watery)
• Increased frequency of defecation
• Fecal accidents in the house
• Straining to defecate
• Larger volumes of feces than usual 
• Lethargy
• Abdominal discomfort
• Flatulence (gas)
• Decreased appetite
• Vomiting

Diagnosing Dog Diarrhea

If your dog shows signs of diarrhea, it’s important to contact your veterinarian for guidance right away. To identify severe cases of diarrhea or rule out serious underlying health issues, your veterinarian may perform a thorough physical exam on your dog, including a nose-to-tail evaluation and weight check. 

Next, your veterinarian will likely perform a fecal parasite examination. This test involves collecting a small sample of stool and examining it under a microscope for the presence of parasite eggs. This test is used to diagnose intestinal worms. Your veterinarian may also recommend more specialized infectious disease testing, such as parvovirus and giardia tests, if your dog is at risk. These tests can typically be run at your veterinarian’s office while you wait, although some veterinarians may send samples to an outside laboratory. 

Depending on the results of fecal testing and your dog’s overall condition, your veterinarian may recommend further diagnostics. Further testing is especially important if your dog has chronic diarrhea. Additional testing may include blood tests (complete blood cell count, serum biochemistry profile, and/or specialized gastrointestinal blood tests), urinalysis, abdominal radiographs (X-rays), and/or abdominal ultrasound. 

Dog Diarrhea Treatment

When determining how to stop diarrhea in dogs, it is important to consider the severity of the diarrhea. Mild cases of diarrhea occurring in a dog without an underlying medical condition can often be managed with home care. However, if your dog’s diarrhea is severe or your dog has underlying medical conditions (such as diabetes, Cushing’s disease, cancer, or other known medical issues), your dog should be seen by a veterinarian as soon as possible to ensure proper medical treatment. 

Dog Diarrhea Home Remedy

For mild cases of diarrhea, withhold food for 12-24 hours to rest your dog’s gastrointestinal tract, but allow access to water to prevent dehydration. When you reintroduce food, it’s important to know what to feed a dog with diarrhea to ensure the food doesn’t trigger additional bouts of diarrhea. In general, you should offer a bland diet, such as boneless, skinless boiled chicken breast mixed with white rice. Feed your recovering patient small, bland meals for two to three days, then gradually transition back to your dog’s regular diet. 

Do not give dogs with diarrhea any human over-the-counter medications, as these can be harmful to dogs. If your dog’s diarrhea does not resolve with a bland diet or recurs once regular food is reintroduced, consult your veterinarian as soon as possible for further evaluation and testing.  

Veterinary Treatments

If your veterinarian identifies an underlying health issue that’s causing your dog’s diarrhea, treatment will focus on addressing the underlying cause. If no underlying cause is found, your veterinarian will treat your dog’s diarrhea symptomatically. Treatments may include anti-diarrheal medication (dog diarrhea medicine), prescription diets, and fluids (if your dog is dehydrated). 

General Cost to Treat Diarrhea in Dogs 

If your dog sees the veterinarian for a mild case of diarrhea, you will likely pay $100-$200 for an exam, fecal parasite testing, and anti-diarrheal medications. Chronic or severe diarrhea, however, will be far more expensive to treat. Diagnostic testing for chronic diarrhea or hospitalization for severe cases of diarrhea (such as those caused by parvovirus) can cost as much as several thousand dollars. 

How to Prevent Dog Diarrhea

The best way to prevent diarrhea is to regulate your dog’s food intake. Avoid making dramatic changes in your dog’s diet; if you must change your dog’s food, transition your dog gradually over the course of a week. Limit the number of treats you give your dog, avoid feeding your dog table scraps, and block your dog’s access to the trash can. Ensure that your dog is up to date on preventive care, including vaccines and monthly parasite prevention.  

If your dog experiences frequent episodes of diarrhea, your veterinarian may recommend probiotics to help regulate your dog’s gastrointestinal tract. Probiotics can aid in the treatment or prevention of diarrhea. Talk to your veterinarian about probiotics if your dog is prone to developing diarrhea. 

Related Conditions

• Hookworms
• Roundworms
• Whipworms
• Giardia
• Colitis
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease
• Parvovirus
• Lymphangiectasia
• Gastrointestinal lymphoma
• Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

If your dog experiences frequent episodes of diarrhea, your veterinarian may recommend probiotics or other supportive products to aid in the treatment or prevention of diarrhea. These may be helpful for dogs with one episode of diarrhea who otherwise seem fine, or those who usually recover without incident. But if your dog continues to have loose stool or diarrhea episodes, always seek veterinary care.

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What Is Luxating Patella?

A luxating patella occurs when your pet’s kneecap, also known as the patella, slides out of its normal position when the knee is flexed. This dislocation of the kneecap often occurs because the groove where the kneecap sits is abnormally shallow, allowing it to pop in and out of place.  The resulting intermittent dislocation can be painful and may cause a temporary loss of function in the affected limb.

Types and Grades of Luxating Patella

If your pet has been diagnosed with a luxating patella, you may hear your veterinarian refer to the condition as being unilateral or bilateral. Unilateral means that the condition occurs on only one side—only one hind leg is affected. Bilateral means that both of your dog’s knees have luxating patellas. Your vet may also describe the luxation as being medial or lateral. A medial luxation occurs when the kneecap moves toward the inside of the leg, while a lateral luxation is when the kneecap moves to the outside of the leg. These descriptors can help your veterinarian better characterize the type of dislocation that is occurring in your pet’s knee.

Your veterinarian may also describe your dog’s luxating patella using a grading system, which describes the severity of the dislocation. A luxating patella is ranked Grade I through IV, with Grade I being mild and Grade IV being the most severe.

• Grade I: The veterinarian can push the kneecap out of place but it snaps back to its normal position.
• Grade II: The kneecap moves out of place occasionally and the veterinarian can push it back into its normal position.
• Grade III: The kneecap stays out of place most of the time but the veterinarian can push it back into its normal position.
• Grade IV: The kneecap stays out of place all the time and the veterinarian cannot push it back into its normal position.

What Causes Luxating Patella in Dogs?

In most cases, patellar luxation is a genetic condition. It is especially common in small breed dogs, although it is becoming more prevalent in larger breeds, as well. Breeds predisposed to luxating patella include Boston Terriers, Yorkshire Terriers, Chihuahuas, Pomeranians, Miniature Poodles, Shar-Peis, Flat-Coated Retrievers, Akitas, and Great Pyrenees. Your dog is more likely to have a luxating patella if one or both of their parents had the condition.

Patellar luxation can also occur following trauma to the knee—injuries sustained after being hit by a car, for example—but this is much less common.  

Can Puppies Grow Out of Luxating Patella?

Patellar luxation is often diagnosed at a young age. Unfortunately, because this condition is genetic, puppies do not grow out of a luxating patella. They may require treatment if the condition is causing pain or a loss of function in the affected limb.

Symptoms of Luxating Patella in Dogs

In dogs with a low-grade patellar luxation, the symptoms are often quite subtle. Your dog may walk or run normally, then suddenly carry a hind limb up for a few steps as if they are skipping. Most dogs will then return to using the limb normally as if nothing happened. This is characteristic of a luxating patella. However, with more severe and frequent luxations, your dog may experience more significant symptoms, such as:

• Pain, especially when the kneecap has dislocated
• Bow-legged or knock-kneed appearance
• Chronic intermittent lameness on one or both hind legs
• Difficulty using the affected leg
• Difficulty running, jumping, or climbing stairs

Diagnosing Dogs with Luxating Patella

Early diagnosis of luxating patella can play an important part in the effective treatment of severe cases. There are two main methods veterinarians use to diagnose the condition and inform the treatment. 

Physical Examination. A luxating patella is often an incidental finding, meaning that your veterinarian may discover it during a routine physical examination. Your veterinarian will palpate (feel) your dog’s stifle (knee) joints and gently move them through their normal range of motion.  If your dog has a luxating patella, your veterinarian can often feel the kneecap sliding out of place during this simple exercise.

Radiographs. Your veterinarian may recommend taking X-ray images of your dog’s hind limbs to further evaluate the position of your dog’s patella bones. This can help determine the severity of the luxation, whether it is medial or lateral, and whether there is any arthritis associated with the affected joint.

How to Treat Luxating Patella in Dogs

The treatment for luxating patella depends on the severity of the condition and how it impacts your dog’s quality of life. Dogs with Grade I luxating patella often have few symptoms of the condition and can live a normal, pain-free life without treatment. Dogs with higher grade luxations may require pain control medications such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to maintain comfort and quality of life. Joint supplements can also help manage any secondary arthritis that occurs due to chronic luxation.

Luxating Patella Surgery for Dogs

Surgery is typically recommended for dogs with luxating patella that causes chronic lameness or those that have Grades III or IV luxations. There are several different surgical approaches to correct a luxating patella, and your veterinary surgeon will decide the best procedure depending on your pet’s anatomy and the severity of the luxation present. Following the procedure, your pet will need to stay quiet and calm for several weeks while the surgical site heals. Your veterinarian will likely prescribe medication such as NSAIDs to manage pain and reduce inflammation at your dog’s surgery site. After the recovery period, most dogs experience a good to excellent return to function on the affected leg.

General Cost to Treat Luxating Patella

A conservative treatment plan (rest, NSAIDs, and joint supplements) is generally inexpensive. Pet parents can expect to spend around $200 or less on medications to manage a dog’s luxating patella. Luxating patella surgery, on the other hand, can be quite expensive and often requires referral to a specialist. Pet parents opting for surgical treatment should expect to spend several thousand dollars on the procedure and associated follow-up care.

How to Prevent Luxating Patella in Dogs

Luxating patella is a genetic condition in most cases, so animals with this condition should not be bred to prevent passing on the condition to the offspring.

Related Conditions

• Osteoarthritis
• Hip luxation
• Cranial cruciate ligament rupture

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Interdigital cysts can be caused by a variety of factors. Because of this, a treatment that works to eliminate one dog’s interdigital cysts may be completely ineffective in another dog. A thorough workup is often needed to diagnose and address the cause of a dog’s interdigital cysts. 

What Is an Interdigital Cyst?

A canine interdigital cyst is a bump or swelling that occurs between a dog’s toes. Technically, the term “cyst” is a bit of a misnomer because it relates to a specific type of swelling with a specific type of cell lining, and interdigital cysts do not typically have that structure. However, in common veterinary practice, the diagnosis of an “interdigital cyst” can apply to a variety of non-cancerous swellings that may occur between the toes.

Dogs are more prone to develop interdigital cysts on their front paws than on their rear paws. They typically appear as a raised, reddish-purple swelling of the skin. If interdigital cysts become traumatized, they may begin to ooze blood or pus. 

Some breeds are more prone to developing interdigital cysts than others. Predisposed breeds include English Bulldogs, Great Danes, Chinese Shar-Peis, Labrador Retrievers, Basset Hounds, Mastiffs, Bull Terriers, and Boxers.

Causes of Interdigital Cysts on Dogs

Interdigital cysts are typically associated with a bacterial infection, although there are a variety of underlying causes behind such an infection. When bacteria enter a hair follicle, the follicle becomes inflamed and swollen. Over time, the hair follicle can actually burst, which can lead to a deep infection below the skin. 

Many cases of interdigital cysts are associated with allergies. Dogs that have allergies tend to lick their paws frequently in an attempt to relieve itching and inflammation. This frequent licking can lead to skin trauma and damaged hair follicles, leaving dogs at risk of developing deep bacterial infections and interdigital cysts. 

Paw trauma can also cause dogs to develop interdigital cysts. If the thick, protective pads of the paw are breached—punctured by a splinter or even abraded by extremely rough pavement, for example—that could allow bacteria beneath the surface. If bacteria enter the paw between the toes, the dog may develop interdigital cysts. 

Body type and paw structure can influence interdigital cyst formation. Dogs that are overweight are more prone to develop interdigital cysts because they put more pressure on the paws when walking. Similarly, dogs with mobility issues or abnormal paw conformation tend to develop interdigital cysts, due to how weight is distributed over the surface of the paw. 

A dog’s coat type can also play a role in the development of interdigital cysts. Short, brittle hair is more likely to break off and become lodged in the skin. (If you have ever suffered a hair splinter—a short, sharp hair embedded in your skin—you may know this all too well!) If this occurs, it can lead to the development of an infection and interdigital cysts. 

Symptoms of Dog Interdigital Cysts

Interdigital cysts typically look like a swollen, red bump between the toes. Although interdigital cysts occur on haired skin, you may notice hair loss on or around the swelling. Dogs with interdigital cysts may limp on the affected foot, due to pain. They may also lick and chew at the affected area. 

Your veterinarian may be able to diagnose interdigital cysts based solely on their physical appearance during a routine exam. However, further diagnostic testing may be needed to rule out other conditions (such as skin tumors) and to determine the underlying cause of your dog’s interdigital cysts. 

Interdigital Cyst on Dogs: Treatment Options

Because interdigital cysts are often associated with deep infection, they are typically treated with antibiotics. Your veterinarian will likely prescribe a combination of oral antibiotics and topical ointments/shampoos to resolve your dog’s interdigital cysts. Before recommending antibiotics, your veterinarian may first perform a bacterial culture and sensitivity testing to ensure that they are prescribing the most effective interdigital cyst medication for your pet. 

Your veterinarian may also recommend a corticosteroid or a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication. These medications decrease swelling and inflammation associated with your dog’s interdigital cysts. Not only will this help make your dog more comfortable, but it will also decrease self-trauma that can occur when your dog licks at a painful paw. If your dog is known to lick or nibble at their paws a lot, ask your veterinarian about an e-collar (or Elizabethan collar) to prevent further self-trauma. 

In some cases, veterinarians recommend surgery to address interdigital cysts. The goal of interdigital cyst surgery is to obtain a tissue biopsy, which can be used to confirm the presence of an infection and rule out the possibility of a cancerous tumor. 

Additionally, surgically exploring your dog’s interdigital cyst can help your veterinarian ensure that no foreign body (such as a splinter) is causing the persistent infection and inflammation. The goal of surgery isn’t to pop or drain the interdigital cyst (which would only cause it to recur), but to gather more information that can be used to provide more definitive treatment. 

Home interdigital cyst remedies, such as apple cider vinegar or peroxide, are not recommended. These products are intended solely to clean the surface of the skin. Topical cleaners will not cure the deep bacterial infections associated with interdigital cysts. 

Preventing Interdigital Cysts on Dogs

The prevention of interdigital cysts requires addressing the underlying cause of a dog’s cysts. If your dog’s interdigital cysts are due to trauma, your veterinarian may recommend altering your dog’s walking surface to minimize irritation to the paws. Interdigital cysts associated with allergies require aggressive management of the dog’s underlying allergies, using maintenance medication or hyposensitization therapy. Weight loss can help in dogs with obesity, and treatment for osteoarthritis may be beneficial in dogs with mobility issues. Talk to your veterinarian to determine the best preventative measures for your dog, so you can keep interdigital cysts at bay. 

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Like us, dogs also need a complete and balanced diet to meet all of their nutritional needs. But could they also benefit from a dog multivitamin each morning?

As it turns out, the answer to that question depends on a couple of different factors. Read on to learn what vitamins and minerals canines need to stay healthy, whether yours might need an extra boost, and how to find the best multivitamin for dogs.

Do Dogs Need Vitamins?

Yes! “Dogs, just like their human counterparts, need supplemental vitamins at different stages throughout their lives,” confirms Dr. Katalin Grant, a veterinarian specializing in general and emergency medicine.

Vitamins and minerals support puppies’ growth and development, keep mothers healthy, and help older dogs age with comfort and dignity. Your pet’s specific needs can vary and change over time depending on their age, breed, and health status. 

As a good pet parent, it’s important to make sure your pup is taking in a proper balance of essential nutrients. Just as you may feel weak or fatigued due to a vitamin B12 deficiency, dogs too can suffer when they’re low on an essential nutrient. For example, a vitamin A deficiency causes impaired vision and motor skills, skin lesions, and breathing problems, among other issues (1). Too little vitamin B1 (thiamin), and your dog could develop neurological problems or heart damage over time (1). 

On the other end of the spectrum,  too much of a good thing could also be toxic to dogs, says Dr. Valerie J. Parker, a board-certified veterinary nutritionist and associate professor of clinical small animal internal medicine and nutrition in the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences at Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. 

“The biggest risk of toxicities comes from over-administration of fat-soluble vitamins,” she says. Case in point: Dogs only need a little vitamin D. Giving them too much could cause kidney failure (2)—a scenario you definitely want to avoid. 

For these reasons, it’s important to always consult with your veterinarian before adding any dog vitamins or supplements to your pet’s diet. 

Essential Dog Vitamins and Minerals 

So what exactly do you need to ensure your pup’s covered nutrition-wise? The same vitamins and minerals we rely on—just in different amounts. 

Here’s a quick overview of the vitamins and minerals dogs rely on for their overall health and well-being: 

• Vitamin A for fetal development, growth, vision, and immune function 
• B vitamins (biotin, folate, niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, thiamin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12) for metabolism, healthy blood cells and nervous system   
• Vitamin C for cognition and protection from harmful free radicals 
• Vitamin D for healthy muscles and bones 
• Vitamin E for healthy functioning and metabolism 
• Vitamin K for blood-clotting ability 

While it’s technically not a vitamin or a mineral, choline is an essential nutrient for healthy brain liver and function.

Considering the many benefits of vitamins and minerals for dogs, it’s no wonder pet parents want to ensure their pups are getting all the nutrients they need.

Should I Give My Dog Vitamins? 

It depends. “Dogs eating commercially prepared complete and balanced diets generally do not need any additional supplements,” Dr. Parker says. As long as you’re serving your dog specially-formulated chow that’s appropriate for their age and breed, there’s usually no need to stock up on additional vitamins. 

To check up on your dog food, look for a fine-print section on the package with the phrase “provides complete and balanced nutrition” or “formulated to meet the nutritional levels established by the AAFCO Dog Food Nutrient Profile.” That’s your sign that your choice of chow covers all 37 daily nutritional needs for dogs, per the Association of American Feed Control Officials (essentially the gold standard for dog foods in the United States). 

Otherwise? There are a handful of potential exceptions to the rule. If you serve your dog home-prepared meals, they could be missing out on some essential nutrients. So, supplemental dog vitamins could help ensure they’re getting everything they need, says Dr. Grant. Pups that are living with chronic health conditions like allergies, joint conditions, gastrointestinal disorders, or cancer, as well as young and aging dogs, may also need supplements.

If your dog checks off one of the boxes above or has been showing concerning symptoms such as pacing and discomfort despite their current treatment plan, ask your veterinarian if adding supplements to their diet could help.  

Dog Vitamins: What to Look for and Choose 

Dog vitamins are available in multiple forms including powders, tablets, capsules, liquids, chews, and treats. With so many options, trying to find the best one can quickly become overwhelming. 

If you believe your dog could benefit from vitamins, the first step is to contact a trusted veterinarian for help. At the end of the day, the best dog vitamins are those that suit your dog’s specific needs, and a professional pet health care provider knows best what to recommend. 

As you peruse your options, there are a few must-haves to look out for. One is simple: “If you see the ingredients clearly stated on the label and the mg or IU content of the vitamins provided that’s a good start,” says Dr. Grant. Vet-recommended dog vitamins or those formulated by a veterinary nutritionist are also preferable, she says. 

Of course, you want vitamin supplements for dogs that address their health needs, such as glucosamine and chondroitin for joint support, omega-3 fatty acids for a healthy coat and skin, or probiotics for digestive support. Some supplements contain all three of these things. It’s also essential to ensure the product contains the correct dosage for your dog’s size and weight. 

Lastly, look for a vitamin that’s been third-party tested for purity and quality, says Dr. Grant. While this isn’t a guarantee, it’s a big plus because it shows a company is covering their bases in an industry that’s low on regulations. 

Dog Vitamins: What to Consider 

Vitamins are the building blocks of life, but adding them to your dog’s diet could come with some risks. 

Again, there’s the problem of a supplements industry with few regulations. Because of this, it helps to choose products from reputable companies to minimize the risk of contaminating your dog’s diet, says Dr. Parker. 

Then, there’s the very real worry of giving your dog too much of a good thing. “You should not assume that all supplements can only help and cannot harm,” says Dr. Parker. In fact, pups are at a greater risk of poisoning due to excess vitamins than suffering from a vitamin deficiency, per the ASPCA. Adding vitamins to your dog’s diet without expert assistance could result in causing more harm than good. 

Still, there are plenty of reasons why you may be considering adding dog vitamins to your pup’s diet, and they can be helpful in the right dosages after your veterinarian has confirmed a deficiency or special health need.  

For loving pet parents, sometimes the simplest option is also the best one: Don’t take dog nutrition and dietary supplements into your own hands. Instead, lean on your veterinarian and trust them to recommend the vitamins your pup needs throughout their lifespan.

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Not only does anxiety have a negative effect on the cat’s quality of life, it can also predispose cats to a number of medical conditions, including lower urinary tract disease. Therefore, owners of anxious cats often consider a variety of solutions to help manage this behavioral issue. While some cat owners immediately consult their veterinarian about the use of a prescription anti-anxiety medication, other cat owners instead try over-the-counter supplements to manage their cat’s anxiety. Zylkene is one of these over-the-counter remedies for feline anxiety. 

What Is Zylkene?

Zylkene is a nutritional supplement made of alpha-S1 tryptic casein, commonly known as alpha-casozepine. This protein is created by the breakdown of casein, a naturally-occurring protein from cow’s milk. Alpha-casozepine has been shown to have a calming effect and reduce anxiety in a variety of species, including cats. 

Zylkene is a nutritional supplement, not a drug or medication. This means that it is regarded by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a food. The FDA has placed Zylkene in the category of Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) food, but Zylkene has not gone through the same rigorous testing that is required for medications. 

You can purchase Zylkene from a wide variety of sources, including veterinary hospitals, pet supply stores, and online retailers. In early 2021, however, the manufacturer of Zylkene (Vetoquinol) released a statement regarding the sale of counterfeit Zylkene through some online retailers. While this counterfeit substance was not associated with any illnesses or injuries in pets, counterfeit substances are often less effective than desired. For this reason, it is safest to purchase Zylkene (as well as other veterinary drugs and supplements) from your veterinarian or from a reputable brick-and-mortar pet supply store. If you have previously purchased Zylkene online and you have any concerns about the validity of your product, contact Vetoquinol Customer Service at 817-529-7500 or customerserviceusa@vetoquinol.com.

What Is Zylkene Used For in Cats?

Zylkene is used to treat both short-term and long-term stress in cats (and other species). There are many possible triggers of short-term stress in cats, including travel, veterinary visits, houseguests, a new baby, a new pet, or even moving to a new home. Zylkene can reduce feline stress levels in these situations, allowing your cat to more easily acclimate to a change in circumstances. In cats that are experiencing chronic stress or anxiety, due to their genetics or environment, Zylkene may also offer long-term benefits in stress reduction.

If Zylkene alone is not adequate to treat your cat’s stress, talk to your veterinarian about prescription medications that may be used to address feline anxiety. 

Zylkene Side Effects in Cats

Side effects are rarely observed with Zylkene. Unlike medications used to treat anxiety in pets, Zylkene does not have a sedative effect. When side effects do occur, they are typically gastrointestinal in nature. Allergic reactions, which may occur with any medication, are a potential risk with Zylkene but are rare. Given the way that milk proteins are processed in Zylkene, even pets with a dairy allergy should be able to tolerate Zylkene. 

Gastrointestinal effects that may be associated with Zylkene include: 

• Diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Decreased appetite

If you notice any of these side effects, stop giving Zylkene and contact your veterinarian. Most adverse effects are very short-lived, because Zylkene is cleared from the body within about 24 hours. However, your veterinarian may still recommend a physical examination and/or treatment, depending on the severity of your cat’s signs.

Zylkene has a wide margin of safety. Contact your veterinarian if an overdose occurs, but negative effects due to overdose are rare. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Zylkene can be safely combined with a wide variety of other medications and supplements. There are no known negative interactions between Zylkene and other foods, prescription medications, or over-the-counter medications.

Zylkene Dosage for Cats

Zylkene dosing is based on your cat’s weight. The following dosages are recommended by the manufacturer: 

• Cats < 10 pounds: Give one 75 mg capsule once daily. 
• Cats 11-22 pounds: Give two 75 mg capsules once daily. 
• Cats > 22 pounds: Give one 225 mg capsule once daily. 

If you are giving Zylkene in anticipation of a stressful event, consider starting this supplement five to seven days before the stressful event. This can help ensure maximal benefits from Zylkene, while also decreasing stress associated with the planning stages of the stressful event (for example, some cats become stressed as soon as their owners pull out a suitcase and start packing for vacation). 

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of Zylkene?

If your cat misses a dose of Zylkene, give the missed dose as soon as possible. If it is already almost time for the next dose when you notice the missed dose, skip the missed dose and resume your regular dosing schedule. 

Price of Zylkene for Cats

The price of Zylkene will depend on your cat’s daily dose. In general, you can expect to pay approximately $25-$50 per month for the long-term administration of Zylkene. There is currently no generic formulation of Zylkene available.

Zylkene Storage Instructions

Zylkene should be stored at room temperature. You can safely store it in a cabinet or on your countertop. Keep this product away from heat and direct sunlight.

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So what’s behind this ancient and oh-so-versatile oil? Let’s take a look at where neem oil originated and its rich history to understand how it can best benefit our dogs.

What Is Neem Oil?

Neem oil, also called margosa oil, is an oil that is pressed from the seeds and fruit of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica). This tree is indigenous to the Indian subcontinent but is now grown in many tropical areas.

Many people assume neem oil is an essential oil, due to its potent scent. However, it’s actually a vegetable oil. The strong aroma comes from the numerous triterpenes in the seeds, which also give neem oil its bitter taste and prized medicinal properties.

For centuries, the neem tree has been highly revered in Indian culture, due to the many benefits attributed to the tree’s oil and leaves. In fact, the name of the oil comes from the Sanskrit word nimba which means “bestower of good health.” The medicinal properties of neem oil are well documented in ancient Sanskrit texts; it’s estimated that the oil was used in over 75 percent of traditional Ayurvedic medicines (1).

Benefits of Neem Oil

Historically, neem oil has been used for everything from organic farming to wart removal (2, 3). One of the most common uses of neem oil was as an insect repellent to keep pests from ruining crops in the field and infesting dried grain in storage (2).

Other traditional uses for neem oil included skincare. In India, neem oil was used for its anti-aging properties, to help heal skin infections, and as a general antiseptic, antibacterial, and antifungal treatment (3). This application reduced dependence on conventional antibiotics and other traditional medications.

Is Neem Oil Safe for Dogs?

History has shown us how beneficial this healing oil has been to humans. But many pet parents still wonder: Is neem oil safe for dogs?

Unlike many other pesticides and chemical treatments, the answer is yes, neem oil is generally considered non-toxic and safe for dogs. However, there are two important factors to consider when using neem oil on your pet:

Manufacturing

As with any product, the safety of neem oil depends on how it is made. And not all neem oil products are created equally. How the oil is extracted plays a critical role.

The two most common ways of extracting neem oil from the seeds of the neem tree are: 

• Pressing (or expelling, which is the way olive oil is made) 
• Solvent extraction, using chemicals like hexane

A majority of the industry uses solvent extraction because it is less expensive. Unfortunately, this creates a lower quality product, and the final product may still contain some of the chemicals used to extract the neem oil, which can be harmful to your dog over time. This extraction process is commonly used to make soaps containing neem oil.

When using neem oil for your dog, it’s important to know the source of the oil and how it was extracted (whether it was cold-pressed or solvents were used). Some manufacturers go to great lengths to test their products that include neem oil, to ensure there are no chemicals remaining that could cause harm to your dog. These tests are called a certificate of analysis (or CoA), which reputable companies will be happy to provide. 

Concentration

Even neem oil that is certified to be free of chemicals could potentially harm your pet if used improperly. In its purest form, neem oil is highly concentrated. If applied topically, the oil could potentially damage or irritate your pet’s skin. 

To protect your dog, it’s important to dilute pure neem oil before applying it to your pet. Most veterinarians recommend starting with a 10 percent dilution (e.g., 1 mL neem oil combined with 10mL of a neutral carrier oil like jojoba or olive oil).

When using a product that contains neem oil along with other ingredients, the risks are typically lower since the neem oil is already less concentrated. Just be sure to use such products according to the manufacturer’s safety recommendations.

It’s always a good idea to consult your veterinarian about whether neem oil is safe for your dog before using it. And be sure to test a small spot first to make sure your dog doesn’t have any adverse reaction to the oil. While rare, symptoms such as red and/or itchy skin, coughing, or hives tend to develop within two hours of use if your dog is allergic or sensitive to neem oil. So keep a close watch on your dog the first time they are exposed to neem oil, and seek veterinary care if you notice any of these signs.

Neem Oil Benefits for Dogs

Over time, the benefits of neem oil have been adapted to a broad variety of uses. And that’s great news for pet parents, as more and more people are seeking natural products to benefit their dogs. 

For centuries, neem oil has been used as a natural, non-toxic pesticide to protect crops from insects. Now, pet parents are using neem oil to combat a variety of biting pests that plague our pups, such as fleas and mosquitoes (4). 

Neem oil can also be used to soothe your dog’s itchy skin, thanks to the anti-inflammatory sterols and other triglycerides (fats) it contains, as well as the beneficial plant triterpenes (found in many essential oils and even CBD). 

And because neem oil has natural antiseptic and antibacterial properties, it can be used to help heal skin infections in dogs (5). That’s even more important, now that antibiotic resistance is becoming so common. 

Neem oil for dogs can help reduce itchiness with allergies, treat skin infections, fight fungal infections, and has even been shown to treat mange and ringworm (3, 5). When used properly, there are many beneficial properties of neem oil with dogs to help them feel their best.

However, pet parents should keep in mind that neem oil should never be used as an alternative to proper veterinary care. Always consult with your veterinarian first before using neem oil to treat any canine health concern to ensure it’s safe for your pet.

Pet Products that Contain Neem Oil

There are numerous pet products on the market that contain neem oil—everything from dog toothpaste, shampoos, and skin wipes to flea and tick repellants and soaps that clean, heal skin infections and repel insects.

The amount of neem oil in these pet products is not usually high enough to cause an adverse reaction with your dog. However, the smell can sometimes bother both dogs and people.

When shopping for safe products containing neem oil, make sure to check reviews, look for other ingredients (like essential oils that could be synthetic), and ask the company questions on how the neem was extracted and if tests were done to ensure no chemicals are leftover in the final product that may be harmful to your dog (asking for a CoA).

Neem Oil for Fleas and Ticks for Dogs: Does it work?

One of the biggest concerns pet parents have about conventional flea and tick products are the potential side effects. Some dogs have experienced tremors and seizures after using newer flea and tick treatments, so many pet parents are seeking safer alternatives.

Neem oil for dogs can be used as an effective insect repellent. However, it’s important to note the differences and limitations when you compare natural flea and tick preventatives to conventional medications.

Neem oil is a repellant. It is not an insecticide like conventional medications. That means it helps repel insects, but it does not kill them. So it typically must be applied more frequently and used alongside other remedies to effectively protect your pet. But this is also why it tends to be safer than conventional medications and causes fewer adverse side effects. Neem has been shown to be effective against insects at a 1 percent concentration (6).

If you’re looking for a natural alternative to conventional flea and tick treatments, neem oil can be very helpful. But it is best used along with other environmental controls for fleas and ticks, such as products like beneficial nematodes or natural yard sprays that help interrupt the flea and tick lifecycle.

Using neem oil in your dog’s shampoo can leave a lingering smell that helps repel fleas and ticks from your dog. You can also apply a small amount of diluted neem oil to your dog’s ears and underside before going out for a hike or walk will help reduce the number of fleas and ticks on your dog.

Neem Oil for Dogs: Precautions to Take

As mentioned previously, neem oil for dogs tends to be very safe. But here are a few steps to take as a pet parent to ensure your dog stays healthy while using neem oil for your dog.

• When using pet products, look for companies that have numerous good reviews and are open and transparent about the quality of their products.
• If using neem oil by itself, make sure to dilute the neem oil 1 part to 10 parts carrier oil for topical use. Neem oil can also be added to shampoos at this dilution, but make sure to test a small area of skin on your dog and monitor for 2 hours after application for increased redness or irritation, which would indicate a possible sensitivity.
• And if your dog is on any medications (topical ointments or oral meds), make sure to ask your veterinarian if neem oil is safe to use alongside those meds.

Neem oil in dogs can be a very powerful natural remedy when used appropriately to reduce the need for conventional medications. If ever in doubt about using it or if your dog is sensitive, don’t use neem oil. There are many other natural remedies that can be used with the guidance of an integrative veterinarian to help your dog achieve optimal health.

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Whether your cat’s medication only comes in liquid form, or you simply prefer the idea of dosing your cat with liquid medicine over pills, here’s a helpful guide devoted specifically to liquid medications for cats. We’ll cover why they are necessary for some cats, common liquid medications, how to give a cat liquid medicine, and what other options are available when your kitty refuses medication. 

Why Cats May Need Liquid Medicine

Many oral medications for cats are available in both pill and liquid forms. If this is the case, your cat’s veterinarian may give you the choice between the two. Whether a pill or liquid will be easier to give is very dependent on the medication, the individual cat, and the pet parent’s comfort level. A recent study showed that most owners preferred giving their cat a pill over a liquid, but that cats tended to prefer the taste of liquid over pills (1). 

Sometimes pet parents will not have the option to choose between giving a pill or a liquid because a medication is only readily available in one format. Some medications, such as the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam, are only available in liquid form for cats. 

Liquid medications are sometimes preferable when it comes to providing a smaller or more precise dose of medicine. For example, if a tiny kitten needs medication, the veterinarian may be more inclined to prescribe a liquid, as a pill might contain too large of a dose. 

In some cases, the tablet form of a medication may pose health hazards that the liquid form does not. Certain medications, such as the antibiotic doxycycline, can become caustic if taken in tablet form and not followed up with water. That could lead to esophageal strictures—a serious condition that causes narrowing of the esophagus, the tube that connects the throat to the stomach. 

Common Liquid Medicine for Cats

There are many different types of medications for cats that come in liquid form, which treat a variety of conditions. Here’s a list of the most commonly prescribed liquid medications and what they do:  

• Gabapentin – This medication is commonly used to treat pain and to help to decrease stress and anxiety associated with veterinary visits and other challenging events.
• Prednisolone – This is a steroid that is used to treat or manage a variety of conditions including allergies and autoimmune disorders.
• Meloxicam – This is an anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to help relieve short-term pain, such as post-surgery recovery pain, or to help manage chronic inflammatory conditions such as arthritis.
• Antibiotics (amoxicillin or amoxicillin with clavulanic acid) – These antibiotics are used to treat a variety of infections, from respiratory disorders to wounds. 
• Dewormers (pyrantel, sulfadimethoxine, fenbendazole) – These help treat or prevent intestinal parasite infestations. 

How to Give Cats Liquid Medicine 

Ideally, it’s best (for both pets and parents) to start training cats on how to take medication when they are kittens. A good way to begin is by getting your kitten used to regular oral examinations. Gently open your kitten’s mouth, then reward them with treats, petting, and encouragement. This not only helps you identify any issues with your cat’s oral health, but it will also help your cat feel more comfortable opening their mouth when it comes time to administer medication. 

Before giving your cat liquid medication, it’s also important to make sure you are prepared with everything you will need to set yourself up for success. You will need a thick bath towel, gloves, the appropriate syringe or dropper required to measure and administer the medication, and your cat’s favorite treats or wet food. It is also helpful to have someone else available to help you if you know your cat is difficult to medicate. 

If your cat is currently feeling fine and eating well, you can first try hiding the liquid medication in a small amount of tasty wet food—about the size of a meatball. The stinkier the food, the better it will hide the smell of the medication. Do not apply the medication to an entire meal’s worth of wet food. There’s always a chance that your cat may not eat all the food and won’t get the full dose of medication. Also, if you have multiple cats, you want to be sure that no other cats take medication not meant for them. 

However, adding medication to food is not always recommended. If you have an ill cat who is not eating well, adding medication to their food could create food aversion—meaning your cat might associate the yucky taste of the medicine with their food and be even less inclined to eat.

If this is the case, or your cat doesn’t fall for the meatball trick, the next thing you can try is gently swaddling your cat in a towel and placing them on your lap with their head facing away from your body. This way, you can approach your cat’s mouth from the side with the medicine dropper. That may feel less threatening to your pet than a head-on approach. This position also keeps your cat’s mouth further from your body and allows you to use your arms and elbows to gently secure your cat and prevent an escape. 

Next, offer the syringe or dropper to your cat and let them taste the medication. If you’re lucky, your cat might then readily accept the medication and you can gently trickle it into their mouth.  However, many cats may still resist. Sometimes it can help to put a small amount of a squeezable treat to the tip of the dropper or syringe. Once your cat begins to lick off the treat, depress the syringe or dropper into their mouth. You can follow up the medication with more of the tasty treat as a reward for taking the medication. 

If the above options do not work, here’s another approach: First, use your non-dominant hand to hold your cat’s head steady. If you position your middle finger underneath your cat’s jaw, your index finger on their forehead, and your thumb behind the head at the base of the skull, this will help you control their head and prevent you from getting bitten. 

Next, with your dominant hand, grip the syringe and (coming from the side) slide it in through the corner of your cat’s mouth, into the cheek pouch. Quickly squirt the medication inside the cheek pouch, then remove the syringe and gently hold your cat’s mouth closed. To encourage your cat to swallow, you can rub their throat or gently blow on their nostrils. 

When giving liquid medicine to cats, make sure their head isn’t tilted back and that you never forcefully squirt the liquid into the back of their mouth as that can cause your cat to inhale the medication. If your cat is very squirmy, having one person to hold your cat’s body and one person to administer the medication can be very helpful. 

As always, try to make this as positive an experience as possible, and follow up the medication by rewarding your cat with something they like such as food, playtime, or a gentle brushing session. 

If you have a cat that is becoming very upset with you while you are trying to medicate them, it’s a good idea to take regular breaks and try different methods. Be conscious of your cat’s body language to avoid bites and scratches. Pinned back ears, growling, or hissing is your cat’s way of warning you to back off. If you are ever bitten by your cat, make sure to clean the wound thoroughly and contact your physician right away. 

What if My Cat Won’t Take Liquid Medication? 

If you have tried all of these methods and you are still unable to give your cat liquid medication, speak with your veterinarian about other options for administering the drug. In some cases, the medication can be compounded into a different form, such as a tuna flavored liquid, a chewable treat, or a flavorless capsule. Certain medications are also available as transdermal creams that are applied to the skin on the ear flaps. 

Some medications are not available in alternate forms. In those cases, you may be able to bring your cat into the veterinarian’s office when it comes time for medicating, where a trained professional can do it. Or, better yet, ask if a veterinary technician can come to your home and administer the medication. 

Using a calming pheromone diffuser or spray can also help to calm your cat down during medication time. 

Remember that cats are very attuned to our emotions. If you remain calm and collected when it comes time to medicate your cat, that may help calm them down, as well. Work slowly and reach out to your veterinarian for advice if things are not going well.

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While it’s true that cats tend to require less water than dogs on a per pound basis and may also better tolerate mild cases of dehydration, it’s unsafe to assume they can exist under the same conditions as their ancestors.

Though they are both part of the same family tree, the lifestyle and diet of ancestral wildcats is very different from today’s domestic cats. Wildcats obtain most of their water from the prey that they eat and maintain high levels of activity. Meanwhile, many domestic cats eat kibble containing little moisture and are often quite sedentary. This may make domestic cats more prone to dehydration, which can lead to or exacerbate certain health conditions. 

But how much water do cats actually need and how long can a cat go without water? Continue reading to find out everything you need to know to keep your cat safe and well-hydrated. 

Why Cats Need Water

All life on earth needs water to survive, and cats are no exception. Roughly 60 percent of your cat’s body is made up of water (1), which sustains many of your cat’s basic bodily functions. Without it, cats would be unable to swallow and digest food. Water is also the main component of blood which is necessary to deliver oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. And water plays a key role in producing urine, which helps to rid the body of waste products. 

How much water do cats need? An average-sized healthy adult cat needs about 7 to 8 ounces of water per day. However, how much water your cat actually needs to drink each day can vary depending on the moisture content of their diet. Dry food contains only about 10 percent water, so if you’re feeding your cat a kibble-only diet, you’d want to make sure your pet is drinking plenty of water. Wet or canned food contains 75 percent water, so it would be normal for cats eating this type of diet to drink a bit less. 

Certain health complications could affect how much water your cat requires, as well. For example, cats with kidney disease cannot produce concentrated urine. That means they lose more water when they pee, so they have to drink a lot more water than a healthy cat in order to stay hydrated. Cats with diabetes and urinary disorders should also drink more water. 

How Long Can a Cat Go Without Water? 

Cats should always have plenty of fresh water available to them. However, since feline renal systems are quite efficient when it comes to producing concentrated urine, cats may be able to tolerate short periods without water better than other animals, provided they are healthy. So if you forget to refill your cat’s empty water bowl for a few hours, this will likely not cause an issue. But it’s not a good idea to make it a habit.

Generally speaking, if your cat eats only kibble and you haven’t observed them drinking water for 24 hours, you may not need to worry if your cat is otherwise acting normal. But if your kibble-eating cat hasn’t had any water for 24 hours or more and they’re acting abnormal (poor appetite, yowling, abnormal elimination habits, mentally inappropriate), that’s cause for concern and merits an immediate trip to the veterinary clinic.

If your cat is on a wet food-only diet and they are still eating normally, don’t panic if you don’t see them drinking water for a day or two. Remember that wet food is made up of mostly water, which makes it easier for cats to stay hydrated. Now, if you noticed that same cat wasn’t eating or drinking for a full day, that would be concerning. If such a pattern continued for three or more days, severe and potentially life-threatening dehydration could result. 

If your cat has advanced kidney disease, diabetes, or is on a diuretic for the management of congestive heart failure, dehydration can develop much faster and can become potentially severe within a day. Cats with these conditions should have constant access to water. Cats that are experiencing vomiting and diarrhea can also become dehydrated rapidly. 

Signs of Dehydration in Cats

It is important for pet parents to become familiar with the signs of dehydration in cats, especially if their cat has a chronic illness like kidney failure. The following are signs of dehydration: 

• Dry or sticky gums
• Thick, stringy saliva
• Sunken eyes 
• Skin becomes less elastic 
• Lethargy 
• Rapid heart rate 

If any of the above symptoms occur in your cat, consult with your veterinarian immediately. 

How to Get Cats to Drink More Water

Healthy cats will typically self-regulate their water consumption and drink as much as their body needs. However, cats that are chronically under-hydrated may be more prone to chronic kidney disease, obesity, idiopathic cystitis (abnormal urinary symptoms), or bladder stones. For this reason, pet parents may want to consider ways to increase their cats’ hydration at home. 

Feeding cats all or mostly wet food can help your pet stay better hydrated than cats that are fed kibble-only diets. Kibble-eating cats are likely to drink more water, but studies indicate that the amount of water they consume may still fall short of the hydration contained in wet food-only diets (1). 

But switching to wet food isn’t always a surefire solution to dehydration issues. Some cats may turn up their noses at a wet-food diet, especially if they were fed kibble their whole lives. In addition, some pet parents may consider wet food too expensive or inconvenient. 

Another way to increase hydration for kibble-eating cats is to add water into their kibble. But determining how much your cat will tolerate is a delicate balance. For best results, always start by adding a small amount of water to your cat’s kibble to see how they react to it. If they still chow down, add a little more water to the kibble every time you feed them, as long as your cat continues to eat their food. 

Some cats consider running water more appealing than a static water bowl, so you may be able to up your cat’s water intake with a cat drinking fountain or a dripping faucet. However, this is largely an individual preference so pet parents should experiment with different options to see what their cat likes most (2). 

The location and type of water bowl you use may also play a part in how much your cat drinks. In a survey commissioned by the pet food company Royal Canin, results indicated that, on average, cats preferred drinking bowls with smaller diameters and liked to drink from bowls that were located in a room away from their food bowls (2). 

Cat parents can also try adding small amounts of tuna water or chicken broth to their cat’s water to make it more aromatic and enticing.

Ensuring your cat stays properly hydrated is critical to maintaining their overall health and wellness. But even if your pet requires some coaxing to meet their daily water requirements, these simple steps can help you get your cat to drink more water and stay hydrated. Just remember, if you are worried that your cat is not drinking enough water or is not adequately hydrated, make sure you speak with your veterinarian and take your cat in for an exam immediately if signs of dehydration are present.

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It doesn’t matter if the change is due to a new job, going back to school, divorce, or the end of a global pandemic. If your daily circumstance is changing, it’s likely your dog will feel the impact of it as well.

Do Dogs Get Lonely?

We like to think that our dogs are nonstop happiness on four paws, but the reality is that dogs experience a variety of emotions. Dogs have the same emotional complexity as human toddlers, which means that they are capable of happiness, sadness, jealousy, anger, and yes, loneliness. 

Dogs evolved to be by our side, whether on the hunt, in the field, or by the fire, so it makes sense that they crave our companionship. Add to that the fact that we’re their sole providers of food, exercise, and access to the world, and it’s no wonder that our dogs have a drive to stay close to us. 

Being left alone, especially when it’s something a dog hasn’t experienced in a while, can absolutely lead to a dog experiencing loneliness.

9 Signs of Loneliness in Dogs

The following behaviors are potential lonely dog symptoms that might manifest individually, or in a combination of behaviors. Some responses might be an indication of an underlying health problem, like skipping meals, so consider a veterinary check-up to rule out illness if you notice these signs.

General Depression

Believe it or not, dogs can suffer from depression. It’s likely that lonely dogs also feel depressed. The behaviors that indicate dog loneliness are closely related to depressive behaviors, like withdrawal and lethargy.

Pacing

If your dog paces or shows other signs of pre-departure stress as you prepare to leave the house, this could be a sign of isolation distress or separation anxiety.

Destructiveness

Dogs that are home alone might find ways to keep themselves occupied like chewing up pillows, shoes, and remotes.

Clinginess

You might find that your dog wants to be by your side more than usual, even waking up from a sound sleep to follow if you leave the room.

Change in Play Style

Lonely dogs might be less interested in playing the games they used to love. 

Sleep Changes

Dogs that feel lonely might sleep more than usual, or might choose to sleep in unusual spots, like in a closet.

Not Eating

A lonely dog might not have an appetite and could even skip treats. Not eating can also be a sign of many medical conditions, so make sure to discuss this with your veterinarian if you notice it. 

Vocalization

Dogs use their voice to communicate, and a lonely dog might bark, whine, or cry when left alone.

Overall Behavior Shifts

It can be challenging to characterize the exact changes in a dog experiencing loneliness other than the fact that they just seem different from the way they normally act.

How to Prevent Loneliness in Dogs

Pet parents who know that they have a major schedule shift on the horizon, like going back to the office after working from home for an extended period, can help their dogs adjust in a variety of ways. 

Practice your new routine. Dog parents should help their canine companion prepare by practicing their upcoming schedule. Go through an abbreviated version of your typical departure routine (get dressed, pack a lunch, grab your bag) then leave the house for 30 minutes to an hour. Continue this preparation and departure process in the weeks prior to going back, gradually increasing the length of time you’re away from the house. Continue to throw a few short-duration departures as well to make it easy on your dog. 

Keep your dog active. Increasing your pup’s exercise regime can help put a dent in dog loneliness as well, but it helps to be creative. Sure, your dog will probably welcome more walks, but engaging your dog’s brain can help tire him out and make being left alone less stressful. 

Trick training and dog brain games like “hide the toy” will wear out your dog and can make alone time less fraught.

Try interactive toys. Invest in busy toys to give your dog when you have to leave him home alone. Hard rubber toys that can be stuffed with goodies are an excellent way to give your dog something to focus on while you’re gone. Give your dog an opportunity to practice with the toy while you’re home (this also ensures that your dog can’t destroy it and accidentally swallow pieces of the toy), then when it’s time to leave him alone pack the toy full of treats so that it’s tougher for your dog to get the goodies out and will keep him busier longer. 

Consider a dog daycare. Some lonely dogs might benefit from going to a well-run dog daycare a few times per week, although this option isn’t a fit for every dog. Make sure that your dog enjoys the excitement of group play, and that the daycare is reputable. 

Final Thoughts on Lonely Dog Syndrome

Do dogs need companions? While it might be tempting to add a second dog to your household to “cure” your dog’s loneliness, the success of this solution isn’t guaranteed. Adding a second dog requires an honest evaluation of your resident dog to determine if they’re a fit for a sibling (keep in mind that some dogs like being an “only child”) and if so, finding a buddy that’s the right fit for your household and lifestyle. 

Finally, keep in mind that dogs exhibiting behaviors associated with loneliness might be suffering from an undiagnosed health issue, so scheduling a wellness check can help to rule out any more serious problems.

The post 9 Signs of Loneliness in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

“It’s important for pet owners to note the expiration date on their dog food package to prevent feeding expired or soiled food to their dog,” explains Dr. Megan McCarthy, a veterinarian at the Best Friends Animal Society Lifesaving Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. “Expired dog food may have a loss in nutritional quality and may cause illness.”  

Despite the importance of heeding the expiration date, more than 10 percent of pet owners never check the expiration dates on pet food packaging and 7 percent admitted to feeding their pets expired kibble, according to 2021 research (1). 

Does Dog Food Expire?

Read the fine print: The expiration date on your dog food label is meant to be taken seriously.

The expiration date, which is often printed near the barcode on dog food packaging, is different from the “best by” or “sell by” dates, according to Dr. Oscar Chavez, a veterinarian and former leader of the Canine Nutrition Team at JustFoodForDogs.

“[The] expiration date is the date the manufacturer recommends discarding the product,” he explains. “[The ‘best by’ and ‘sell by’ dates indicate] when the manufacturer recommends the food be sold and used by. This doesn’t ensure the food is fresh, only that it can still be sold and should not be spoiled.”

Different kinds of dog food have different expiration dates: Dr. Chavez notes that conventional kibble and wet dog foods can have a shelf life of up to two years; fresh frozen pet foods will last a few months in the freezer; and fresh ultra-processed pet foods will expire in a few weeks. All dog foods will spoil more quickly after the packaging is open, he adds.

Does Dry Dog Food Expire?

Dry dog food does expire. Unopened, a bag of dry dog food can last up to two years, says Dr. Chavez. Once the bag is opened, it should be used within 4-6 weeks.

“Kibble is ultra-processed pet food and contains preservatives designed to give it a longer shelf life,” Dr. Chavez says. “Most dry pet food will go bad at home well before its sell by date due to fats going rancid, bad handling and exposure to the elements. Assume a bag of dry food will go bad in a few weeks after it’s opened no matter what the expiration date is.” 

Does Wet Dog Food Expire?

Wet (canned) dog food also has an expiration date. An unopened can could have a shelf life as long as two years, depending on the manufacturer, but, once the top is popped, Dr. McCarthy notes that, even in the refrigerator, it will go bad quickly.

“After opening a can [of wet dog food], it should be stored in a tightly sealed container in the refrigerator for up to three days,” she says. “If it’s left at room temperature, canned food should be disposed of after two hours.”

Moisture, heat and exposure to air can cause wet food to go rancid or allow bacteria and mold to grow. When wet food goes bad, it may have a foul odor, change in color or obvious mold growth—but Dr. McCarthy notes that those signs may not always be present, adding, “that is why it’s important to dispose of any opened canned food if not used within three days and any unopened canned food if past its expiration date.”  

Is Expired Dog Food Safe?

You might not need to look at the expiration date to know that a pet food is past its prime. Expired pet foods often smell off, leading your dog to turn up his nose at the food bowl—but he might be too food motivated to notice, so it’s important for the humans to pay attention. 

“Just like our food, fresh food smells like food and bad food smells off,” Dr. Chavez says. “Dogs may notice before we do because they are more sensitive, so if your dog rejects his favorite meal, it might be bad.”

Expired foods are not only unappetizing, they could cause health issues, according to Dr. Chavez.

“Just like us, [dogs] can get sick [from eating expired dog food],” he explains. “In more severe cases, they can have vomiting, diarrhea and stop eating altogether.” 

If you accidentally fed your hungry hound expired food, Dr. McCarthy suggests contacting your veterinarian

“If your pet recently consumed (within the last hour), your veterinarian may induce vomiting to prevent any issues with the expired food,” she says. “You can also monitor your dog for any signs of illness or stomach upset like vomiting and diarrhea, and contact your veterinarian if any concerns arise.”  

What to Do with Expired Dog Food

The best thing to do with expired food is toss it in the trash. Put it in a trash bag and and toss that bag in a covered trash can or receptacle to prevent wildlife or outdoor pets from accessing it, Dr. McCarthy advises. 

“Some local waste disposal or recycle programs may also use compost programs for expired foods and pet foods, so you can also reach out to your local waste management program,” she adds.

How to Keep Dog Food Fresh

Since kibble, wet food, fresh ultra-processed and fresh frozen dog foods all go bad quickly once the packaging is open, it’s important to take steps to extend the shelf life and preserve the quality.

Shop more often: Almost one-quarter of pet parents purchased two packages of pet food at a time even though 64 percent of pets took at least four weeks to consume one bag of food, according to research (1). Buying several packages might save on extra trips to the store but could increase the odds that your dog food expires before your pooch polishes off the entire bag. 

Make space in the freezer: Storing fresh, frozen foods in the freezer can extend their shelf life—but Dr. Chavez offers one caveat. 

“If it’s been exposed to heat or previously frozen and thawed above 40 degrees Fahrenheit, freezing is not recommended,” he says. 

Practice safe storage: Leaving dry dog food unsealed, pouring kibble into plastic containers or leaving food out too long are among the most common dog food storage mistakes to avoid. Instead, Dr. Chavez suggests leaving dog food in its original packaging and storing it in a cool, dry spot with limited exposure to heat and light.

Paying attention to the expiration on your dog’s food ensures that your furry friend is benefiting from all of the flavor and nutrients her dog food should provide and protecting her from potential illness.

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If your dog is prescribed trilostane, there are a few unique aspects of this medication you’ll need to watch out for.

What is Trilostane?

Trilostane is a steroid analogue which blocks the production of cortisol, a steroid hormone that is overproduced in dogs with Cushing’s disease. It comes in a capsule form that is given to dogs by mouth.

Trilostane was FDA approved for the treatment of canine Cushing’s disease in 2008 and it is one of only two FDA approved treatments for this disease. Previously, trilostane was also FDA approved for the treatment of Cushing’s disease in humans, but it was pulled from the market in 1994.

What Does Trilostane for Dogs Treat?

Trilostane is used to treat hyperadrenocorticism, also known as Cushing’s disease. This condition causes your dog’s body to produce too much of the steroid hormone cortisol, which results in symptoms such as excessive drinking and urination, panting, lethargy, weight gain, excessive appetite, recurrent infections, and hair loss. 

Cushing’s disease can impact your dog’s quality of life and can also make your dog more prone to developing other conditions such as diabetes mellitus, pancreatitis, urinary tract infections, and skin conditions. Fortunately, Cushing’s disease is manageable with trilostane treatment.

Trilostane is also FDA approved to treat Alopecia X, a characteristic pattern of baldness in thick-coated breeds such as Poodles, Pomeranians, Siberian Huskies, Chow Chows, and Samoyeds. Affected dogs are typically young adults and hair loss occurs on the trunk, neck, and the backs of the hind legs. The cause of Alopecia X is still poorly understood.

Trilostane Side Effects in Dogs

Trilostane can be tricky to dose and every dog responds to it differently. It is very important for pet parents to monitor closely for side effects. Finding the best dose of trilostane for your dog will often rely on your perception of your dog’s Cushing’s symptoms and any medication side effects you have noted at home. 

Common side effects to look out for include:

• Diarrhea
• Lethargy
• Vomiting
• Weakness
• Lameness
• Urinary tract infections
• Blood in the urine
• Trembling or shivering
• Changes in the skin or coat
• Loss of appetite

Trilostane can be dangerous if overdosed, so be sure to follow your veterinarian’s dosing instructions carefully. Call your veterinarian right away if side effects occur.

Trilostane can also be dangerous to humans. The capsules should never be broken open, because the powder inside can irritate your skin and eyes. Always wash your hands after handling trilostane. Trilostane can also cause miscarriages and should not be handled by anyone who is pregnant or trying to become pregnant. If you must handle trilostane while pregnant, wear gloves and wash your hands immediately afterward.

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Trilostane should be used with caution in dogs that are also currently receiving angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) or potassium-sparing diuretic medications. 

Dogs that have recently been treated with mitotane—another medication commonly used to treat canine Cushing’s disease—should wait at least one month after discontinuing mitotane before starting trilostane therapy. 

Trilostane should also be used with caution in dogs with other medical conditions, such as liver and kidney disease. Follow your veterinarian’s guidelines. 

Trilostane Dosage for Dogs

Trilostane is dosed based on your dog’s weight, so your veterinarian will calculate the best starting dose for your dog. In most cases, your dog will be started on a low dose and gradually increased until the best dose of medication is identified. This is the best way to ensure that your dog does not receive an overdose of the medication. 

Your veterinarian will also ask you to closely monitor your dog’s symptoms. If your dog is drinking and urinating less, has a more normal appetite, and an improved energy level, these are all signs that the medication is working!

One to two weeks after starting trilostane, your dog will need to have a test called an ACTH stimulation test. This test helps your veterinarian assess whether your dog is on the correct dosage of medication. Once your veterinarian receives the results, he or she may adjust the dosage to better meet your dog’s needs. Your vet may also recommend checking blood work on your dog annually or semi-annually to ensure that your dog’s liver and kidney function are adequate, as serious side effects can occur if trilostane is given to animals with liver or kidney disease.

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Trilostane?

If your dog has missed a dose of medication, don’t try to double up or administer the dose late. Just continue on with your regular dosing schedule. If your dog misses multiple doses, contact your veterinarian for advice on how to proceed.

Price of Trilostane for Dogs

Trilostane can be quite expensive because there is only one product available on the market. Pet owners should expect to spend anywhere from $50-$150 for a month’s supply depending on their dog’s dosage. 

Compounded trilostane products are sometimes less expensive, but they can also be less effective and have a very short shelf life. 

Your veterinarian can help you determine the best medication options to fit both your dog’s needs and your family’s budget.

Trilostane Storage Instructions

Trilostane oral capsules from the brand name Vetoryl are very shelf stable and can be stored at room temperature, approximately 77 degrees Fahrenheit. This product is typically stable for 3 years after packaging. 

Compounded trilostane products are much less stable and may be less effective. They may also have their own unique storage requirements, so be sure to ask the compounding pharmacy for storage instructions.

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Fortunately, less than half of lumps on dogs are malignant, or cancerous, and most are treatable. In fact, lumps on or below the skin are the most common masses reported in dogs, representing roughly one third of all tumors (both benign and malignant).

Most lumps on dogs look or feel similar regardless of whether or not they are cancerous, so it’s crucial to have it checked by your veterinarian to know for sure. While a quick Google search may be tempting, it’s easy to misdiagnose your pet’s lump and subsequently delay the care they actually need. Early intervention can prevent unnecessary discomfort and potentially save them from serious, life-threatening consequences.

Let’s explore some of the lumps and bumps that are common on dogs, their characteristics, and what they mean for a dog’s overall health and longevity. 

First Things First: Don’t Panic

Lumps and bumps pop up on dogs for a variety of reasons, many of which are of little threat to your dog’s life. The bump could be an abscess secondary to a bite, an inflamed hair follicle, a benign (non-cancerous) fatty growth, or a more serious condition, like cancer.  

Finding a lump on a dog does not necessarily mean the worst, but it is important for a veterinarian to evaluate it to ensure a proper diagnosis is obtained and a treatment plan is initiated if necessary. 

In most cases, it is appropriate to schedule an appointment that is convenient for you, such as your next day off work. However, if the lump or bump is hot to touch, growing quickly, producing pus or discharge, actively bleeding, or if your dog is in pain, you should take your dog to an emergency veterinary hospital for more urgent care. 

Types of Lumps on Dogs

Hard, immovable lumps on dogs, or sudden lumps on dogs tend to be more worrisome than soft, moveable lumps on dogs or slow-growing lumps on dogs, but that’s not always the case, as many different types of lumps can have a similar appearance. 

Lumps on dogs can occur either on the skin surface, referred to as cutaneous, or beneath it, referred to as subcutaneous. 

Common cutaneous masses, or lumps on the skin of dogs include:

Mast Cell Tumors

Mast cell tumors are the most common malignant, or cancerous, lumps found on dogs. This type of dog skin cancer is usually on the surface of the skin, but can be below the skin, or subcutaneous, as well. 

These masses are usually red, raised, firm, and often form a wound that will not heal. A hard, bleeding lump on a dog’s skin is a typical appearance of a mast cell tumor, although they can vary greatly. 

This cancerous lump on dog skin tends to be aggressive and spread quickly, so it’s important to have it surgically removed as soon as it is diagnosed. Complete surgical removal is curative as long as the cancer has not yet spread to other parts of the body. In some cases, follow up radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be needed. 

Histiocytomas

Histiocytomas are benign (non harmful) skin growths that are most common in young dogs, but they can occur in dogs of any age. Histiocytomas are red, raised, hairless, button-like growths, typically the diameter of a nickel or quarter, and commonly occur on the head or limbs. 

Since this red lump on dog skin can appear similar to a mast cell tumor, you should have it tested by your veterinarian to be certain. Histiocytomas typically regress on their own without any treatment.

Perianal Gland Adenoma

Perianal gland adenomas are common skin tumors of dogs that arise from the glands around the hairless skin of the anus. These are slow growing, benign lumps that occur mostly in intact (non-neutered) male dogs, although they have been reported in spayed females as well. 

While these lumps do not spread to other parts of the body, they are locally invasive, meaning they disrupt surrounding tissues, and are prone to infection. So they should not be ignored. The treatment of choice in intact male dogs is castration and tumor removal. Small tumors frequently regress after neutering, and may not require surgical removal. Treated pets typically go on to live long, healthy lives. 

Sebaceous Gland Adenomas

Sebaceous gland adenomas are non-cancerous growths that protrude from the surface of the skin. These are usually hairless, firm, small lumps on dogs that occur mostly on the head, neck, back, eyelids, and limbs. These dog cysts can burst open, become irritated, infected, or a combination thereof, but usually they are not problematic. 

Removal may be recommended if sebaceous gland adenomas are troublesome to the dog, however in most cases, no treatment is necessary. 

Melanomas

Melanomas are tumors of melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment in animal skin. A melanoma is usually a black lump on a dog, but they are sometimes red. These are hard, immovable lumps on dogs. Melanomas most often occur in the oral cavity or on the toes, but these lumps can be found on haired skin as well. 

While melanomas on haired skin are usually benign, melanomas found in the mouth or on the toes are usually cancerous tumors in dogs. Malignant melanomas are very aggressive, and quickly spread to other parts of the body. Surgery is necessary for treatment of melanomas. Some cases will require chemotherapy or radiation therapy in addition to surgery. The sooner a melanoma is identified and treated, the better the dog’s chances of survival will be. 

Squamous Cell Carcinomas

Squamous cell carcinomas are a common cancerous growth of skin cells in dogs. These lumps can occur anywhere on a dog’s body, such as the abdomen, thorax, legs, toes, paw pads, ears, mouth, or nose. Frequent exposure to UV light is a known cause for developing this type of dog skin cancer, therefore, it is more often seen in dog’s with light coats or parts of the dog with little coat coverage, like the belly. 

Squamous cell carcinomas can appear many different ways. The usual appearance is a single red lump on a dog’s skin. Sometimes they develop as a small area of irritated, red, or ulcerated skin, while other times, they develop as plaques or crusts on a dog’s skin. Carcinomas of the toe or nail bed tend to be red, irritated, and ulcerated, and are usually quite painful. Dogs may even lose nails on the affected toes. 

Treatment of squamous cell carcinomas in dogs is surgery, especially if it is affecting the toe, as it tends to be more likely to spread from that location. If the lump is removed before it spreads, dogs have a great prognosis and chance of survival. 

Warts

Warts, or papillomas, are benign lumps on dog skin that are caused by canine papillomaviruses. Dog warts are usually small and light-colored with a rough, jagged appearance. These lumps are mostly found in or around the mouth, on the feet, or on the eyelids, but they can grow anywhere on the body. Young dogs less than 2 years old are the most commonly affected. 

Dog warts often disappear spontaneously as the dog develops immunity against it. However, some warts may need to be surgically removed if they become irritated, infected, cause pain, or fail to regress on their own. 

Hives

Hives in dogs are similar to hives in humans. They appear suddenly as red, raised, circular bumps on the surface of the skin, and can occur anywhere on a dog’s body, including in their mouth. Hives in dogs can vary from a few millimeters to several centimeters in size. If hives become large enough, they can blend together, or coalesce. 

Hives are caused by direct contact with an allergic substance such as an insect bite, food, pollen, mold, vaccinations, or medications. Typically, hives are self-limiting and resolve after removal of the allergic substance. Nevertheless, allergic reactions can be severe, and potentially life threatening, so your veterinarian should be notified immediately if you notice hives on your dog. 

Common subcutaneous masses, or lumps below the skin of dogs include:

Lipomas

Lipomas, tumors of fatty tissue, are the most common benign tumor of dogs. These fatty lumps on dogs feel soft, or squishy, and are usually freely moveable beneath the skin, meaning that they are not fixed in place or attached to underlying tissues. Fatty tumors in dogs commonly appear on the chest or abdomen, but can occur anywhere on the body. Some lipomas will hardly grow after initially developing, while others seem to grow relatively quickly. 

Although lipomas are non-cancerous, they can still be problematic if they develop in places that impair a dog’s ability to walk or lie down. If a lipoma is growing quickly or in a worrisome location, surgical removal is typically recommended. 

Abscesses

Abscesses in dogs are pockets of pus underneath the skin. These are usually soft lumps on dogs that are warm to touch and painful, and occur secondary to a bite wound or skin injury. Abscesses in dogs are often just below the skin, can be large or small, and sometimes rupture and drain a foul smelling fluid. They can occur anywhere on the body. Abscesses are also seen on the muzzle of dogs, usually underneath the eye, secondary to dental disease.

Dogs with abscesses will need veterinary care to have the abscess drained and flushed out. Antibiotic therapy as well as pain medications are needed. Abscesses in dogs are usually so painful that many pets will need some level of sedation in order for the veterinarian to treat it properly and spare your dog from additional pain or discomfort. 

Soft Tissue Sarcomas 

Soft tissue sarcomas are a category of cancerous tumors, particularly those arising from the connective muscle or nervous tissues in dogs. Since these tissues are present throughout the entire body, these tumors can develop anywhere. Most often they are seen on the legs, chest, or abdomen of affected dogs, and are more common in middle aged to older dogs. 

Soft tissue sarcomas are typically hard, immovable lumps on dogs found beneath healthy skin. In most cases (but not all), these cancerous tumors in dogs do not typically spread, but will grow into and disrupt surrounding tissues. 

Surgical excision is the best treatment for soft tissue sarcomas in dogs. The surgeon must take wide margins to avoid leaving any of the cancer cells behind, so it is ideal to remove these tumors while they are still small. In some cases, followup chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be needed. After successful surgical removal, most dogs will live full life spans.

Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors

Peripheral nerve sheath tumors are a type of soft tissue sarcoma. They are lumps that grow from the nerve cells in dogs, and can occur anywhere in a dog’s body. They can be felt as hard, immovable lumps on dogs underneath the skin when they grow close to the surface. These lumps are usually not painful when touched, but some dogs will bite or chew at them due to nerve irritation. 

Peripheral nerve sheath tumors do not commonly spread, but are locally invasive. Treatment of choice is surgical removal of the tumor, although recurrence is common. In some cases, amputation of affected limbs and/or radiation therapy are necessary. Unfortunately, most dogs with peripheral nerve sheath tumors may only live up to one year despite appropriate treatment.

Enlarged Lymph Node

Lymph node enlargement in dogs occurs for many reasons such as infection, inflammation, or cancer. Enlarged lymph nodes are firm, moveable lumps felt underneath healthy skin of dogs. They are usually detected under the chin, on the neck, the front of the shoulder, or the back of the rear leg. Enlargement of a single lymph node is not as worrisome as enlargement of multiple lymph nodes, which is often indicative of systemic disease or cancer. 

Treatment of lymph node enlargement in dogs depends on the underlying cause. Various medications, chemotherapy, or even surgery may be recommended based on the cause of the lymph node enlargement. Depending on the cause the long-term prognosis can vary considerably.

Diagnosing Lumps on Dogs

As previously mentioned, any new lumps or bumps on your dog should be evaluated by your veterinarian. A thorough physical exam can help your veterinarian narrow down a list of possible diagnoses. Additionally, providing your veterinarian with a detailed history of your pet can be helpful. 

Let your veterinarian know whether the lump developed suddenly, if you’ve noticed any changes in your dog’s behavior, and whether or not the lump has grown or changed since you first noticed it.

Many different types of lumps and bumps on dogs can appear and feel similar, so testing the lump to determine exactly what it is and whether or not it could be potentially problematic for your pet is always advised. Bloodwork and/or imaging, such as radiographs (X-rays), may also be recommended based on your dog’s specific case. 

The first recommended test is usually a fine needle aspirate and cytology. This is a quick, non-invasive, and affordable test in which your veterinarian will use a needle to suck out, or aspirate, cells from the lump to determine their origin and behavior. The cells are then smeared on a glass slide, stained, and evaluated under the microscope. 

In some cases a biopsy will be recommended. This is a more invasive procedure in which your veterinarian will take a small chunk of tissue from the lump and send it to a pathologist. Your dog will likely require some form of sedation for this procedure, but can usually return home the same day. Biopsy samples are almost always diagnostic and can tell you exactly what is causing your pet’s lump and what treatment options are available.

Treating Lumps on Dogs

After the lump is tested and a diagnosis is confirmed, your veterinarian will guide you through treatment options, if necessary. As discussed, treatment can vary greatly depending on the type of lump your dog has. 

As previously mentioned, some common forms of treatment for lumps on dogs include:

• Surgical removal
• Amputation
• Draining (for abscesses) 
• Medications
• Topical ointments (for skin conditions like hives)
• Chemotherapy (if cancerous)
• Radiation (if cancerous)

Even when a lump is diagnosed as cancerous or malignant, your dog may have a great outcome, especially if treatment is initiated early and aggressively. 

The cost of treatment for lumps on dogs varies based on the diagnosis. However, treatment will always be more affordable if the lump is properly addressed and cared for earlier, while it is smaller and less likely to have caused secondary issues, like infection, that will also need to be treated. 

Remember, a lump cannot be treated until it is identified by you, the responsible pet parent. Check your pet frequently for new lumps or bumps so you can more quickly spot any abnormal growths on your dog and have them tested and treated earlier rather than later.

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“Dry dog food is processed to obtain a long shelf life. It’s dry meat byproducts, powdered vegetables, oils, etc. that are shelf stable at room temperature for up to 18 months,” says Dr. Oscar Chavez, veterinarian and former lead of the Canine Nutrition Team at JustFoodforDogs. “No food that we eat is designed to last that long—but kibble is.” 

According to Dr. Chavez, dry dog food is created in a similar way to boxed cereal. It’s made through a process called rendering and extrusion, which dehydrates the food to about 10 percent moisture, while also adding preservatives. 

Kibble is normally purchased in dog food bags, and some pet parents choose to transfer the chow to another container or holder for convenience or more compact storage. But the original packaging isn’t just a useless paper or plastic bag. In fact, you might want to consider keeping your dog’s food in the original packaging for a myriad of reasons.

Reasons to Save Your Dog Food Bag

Holding onto your dog food bag can benefit you and your pup in many ways. Here are a few important reasons to keep your dog food bag.

Reason 1: You’ll Be Prepared for Recalls. 

The Food & Drug Administration regulates the manufacture of (most) dog food, and also manages pet food recalls. And having your bag will not only help identify if your pet’s food is part of the recall, but it will also help inform other pet parents of possible issues with the pet food they’ve purchased.

“Pet food bags contain valuable details including its lot number and production batch information,” says Dr. Chavez. “Saving the bag can help you identify whether or not your particular bag of food has been involved in a recall. In the case that your pet may be among the first cases of a recall, the bag can help your veterinarian report the possible issue through the FDA portal. They will ask for this information when the report is filled out.”

Reason 2: It Preserves Shelf Life and Slows Spoiling. 

Believe it or not, the lining of kibble bags isn’t a useless part of the packaging. It actually helps to preserve the food inside. 

“Dry pet food companies rely on the lining of the pet food bag as the final layer of defense, which is specifically designed to extend the shelf life of the contents,“ says Dr. Chavez. “Heat, air, and sunlight can accelerate the spoiling process, and some heat or light sensitive nutrients can deteriorate.” 

Reason 3: It Decreases Risk for Contamination.

By keeping your dog’s food in its original bag, you could also be reducing the risk of contamination.

“By leaving the food in the bag to begin with, you reduce the chance of introducing contamination through handling,” says Dr. Chavez. “Per the FDA, some pet food can already be contaminated, and by moving it out of the bag, you can risk contaminating other surfaces. It’s best to keep the pet food in its original bag until you feed it.”

Reason 4: It Helps You Stay on Top of Best-By Dates

Let’s face it, when you buy large bags of dog food or you have multiple pets in your home, it can be tough to keep track of expiration dates. But all bags of kibble have best-by dates printed directly on them, which makes it easy to see and remember when you need to use or throw out excess food.  

Reason 5: It Keeps Pests Out of the Food.

Depending on where you store your dog food, the packaging can help keep critters out.

“If you keep your bag of food in the garage or outside, pests will either chew through the bag or climb in through the top (ants),” says Dr. Chavez. “However, if you keep the bag in a cool, dry cupboard inside the house or another dedicated container, then you will dramatically reduce the chance of pest or storage mites.”

If you’re worried about pests getting into the bag and would rather use an air-tight dog food storage container, simply find a container that will accommodate the whole bag. Place the bag of food in the container for an extra level of security. 

Dog Food Bag Tips and Tricks

Here are a few things to keep in mind when it comes to maximizing the shelf life of your pup’s food.

Always assume food is going bad before the date printed on the label. “This is because most kibble is sprayed with oils and fat, as well as vitamin E, to preserve the fat from heat oxidation (spoiling),” says Dr. Chavez. But he explains that the vitamin E is used up over time as it protects the fat—especially in the presence of heat, moisture, and air.”

Store it in a cool, dry place. Heat and humidity of warmer months or certain climates can be a major contributing factor to your dog food spoiling faster.

“A large bag of kibble that has been opened and stored in the garage during a hot summer is unlikely to last to its sell by date. Assume it will go bad in days or weeks,” says Dr. Chavez. “Keep the food indoors in a dry, cool place.” (Here are 7 mistakes to avoid when storing dog food.)

Invest in an air-tight container. Preventing air from penetrating your dog’s food will help it last longer.“Keep the bag in an airtight container (but still in its original packaging),” says Dr. Chavez.

Buy smaller food packages. If your pet and circumstances allow, consider buying smaller sizes of dog food.

“Often people buy dry pet food in large bulk sizes,” says Dr. Chavez. “This might work fine if you have five Rottweilers and they go through it quickly, but if you have one Yorkie, then you shouldn’t do this.” 

Consider buying fresh pet food. If you want to feed your dog the freshest pet food, consider skipping kibble altogether. Fresh pet foods are typically pasteurized, similar to milk. This avoids many of the risks associated with raw food, while still providing a fresh alternative to kibble. Read food labels carefully to ensure that the food you are selecting is nutritionally balanced and designed to meet the needs of your dog’s life stage.

“Kibble (dry food) is not fresh. It is processed meat and other ingredients in a bag that is shelf stable for up to 2 years. That’s the opposite of fresh,” says Dr. Chavez. “If you want fresh food, buy refrigerated or frozen pet food and keep it in the fridge or freezer as directed by the packaging.” (Here’s everything you need to know about frozen dog food.)

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The truth is that aflatoxins have been found in many commercial pet foods, and they can be fatal. We’re going to look at what aflatoxins are, how aflatoxin poisoning might happen in dogs, and what to do if you’re worried.

What is Aflatoxin?

Aflatoxin is a type of mycotoxin—a name given to natural toxins produced by mold (fungi) (1). These molds grow on certain foods in particular conditions—mostly in warm and humid climates. In fact, it’s estimated that 25 percent of the world’s food crops are contaminated with mycotoxins (2). 

Aflatoxin B₁ is one of the most common and most poisonous mycotoxins. It’s usually produced by Aspergillus molds, which usually grow on crops such as rice, wheat and corn, and some nuts and seeds. 

Dogs are particularly susceptible to aflatoxins, tolerating less than 50 parts per billion before symptoms of aflatoxin poisoning start (3). This makes dogs at least four times more susceptible than pigs and more than six times more susceptible than cattle. 

Once eaten, the aflatoxin is absorbed into the bloodstream and makes its way to the liver, where it is transformed to an epoxide that binds to DNA (4). This not only damages the liver, but tiny, non-fatal doses over a long period can cause growth problems, immunosuppression, and cancer (3). A recent study found a correlation between low-level aflatoxin exposure and mammary (breast) cancer in dogs (5).

Causes of Aflatoxin Poisoning in Dogs

Dogs generally get aflatoxin poisoning through eating contaminated foods. This can be caused by homemade foods (6), commercial pet foods (7), or even something that a dog has scavenged on a walk. Aflatoxin poisonings often occur in outbreaks, because one moldy batch of food can be eaten by many pets. However, aflatoxin poisoning doesn’t generally spread from pet to pet. 

Aflatoxin in Dog Food

Aflatoxins are mainly produced by mold from the Aspergillus family. These molds are common in tropical and subtropical parts of the world (4) and tend to grow on:

• Corn
• Wheat
• Rice
• Peanuts
• Sunflower seeds
• Nuts (Brazil nuts, walnuts, pistachio nuts, pine nuts)
• Pumpkin seeds
• Lentils
• Dairy products and eggs (Aflatoxin M₁)
• Potatoes and sweet potatoes
• Herbs and spices
• Dried fruits

These toxins can grow in the field or in storage, but growth is more likely at certain temperatures and humidity. Because of this, particular times of the year or storage conditions can be riskier for aflatoxin growth. 

Moldy food almost certainly contains mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, and should never be fed to dogs. However, aflatoxins can survive food preparation conditions, and can therefore be present in invisible amounts in the finished product. This can be true for commercial foods (4) or even for snacks like peanut butter. 

While dog food contamination with aflatoxin is rare (8), it can be extremely serious. Keeping an eye on dog food recalls is always a sensible precaution.

Aflatoxin Dog Food Recall: What to Do

The dog food industry tries very hard to ensure that aflatoxins are not present in pet foods. First, they have stringent ingredient quality checks, and they conduct sorting to ensure damaged grains don’t enter the food. Heat and pressure kill any fungus remaining, but cannot destroy any toxin they have already produced. Binding ingredients can also be added to the dog food to reduce the absorption of any aflatoxins in the feed (9). Good storage and testing protocols developed by specialists ensure that contamination is rare, and any problems are usually caught (and acted upon) at an early stage (10, 11). 

Despite all this, pet food recalls due to aflatoxin contamination do occur, on average less than one per year (9). A recall usually covers a batch, or several batches that were known to be produced at the same time, and it doesn’t necessarily mean that every bag in the batch will be affected. Sometimes, like in the recent Sunshine Mills recall, a single affected bag is found on routine testing, and the decision is made to recall the batch just in case other bags are affected. 

If your dog food brand issues an aflatoxin dog food recall, check the information carefully to make sure it’s the same flavor, range, and composition as the one your dog eats. If you have the packaging, you should check the lot number against those in the recall to confirm you have an affected batch (12).

If your dog food is part of a aflatoxin recall:

1. Stop feeding the food immediately.
2. Contact your veterinarian and arrange for all animals that have eaten the food to be examined.
3. Contact the company to return the food, or throw away the food in such a way that pets, humans, and wildlife cannot access it. 
4. Wash storage tubs, scoops, pet bowls and anything else that has been in contact with the food in hot, soapy water, then sanitize with bleach. Rinse well and allow to dry thoroughly.
5. Wash your hands after handling dog food, regardless of whether it’s been recalled.

Aflatoxin Symptoms in Dogs

If your dog is unlucky enough to eat some aflatoxin-contaminated foods, they can experience a range of symptoms including lethargy, vomiting, and appetite loss. On examination, they may have jaundice, seen as a yellowish tint to the gums and eyes. 

You may also notice these symptoms of aflatoxin poisoning in dogs:

• Bruising and unexplained bleeding
• Weakness
• Diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Lethargy
• Jaundice
• Appetite loss
• Increased thirst
• Dark urine
• Collapse

While some of these aflatoxin symptoms are obvious and sudden, smaller doses of aflatoxin can build up over time, causing subtle signs that are easy to miss. This unfortunately means that several weeks may have passed since the exposure, making diagnosis difficult.

Tiny doses over a long period of time can cause longer-term health problems such as cancer and immunosuppression (3).

Unfortunately, dogs that are exposed to aflatoxins or experience aflatoxin poisoning are at risk of death or euthanasia due to the severity of the condition. 

Diagnosing Aflatoxin Poisoning in Dogs

If your dog is showing symptoms, or they’ve had known contact with a recalled batch of dog food, they should see a vet immediately. The liver damage caused by aflatoxins doesn’t always show straight away, meaning a veterinary examination and blood tests are required to determine if an animal is affected.

Blood tests check for several liver enzymes, which may be raised in cases of liver damage. A clotting profile also indicates whether liver damage may be affecting your dog’s ability to clot blood. 

Liver biopsies may also be required (13), which is the best way to confirm the diagnosis. However, this procedure cannot be performed on a severely ill dog—especially one with clotting problems. 

Urine tests are being developed that can help to diagnose aflatoxins in dog urine (14).

The dog’s food can also be tested, but it’s important to realize that a negative result doesn’t necessarily rule out aflatoxin toxicity as the cause for the symptoms. The dog could still have eaten the aflatoxins at the end of an old batch of food or while scavenging out on a walk.

Aflatoxin Poisoning in Dogs: Treatment

There is no specific treatment or antidote for suspected aflatoxin poisoning, so most veterinarians or emergency hospitals will support your dog’s liver in hope that it can heal. This requires intensive care at a veterinary hospital to allow regular medications and monitoring. 

However, it’s important to realize that the prognosis for aflatoxin poisoning, especially in dogs showing symptoms, is poor, and euthanasia is a common choice for these dogs.

Medications for Aflatoxin Poisoning

Since dogs are often not eating and may have had vomiting or diarrhea, hospitalization for a drip (intravenous fluids) is usually necessary. Anti-vomiting medication and antibiotics will usually also be given, alongside a suitable liver-safe balanced diet. N-acetylcysteine may also help the liver to produce the enzymes it needs to get rid of aflatoxin from the body (15).

Dogs that survive the initial poisoning may often have ongoing liver problems. Silymarin (Milk Thistle) and SAMe are two liver-supporting nutrients that may be given to dogs with aflatoxin poisoning, and may also be used alongside Vitamin E and zinc. Dogs may have to have these supplements for life. 

General Cost to Treat Aflatoxin Poisoning in Dogs 

Because it needs intensive treatment, aflatoxin poisoning costs are high. In dogs presenting to the vet with symptoms, the care is likely to cost $3,000 or more if they survive and are discharged. It’s also likely that dogs will need continual medication and regular checkups for life, which will further add to the cost of treatment and care.

If the aflatoxin is found to be related to a diet, the food manufacturer may help with costs in some cases. Pet insurance will also often cover these costs, so it’s worth exploring your financing options when making a decision about your pet’s treatment. 

Aflatoxin in Dogs Prevention

Since aflatoxin poisoning is serious, you might be wondering how to avoid aflatoxin in dog food. There’s no definitive way to prevent your pet from aflatoxin poisoning, but there are some things you can do to help reduce their risk. 

Seek out quality dog food brands. Buy food from reputable manufacturers with proper testing and recall procedures in place.

Consult pet nutritionists. If you are home-making food, consult with a veterinary nutritionist for advice on reducing the risk of using contaminated ingredients.

Practice proper storage. Store purchased pet food in its original container – this keeps it fresher as well as means you have the lot number to check against batch recalls.

Hold on to lot numbers. Save lot numbers and UPC labels for at least 3 months after a bag of food is finished – an envelope in a drawer works well.

Stay informed about recalls. Keep an eye out for dog food recalls so that you are aware as soon as possible of any problems with your chosen food.

Check your dog food stash. Dry kibble dog foods are usually too dry to grow molds, but you should throw away food that gets damp or stale, as this can lead to mold growth and production of mycotoxins.

Practice good food hygiene at home. Refrigerate wet food after opening, use the food by the best before date, don’t feed food that looks moldy or smells off, and regularly clean your dog’s bowls to reduce their risk of food-borne illness.

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But what exactly is Salmonella and can our canine companions get infected? If so, what are the signs of Salmonella in dogs and how is it treated? Here’s everything you need to know. 

What is Salmonella?

Salmonella is a bacterium that can infect the gastrointestinal tract of many different animal species. There are two different species of Salmonella, and these two species are further broken down into thousands of different strains (serovars). Each of these strains is slightly different, with some causing severe disease and some not causing infection in animals. When a human or animal ingests enough Salmonella that belong to an infection-causing (pathogenic) strain, they develop an infection known as salmonellosis. 

Can Dogs Get Salmonella?

Yes, household pets, including dogs and cats, can get infected with Salmonella. In fact, a 2017 study found that 2.5 percent of all dogs tested had evidence of Salmonella in their gastrointestinal tract (1). The incidence of Salmonella was found to be higher in dogs eating raw food and dogs living in rural areas.  

In the 2017 study referenced above, only 55 percent of infected dogs had signs of diarrhea at the time of testing. This means that nearly half of infected dogs showed no signs of illness but were shedding the infection asymptomatically. This is a significant concern with Salmonella, because the infection can pass from pets to people. Even if your dog appears otherwise healthy, you could become infected with Salmonella without having any idea you are at risk. Dogs and cats can carry the bacteria in their feces or saliva and spread it to people and other household pets. Unfortunately, you may not be lucky enough to experience an asymptomatic infection.

Causes of Salmonella in Dogs

Salmonella primarily lives in the gastrointestinal tract and is shed in the stool of infected animals. When an uninfected animal ingests the bacteria, they become infected. Some dogs may become infected by eating the stool of an infected dog, cat, or wild animal, while others are infected by eating contaminated pet food or treats or meat that has not been properly cooked. 

Salmonella infections are most common in dogs with a weak immune system. Puppies do not yet have a fully developed immune system, so they are more likely to show signs of salmonellosis. Dogs with underlying diseases, such as cancer, and dogs that are in crowded living conditions are also more likely to become infected and show clinical signs of illness.

Dog Food Salmonella Recall: What to Do

Periodically, you will hear of dog food recalls associated with Salmonella. Typically, this occurs when a food manufacturer performs quality control testing and finds that a contaminated ingredient may have been added to a particular batch of food or treats. While it’s natural to become nervous at these recalls, they are a sign that the manufacturer’s quality control system is working. In many cases, recalls allow retailers to pull food or treats from the shelves before it goes home with consumers. 

If your dog’s food is associated with a recall, check the lot number on the packaging. If your dog food matches the information associated with a recall, stop feeding the food immediately. In many cases, you may be eligible for a refund. If you have already fed some of the recalled food, monitor your dog and yourself for the development of gastrointestinal signs. You can be at risk of infection simply from handling the contaminated food or touching surfaces that came into contact with the food and then not washing your hands thoroughly afterward. 

Salmonella Symptoms in Dogs

Signs of Salmonella in dogs can be extremely variable. Some dogs remain completely asymptomatic. Many dogs experience mild gastrointestinal signs, which resolve without treatment over a period of several days. Less commonly, dogs may become severely ill. 

Possible signs of Salmonella infection in dogs include: 

• Lethargy
• Decreased appetite
• Diarrhea (which may be bloody)
• Straining to defecate
• Abdominal pain
• Fever
• Dehydration
• Weight loss
• Pale gums
• Weakness or collapse
• Pregnancy loss
• Neurologic signs, such as blindness and seizures

If your dog develops any of these signs, especially after potential Salmonella exposure, you should seek veterinary care. 

Diagnosing Salmonella in Dogs

Your veterinarian will first perform a physical exam. Although many infected dogs demonstrate no clinical signs of infection, your veterinarian may note a fever, dehydration, abdominal pain, or an elevated heart rate. 

Next, your veterinarian is likely to perform some routine laboratory tests to rule out other causes of illness. A fecal parasite exam cannot detect Salmonella, but it is used to rule out other intestinal parasites in dogs, such as hookworms, roundworms, whipworms, and giardia. Blood tests, such as a complete blood cell count and serum biochemistry, also cannot definitively diagnose Salmonella but may indicate other potential causes of your dog’s illness. 

In order to look for Salmonella, your veterinarian may collect a fecal sample for bacterial culture. This test takes several days to perform. Unfortunately, this test has a number of limitations and the relationship between dogs and Salmonella is often unclear. Given the large number of dogs that shed Salmonella asymptomatically, it is difficult to determine the significance of a positive result. Additionally, some dogs that are infected with Salmonella do not shed the bacterium in every sample, so multiple samples may be required for diagnosis. Your veterinarian will interpret test results in light of your dog’s potential exposure risk and clinical signs, in order to determine the significance of any results obtained through this test. 

How to Treat Salmonella in Dogs

The treatment of Salmonella depends on the dog’s clinical signs. Antibiotics may be used in severe cases or in dogs with a weakened immune system, but they are typically avoided in mild or asymptomatic cases. In mild or asymptomatic cases, the use of antibiotics may actually prolong bacterial shedding while contributing to the development of resistant infections. 

If your dog does require antibiotics, your veterinarian may perform a bacterial culture to determine the most appropriate antibiotic to use. There are many antibiotics that can be used to treat Salmonella, but some strains are antibiotic resistant and require specific antibiotics.

Your veterinarian may also recommend symptomatic treatments to alleviate the clinical signs associated with salmonellosis. Severely dehydrated dogs may be hospitalized for intravenous (IV) fluids, while dogs that are mildly dehydrated may receive fluid under the skin (subcutaneously) on an outpatient basis. Your veterinarian may also prescribe an anti-nausea drug and a bland diet.

Medications for Salmonella Poisoning

There are a number of different antibiotics that may be used to treat Salmonella in dogs, including enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, trimethoprim-sulfa, clindamycin, erythromycin, doxycycline, and ampicillin. Your veterinarian will determine the best antibiotic for your dog based upon bacterial culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing. 

The most common anti-nausea drug used in the treatment of Salmonella is maropitant. 

General Cost to Treat Salmonella Poisoning in Dogs

The cost of treatment can vary significantly, depending on your dog’s level of illness. Dogs with mild clinical signs may not require any treatment at all. Dogs who have become septic (have bacteria in the bloodstream) may require hospitalization and aggressive treatment, which could cost thousands of dollars. 

Salmonella in Dogs Prevention

The most effective way to help prevent your dog from developing salmonellosis is to ensure that your dog does not have access to raw meat. Avoid feeding raw diets and keep your dog away from cooking scraps.

Limiting your dog’s access to the stool of other animals, such as small mammals, reptiles and birds, will also decrease the risk of Salmonella. If you have bird feeders or bird baths on your property, ensure that they are cleaned regularly and limit your dog’s access to them. Don’t allow your dog to drink from standing water and ensure that his food and water bowls are cleaned regularly, as the bowls can harbor bacteria. 

Although Salmonella food recalls only happen periodically, you can also take steps to protect your dog in the event that his food is contaminated. Always store your dog’s food in its original container, so you have the manufacturer information and lot number available in the event of a recall. 

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From infections to allergies, there are a number of potential problems that can cause itching in dogs (1). Let’s take a closer look at other reasons your dog may be itchy, how skin issues are diagnosed, and natural ways to help provide itch relief for dogs.

Dog Itchy Skin Causes

“Just like people, there are an immense amount of issues that can cause itchy skin in dogs,” says Dr. Chris Menges, a small animal veterinarian in Texas. “Dogs’ skin and fur are the protective layer that helps protect them from the environment, and all sorts of creepy crawlies try to get on (and possibly onto you!).” 

The three most common categories that cause itchy skin in dogs are infections, allergies, and parasites, Dr. Menges says.

If you notice that your dog is scratching more than usual, one of these issues could be to blame: 

• Dry skin, which can be caused by nutritional deficiencies, mild dehydration, or low humidity in the environment 
• Parasite hypersensitivity, which can be brought on most commonly by fleas or mites
• Allergies (from either food or the environment, like pollen)
• Hot spots
• Hormonal issues
• Yeast infection (e.g., Malassezia dermatitis)
• Bacterial infection (e.g., staphylococcal pyoderma)
• Genetic disorder (depending on the breed, some dogs are more susceptible)

If your dog is scratching a specific spot on their body, it may mean the following:  

• Itchy ears: Infections are a very common cause of itchy ears, and allergies can also sometimes cause your dog’s ears to itch. There could also be dirt and other materials that cause irritation and discomfort inside your dog’s ears.
• Itchy paws: Paws are most commonly affected when a dog suffers from allergies to food, grass, or pollen. A dog may also have dirty paws or extra moisture on their paw pads, causing them to become itchy in that spot.
• Itchy butt: A dog’s bottom can become itchy for many different reasons, like fleas, ringworm, fecal contamination, allergies, or even impacted anal sacs. 

Your veterinarian can help identify what’s causing your dog’s itchy skin. “A trained veterinarian’s eye can quickly find the solution or recommend the testing needed to solve this issue,” Dr. Menges says. Keep a record of the spots where your dog is scratching, how long they’ve been scratching for, and any other factors that may be involved, so when you talk to your vet, you can relay your observations. 

Dog Itchy Skin Symptoms

Besides the obvious—seeing your dog scratch himself—here are some other signs to watch for that may indicate a bigger problem than just a short-term, no-big-deal, temporary itch:

• Relentless scratching in specific spots
• Constant biting, chewing (of paws), and licking
• Bleeding and redness
• A brownish red saliva stain on the fur
• A skin infection or irritation 
• Scaling of the skin
• Odor
• Oozing pustules
• Hair loss 
• Restlessness 

Menges warns that while there may be a variety of causes for skin itchiness in dogs, the signs of itchy skin can all be the same. “These typically involve the dog repeatedly and consistently scratching at a specific place in the body,” Dr. Menges says. 

Any such repetitive pattern from the scratching fits can lead to hair loss, reddened or darkened skin, foul odor, or bleeding at the site of the itching, Dr. Menges adds. If you notice these signs, contact your veterinarian to ensure the problem doesn’t get worse, he recommends. 

Natural Itch Relief for Dogs: 5 Skin Soothers to Try

While there is not always a quick, easy fix to health-related issues in dogs, these natural ingredients may help soothe your dog’s itchy skin or help prevent skin issues from occurring. Keep in mind that soothing the itch alone does not address the underlying cause of the itch:

Honey

For centuries, honey has been prized for its potential health benefits and medicinal uses, ranging from healing wounds and burns to helping treat itchy skin issues like dandruff, psoriasis, and eczema (2). Known for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, honey is a common ingredient in pet skin and coat care products, including ointments, spray gels, and shampoos. 

One honey in particular, manuka honey, offers ultra-potent antibacterial activity. This carefully refined honey kills bacteria, maintains moisture, and helps the body shed dead tissue while protecting the skin’s natural microbiome (3, 4).

Colloidal Oatmeal

Colloidal oatmeal has long been used by humans to soothe dry, itchy or otherwise irritated skin, thanks to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties (5). A high-quality oatmeal shampoo for dogs can help provide itch relief, moisturize skin, and soften your pup’s coat. Look for gentle, hypoallergenic formulas that are pH balanced and free of sulfates, colorants, and other harsh chemicals. 

Apple Cider Vinegar

Apple cider vinegar (ACV) is a hugely popular natural ingredient that has worked its way into everything from detox tonics to DIY facial toners, scalp rinses, and bath soaks. Naturally, humans have been investigating how apple cider vinegar can benefit their canine companions as well. Dogs with itchy skin and dandruff may benefit from an apple cider vinegar bath or rinse to help calm irritation and inflammation. Apple cider vinegar can help restore the skin’s pH balance and it has multiple antimicrobial properties (6). However, it must be properly diluted and veterinarians recommend doing a spot test first to see how your dog reacts to it. If you don’t want to go the DIY route, you can always purchase an ACV rinse for dogs.

Fish Oil

Fish oil is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which offer numerous potential health benefits, such as reducing inflammation throughout the body and supporting skin and coat health (7). Omega-3 fatty acids may be beneficial for dogs with skin allergies or food sensitivities that can lead to itchy skin. A high-quality fish oil supplement may help keep your pet’s allergies at bay and avoid skin issues from developing in the first place. Look for a reputable product that is third-party tested for safety, strength, purity, and quality, and make sure to read the label carefully and follow proper dosing instructions. 

Turmeric

Another natural ingredient that may help your dog heal from the inside out is turmeric. It may help reduce inflammation and swelling and provide pain relief, among other benefits, thanks to its main active ingredient, curcumin (8). It can be administered topically to help ease itching, mixed into food, or taken as a supplement. When applied topically as a paste, turmeric can be used as a healing tool for chronic skin problems in dogs, such as lick granulomas. However, turmeric may not be the right fit for all pets, so check with your veterinarian if your pet has any pre-existing health conditions or is currently taking any medications.

Other Tips and Advice for Itch Relief in Dogs

While understanding the signs of skin problems in dogs and identifying what the problem may be are paramount to helping your canine companion, these other steps should also be a part of the process:

Understanding Allergies

If you suspect allergies are to blame, narrowing down the culprit with your veterinarian can help you find the most effective solution. Various medication options exist to manage itchy skin in dogs that stems from allergies. Apoquel is a commonly prescribed medicine for allergic itch in dogs that starts working within four hours.

Flea Prevention

Keeping your dog on monthly flea control will help stop those biting and itchy fleas dead in their tracks.

Eating Well

Dog foods that meet or exceed AAFCO standards “have appropriate nutrition to promote and create a healthy skin barrier to prevent infections,” Dr. Menges says. He also suggests giving your dog omega-3 fatty acids (like fish oil mentioned above) to help improve and decrease itchy signs due to allergies. 

Regular Grooming

Keeping a regular grooming schedule and using high-quality products that are easy on the skin can go a long way. Make sure you’re not bathing your dog too often either. “Preventing itchy skin starts with every day help,” says Dr. Menges.

The post Itch Relief for Dogs: Your Complete Guide appeared first on Great Pet Care.

“Pomegranate is not a common ingredient, but is becoming a more popular trend,” says Dr. Emily Townsend Luisana, veterinarian and clinical nutrition fellow at BluePearl Veterinary Specialty Hospital of the Carolinas.

But does that mean the next time you scoop out some delicious, deep red pomegranate seeds, you should offer some to your dog, too? If you’ve ever wondered, “Can dogs eat pomegranates?” or “Is pomegranate safe for dogs?” keep reading to find out if your dog can benefit from this superfruit, too.

Can Dogs Eat Pomegranate?

First, if you’re looking for a clean-cut, yes-or-no answer on whether pomegranates are safe for dogs, a quick anatomy lesson on the fruit will tell you it’s not that simple. Pomegranates contain many different parts, and not all of them may be pet-friendly. 

“Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a shrub or tree that produces pomegranate fruit. The leaves are not edible for dogs and can contain high levels of toxins,” notes Dr. Cristine Hayes, medical director at ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. “The fruit has a hard skin, also called a peel, and a spongy flesh organized into chambers that contain the seeds.”

All parts of the fruit (skin, flesh, and seeds) are rich in polyphenols (compounds packed with antioxidants), which is why you might be interested in sharing some pomegranate with your pup. But not all parts should be eaten.

“Although they are technically edible, the skin and flesh are poorly digestible and pose a risk for a digestive tract obstruction,” says Dr. Hayes. “The skin can be used in the production of pomegranate extract, which is used in dietary supplements and food. The seeds and juice within the seeds are edible for dogs, although large quantities of seeds can cause digestive upset, and since they don’t break down easily, they can also cause a digestive tract blockage.”

Adds Dr. Luisana, “The seeds themselves are generally safe in moderation and a good source of naturally occurring antioxidants (such as vitamin C and polyphenols) and fiber.”

Are Pomegranates Good for Dogs?

There are a number of research studies on the benefits of pomegranates for dogs, which is why you are increasingly likely to find pomegranate or pomegranate extract in dog foods, treats, and canine dietary supplements promoting wellness and joint health. Overall, pomegranate contains antioxidants, which are frequently used in the formulation of dog food and dietary supplements to support health and reduce inflammation, according to Dr. Hayes. Here are a few examples of pomegranate’s benefits:

• Most pet foods and products containing pomegranate tout its antioxidant properties (which can reduce normally occurring oxidative damage and that associated with certain disease states) and its fiber content (which can aid in digestive health) (1).
  
• Extracts have been studied as a treatment for canine oral health issues (2), such as halitosis (also known as stinky dog breath). Some over-the-counter water additives contain pomegranate extract to promote oral hygiene in dogs.  
  
• Some studies have also shown pomegranate to be potentially useful as a protection against cardiac (heart) health issues (3).
  
• Another study found pomegranate extract to be beneficial in the treatment of ear infections in dogs (4).
  
• Polyphenol-rich ingredients such as pomegranate are frequently incorporated in canine joint supplements to aid in the management of inflammation and osteoarthritis (5).
  
• A nutraceutical containing pomegranate extract was found to be effective in treating one dog with dermal melanoma (6). 
  
• Antioxidants in pomegranate have also been used to reduce the potential spoilage of dog food (7).

Additionally, pomegranate has been suggested as a natural product for use in treating diarrhea and digestive tract parasites. However, there are no good studies evaluating the use of pomegranate for these conditions in dogs, notes Dr. Hayes.

Are Pomegranates Bad for Dogs? 

While pomegranates can be beneficial, consuming pomegranate also poses some risks for dogs.

“Pomegranate skins/peels should not be eaten by dogs. Although extracts are derived from them, they contain tannins that cause digestive upset,” says Dr. Hayes. “They also are not very digestible and can cause a digestive tract obstruction. Large quantities of pomegranate seeds may also cause digestive upset and possibly digestive tract obstruction, as well.”

If you plan to feed your pup any pomegranate, always check to ensure that it is fresh.

“Any fruit that is spoiled or molded is not recommended for dogs, as it can be toxic,” adds Dr. Luisana. “The pomegranate fruit contains a high amount of sugar so may not be recommended for dogs with certain conditions, such as diabetes.”

Pomegranate and Dogs: Feeding Tips

You should know that there are no specific safe or harmful amounts of pomegranate seeds known for dogs, according to Dr. Hayes. So finding the appropriate amount for your pup depends on several factors, including their size and whether they have a history of digestive tract disease. 

“Dogs that eat large quantities at once can develop digestive upset and potentially a digestive tract blockage,” says Dr. Hayes. “They should only be fed occasionally and in small quantities. Dried or dehydrated pomegranate can pose similar risks. However, since they have a much lower water content, the risk for a blockage may be higher.”

If you’re looking to serve your pup pomegranate juice, Dr. Hayes says that it’s considered to be safe in small quantities, as long as there are no additional ingredients such as sugar, xylitol, or other flavorings or additives. So definitely check the label before pouring.

As for how to introduce pomegranate into your dog’s diet, try starting with the fresh stuff.

“Especially when introducing a new food to a pet, I recommend starting small and monitoring closely for any negative side effects,” notes Dr. Luisana. “As most other formulations (dried pomegranates, extracts, etc.) are concentrated, I also recommend starting with fresh fruit, in moderation, to gauge reactions.”

And before serving, make sure you double-check with your veterinarian to ensure pomegranate is safe for your pet.

“Always discuss your dog’s food and any supplements with your veterinarian or veterinary nutritionist as they are in the best position to make individual recommendations,” says Dr. Luisana.

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Is it OK for Cats to Eat Celery?

Yes, cats can eat celery! However, celery cannot replace a well-balanced diet. Pet parents should consider celery an additional treat rather than a significant part of a cat’s routine diet. As obligate carnivores, meat-based diets for cats are a must. Without meat and a whole host of vitamins and minerals in the correct proportions, cats can become seriously ill. 

But as long as you serve up celery in the correct proportion to a nutritionally balanced diet, it’s fine to share this veggie with your cat.

Celery grows in marshlands all over the world in the form of a long narrow stalk that tapers into leaves. From this comes a narrow stem that flowers and produces seeds. These small, fragrant celery seeds are used as a cooking spice as well as a component of Eastern medicine. People tend to eat the stalk, leaves, and seeds—essentially the entire plant, minus the roots.

Is Celery Good for Cats?

Celery in moderation is good for cats. For one, it contains compounds called apigenin and luteolin—antioxidants that lower inflammation (1) and are used frequently in Eastern medicine. The compounds in celery have been suggested as a possible treatment for cancer, based on how they interact with cells (2, 3).

Celery seeds and extracts are natural diuretics—a substance that helps flush salt and chloride from the body in the form of urine. Excessive amounts of celery could potentially lead to dehydration in cats, albeit a very mild case. This diuretic property is often used in a beneficial way, however. In rats, celery extracts reduced high blood pressure (4).

Celery has also been shown to decrease cholesterol and triglycerides in rats (5). In vitro studies have shown that celery extract can regrow nerve cells (6). Celery is also high in fiber, which helps regulate the production of feces and promotes regularity. Higher fiber intake helps cats feel full.

Many cats demonstrate a preference for certain textures or shapes that are fun to chew on. In fact, some cats become obsessed with chewing on things like wooden furniture! Celery is an excellent enrichment tool. Its crunchy, wood-like texture makes it a fun chew toy of sorts for cats. You could even hang it from the ceiling on a string to provide your favorite feline with a moving target to practice pouncing upon. 

Celery is not common in commercially sold cat food diets or treats. It is primarily composed of water and, secondarily, fiber, which makes it a difficult ingredient to incorporate. You may find it as an ingredient in recipes for homemade cat food posted online. However, always check with your veterinarian before whipping up any homemade cat food recipe. Unless the recipe has been thoroughly vetted by a veterinary nutritionist or prescribed by your veterinarian, there’s no way to confirm that it is nutritionally complete and balanced. 

Is Celery Bad for Cats?

In some cases, celery can be harmful to your cat. If your cat ingests a large quantity of celery stalks or leaves, they could suffer an upset stomach, vomiting, or diarrhea. While having high fiber content is beneficial, it can also be difficult to digest.

Celery may also be cross-reactive with certain allergens. If your cat is allergic to things in the environment such as mugwort or other grasses, they may also be allergic to celery.

Celery and Cats: Feeding Tips

On average, only 10 percent of your cat’s daily diet (at most) should come from sources outside of their nutritionally-balanced cat food. With that in mind, about 1 tablespoon of celery per day would be considered a suitable serving.

When you are serving up celery as a special treat, you can leave it as a whole chunk or dice it up, depending on your cat’s preference. If you are offering celery as an enriching play option, leave it as a whole stalk for your cat to grab and chew.

Celery juice is not harmful to cats in small quantities. There are no specific guidelines about how much celery juice is too much for cats to drink, but pet parents should not offer more than about a tablespoon per day. As a natural diuretic, celery juice can trigger your cat to lose extra fluids. But as long as your cat has plenty of fresh water available at all times, they should be fine.

Celery seeds are sometimes used therapeutically in Eastern medicine. Before giving your cat any herbal supplement, you should consult your veterinarian. Some herbal supplements contain high doses of compounds that may be harmful to your cat, depending on their medical history and conditions.

As long as you follow these guidelines, you should be able to share the crunchy, yummy benefits of celery safely with your cat. 

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What Causes Dog Wounds?

The most common cause of dog wounds are other dogs. Dogs can injure each other during rough play, minor disagreements, and full-on fights. Dog wounds can also result from being hit by a car, altercations with cats, sharp sticks or stones, some infections, and many other unavoidable aspects of dog life.

A wound is defined as anywhere the skin is damaged—from burns or scrapes that only involve the surface of the skin, to cuts and punctures that penetrate deeper, compromising all layers of the skin. And just in case you’re tempted to disregard a wound unless you see lots of blood, it’s important to note that the amount of bleeding doesn’t always reflect the severity of the wound. For example, small cuts on the ear may bleed very badly while large lacerations may have minimal bleeding. 

Types of Dog Wounds

Just as there are many things that can cause wounds in dogs, there are many different types of wounds, too. Here are some of the most common types of dog wounds pet parents face:

Scrapes

Scrapes are superficial wounds that only involve the surface layer of the skin. They can be very painful. The most common way dogs get large scrapes is vehicular trauma. 

Burns 

Dogs often burn their paw pads in the summer when walking on hot concrete or asphalt surfaces. The severity of the burn wound is ranked according to how deep the damage goes. Dogs can also burn their mouths and throats stealing food while it is cooking or cooling.

Lacerations

Lacerations commonly occur when dogs fight. They are open wounds in the skin that can be long or short, superficial or deep. Dogs can also lacerate themselves on sticks, fences, or even from misjudging a jump onto a chair or into a car.

Degloving

A degloving injury is a very severe form of a laceration where a large section of skin is pulled away from the tissue below it. These types of wounds are most frequent in fights where a big dog bites and then shakes or swings a little dog, causing the skin to come loose.

Puncture Wounds

Like an iceberg, puncture wounds may look small, but there is often much more going on under the surface that you can’t see. Punctures are small, deep wounds that often occur during a fight with another animal or routine interaction with a sharp object. At first glance, they may not look too serious, but these types of wounds can easily become infected because bacteria and debris get trapped at the very bottom of the puncture with no easy way out. In the case of a fight, what looks like a small hole in the skin could be hiding severe internal damage, including broken bones, large deep lacerations of muscle, open chests or abdomens, and even damage to internal organs.

Envenomation

Insect bites, stings, and snake bites can all cause wounds. Typically, minor events—like a single ant bite or bee sting—do not require treatment, but every dog is different. Some dogs are allergic to insect bites and stings and need emergency treatment. Snake bites can cause severe, life-threatening wounds because the venom kills tissue as it spreads. So a snake bite wound should always be evaluated by a veterinarian immediately. 

“Hot Spots”

Moist dermatitis (commonly known as a “hot spot”) may look like a scrape or a burn, but it is actually a skin infection. The treatment for hot spots is very different than the treatment for true wounds. (Check out Hot Spots on Dogs for more information.)

Eye Wounds 

Any wound on or around the eye should be treated as an emergency. Delaying treatment risks your dog’s vision. Any product used to clean a wound near the eye should be safe for use directly in an eye.

How to Clean a Dog Wound at Home

No matter what type of wound you’re dealing with or what caused it, it’s important to treat your dog’s wound promptly and properly to clear it of bacteria and avoid dangerous infections. That’s because it is much easier (not to mention, often less painful, expensive, and risky) to treat a fresh, clean wound than one that is old and infected or has healed poorly. 

However, always consult with your veterinarian first if you are at all concerned that the wound may be more serious. And that doesn’t just apply to large or bleeding wounds. Wounds that appear small may actually be more severe. So when in doubt, call your veterinary clinic. 

When cleaning your dog’s wound, never apply hydrogen peroxide, rubbing alcohol, or other caustic cleaning products to your dog’s skin. These will worsen the wound and are painful to your dog.

Generally, wounds only need to be cleaned after the initial incident, if there is fluid drainage from them, or if exposed to contaminants like dirt or food. If an antiseptic cleaner is recommended, a mild soap (such as baby shampoo, dish soap, or unscented hand soap) is all you need. Your veterinarian may recommend using an Epsom salt solution instead of soap or may even send special wound-care soap home with you. 

Cleaning a wound too frequently or vigorously can delay or prevent it from healing properly. That means you’ll need to be gentle, yet vigilant, to keep new debris and bacteria from entering the wound.

In some locations, an unscented gentle baby wipe is the best way to clean around a wound. Do not wipe directly on the wound unless you can see debris to remove, but instead clean the surrounding area. For wounds on the feet or lower legs, gently dry the area with a clean towel every time your dog comes in from outdoors. Wounds on the face should be wiped of debris and patted dry after each meal. And wounds near your dog’s hind end should be wiped and dried every time they go to the bathroom. 

Dog Wound Care

A big part of keeping your dog’s wound clean so it can heal properly is preventing your pet from licking, chewing, or scratching at the wound during recovery. Some pet parents resort to elaborate, MacGyver-style systems constructed from old T-shirts, tube socks, and athletic tape. But a simpler (though, not at all stylish) method is to use the cone of shame, also known as an Elizabethan collar or e-collar. 

You can get an e-collar from your veterinarian or at many pet stores. While they come in many varieties, generally the hard ones are most effective. An e-collar should be worn at all times, even when sleeping, until the wound heals, but you can take the e-collar off for leashed walks and mealtime as long as you are actively watching your dog. 

To make sure your dog’s wound is healing properly, keep a close watch on it, checking it at least every morning and evening. If you see any new debris, bruising, or swelling, if the wound has a foul odor, or if you notice more than a few drops of discharge, see your veterinarian immediately. 

The best way to keep tabs on how your dog is healing is to take pictures of the wound’s progression over time—ideally in a room with consistent lighting so the images are easier to compare. Any changes to the wound that do not look like healing should be evaluated by your veterinarian. 

As they heal, wounds progress through different types of scar tissue. The first stage is called granulation, where the wound is usually pink and moist. It is important to keep granulation clean and protected, as it is still vulnerable to contaminants. 

The next stage of healing is when that granulation turns into a pink or lightly-colored scar that is dry, but may still be sensitive to touch. At this stage, the e-collar is key because chewing or licking can easily break down this fragile scar tissue, which would put your healing process back at square one.  

If you can avoid that setback, the scar will mature, and your dog can be freed from his e-collar. Keep in mind, your dog’s hair is unlikely to regrow from a scar.

Surgical Wounds

Surgical incisions are a different type of wound and need to be treated differently from other sources of wounds. Surgical wounds are “clean,” meaning they are not contaminated with dirt and bacteria the way other wounds are. They should be kept clean and dry according to the instructions provided by your veterinarian. You should not clean a surgical wound unless specifically directed by your veterinarian. However, you should still monitor these wounds as they heal for signs of infection, like you would any other wound. 

If a veterinarian places a drain in the wound, be sure to follow their instructions for monitoring and follow-up closely. Drains help any fluid or infection leave the wound instead of getting trapped and stalling the healing process. Drains should never go more than two to three days without being evaluated by a veterinarian.

Final Take on Wound Care for Dogs

Wounds come in many varieties and are very common in dogs. Always seek veterinary care for wounds, because what you see on the surface may not tell the entire story of your dog’s injury. Keeping wounds clean and preventing your dog from chewing at them are the two most important parts of home wound care. 

Knowing how to care for wounds at home will help your dog heal better and faster. Although many people expect that their dog will learn their lesson and not repeat whatever got them hurt in the first place, that is rarely the case. Dogs just want to have fun and quickly forget any lessons when it interferes with playtime. So don’t throw away that e-collar because, odds are you may need it again.

The post How to Clean a Dog Wound appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But…you know what they say about cats and curiosity, says Dr. Marci L. Koski, certified feline behavior consultant and founder of Feline Behavior Solutions. Many houseplants have characteristics that felines are drawn to—especially if they’re bored. There’s dirt to dig in, wavy leaves to nibble on, enticing smells, and even new tastes, she notes. That’s why it’s important to know which plants are safe for cats and which are toxic before you stock up.

Here’s everything you need to know about cats and plants, including whether or not common houseplants are safe and what to do if your kitty falls ill. 

Which Plants Are Safe for Cats? Toxic and Nontoxic Houseplants 

There’s a wide range of plants that can be toxic to cats. Common signs of a possible poisoning include drooling, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, or changes in appetite, mood, or eating or drinking habits, says Dr. Heather Graddy, lead veterinarian at Lakewood Veterinary Hospital in Colorado. 

While risk of serious illness can be low from some plants if only one or two leaves are eaten, the danger typically goes up the more your cat has ingested, says Dr. Melanie Cohen, a veterinarian and founder of Angel Pet Veterinary Hospice in Hampton Roads, Virginia. Additionally, certain varieties of plants or flowers, like lilies, can also be rapidly life-threatening even with a very minimal exposure. 

Here’s what you need to know about which plants are safe for cats. 

Are Spider Plants Safe for Cats? 

Yes, fortunately spider plants are safe for cats. Easy to care for and ever-propagating new mini-me’s, spider plants are a safe, non-toxic plant for cats. 

“Due to the whimsical, ribbon-like nature of the leaves, cats are drawn to playing with and chewing on this plant,” says Brooke Blocker, a proud cat mom to a 17-year-old little lady and owner of Outside In, an online houseplant shop. 

However, they’re definitely not cat food, so it’s best to keep your little ones away from them if they’re prone to nibbling.

Are Snake Plants Safe for Cats? 

These spiky, bright green plants are famously indestructible. But unfortunately, they’re not cat-friendly due to their saponins, natural compounds that are toxic to cats and dogs alike and can cause vomiting and diarrhea, notes Blocker. 

Are Corn Plants Safe for Cats? 

Another plant whose leaves contain saponins, corn plants are on the ‘no’ list for cats since ingesting them can cause gastrointestinal distress, says Blocker. At the very least, you’ll want to keep their leaves out of reach.   

Are Eucalyptus Plants Safe for Cats?

While eucalyptus trees and their essential oils are famous for their healing properties for humans, they’re toxic to felines. “Eucalyptus leaves contain oils of eucalyptol which cats are unable to metabolize properly when ingested,” explains Blocker. 

Signs of poisoning include drooling, vomiting, diarrhea, low mood, and weakness, per the ASPCA. 

Are Lavender Plants Safe for Cats? 

Like eucalyptus, lavender is also off-limits to cats since it contains the oils linalool and linalyl acetate, which are toxic to cats as well as dogs and horses. 

Signs of a kitty in distress include nausea, vomiting, and lack of appetite.

Are Aloe Plants Safe for Cats?

With a cooling gel that serves as the go-to home remedy for sunburn, aloe vera plants are another good-for-you, bad-for-your-cat houseplant. 

That’s thanks to their anthraquinones, substances that juice up the digestive tract, triggering vomiting and diarrhea as well as low mood and, in rare cases, tremors in cats, per the Pet Poison Helpline (PPH). 

Are Rubber Plants Safe for Cats? 

Rubber plants such as jade trees, baby jade, and Chinese and Japanese rubber plants are all toxic to cats. Their sap can irritate a kitty’s skin, mouth, and GI tract. 

Signs of trouble include skin irritation, low appetite, drooling, vomiting, and diarrhea, per the PPH. 

Is Devil’s Ivy Safe for Cats?

Nope. These fast-growing houseplants contain calcium oxalate crystals, a toxic-to-cats substance that can cause excessive drooling, pawing at the mouth due to pain and irritation, and vomiting, says Dr. Cohen. 

Are Monstera Plants Safe for Cats? 

With their gorgeous leaves and stunning height, Monstera plants are a staple of Instagram-worthy spaces, but they also don’t get along well with cats due to calcium oxalate crystals.

Are Prayer Plants Safe for Cats?

Yes! If you still want a leafy, tropical look, snag some prayer plants which are non-toxic to cats. “Luckily, there are many types of prayer plants available, so you can relax and load up on this family of feline-friendly plants,” says Blocker. 

Houseplants Poisonous to Cats 

Besides those that have already been mentioned, there are a handful of other plants toxic to cats. 

Hands down, the most toxic plant found in many homes is the lily. In fact, Dr. Cohen says she refuses to allow any type of lily in her home because even the pollen or water in the vase or pot could make cats seriously ill. 

True lilies—Asiatic, Day, Tiger, Easter, Japanese, and Oriental—can cause severe kidney damage. “Imposter” lilies like Calla, Peace, Water, and Peruvian lilies aren’t as dangerous, but they can still cause mouth, throat, and GI irritation, notes Dr. Cohen. 

If you suspect your cat may have gotten into your lilies, seek veterinary help immediately. 

The following houseplants are also toxic to cats: 

• Alocasia 
• Amaryllis 
• American and English Holly 
• Asparagus Fern 
• Autumn crocus 
• Azalea or rhododendron 
• Begonia 
• Chrysanthemum 
• Cyclamen 
• Dieffenbachia 
• Kalanchoe 
• Oleander
• Peace lily 
• Pothos 
• Sago palm 
• Schefflera 
• Tulip and Hyacinth bulbs
• Yew

Wondering about another type of houseplant? Use the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center search tool to find out if it’s okay to have around kitties.

Plants Safe for Cats

Although some plants might be best left out of your cart, there are plenty of others that are cat-friendly. 

“I recommend Peperomia plants to everyone who has a cat,” says Blocker. “There are so many different varieties that there’s always one that will suit any personal plant preference.” 

Here’s a selection of other cat-safe plants:

• African Violet
• Baby Tears 
• Bird’s Nest Fern  
• Boston Fern 
• Bromeliad 
• Butterfly Palm 
• Calathea Orbifolia 
• Friendship Plant  
• Hoya
• Orchid 
• Parlor Palm 
• Polka Dot Plant 
• Ponytail Palm
• Staghorn Fern  
• Swedish Ivy 
• Some succulents such as Echeveria and Haworthia 
• Venus Flytrap 

Cats and Plants: Safety Tips to Follow 

So, how can your cats and plants peacefully (and safely) coexist? “When in doubt, keep toxic plants out,” says Dr. Koski. Again, a no-entry rule for lilies is best since they’re especially toxic for cats. 

Otherwise, think like a cat and consider your pets’ distinct personalities as you arrange houseplants in your space. High shelves, terrariums or empty fish tanks, and even bird cages can help keep plants and cats separate, says Dr. Koski. 

However, if you’ve got a jumper, digger, or muncher, reserve a cat-free room for toxic plants or leave them out of your home entirely. Keep in mind that some plants like cacti are also best kept out of reach since they can injure little paws, says Dr. Graddy. Finally, remember the signs of a possible poisoning, such as drooling, vomiting, diarrhea, and out-of-the-ordinary changes in behavior. Just in case, keep the numbers for the ASPCA’s Animal Poison Control Center (1-888-426-4435) and the Pet Poison Helpline (1-855-764-7661) handy. While there are fees associated with these services, it’s a small price to pay to make sure your kitty’s safe, says Dr. Koski. 

The post Plants Safe for Cats: 20 to Keep in Your Home appeared first on Great Pet Care.

This is no surprise since the American Pet Products Association estimates that U.S. pet parents spent 95.7 billion on pet food, treats, over-the-counter treatments, vet care and other services in 2019. Translation: That’s a lot of money and a lot of love for our pets..While hemp-derived CBD products are new in the wellness space, they’re quickly becoming mainstream. Some national pet stores are even starting to carry these products. 

But there are still a lot of questions about the legality of CBD products for pets, and their legal status is different depending on where you live. 

Are Hemp-Derived CBD Products Legal for Pets?

Because these products are so new, recent and rapid changes are still taking place regarding the legal status of hemp products for both humans and pets in the U.S.

The federal 2018 Farm Bill removed industrial hemp from its definition of marijuana, effectively making hemp-derived CBD products for pets legal in the U.S.

To break that down, marijuana remains a schedule 1 drug but hemp-derived CBD products with less than 0.3% of THC are legal.

We’ll put it one more way: hemp-derived CBD products are available and legal as supplements, as long as they contain less than 0.3% THC.

Keep in mind that not all CBD supplements for pets are created equal. They may not be processed the same way or have the same testing and quality standards. Learn more about how to choose a safe and effective CBD supplement for your pet.

Currently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is outlining marketing, labeling and claims rules for companies that make hemp-derived products. But demand is outpacing regulatory changes. 

Labeling and Claims on CBD Products for Pets

Many consumers claim to see benefits from using CBD products in their pets, including:

• Reduction in chronic pain and inflammation
• Reduction in anxiety
• Help for other conditions

In fact, in my own practice we have seen promising results when implementing cannabis into a pet’s protocol.  

However, it is not legal for hemp-derived products to make the same kinds of claims that pet medications do. CBD products designed for pets CANNOT claim to provide treatment for or cure any medical issue. 

Research about the impact of hemp CBD products in dogs and cats is still limited. Much of what we know about the use of hemp CBD is anecdotal or has been inferred from human medicine. 

We need a lot more research to be conducted, especially on different molecules of the plant—not just CBD. More detailed research on each compound in the plant can help establish and confirm what each part of the plant can or cannot do. But this will take time. We’ve only just now begun to understand this for human cannabis. 

CBD Products: Differences in State and Federal Regulations 

In order to understand the legality of CBD products for pets, it’s important to understand the laws and regulations for humans at both the state and federal level.

Marijuana Regulation

U.S. federal law does not recognize or protect medicinal marijuana possession or use. Even if medicinal marijuana is legal in your state, the federal government can still prosecute you for possession and/or use. 

Even so, more and more states have legalized the medical use of marijuana, creating tension between state and federal marijuana regulations.

Hemp-Derived CBD Regulation

Hemp and marijuana are not the same, even though CBD can be extracted from both. 

Hemp products are legal in the U.S. If the CBD comes from hemp plants and the products contain less than 0.3% THC (the intoxicating compound in marijuana) by dry weight at the time of harvest, the CBD products are legal at the federal level.

However, if the CBD comes from a marijuana plant, it is still considered illegal. 

Are Hemp and CBD Products Legal in Canada?

The short answer is yes. There are many caveats to this though. In Canada, marijuana is legal and regulated at the federal level. 

• Canada’s Cannabis Act places all phytocannabinoids on the prescription drug list. CBD is included here. 
• Human marijuana and hemp products with CBD require a prescription from a doctor.

However, there are currently no approved CBD drugs for pets in Canada. The only legal way to buy cannabis products for your pet in Canada is by purchasing “veterinary health products” that have hemp in them. These products can be bought via retail avenues and are regulated. 

Do I Need a Prescription for Pet CBD Products?  

In the U.S., you DO NOT need a prescription for pet products that contains CBD. That said, it’s critical you do your research to find a reputable source for those products. 

A 2017 Penn Medicine study found that only 30% of 84 CBD extracts bought online matched the label’s claims within 10% of the amount claimed on the labels. In fact, many contained more THC than the 0.3% maximum allowed. 

Research companies before you buy. Buy from a trustworthy company that is transparent about where their products are sourced and straightforward about their claims. Any company over-promising or making curative claims about hemp-based products should be avoided. 

In Canada, you DO need a prescription for CBD, however there are no approved CBD drugs for pets in Canada. Veterinarians aren’t allowed to prescribe, dispense or administer cannabis products to their patients. Instead, you can buy regulated “veterinary health products” directly. 

A list of Canada’s veterinary health products is listed on Health Canada’s website. These products are regulated by the Industrial Hemp Regulations (IHR). However, regulations and legal issues are changing quickly! Stay up to date at the Canadian Association of Veterinary Cannabinoid Medicine’s website. 

Can My Veterinarian Recommend CBD for My Pet?

The answer to this question is complicated, and it depends largely on your location, your veterinarian’s comfort level with CBD products, and your veterinarian’s knowledge of state laws.

There is still a lot of confusion within the profession about what veterinarians can legally discuss and what they can’t in regard to cannabis use in pets. Some may even choose to avoid the topic altogether. 

Keep in mind—your veterinarian is mandated by the state veterinary medical board. The board can limit how much your vet is allowed to guide you with CBD products.

If you are interested in using CBD products as part of your pet’s care regimen, ask your veterinarian about the rules in your state. Many veterinarians are advocating to have the agency they need to help guide you on which products are safe for your pet. Let your veterinarian know if you’re interested in guidance–even if they cannot currently provide it.

Follow these tips to have a proactive conversation about CBD products with your veterinarian.

Legal Status of CBD for Pets: The Bottom Line

The legal landscape around CBD for pets is still evolving at both the state and federal level. But here is what you need to know about the current laws: 

•  In the United States, hemp products that contain less than 0.3% THC by dry weight are legal in all 50 states and allowed to be sold as supplements. However, the FDA has not approved any hemp-derived CBD product as a drug for animal use. 

• No veterinary products are allowed to make claims of treatment for CBD products, but much anecdotal evidence is available regarding potential benefits for pets.

• Additional research is needed to better understand and verify how CBD products impact specific medical conditions in pets.

• In Canada, only “veterinary health products” made from hemp are legal without a prescription.

• Your veterinarian may have limited ability to recommend or endorse CBD products. Consider asking them what their own familiarity with it is, and what they’re allowed to do regarding these supplements in your state.

You want the best for your pet. Seek out products manufactured for pets from a reputable company and get your veterinarian’s opinion to find out if your pet may benefit from hemp-based products. A simple conversation and good research can help steer you in the right direction for your pet! 

The post Is Hemp Legal in the U.S. and Canada for Pets? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Dogs lick for a wide variety of reasons, including communication, and licking is usually a normal behavior for them. Dogs love to explore with their mouths and tongues. However, if any licking behavior becomes persistent or excessive, it may be the sign of a medical or a behavioral disorder. 

The following article will explore the reasons behind why dogs lick things in general and, more specifically, why dogs lick their lips. 

Why Do Dogs Lick So Much? 

Dogs are first introduced to licking behavior by their mothers. As soon as puppies are born, their mothers must lick them to stimulate them to urinate and defecate, as well as to groom them. Dogs learn this behavior and will lick each other or their humans as part of normal social interactions. Licking can also be soothing to dogs. 

Unlike humans, dogs do not have hands that they can use to touch, feel, and explore the world. Instead, dogs use their noses as well as their tongues to explore and learn more about their environments. 

Dogs have an amazing sense of smell and if something smells good or pungent, including smells we find disgusting, it will often prompt a dog to lick that object. Your dog may lick your feet because they are stinky. Dogs may also lick things because they taste good to them, such as another dog’s mouth after they’ve recently eaten. 

For some dogs, licking can be an attention-seeking behavior that we unknowingly reinforce. Dogs are very in tune with their owners. If you gave your puppy attention every time they gave you kisses because it was adorable (who can resist puppy breath?), they learned to continue this behavior into adulthood in order to receive attention. 

But not all licking behavior is for attention or a normal part of exploration. A common reason that may cause a dog to excessively lick themselves is allergies. Allergies cause a dog to feel itchy and they will excessively groom to try to alleviate the itch. Dogs may also lick their lips or objects obsessively if they are nervous, stressed, or bored. 

Reasons Dogs Lick Their Lips 

Dogs often lick their lips as part of a normal communication with a strange dog or a human to let them know that they are not a threat to the stranger and to receive feedback that the stranger is also not a threat to the dog (1). 

Besides licking their lips as part of normal communication and greeting others, dogs also lick their lips for the following reasons: 

Hunger

When dogs feel hungry or they smell something delicious, like hamburgers on the grill, they will lick their lips. 

After Eating 

After finishing a meal—when there is still food in their mouth or on their lips—you might notice your dog licking their lips more than normal. 

Fear, Anxiety, or Stress 

When dogs feel threatened or uncomfortable, they will lick their lips. Studies showed that when a dog experienced aggressive behavior from another dog, they would lick their lips. This, in turn, would decrease that aggressive behavior in the aggressor dog (1). Dogs too will display lip licking toward humans when they are scared or uncomfortable, in the hopes that the human will not become aggressive toward them. 

Dogs may also lick their lips when you pet them as a signal that they are nervous or stressed by the behavior. Other dog body language signs of fear, anxiety, and stress include avoiding direct eye contact, a tense body posture, crouching down, pinned ears and a tucked tail. If you see any of these body language signs in a dog, it’s best to stop the behavior, give them some space, avert your eyes, and let them come to you. 

Ongoing anxiety can also lead to chronic behaviors such as lip licking. Anxiety behaviors can be reduced by giving your dog adequate exercise, providing them with interactive toys, ignoring anxious behaviors, and rewarding calm behaviors. Your veterinarian can help diagnose anxiety in your dog and may prescribe anxiety medications if the issue is severe. 

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Yes, dogs can develop OCD just like people can, and excessive lip licking can be a symptom. OCD behaviors will typically first occur at or around the age of adolescence. Dogs with OCD will not usually stop when asked to stop the behavior and will do it even when their owners are not around. If you are concerned that your dog has OCD, they should be evaluated by a veterinarian, who may then refer your dog to a veterinary behaviorist, as this can be a difficult condition to treat. 

Nausea 

Similarly to humans, when dogs feel nauseous they will start to produce excess saliva and this in turn will cause them to lick their lips. Other clues that can tell you nausea is the reason for lip licking are loss of appetite, eating grass, or vomiting. If these symptoms are severe or last longer than a day or so, you should take your dog to see the veterinarian. 

Any disease that affects the gastrointestinal tract including inflammatory bowel disease, liver disease, food allergies, pancreatitis and intestinal cancers can cause a dog to lick their lips. 

Dental or Oral Issues

Dog lip licking may be due to an issue inside of the mouth. Periodontal disease, an inflammatory condition of the gums and the tissues supporting the teeth, is present in some form in most adult dogs. As dogs age, if they do not receive regular oral care, this disease may progress and lead to pain, infection, and tooth loss. This will often lead to lip licking when the disease is advanced. 

Tumors in the mouth and foreign objects stuck in the mouth may also lead to lip licking. If you notice lip licking suddenly in your dog, make sure you take a good look in their mouth and take them to the vet if the behavior continues and is frequent.

Seizures

Partial or focal seizures in dogs are seizures that only affect a portion of the brain and may only cause subtle symptoms such as lip licking. If your dog suddenly develops lip licking, especially if your dog acts strange before and/or after the behavior begins, this may be a symptom of seizures and your dog should be taken to see a vet as soon as possible. 

Cognitive Dysfunction 

Canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) is a disorder similar to dementia in humans and may cause a dog to lick their lips. It occurs in old and geriatric dogs and is a diagnosis of exclusion, meaning your veterinarian will diagnose this condition only when other causes of lip licking are excluded. Other symptoms of CDS include house soiling, change in sleep-wake cycles, pacing, vocalization and confusion. 

Why Do Dogs Smack Their Lips? 

While lip smacking may be a bit louder and more annoying than lip licking, the causes of lip licking and lip smacking are not usually very different. 

If a dog were to have severe mouth pain or something else really disturbing happening, the response may be more exaggerated and lead to lip smacking instead of lip licking.

Excessive Lip Licking In Dogs 

Occasional lip licking can be normal dog behavior. But a dog’s licking is considered excessive if it interrupts you or your dog’s day-to-day routine or quality of life. 

If your dog licks their lips without stopping for longer than a minute at a time, this would be considered excessive. If the lick lipping wakes you or them up in the middle of the night, the behavior is excessive. 

You should not scold or punish your dog when they licks their lips. Punishment can increase anxiety and it gives the dog attention, so it can inadvertently reinforce the behavior.

If you think your dog’s lip licking is due to a behavioral issue and not due to a medical issue, you can try some things at home to help decrease or eliminate the behavior. You can try distracting your dog with a food-filled toy when you see the behavior. You can also ignore the behavior by looking away or leaving the room when the behavior occurs. Getting your dog enough exercise may also help control lip-licking behavior.

If your dog suffers from anxiety, however, avoid hyper-focusing on reducing lip licking. In these scenarios, lip licking is normal dog body language conveying that they’re anxious. Instead, focus on reducing your pet’s anxiety, not on reducing the lip-licking itself.

If the behavior occurs despite trying the above suggestions, it’s time to take your pup to the veterinarian. 

When To Be Concerned About Dog Lip Licking

Excessive lip licking often has a medical cause. You should take your dog to the vet if excessive lip licking occurs suddenly and there is no apparent cause for the behavior. This is especially important if your pet is older or you notice any other abnormal symptoms such as a change in appetite, drooling, vomiting, diarrhea, or weight loss. 

Before taking your dog to see a veterinarian, it is very helpful to take several videos recording the abnormal behavior. This can help your veterinarian tremendously in reaching a diagnosis. 

During a veterinary appointment, the doctor will do a thorough physical examination. They will look in your dog’s mouth and palpate (feel) the abdomen. Blood, urine, and fecal tests also should be performed. If the tests do not show any abnormalities, the problem is likely behavioral and your veterinarian may recommend working with a behaviorist or trainer. 

The post Why Do Dogs Lick Their Lips? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But what exactly are CBD products for pets? Do they really work? And more importantly—are they safe? 

It can be hard to sift through all the marketing speak and get down to the facts about CBD for dogs and cats. I’ve put together this reference article to help you learn all about the terminology, the potential benefits, and the things you should consider when speaking to your veterinarian and shopping for products.

What is CBD? 

CBD is the abbreviation used for cannabidiol, one of the chemical compounds derived from either hemp or marijuana plants.  

CBD acts on the endocannabinoid systems (ECS) of both humans and pets, including dogs and cats. The endocannabinoid system is a unique communications system in the brain and body that affects many important functions, including how a pet feels, moves, and reacts.

When extracted and used in oils or other products like chews, CBD can potentially assist with a variety of different conditions including calming, relaxation, and potentially even osteoarthritis pain relief for our pets. 

Differences Between Hemp and Marijuana

Both hemp and marijuana are varieties of the Cannabis sativa plant. Both contain CBD, but the main difference between the two comes down to the THC levels found in both plants. 

Regarding hemp and marijuana, the percent of THC refers to the percent of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is the chemical compound responsible for the intoxicating effects associated with cannabis

Hemp has less than 0.3 percent THC by dry weight at the time of harvest. But marijuana has greater than 0.3 percent THC. 

Can CBD Get My Pet High?

CBD is a non-intoxicating component of both hemp and marijuana plants. Unlike THC, CBD cannot get you or your pets high, if dosed appropriately. 

However, CBD can influence brain activity in pets, which leads to some of the potential benefits, such as a reduction in stress and anxiety for dogs and cats. 

Pets should never be given an intoxicating level of THC. It’s important to discuss dosage instructions with your veterinarian and to never experiment with products not created specifically for pets.  

Is CBD Safe for Dogs and Cats? 

Studies have shown that CBD products have a wide margin of safety in both dogs and cats. Multiple veterinary studies have shown that, even when given high levels of CBD, pets experienced no major adverse effects (1) (2) (3). However, one of the studies did report cats had adverse effects of excessive licking and head-shaking.

Remember, CBD contains no intoxicating properties and will not get your pet high. 

As more research is conducted, we will all gain more information regarding the effect of long-term use of CBD products in pets. 

Potential Benefits of CBD for Pets

Hemp-derived CBD products for pets are still new in the veterinary space, so the scientific verdict is still out on what CBD can and cannot do from a medical perspective. 

Hemp-derived products work conjointly with a pet’s natural endocannabinoid system, which helps to regulate many of the body’s different functions in our dogs and cats.  

Based off of both human and veterinary literature, CBD products may also help pets in the following ways:

• Anti-inflammatory (i.e. hypersensitivity, dermatitis)
• Reduction in pain
• Reduction in seizures and convulsions
• Immune system support (i.e. autoimmune disease, cancer)
• Nervous system support
• Cardiovascular system support 
• Reduction in anxiety
• Gastrointestinal support

There is also anecdotal evidence to support the use of hemp-derived CBD products for pets. A 2018 survey revealed that pet owners endorsed hemp CBD treats and products because of perceived improvement in numerous ailments including pain, inflammation, anxiety, digestive system issues, and aid with sleep. A few published peer reviewed studies showed that using hemp-derived CBD oil improved the lives of dogs with osteoarthritis (4) (5).

How Do Cats and Dogs React to CBD? 

Significant research still needs to be performed to thoroughly compare the differences between the endocannabinoid system of pets and how this system responds to phytocannabinoids (synthetic and plant-based cannabinoids) like CBD. 

There are two major types of cannabinoid receptors in a pet’s body—CB1 and CB2. These receptors help to balance and regulate a pet’s immune and central nervous system, which can ultimately influence inflammation, pain, allergies, and mood. 

There are three main components of the endocannabinoid system: the receptors, the endocannabinoids and the enzymes. The endocannabinoids (chemicals naturally produced in a pet’s body) are generated on demand and bind to the receptors, especially in times of stress, disease or injury.

Phytocannabinoids, like CBD, work similarly to the endocannabinoids by also binding to the cannabinoid receptors.  

Dogs have a much higher density of CB1 receptors in the brain compared to humans. A recent publication indicated that cats appear to have lower absorption and possibly faster elimination of CBD compared to dogs. Therefore, cats may need to be dosed more often to maintain appropriate blood levels of CBD. 

Every pet is different, and not all dogs and cats will see the same results from using CBD products. Talk to your veterinarian if you have any concerns or questions about how your pet is reacting to a specific product. 

CBD Pet Products: Understanding the Landscape

Pet parents will find a variety of CBD products on the market, and each has a different use and is designed to serve a specific purpose. While products vary by manufacturer and brand, below are a few common CBD product types and labeling information that interested pet owners should become familiar with. 

CBD Oil for Pets

CBD oil for pets—also sometimes called a tincture, like BATCH Pet CBD Oil Tincture—consists of an extract (either full or broad spectrum) that has been suspended in a carrier oil. A common oil is usually MCT/coconut oil, fractionated coconut oil, but others can be used (6). 

The biggest advantage to using CBD oil is that it is dispersed to pets using a measured dropper. This allows you to dose your pet much more accurately and adjust the dose (up or down) as often as needed. Also, since oil is administered either under your pet’s tongue, cheeks or in your pet’s mouth, it has the potential to be absorbed more quickly through mucous membranes than if your pet swallows a pill or capsule.

The two main disadvantages of using an CBD oil tincture is that some pets don’t love the taste of plant material extract and oils are more difficult to travel with due to possible leakage.

When giving CBD oil to your pet, we recommend dropping it directly in their mouth (the preferred method) or you can put it in a treat or on top of their food. When dosing directly in a pet’s mouth, consider placing it on the side, up against your pet’s cheek, rather than directly on the tongue. 

CBD Treats and Chews

CBD treats and chews are a great way to get CBD extract into your pet, especially if they enjoy taking treats. These products are made similarly to regular CBD oils, but then the final oil product is infused into a treat or chew. 

The benefit of using a CBD chew for your dogs or cats is that it is easier to administer, because they are usually tasty and pets enjoy the taste. The downside is that the dose can’t be incrementally adjusted (up or down), which doesn’t provide as much control as the oil tincture. 

CBD Topical Products for Pets

Administering cannabidiol directly to the skin is another popular way to utilize CBD products. These products are designed to alleviate local conditions including aches and skin issues. This method of application is effective because there are cannabinoid receptors found in a pet’s skin.  

When applying a topical CBD product to your pet, we recommend placing it on a non-haired area (or a shaved area) and making sure your pet does not lick the site for at least 30-45 minutes. 

CBD Capsules and Pills for Pets

Capsules are made in a similar way to regular CBD oils for pets, but the final oil product is suspended in a gel capsule. These are popular options because they work for pets that are adverse to the taste of CBD oil or who happen to be picky eaters. Also, capsules are ideal for traveling. They are less messy and easy to carry around. 

There are two downsides of capsule CBD products for pets. Just like chews, the dosing cannot be easily adjusted (up or down) when giving pets capsules. Also, a pet’s body does not absorb these as easily as an oil product. 

When administering a CBD capsule to your pet, consider placing it directly into their mouth or in a fun treat (like pet-safe nut butter, cream cheese, or a pill pocket). 

Full-Spectrum Vs. Broad-Spectrum CBD Products

When researching a product for your pet, the CBD effects are not the only thing you should consider. When you see the terms “full spectrum” and “broad spectrum” on labels, it provides some insight into what other compounds are in the products. 

Broad-spectrum CBD products for pets are extracted from the hemp plant. They include all of the other compounds from the plant—except THC. In broad-spectrum products, the THC is entirely removed after the initial extraction.

Full-spectrum CBD products for pets are extracts that contain all of the compounds naturally found in the original hemp plant, including cannabinoids (THC and CBD), terpenes and flavonoids. Full-spectrum, hemp-derived products contain less than 0.3 percent THC by dry weight. All of these active compounds work together to provide amplified health benefits, a phenomenon called the entourage effect.

You may also come across the phrase CBD isolate when researching products. CBD isolate is the purest form of CBD and is made by extracting it from the plant and removing all other compounds except for CBD. Isolate is usually 99 percent pure. However, there is evidence to support that it is more beneficial to use a full-spectrum or broad-spectrum product over isolate therapy due to the added benefits of the entourage effect (7) (8). 

What Are Terpenes?

In addition to full-spectrum and broad-spectrum labeling found on CBD pet products, you may notice references to terpenes. Terpenes are essential oils found within marijuana and hemp plants that give the plant its distinct odor and taste. Each plant species has a different terpene profile. This specific profile is based on several factors in the environment that the plant is grown in such as the humidity, temperature, light, quality of the soil and more.

Terpenes have their own effects on a pet’s body and can work with cannabinoids to improve medical benefits. An example of this is the terpene linalool (also found in lavender). This has been shown to improve anti-seizure activity when given along with CBD. 

Are CBD Products Legal for Pets?

Yes, hemp-derived CBD products are legal for pets, assuming they meet the requirement of containing less than 0.3 percent of THC. You don’t need a prescription for these products.

Previously illegal to grow in the U.S., the 2018 Farm Bill legalized hemp production and gave the CBD industry a path for use and testing in the United States.  

It’s important to do your research on products before administering anything to your pet. Not every manufacturer is created equal. Carefully research where your products are sourced and verify that the company producing it is a reputable one. 

How to Talk to Your Veterinarian About CBD

If your pet is suffering from anxiety, arthritis or another medical condition that you believe may benefit from CBD pet products, it’s important to have a conversation with your veterinarian to discuss options that make the most sense for your dog or cat’s specific lifestyle.

However, keep in mind that research surrounding CBD products are still a work in progress, and some veterinarians may not be legally allowed to discuss, recommend or dispense products or may not feel comfortable doing so. 

Below are some tips to get the conversation started and help it go smoothly: 

Understand your state’s laws. Your veterinarian is mandated by the state veterinary medical board as to how much they are allowed to guide you regarding CBD products. Some states—like California—allow veterinarians to discuss cannabis but not recommend, administer, dispense, or prescribe it. There is advocacy work being conducted to change certain laws to give veterinarians more room to discuss, recommend and hopefully one day dispense CBD products in their practices, but understanding the current state climate is an important place to start. 

Be open and honest. When approaching the topic with your veterinarian, start with an open dialogue about why you are interested in starting your pet on a CBD product. If you have already started a product, consider bringing the product to the clinic with you so your veterinarian can evaluate the product with you.

Share resources with your veterinarian. Some regulations restrict a vet’s ability to outright discuss or recommend CBD products to their patients. Oftentimes, it’s up to the pet parent to bring up the topic with their veterinarian, and sharing resources and information can be one way to start the conversation. 

Be prepared for potential limitations. Veterinary medical boards in each state are still working on guidelines to provide veterinarians with rules surrounding cannabis. Due to the murky legal environment, some veterinarians may have a limited knowledge base on the subject. However, most veterinarians can provide you with available information on how to reduce the risk of adverse events from occurring if you choose to use a CBD pet product on your own.  

How to Know a CBD Product is Right for Your Pet

Picking the right CBD product to fit your pet’s specific needs is a decision that requires research, conversations with your veterinarian, and testing. Not all products work for all pets, and some pets react differently to CBD (and other cannabinoids) than others. 

You know your pet—so if you think a CBD product can be beneficial, the path may be worth exploring further. In addition to having a conversation with your veterinarian, here are some tips to help you choose the right products.

Understand your pet’s needs. Choosing the right product for your pet will depend on your pet’s overall health and wellness needs. Common reasons why people choose a CBD product for their pet includes anxiety, pain, arthritis, cancer, seizures, allergies, and more. If your pet has anxiety, a systemic (whole body) product like a CBD oil may be a good fit. If it is a local problem (i.e sore elbow, or hot-spot), you may want to research topical products. 

Consult others and read reviews. If you know a friend, family member, or neighbor that has had success with a CBD product for their pets, it’s worth having a conversation to discuss their pet’s symptoms and which products worked and didn’t work for them. This is true for online reviews, forums, or chats, where you can research the types of products that anecdotally worked for other pets who might have the same symptoms as your own. This will help spearhead discussions with your veterinarian. 

Do extensive company research. As previously mentioned, not all CBD pet product manufacturers are created equal. Before choosing a product, research the company and manufacturing process behind it. Look for products from brands that are open and up front about their testing policies and procedures. Research how companies source their ingredients and understand where those ingredients come from. Consider products that are formulated by or endorsed by veterinarians with CBD knowledge and experience. Because these are products you’ll be giving to your pet, trusting the brand creating them is a vital part of the overall equation. 

If you elect to purchase a CBD product for your pet, research is a crucial first step. 

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Knowing when your dog is considered a senior is an important part of pet parenting. It means you can be alert for changes in their behavior or habits that might be signs of illness and you can take steps to keep your dog happy and comfortable well into their golden years.

When Is a Dog a Senior?

There is no set age or date when a dog goes from being an adult to being a senior. In fact, it varies greatly depending on your dog’s breed and size. Many people average the age at which dogs become seniors at around 7 years old, but in reality this can change quite considerably from ages 5 to 12. 

Most dogs are puppies until they are around 6 months to 1 year old. Next is the adult life stage. For some dogs, this lasts until 5 or 6 years old, at which point the signs of old age that herald the senior life stage begin. Other dogs will reach 12 years old before they start to age dramatically. 

In general, we expect that the ‘senior’ life stage is the last quarter to a third of a dog’s expected life span. 

When Is a Small Dog Considered a Senior?

Small dogs—those smaller than about 20 pounds—get to their adult age more quickly than large breeds, often being fully grown by six or eight months of age. After this, though, they age more slowly. 

The lifespan of a small-breed dog is, on average, longer than that of a large breed dog—up to about 16 years. Which means that a healthy, small dog might not be considered senior until they are 12 years old. 

However, there are some exceptions to the rule. Some small breeds, such as Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, have a shorter lifespan and are considered senior at a younger age—around 8 years old. 

When Is a Large Dog Considered a Senior?

Larger breeds of dogs tend to have shorter life spans. This means they reach senior age more quickly than smaller breeds. 

Labradors are a good average large breed—with a life expectancy of about 12 years, we would expect them to become senior at 8-9 years of age. Giant breeds such as Leonbergers have an average life expectancy of about 7 years. They are considered seniors when they turn 5 years old.

Elderly, Senior, and Geriatric Dogs: Is There a Difference?

If a dog is senior in the last third to quarter of their lifespan, what do the phrases “elderly” and “geriatric” have to do with it? Well, geriatric is sometimes used interchangeably with the term senior, but for veterinarians this tends to mean the very final stages of an elderly dog’s life. 

So, for a Leonberger with a lifespan of seven years, they are senior at five, and geriatric at six and a half. For a Toy Poodle with an average lifespan of over 13 years, the last year and a half could be considered geriatric.

The phrase “elderly” isn’t a term that vets use very often. Elderly could mean a senior or geriatric dog, but usually refers to one that has some signs of age. In other words, it’s not a life stage—it’s just a description. 

A dog can be a senior but still be very sprightly and therefore isn’t elderly at all. But a dog that has age-related arthritis, is grey around the muzzle, has some behavioral changes associated with age and is missing a few teeth would likely be described as elderly.

Signs Your Dog Is a Senior

Of course, saying that your dog is senior when they reach the final quarter of their expected life is a little confusing. After all, if you have a rescue you might not know their age, and if you have a mixed breed it might be hard to guess at their life expectancy. 

But you may notice signs of aging in your dog as they reach their senior years. Signs that your dog may be approaching the senior stage include:

• Going gray around the muzzle 
• Stiffness, especially in the mornings (a sign of arthritis, and one that should not go ignored)
• General slowing down
• Impatience, especially with younger dogs

Lastly, you might notice signs of canine cognitive dysfunction. Signs of cognitive dysfunction in senior dogs include anxiety, interrupted sleeping patterns, unusual evening/night-time activity, and a loss of smell.

Keeping Senior Dogs Comfortable as They Age

As your senior dog ages, they’re prone to many more diseases and conditions. It’s therefore important to keep a close eye on their health and behavior, as well as make some changes to help to keep them more comfortable.

Remember that arthritis is a disease, not a normal part of aging. It can be exceedingly painful and impact a pup’s quality of life. If you suspect your dog has arthritis, you should take them to your veterinarian for an assessment, and start pain medications if necessary. 

If you’re looking for natural pain-relief remedies, talk to your veterinarian about joint supplements or pet-formulated hemp-oil products. While more research about hemp oil and its benefits for pets is still needed, a study from Colorado State University showed that hemp oil had a positive impact on aging dogs with arthritis. 

There are also things you can do at home to help your aging pup. Older and arthritic dogs often struggle with jumping up and down, so consider a ramp or stairs onto the sofa, bed, or into the car. Providing a very comfortable memory foam mattress on the floor is also a good way to keep their joints cared for. Slippery floors may also be a problem for senior dogs—consider adding non-slip matts to wooden floors to help them get traction. 

You might also want to adjust your senior dog’s walks to the length and energy level that they are comfortable with. Sometimes, more walks (4-5 times per day) for a shorter period (about 10 minutes or so) are better than one lengthy walk per day. Remember that if your dog is getting shorter or less energetic walks, you should talk to your veterinarian about whether you need to reduce your dog’s calorie intake.  

Your senior dog’s brain is important, too. Keeping your dog’s brain fit may help to slow the onset of canine cognitive dysfunction. Try teaching your senior dog a new trick, or remind them of some of the old ones they used to know. If your dog is getting reduced exercise due to arthritis, consider making sure the exercise they do get is more mentally stimulating than usual and try giving your dog joint supplements before walks or play time.

Your dog’s appetite and energy levels should also be monitored for signs of problems—as changes in eating or behavior could signal a health problem.

Dogs can live health and happy lives for several years as seniors, so it’s important to keep your dog comfortable, engaged, and loved well into their golden years.

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In fact, fear aggression is one of the most common causes of aggression in dogs (5) (6) and may also play a role in other types of aggressive behavior, such as owner-directed aggression or possessive and territorial aggression (7). 

Fear aggression in dogs is a treatable problem if we understand why the dog is aggressive and commit to a behavior modification plan that decreases the dog’s anxiety. 

What Is Fear Aggression?

Fear aggression in dogs is a form of self-defense and may be expressed toward people, other animals or even objects. When a dog feels threatened, they may use body language or behaviors to drive the threat away, increasing the distance between themselves and the threat. 

A frightened dog may freeze, flee and/or fight. For example, a dog may freeze, falsely giving the impression that he’s tolerating petting from a stranger, when in fact, he’s petrified. Once the stranger turns to leave, the fearful dog may take the opportunity to lunge and snap, before running away to hide. All three behaviors—freezing, fighting and fleeing—occur because the dog is scared.

In some situations, fear aggression may be a normal behavior. For example, if a sleeping dog was suddenly woken up by an unfamiliar dog, barking and growling is an understandable response to the intrusion. A dog might show a similar response if a human family member or visitor tries to give them a pet while sleeping. This response may cause the dog’s owner to become upset. However, in both cases, the dog responded aggressively because they were fearful when disturbed, regardless of who woke them. 

Recognizing that fear plays a role is essential to treating fear aggressive behavior.

Causes of Fear Aggression in Dogs

Any experience that causes fear in dogs may also cause fear aggression. Common situations include:

Interactions with people or other animals. Both familiar and unfamiliar people—particularly if they are invading a dog’s personal space—can cause a dog to become fearful and aggressive. Bending over the dog, reaching toward him, hugging or petting may cause the dog to feel trapped and uncomfortable, similar to a person who receives unwanted attention from a stranger. 

Being approached in confined spaces. Approaching a dog who is under a bed or table or in a dog crate may also elicit fear, especially if the dog retreated there to hide. Dogs may also feel trapped when they are approached while on the couch or in small or narrow spaces (such as hallways or between items of furniture) may also react out of fear, since it is harder to avoid confrontation.

People that look or act different. People wearing clothing or carrying objects that alter their appearance (hats, sunglasses, bags), or appear or behave in an unfamiliar way (wearing a uniform or costume, limping, dancing) may cause a fear reaction in dogs.

Fast, sudden or unexpected movements and sounds. People moving quickly or unexpectedly (visitors standing up or exiting/entering a room, joggers, skateboarders) or making loud noises (cheering) as well as objects that do the same (trash trucks, lawn mowers, vacuums) may also trigger fear or fear aggression.

Environments or situations that have been scary in the past. If a dog had a negative experience at a veterinary office or a grooming appointment, it may cause them to be fearful when visiting. 

Similar to people, some dogs are more fearful or aggressive than others. This may be due to their genetics (8) or inadequate or inappropriate socialization at an early age (9). 

Learning also plays a role in the development of fear aggression. Previous traumatic experiences may establish negative associations. For example, if a dog was attacked by another dog on a walk, they may start to bark aggressively at all dogs seen on walks. Fear-aggressive dogs may learn that growling or snapping successfully prevents a scary experience, such as a nail trim, from happening. If this is the case, the dog is more likely to growl the next time their owner approaches with the nail clippers. 

However, punishing a dog for showing fear-aggressive behavior or forcing them to submit to the experience will often make the dog’s fear aggression worse (10). The best way to stop fear aggression is to alleviate the dog’s fear in that situation. 

As with all behavioral problems, physical illness—especially those that cause pain or discomfort—must be ruled out or treated before assuming the dog’s behavior is due solely to a psychological cause. If your dog exhibits sudden aggression, take your dog to the veterinarian for a check up immediately.

Signs of Fear Aggression in Dogs

Before fear aggressive dogs growl, snap or bite, they often exhibit early warning signs that they are uncomfortable. If you catch these early signs, fear aggression can be prevented. 

Signs of fear that may happen before aggressive behaviors in dogs could include:

Specific body language cues. These cues include a lowered or tucked tail, ears pulled back, wide eyes with large pupils (“whale eye”), wrinkled brow, tense face or body, crouched positioning or making themselves small.

Movement: Movements that may indicate fear include trembling, panting, avoiding contact or hiding, standing still or freezing, pacing or agitation.

Focus: A fearful dog might stare intently at the threat (hypervigilance) or avoid eye contact (darting glances).

Disinterest. Fearful dogs might not take treats or participate in enjoyable activities like play 

Dogs may also exhibit “displacement behaviors” such as lip licking, scratching or sniffing. Displacement behaviors are normal behaviors that are out of context for the situation. This is similar to a person tapping their foot or playing with their hair when they are nervous. You may see these behaviors prior to or in addition to the signs above. 

It’s important to note that a wagging tail does not necessarily mean that the dog is friendly. Aggressive or nervous dogs may also wag their tail. Generally speaking, a happy dog will have a wiggly backend and looser tail wagging in a wide, sweeping arc. An aggressive dog’s wag is narrower and his tail and body will be stiffer. 

If the dog is barking aggressively, snarling (lip curl), growling, snapping or nipping they have already reached their limit. Stop interacting with the dog and leave the situation. Just because a dog has not yet escalated to biting does not mean that they won’t bite in the future. 

Tips for Overcoming Fear Aggression in Dogs

Dealing with and overcoming fear aggression in dogs involves a few key steps. 

Keep your cool. Do not punish your dog when he is aggressive. Keep in mind that your dog is aggressive because he is scared. Yelling, hitting or pinning your dog to the ground will make him more fearful and increase the likelihood of aggression. 

Learn your dog’s language. Watch your dog’s body language and behavior closely to recognize early signs of fear and anxiety. If he is worried, remove him from the situation before he becomes aggressive.

Know your dog’s likes and dislikes. Set your dog up to be successful by actively preventing situations that your dog finds threatening. For example, if your dog is nervous around new people, confine him to another room with a treat or toy when you have visitors. 

Create positive associations. If you cannot avoid stressful situations or can’t predict how your dog might react, create a positive association with the situation by pairing it with something your dog enjoys such as treats, toys or play.

Communicate with each other. Teaching basic obedience skills such as “sit,” “down,” “come” and “stay” enables you and your dog to understand and communicate with each other. You can use the cues to redirect your dog to perform a calm, acceptable behavior that can be rewarded.

Reduce fear. Over-the-counter products including supplements, pheromone products, body wraps, and calming music may reduce your dog’s fear or anxiety. Choose products that have been scientifically tested to ensure they are safe and effective. Talk to your veterinarian to determine which products would work best for your dog.

Seek professional help as soon as possible. Do not wait for your dog’s behavior to resolve on its own. Fear aggression is unlikely to improve with time. Consult with your veterinarian to rule out physical causes for aggression. Your vet may be able to recommend over-the-counter anti-anxiety products, provide a behavior modification plan or refer you to a positive-reinforcement trainer in your area. 

Additionally the American College of Veterinary Behaviorists and the American Veterinary Society of Animal Behavior lists veterinarians and non-veterinary behaviorists who treat dogs with fear aggression.

Canine fear aggression is a treatable, but serious emotional illness that impacts the welfare and quality of life of you and your dog. Understanding that your dog is acting out of fear, catching early signs of anxiety and working with a behavioral professional to implement a behavior modification plan tailored to your dog will improve the odds of successfully overcoming fear aggression in your dog.

References Cited in This Article

1. ASPCA. Shelter Intake and Surrender. Retrieved from https://www.aspca.org/animal-homelessness/shelter-intake-and-surrender. 
2. Lambert, K., Coe, J., Niel, L., Dewey, C., & Sargeant, J. M. (2015). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the proportion of dogs surrendered for dog-related and owner-related reasons. Preventive veterinary medicine, 118(1), 148-160.
3. Salman, M. D., Hutchison, J., Ruch-Gallie, R., Kogan, L., New Jr, J. C., Kass, P. H., & Scarlett, J. M. (2000). Behavioral reasons for relinquishment of dogs and cats to 12 shelters. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 3(2), 93-106.
4. Segurson, S. A., Serpell, J. A., & Hart, B. L. (2005). Evaluation of a behavioral assessment questionnaire for use in the characterization of behavioral problems of dogs relinquished to animal shelters. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 227(11), 1755-1761.
5. ABBASZADEH, H. M., NEKOUEI, J. O., & SHOJAEI, T. A. (2013). Prevalence of different aggression types and assessment of related determinants in a population of Iranian domestic dogs.
6. Fatjo, J., Amat, M., Mariotti, V. M., de la Torre, J. L. R., & Manteca, X. (2007). Analysis of 1040 cases of canine aggression in a referral practice in Spain. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 2(5), 158-165.
7. Lindell E. L. (2018). Aggression/Canine: Fear Based or Defensive. In: Horwitz, D. F. (Ed.). Blackwell’s five-minute veterinary consult clinical companion: canine and feline behavior. John Wiley & Sons. 24-34.
8. Houpt, K. A. (2007). Genetics of canine behavior. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 76(3), 431-444.
9. American Veterinary Society of Animal Behavior. (2008). AVSAB Position Statement on Puppy Socialization. https://avsab.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Puppy_Socialization_Position_Statement_Download_-_10-3-14.pdf
10. American Veterinary Society of Animal Behavior. (2008). The Use of Punishment for Behavior Modification in Animals. Retrieved from https://www.sfanimalcare.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Why-We-Dont-Punish.pdf

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